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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Article 15 of the European Convention human rights'
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Bodin, de Galembert Noémie de. "European Community and human rights : the antitrust enforcement procedure facing article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78211.
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The Senator Lines' case, currently pending before the European Court for Human Rights, reveals a lack of procedural fairness of the European Antitrust enforcement under the terms of the European Convention for Human Rights. But in spite of a well-established concern for Fundamental Rights from the European Community, the later is still not bound by the Convention.That is why it is critical that the EC accede to the Convention following the example of its branches. Meanwhile, it is necessary to determine whether the Member States could be held responsible for the Community's acts that violate the rights protected by the Convention. That is the question the Court will have to answer in the Senator Lines' case. Nevertheless, the Council Regulation which organises the antitrust enforcement procedure must be reformed in order to ensure an indispensable balance of power.
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Lowe, James Joseph Greaves. "Freedom of artistic expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23442.
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Under the auspices of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights the right to freedom of expression is said to be held by everyone and to include the freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority, subject to the limitation clauses outlined in Article 10(2). Whilst the text of Article 10 therefore makes no explicit reference to specifically artistic expression, the European Court of Human Rights has, in its interpretation of ‘information and ideas’, nevertheless accepted that artistic expression does indeed fall within the ambit of Article 10’s protection of freedom of expression. However, despite the Court recognising artistic expression as a form of expression within the framework of Article 10, conclusions reached in the early case law concerning the issue of controversial artworks would appear to suggest the judicial creation of an implicit hierarchy of expression under which artistic expression is seen to enjoy a relatively low level of protection. Given the non-differentiated articulation of the right to freedom of expression enounced in the text of Article 10, the creation of such a hierarchy of expression is therefore a cause for doctrinal concern. In seeking to assess this misnomer the thesis’ analysis of the treatment of artistic expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights may be distilled in to two component parts. Firstly, a theoretical basis will be established from which artistic expression may be located within the context of the discourse pertaining to freedom of expression more generally. Having confirmed that, whilst of a distinctive, sui generis nature, artistic expression may indeed constitute ‘expression’ for the purposes of freedom of expression doctrine the second part of the thesis will examine the particular question of artistic expression’s treatment under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
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Webster, Elaine. "Exploring the prohibition of degrading treatment within Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4062.
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This thesis addresses the meaning and scope of application of the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment, a distinct form of harm within the absolute prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Through an interpretive case-law analysis, the thesis presents a deeper conceptual understanding of the meaning of degrading treatment than is found in existing human rights literature. It is a central argument of this thesis that the concept of human dignity occupies a key position in the interpretation of degrading treatment adopted by the European Court of Human Rights. Consequently, it is argued that the meaning of human dignity in this context ‘frames’ the potential boundaries of the right. The thesis aims to facilitate identification of situations that may convincingly be argued to amount to potential instances of degrading treatment through generating a richer appreciation of the right’s proper scope of concern. A comprehensive account of the meaning of degrading treatment and corresponding state obligations is offered. This account provides a framework for future application of the right that is both practical and plausible.
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Yambissi, Claude Désiré. "La légalité de crise en droit public français." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3037.
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La légalité est un principe qui apparaît comme une pierre angulaire de la notion d’État de droit. L’expression « principe de légalité » a été longtemps utilisée pour affirmer que l’administration doit respecter les règles de droit. Mais, en cas d’une crise majeure, la légalité peut être atténuée. Il est toléré une légalité de crise. L’État a besoin, de disposer d’autres outils juridiques que ceux ordinaires. Des pouvoirs exceptionnels sont conférés à certaines autorités ou reconnus à certaines personnes par des dispositifs juridiques de nature très différente. Cette théorie des circonstances exceptionnelles vise à assurer la continuité de l’État. Elle repose sur l’adage controversé « nécessité fait loi » en vertu duquel dans les cas extrêmes, certains actes qui seraient illégaux en période normale sont justifiés. L’état de nécessité et la légitime défense de l’État sont les principaux faits justificatifs du recours aux pouvoirs de crise. En droit positif, les régimes de crise sont hétérogènes et redondants. La persistance de la menace terroriste accentue l’accumulation des lois et des mesures antiterroristes. L’hétérogénéité des régimes français de crise pose la question de l’unification des principaux états de crise par la réécriture de leur cadre constitutionnel. Le contrôle de l’état d’exception est tempéré par d’importantes prérogatives reconnues à l’exécutif. Cela peut être un risque pour la garantie de l’exercice des libertés fondamentales surtout lorsque l’exception devient permanente ou lorsque le droit commun est contaminé par le droit dérogatoireLegality is a principle that appears as a cornerstone of the rule of law. The term "principle of legality" has long been used to assert that the administration must respect the rules of law. But, in the event of a major crisis, legality can be mitigated. It is tolerated a legality of crisis. The state needs other legal tools than ordinary ones. Exceptional powers are conferred on certain authorities or recognized to certain persons by legal devices of a very different nature. This theory of exceptional circumstances aims to ensure the continuity of the state. It is based on the controversial "necessity is law" saying that in extreme cases, certain acts that would be illegal in normal times are justified. State of necessity and self-defense of the state are the main justifications for the use of crisis powers. In positive law, crisis regimes are heterogeneous and redundant. The persistence of the terrorist threat accentuates the accumulation of anti-terrorist laws and measures. The heterogeneity of the French crisis regimes raises the question of the unification of the main states of crisis by rewriting their constitutional framework. The control of the state of emergency is tempered by important prerogatives recognized by the executive. This can be a risk for guaranteeing the exercise of fundamental freedoms, especially when the exception becomes permanent or when common law is contaminated by the derogatory right
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Mavronicola, Natasa. "Delimiting the absolute : the nature and scope of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648851.
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Hussain, Tassadaq. "Muslim women who veil and Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights : a socio-legal critique." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/16653/.
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Islamic veiling has been the subject of many theological, social and legal debates, which are fluid and their intensity has been further influenced by its contextualised meanings such as religiosity, modesty, identity, resistance, protest, choice and subjugation. Literature on Muslim veiling has either examined its treatment by legal or socio-feminist perspectives, whereas this thesis critiques the religious, socio-feministic and the legal discourses. The contemporary discourse is dominated by competing binaries that label it as a tool of oppression or one of empowerment. Many of the assertions are based not on the veil’s multiple meanings or the wearer’s true motivations but on misplaced assumptions of moral authority by those who oppose or defend the practice, as well as native informants professing to represent veiled Muslim women, leaving Muslim veiled women’s voices muted. Having examined the religious imperative that has a patriarchal basis, the thesis constructs a critique of the two dominant discourses central to the contemporary debates on veiling. One discourse defends the practice as empowering whilst the other calls for prohibitions on the practice using liberation from oppression as a justification, particularly with issues surrounding the wearing of the full face veil. This is followed by a critique of the key cases generated under Article 9 ECHR, which attempts to balance the religious rights of those who veil with the rights of others. The case law highlights that the ECtHR not only falls short in disclosing satisfactorily how it has struck a balance between these competing rights, but also fails to adopt a neutral stance to religious expression through symbols, its reasoning being based on contradictory stereotypes of Muslim women as passive and victims of gender oppression in need of liberation. The influence of such stereotypes and an inadequate application of the margin of appreciation doctrine have led the ECtHR in validating state prohibitions on the hijab and the full face veil, thereby failing to acknowledge the voices of the veiled women at the centre of a human rights claim, delivering a further blow to them. Post the case of S.A.S. v. France the ECtHR has exasperated this even further by allowing an abstract principle of ‘living together’ as a justification for the full face veil’s prohibition in public spaces, resulting in Article 9 rights of Muslim women who veil being endangered even further by the introduction of such an open-ended ground.
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Maxwell, Douglas. "Rights to property, rights to buy, and land law reform : applying Article 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285096.
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This dissertation examines the application and effect of Article 1 of the First Protocol to the ECHR in relation to Scots land law reform. Chapter one will reflect on why existing rights to property have come to be challenged. Chapter two sets out the human rights paradigm and scrutinises what rights and whose rights are engaged. Chapter three traces the development of A1P1. Chapter four applies the human rights paradigm to contemporary reforms. Chapter five considers the broader effect A1P1 has had on domestic property law. This dissertation submits that the problem to be overcome is that, in many instances, Scots land law reform has been reduced into a simplistic struggle. A1P1 has been held up as either a citadel protecting landowners or as an ineffective and unjustified right to be ignored. At the core of this debate are competing claims between liberal individualist rights to property and socially democratic, egalitarian goals. This dissertation argues that it is important to move beyond this binary debate. This is not about finding some mysterious "red card" or eureka moment that conclusively shows compatibility or incompatibility. Instead, compatibility will be determined by following a rule-based approach that values rational decision-making and the best available evidence, as well as the importance of democratic institutions. As such, it will be illustrated how future challenges are likely to focus not on the underlying purpose of land law reform but on the macro or micro granularity of Ministerial discretion. In coming to this conclusion, it will be argued that A1P1 has a pervasive influence on the entire workings of all public bodies and, like a dye, permeates the legislative process.
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Hughes, K. E. "A behavioural understanding of privacy : Article 8 European Convention on Human Rights and a right to respect for barriers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604730.
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To develop effective privacy laws we need to have a thorough understanding of privacy. The thesis addresses four questions: (i) how should we identify the interests that should be protected by a right to privacy? (ii) Does everyone have the same need for privacy? (iii) What constitutes a privacy experience? (iv) What values and functions does privacy serve? This leads to an understanding of privacy which draws upon studies of human behaviour and social interaction. The right can be understood as a claim that barriers used to prevent access should be respected: For X to have a right to privacy against Y is for X to have a claim against Y that Y not access X by breaching a barrier used by X to prevent Y from accessing X. The remainder of the thesis analyses Article 8 European Convention on Human Rights through this theoretical framework. There are four dimensions to this analysis: scope; needs; states; and value. Scope refers to the match between Article 8 ECHR and the above model. Analysis of ‘need’ concentrates on interests of women and children in relation to privacy, helping to identify the normative core of the right and its limits. Analysis of ‘state’ considers the extent to which three types of privacy experiences are recognised: (i) physical separation; (ii) group privacy; and (iii) public privacy. ‘Value’ refers to the perceived significance of the right when it conflicts with other interests and rights. Finally, the thesis concludes with a consideration of the need for legislative intervention.
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Ramshaw, Adam. "The role of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights in public and private sector possession proceedings." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2016. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/36013/.
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This thesis is concerned with the legal shortcomings flowing from Manchester City Council v Pinnock.1 Following Pinnock tenants of local authorities may have the proportionality of a possession order considered by the court in light of art.8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act 1998. However, there are questions outstanding from Pinnock. Firstly, there has been a failure within the courts to appreciate the importance of the home to the individual, their family, and society in general. Secondly, domestic courts have not provided adequate reasons for limiting art.8 to proceedings involving a local authority. Thirdly, the nature of proportionality within possession proceedings has been poorly conceived thereby marginalising art.8’s effects. This thesis draws support from philosophical and sociological literature to illustrate the deep connection a person feels towards their home. These connections exist irrespective of ownership yet it is these non-legal interests which are often overlooked by the courts. It is argued here that art.8 may protect these non-legal interests. Further, this thesis questions why art.8’s protection ought to be limited to proceedings involving a public sector landlord. The thesis provides an overview of the competing theories concerning horizontal effect and their related shortcomings. The work of Alexy is used to argue that horizontal effect is a singular phenomenon thereby making art.8 applicable in private proceedings. The public/private divide is then critiqued to demonstrate the theoretical viability of horizontal effect where a person’s home is at risk. The final strand of this thesis is concerned with how the competing interests of landlords and tenants may be adjudged. To this end a structured proportionality model is developed to replace the general proportionality exercise utilised by the courts following Pinnock. This proportionality model is then applied to existing case law to demonstrate its viability and context sensitivity.
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Olsson, Silje. "The Use of Straps as Compulsory Treatment : A Violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76621.
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Sidhu, Omkar. "The concept of Equality of Arms in criminal proceedings under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/885/.
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Inherent in and at the core of the right to fair trial in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights is the concept of equality of arms, the construct to which this thesis is devoted within the context of criminal proceedings. As a contextual prelude to specific analysis of this concept, a background for Article 6 is first established which identifies influential historical developments in trial rights and provides an outline of the rationale for the Convention and of the content, and applicability, of the article. Thereafter, the thesis offers a theoretical insight on equality of arms, identifying and exploring its value, contemporary international legal basis and constituent elements as per the Strasbourg definition. The insight on the latter recognises an underpinning relationship between the concept of equality of arms and Article 6(3), and introduces the key argument in the thesis: the European Court of Human Rights equates inequality of arms not with procedural inequality in itself, which would be a dignitarian interpretation, but with procedural inequality that gives rise to actual or, in some circumstances, inevitable prejudice. This argument predominates the subsequent survey of case-law in which the Court’s approach to procedural equality is demonstrated and assessed within the context of the right to challenge and call witness evidence (Article 6(3)(d)), the right to adequate time and facilities (Article 6(3)(b)) and the right to legal assistance (Article 6(3)(c)). Though the thesis is based on Article 6 decisions of the Court and, to a lesser extent, the former European Commission of Human Rights, references are made throughout to other national and international legal instruments and judgements whenever instructive.
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Ericson, Matilda. "The Execution of Judgements of the European Court of Human Rights : A Reflection on Article 46.4 ECHR." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-281428.
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Rosenberg, Jennifer. "The penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act : in relation to article 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14192.
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The government of Sweden encourage the development of electricity produced from renewable sources by maintaining an electricity certificates system in which producers that use renewable sources in their production are given certificates. The system is regulated in the Swedish Electricity Certificates Act (lag (2003:113) om elcertifikat). To prevent fraudulent behaviour a penalty fee is charged upon producers that have recieved certificates due to incorrect or misleading information. The penalty fee can be appealed to a court but under the Electricity Certificates Act it is not allowed to reduce or adjust. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if the penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act meets the requirements of legal certainty in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) including right to a fair trial and to be seen as innocence until proven guilty. The method used is analysing applicable sources in accordance with the Swedish legal hierarchy in which laws have the highest value. The Convention is incorporated into Swedish law and has the same legal value as such. Judgments from the European Court of Human Rights on the Swedish tax surcharge are used for guidance on how to interpret article 6 in the Convention. Two cases from Swedish courts concerning the penalty fee are used to find what problems the penalty fee encounters in a legal process. The rules on the penalty fee does not allow adjustments of it and circumstances in each case cannot be taken into consideration, therefore the penalty fee can be charged even when it would be unreasonable and there is a conflict with legal certainty in article 6 of the Convention. For that matter rules on evidentiary issues also has to be implemented. Courts can refuse to use rules which are in conflict with the Convention, but it is concluded that a change in regulation is needed.
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Fikadu, Tarikawit. "Domestic Violence and self-defence claim : An analysis in relation to article 2and 3 of European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174520.
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Pušina, Armin. "How can a State interfere with an expression that constitute hate speech under Article 10(2) of the European Convention of Human Rights?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76622.
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McCarthy, Frankie. "Article One of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights : the evolution of a right in Europe and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2153/.
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Article one of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (“P1-1”) states that every person is entitled to peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. The role of property interests in allowing political participation had been highlighted during the Second World War, where the Third Reich had weakened political opponents through arbitrary deprivation of possessions. The drafters of the Convention sough to prevent a repeat of this political abuse. However, the political element of property is often secondary to its economic role, in which intervention by the state is necessary and sometimes desirable to allow a national economy to function. How can this inherent conflict in the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions be resolved? This thesis aims to demonstrate the development of the role of the property right in Europe and the United Kingdom through a critical analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the domestic courts of the United Kingdom. The central thesis of this research is that, although a framework has been determined within which P1-1 decisions can be taken, there is considerable work to be done in strengthening the parameters of that framework in order to create a protection that, whilst sufficiently flexible to deal with changes in law and society, offers a clearly defined and meaningful safeguard against unnecessary intervention by the state in every context. The conclusion is that a clear decision-making process has been articulated through the European jurisprudence and subsequently adopted with qualified success in the United Kingdom. This process allows for the P1-1 implications of current and foreseeable events to be explored with some degree of certainty. However, the margin of appreciation afforded to states by the judiciary at certain steps of the process, particularly as regards the purported aim of state intervention and the necessity of avoiding payment of compensation in certain situations, compromises the strength of the protection as a whole.
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Ghazi, Ghasem Z. "Critical analysis of the freedom to manifest religious belief under Article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34744/.
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One of the key causes of disharmony on a global scale, throughout human history, has been the disregard for the protection of religious expression. This goes some way to explaining why the international community in the post-war era, particularly after World War II, have enacted legal instruments and implemented policies aimed at promoting religious freedoms at global and regional levels. Regionally, the ECHR with implementation mechanisms has led the way in terms of upholding the protection of religious rights and freedoms. Having progressive and effective mechanisms to protect human rights does not mean that decisions of the ECtHR as a judicial body are free of criticism. For example, the ECtHR has ruled in the number of cases against the practice of religious expression, particularly in cases relating to the wearing of the headscarf. These decisions, the ECtHR argues, were taken on the grounds of secularism and prevention of fundamentalism and intolerance. This research, unlike others written on the subject, examines the concepts of fundamentalism and tolerance through a historical and philosophical approach, which will be used to argue that a restriction on the headscarf cannot legally or logically be justified as the bases used by the court to provide a rationale for the rulings are undefined, ambiguous and often in conflict with the principle of religious expression. The ECtHR often prioritises national policies and political considerations such as secularism over the personal right to freedom of religious expression. Notably, recent polices in Turkey which now allow and encourage the wearing of headscarf in public places call into question the validity of previous judgments of the ECtHR supporting the ban on wearing of the headscarf. As a part of the qualitative methodology the researcher has chosen three methods to conduct this research including black-letter, historical and comparative themes. This thesis is critically analysis ECtHR cases relating to freedom of religious expression in the context of the wearing of the headscarf. In doing this thesis further explores the relationship between Article 9 ECHR, the wearing of the headscarf, and the concepts of fundamentalism and intolerance. The researcher argues that the link between the wearing of the headscarf and intolerant or fundamentalist behaviour is a difficult one to prove, and that by supporting the ban on wearing of the headscarf on grounds including intolerance, the ECtHR’s decisions are in effect validating intolerance of religious expression.
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Havelková, Lenka. "Článek 8 Evropské úmluvy o ochraně lidských práv." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192521.
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This thesis bearing the name "The European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8" has the objective to define the right to respect for private and family life through the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The work is concentrating on the topic of registered partnership, especially upon the question of whether a homosexual pair can be recognized as a family in the sense of Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights. Further issues discussed are the question of children and their biological parents, whether a child has a right to know his biological parents, and the problem of implementation of Article 8 in the Czech Republic focusing on the question of problems in implementation of the right to respect for private life and for family life. The first two chapters are aimed at defining the pertinent terms and outlining the historical development of this area of law. Main part of the work are the last two chapters, which are concentrating on the above mentioned issues through the interpretation of selected relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. This interpretation of the jurisprudence has resulted in answers on the set questions, with respect to the fact that it is a current interpretation of the Convention by the Court. The main finding is the necessity to realize that the Convention as a living instrument will keep developing according to the development of society, which leads to the results and answers being pertinent only at the time of writing of this work, with the future development being possibly different from current results.
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Wood, Christopher Alister. "Risk assessment, counter-terrorism law & policy : a human rights-based analysis : assessing the UK's pre-emptive and preventative measures of countering terrorism, interaction with Article 5 and 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and the potential role of risk assessment." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12079/.
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The terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 had a significant impact upon how governments counter terrorism. The UK introduced and implemented an array of measures, each taking a pre-emptive and preventative approach, to tackle terrorism. The change in counter-terrorism law and policy post-9/11 has, as this thesis will show, increasingly become reliant upon fear-based risk and uncertainty rather than evidence-based guilt. This thesis will examine some of those UK measures used post-9/11, which were seen as some of the more controversial measures. When analysing each measure there will be an assessment of the human rights issues associated with those measures, specifically under Article’s 5 and 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The assessment of these rights with each measure will provide a legal understanding of the wider academic and legal implication of those measures, these include the right to a fair trial. Having assessed the human rights implications of each measure, a risk assessment is undertaken. This enables further analysis of each measure and holistically identifies the wider risk implications of such counter terrorism measures. Such risks may include negative perceptions of the police, the UK or provide indirect support for the radicalisation of new terrorists. This process is developed within the thesis and becomes known as the ‘tri-relationship'. Throughout, the measures examined will be seen to erode those human rights principles ordinarily guaranteed by the criminal justice system, for example liberty. Instead, the measures give way to a new counter-terrorism justice system which has become increasingly normalised by the measures introduced and accepted by the courts. This is despite the implications on human rights and risks involved. This thesis will show that the measures introduced by the UK to achieve securitization, fail to achieve the long-term protective aims of the UK Counter-Terrorism Strategy.
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Hussein, Bozang. "Article 9 - The Right to Freedom of Thought, Consience and Religion : A study on whether banning of religious symbols in order to preserve the principle of secularism can be justified under article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-32673.
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The tension between the banning of religious symbols and the principle of secularism is the subject of this study. The presence and visibility of religious symbols in the public sphere has given raise to a debate around Europe. Within the member states of the Council of Europe the role of religion differs and the principle of secularism is interpreted differently. The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion is provided for in article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights under which the right to manifest religion or belief is protected. This right is of fundamental character and cannot be derogated from. The right to manifest religion or belief however can be subject to limitations under given conditions. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights indicates that member states has been left with a wide margin of appreciation in dealing with the freedom of religion and regulations falling under this right. The Strasbourg Court has accepted that the protection of secularism can be a justified ground for banning religious symbols. However, this is an interference with the right to express and worship one’s religion or belief and there is a need to strike a balance between the public interest and the interest of the individuals and determine whether such interference is necessary in a democratic society. This thesis discusses two values of fundamental character, on the one hand the right to freedom of religion and on the other hand the principle of secularism as a constitutional value. With regard to this, the application of the margin of appreciation is of relevance to consider. The author of this thesis argues that the role of the Court is to ensure that domestic laws are not in conflict with the Convention rights and thus that it shall not take any position on whether or not symbols shall be prohibited. The role of it shall be to secure that interference with article 9 by state authorities does not extend the conditions provided for in the Convention.
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Čekanauskaitė, Laima. "Europos Žmogaus Teisių Konvencijos 8 straipsnio taikymo ypatumai ginant pažeistas teises su aplinka susijusiose bylose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120124_131603-03991.
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1950 m. visuotinis aplinkos apsaugos poreikis dar nebuvo akivaizdus, todėl teisė į aplinką nebuvo paminėta Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos Konvencijoje. Dėl aplinkos taršos iškilo asmenų teisės į aplinką problema ir šios teisės gynimo būtinybė. Dėl šios priežasties galima teigti, kad Europos žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktikos vaidmuo aiškinant teises, įtrauktas į EŽTK, šiomis dienomis yra labai svarbus spendžiant aplinkos problemas žmogaus teisių kontekste.
Teismas interpretuoja aplinkos teises kitų teisių, esančių EŽTK, pagrindu, įskaitant teisę į privatų ir šeimos gyvenimą. Kadangi tam tikra rimta žala aplinkai gali pažeisti ir asmenų teises, ypač teisę į privatumą ir būsto neliečiamumą, šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama EŽTK 8 straipsnio taikymo su aplinka susijusiose bylose problema.
Magistriniame darbe siekiama išnagrinėti svarbiausius EŽTK 8 str. taikymo ginant pažeistas žmonių teises su aplinka susijusiose bylose ypatumus Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo jurisprudencijoje, ir šio straipsnio taikymą bei aiškinimą Lietuvos teismuose. Todėl yra analizuojami teismų sprendimai, susiję su aplinkos teisių pažeidimais, kylančiais dėl aplinkos būklės blogėjimo.
Darbe nagrinėjamos Konvencijos 8 straipsnio taikymo sąlygos su aplinka susijusiose bylose. Jos yra dvi: ryšys tarp pažeidimo ir valstybės bei rimta tiesioginė žala, pasiekianti minimalų sunkumo lygį. Taip pat analizuojami šio straipsnio taikymo ypatumai. Pagrindiniai ypatumai yra susiję... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In the 1950s, the universal need for environmental protection was not yet apparent, therefore there was no mention of right to environment in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Due to pollution of natural environment, there arise an important problem of the human right to environment and the necessity of the protection of this right. For this reason it is possible to state that the role of the European Court of Human Rights practice and its interpretation of the rights, included in the ECHR, to respond environmental concerns within the context of human rights is especially relevant nowadays. Court interprets the environmental rights on the basis of other rights, which are included in the ECHR, including the right to private and family life. Since some serious damage to the environment may violate the rights of individuals and, in particular their right to privacy and the inviolability of home, in this master's final work a problem of the application of Article 8 ECHR in environment-related cases is examined. Master's Work seeks to examine the most important specificities of application of Article 8 of the ECHR in defending violated human rights in environment-related cases in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the application and interpretation of this Article in the courts of Lithuania. Therefore the judgments, related to interference in individual rights derived from environmental degradation, are analyzed. It examines... [to full text]
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Le, Rouzic Louis-Marie. "Le droit à l'instruction dans la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0259/document.
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La protection du droit à l’instruction a fait l’objet de longues discussions lors des travaux préparatoiresà la Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme. Si l’idée d’un droit à l’instruction pour tous s’esttrès vite imposée dans l’esprit de ses rédacteurs, le respect des convictions religieuses etphilosophiques des parents, qui assurent en priorité l’éducation et l’enseignement de leurs enfants, afait l’objet de davantage de controverses. Ces hésitations expliquent la présence de ce droit à l’article 2du premier protocole additionnel à la Convention du 20 mars 1952. Son importance n’est cependantpas à négliger. Qualifié de droit matriciel, le droit à l’instruction participe à la garantie concrète eteffective des autres droits et libertés de la pensée protégés par le corpus européen. Il assure en celal’épanouissement de la personne et lui garantit le droit de se déterminer librement. Il peut donc êtrerevendiqué par tous, élève ou étudiant, et peu importe la structure fréquentée (établissement public,privé, scolaire ou supérieur). Consciente de cet enjeu décisif pour la sauvegarde d’une sociétédémocratique, la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme a su interpréter l’article 2 du Protocoleadditionnel de manière à assurer un juste équilibre entre la marge nationale d’appréciation et lapromotion du droit à l’instruction. Pour cela, elle a mis à la charge des Etats des obligations positivesafin d’assurer à chacun la possibilité, notamment, de se servir des moyens d’instruction existants. Engarantissant ainsi l’égal accès de tous aux structures existantes, la Cour européenne des droits del’Homme a également incité les autorités étatiques à respecter les particularités de chacun. A cette fin,une obligation de neutralité leur est imposée aussi bien dans les établissements d’enseignement quedans les programmes dispensés. Aucun élève ni étudiant ne doit se sentir exclu ou stigmatisé en raisonde ses convictions propres. La garantie d’un droit universel à l’instruction implique alors la garantied’un droit à une instruction pluralisteThe Protection of the right to education has been the subject of endness debates troughout thepreparatory work on the European Convention of Human Rights. While the idea of a right to educationfor all was quite evident in the mind of the drafters of the European Convention of Human Rights, therespect for religious and philosophical convictions of parents, who come first in the education of theirchildren, has been more controversial. Theses doubts explain the inscription of this right in Article 2 ofthe Protocol to the Convention on 20 March 1952. Its importance mustn’t be overlooked. Described asa « matrix right », the right to education contributes to a concrete and effective guarantee of the rightsand freedoms protected by the European Convention of Human Rights. It ensures personal blossomingand the right to make up their own minds. Therefore, everybody can claim this right, whether it be apupil or a student, regardless of the institution (public or private school, primary school or furthereducation). Aware of this key issue to protect a democratic society, the European Court of HumanRights has interpreted article 2 of the Protocol in order to reach a fair balance between the nationalmargin of appreciation and the protection of the right to education. That’s the reason why the Courtrequires States to achieve some positive obligations especially to enable everyone to use existingeducation means. Through the guarantee to an equal access of everyone to education institutions, theEuropean Court of Human Rights also encourages national authorities to observe the distinctivefeatures of each individual. In order to do so, the authorities must remain neutral both in educationalinstitutions and their curriculum. No pupil or student must feel excluded or chastised because of hispersonal convictions. Then, securing the universal right to education implies securing the right to apluralistic education
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Berggren, Theo. "Norm Conflicts in Public International Law : The Relationship Between Obligations Under the ECHR and Under the UN Charter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323239.
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Docquir, Pierre-François. "La liberté d'expression dans le réseau mondial de communication: propositions pour une théorie générale du droit d'accès à l'espace public privatisé." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210368.
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Mammadov, Khalid. "La Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, de réforme en réforme : la rançon d'un succès ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAA031.
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La Cour Européenne des droits de l’homme, depuis les années 1990, connait une extension de ses compétences ratione personae et ratione loci sans précèdent. Faire face à ce phénomène exceptionnel requiert des instruments nouveaux. L’objet de cette étude réside dans l’examen des techniques adaptées par la Cour afin de maintenir le niveau de protection des droits de l’homme garantis par la Convention. Par ailleurs les organes et les Etats membres du Conseil de l’Europe participèrent grandement à l’effort de conservation du niveau d’excellence de protection des droits de l’homme en Europe. Ce sont ces aspects précis qui sont passés en revue et apprécié sous l’angle de leurs apports et parfois, inconvénients. Sujet d’étude apporté dans un espace-temps précis, il demanderait dans un avenir d’être complété et apprécié sous cet angleThe European Court of Human Rights, since the 1990s, recognizes an unprecedented extension of its competence ratione personae and ratione loci. In order to face this exceptional phenomenon new instruments are required. The purpose of this study is the examination of new techniques adapted by the Court to maintain the level of protection of human rights guaranteed by the Convention. Other organs and Member States of the Council of Europe participated actively to the efforts in order to conserve the excellent level for the protection of human rights in Europe. These are specific areas having been reviewed and valued in terms of their contribution and sometimes their disadvantages. Prepared in a particular space-time, this study would ask in the future to be completed and assessed from this angle
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Kardimis, Théofanis. "La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : étude juridictionnelle comparée (France-Grèce)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3004.
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La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’AréopageThe first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights
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Keng, Huang-Shuan, and 耿黃瑄. "The Protection of Medical Information-Based On Article 8 Of European Convention On Human Rights." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wyecvw.
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林宛怡. "The Retention of DNA Data for Criminal Investigation- Focus on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55847035681490970691.
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Hung, Chia-Yeh, and 洪佳業. "On Expulsion Treatments against Foreigners--Base on the Right of Family Life, Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44563004190358779906.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
101
The border control of a nation is the key of the sovereignty showing. However, since everyone is protected by Constitution rather than only their own people are, when a country deports foreigners or prohibits them from entering, the relevent person should have rights to ask for the court to protect his fundamental right. This thesis is concerned that the deportee who has family in the country should have the chance to claim “the right of family life” against those deporting treatments which do not comply with the principle of proportionality. This thesis chooses the European Convention on Human Rights as a comparison research object. First of all, the thesis confirms "foreigner" can also own the fundamental rights, and then researchs for which rights, and to what extents. Second, it researchs for the protection of family life in Convention. It observes how the Convention views "Family Life", and what meaning it is. This thesis also introduces the types of family life which European Court of Human Rights has decleared, such as cohabitation, homosexual couples, transgender person couples, relationship between illegitimate children and his father-in-blood, and even other more distant relatives relationship. Next, the thesis concerns the condition that "people''s right of family life" and "the national right to refuse foreigners entering or to deport them" mutually collide in the judgments of European Court of Human Rights, and finds how to operate "the principle of proportionality" specifically. The thesis hopes the principle of proportionality is not only a arbitrary sense of the judge, but a clear judgment rule through the ways of the accumulating of verdicts, treaties, and regulations. The judgment method is to find the elements in the judgments of European Court of Human Rights that are conducive to justify the expulsion treatments (such as the seriousness of their crimes) and the factors helping to protect family life (such as the family life has established very long in the country). I name the former factors “social links”, and the latter factors “social damages.” In fact, the operation of the principle of proportionality is to measure of social links and social damages. What’s more, the thesis analysizes different reasons of deportation, including crime and national security, and generalizes some principles that the judgments of European Court of Human Rights have used. These principles can be provided to judges to refer to when judging a relevent case. In the end, after understanding the protection levels of the European Convention on Human Rights, the thesis goes back to our domestic laws to carry out comparative study and tuning. It analyzes the articles of Constutition, the interpretations of the Constitution Courts, and the judgments of the courts. At last, the thesis points out the problems of the judgments, the inadequacy of the legal system, and then provides some suggests of amending direction of the law.
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Wu, De-wei, and 吳德煒. "Protection of the Right to Life：A Study of Article 2 of the European Human Rights Convention and Its Conformity With Taiwanese Laws." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81885450765187980938.
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碩士南華大學
歐洲研究所
94
The European Convention on Human Rights, which came into force on September 3, 1953, is the first international convention drafted and implemented for the protection of fundamental human rights after World War II. The first right guaranteed in this Convention is the right to life stipulated in Article 2. If the individual''s right to life is infringed by a High Contracting Party, the victim can, by reference to the procedural mechanism established by the Convention, submit an application to the European Court of Human Rights for seeking legal remedy. This thesis is to explore to what extent the right to life is protected by Article 2 of the Convention and on what circumstances the High Contracting Parties may take measures for restricting it on the one hand, and their conformity with those relevant rules contained in the Taiwanese Legal System on the other. It is intended that by virtue of the comparison between the European and Taiwanese System for the protection of human rights, the further development and improvement of the latter can be raised.
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Konoplia, Oleksandra. "Ochrana před diskriminací podle Evropské úmluvy o ochraně lidských práv." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-434740.
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The thesis is focused on the examination of the scope of Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights, theoretical framework, and legal basis of the concept of discrimination. The paper presents an analysis of the caselaw of the European Court on Human Rights, how the latter operationalises the issue of inequality, and which inaccuracies of interpretation it leaves. The primary aim is to challenge the system of protection against discrimination under the Article 14 as well as the role of the national actors in its development. The thesis examines the level of compliance among signatories of the Convention with its anti- discriminatory provisions and focuses on the individual capacities of the states to satisfy judgements of the European Court on Human Rights. The usage of the comparative approach also helps to analyse the role of local non-governmental organisations in the process of compliance with human rights obligations under the Convention among signatories. The thesis aims to show why the level of protection against discrimination differs from the one country to another and which obstacles they face on the path towards the respect for human rights.
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Pastorek, Štěpán. "Pozitivní závazky státu vyplývající z čl. 3 Evropské úmluvy o ochraně lidských práv se zaměřením na osoby se zdravotním postižením." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352498.
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Positive obligations of state arising from Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights focusing on persons with disabilities Absolute prohibition of torture and ill-treatment is clearly set in article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. When assessing particular obligations, which are arising out of it, we need to look deep into the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence. The aim of this thesis is to analyse positive obligations of state arising from article 3 focusing on persons with disabilities. This is achieved also with the aid of various human right bodies such as UN Human Rights Committee, UN Committee on Torture or UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Due to the fact that this area is not really covered yet, certain parts of this thesis are focused on defining important terms and putting them together. The approach is analytic with elements of comparison between the view of European Court of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights bodies. The thesis is composed of three main chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines the main terms such as ill-treatment, torture, scope of the article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights in connection with rights of persons with disabilities and the concept of positive obligations...
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Králová, Tereza. "Právo na respektování soukromého a rodinného života." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-306491.
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(RIGHT TO RESPECT FOR PRIVATE AND FAMILY LIFE) The main goal of this diploma thesis, called Right to respect for private and family life, is to analyze the progress in the issue of the right to respect for private and family life from the perspective of registered partnership. I had to narrow the topic of this diploma thesis to registered partnership, because of the fact, that the scope of the right to respect for private and family life is so broad, that it couldn't be summarized in the mere diploma thesis. Emphasis of this diploma thesis is placed on regulation set out in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the Convention), other regulation is mentioned only marginally. The diploma thesis is divided into four chapters, further it contains the introduction, the conclusion, the list of abbreviation, the list of literature and the Czech and English abstract. The most important part of this diploma thesis is chapter three, which deals with the right to respect for private and family life from the perspective of registered partnership set out in the article 8 of the Convention. Chapter 1 defines the right to respect for private and family life as one of the fundamental human rights and characterizes the international legal protection and legal...