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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Article 370'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Permerius, Filip. "Article 370 of the Indian Constitution: Conceptualizing Autonomy Retraction." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97738.

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Autonomy is a concept often used within International law and conflict studies as a tool to resolve tensions between state and a distinct group wanting to break free from the state. However, autonomy has no real definition within international law. Similarly, autonomy retraction lacks a clear definition and conceptualization, mostly due to it being a rare occurrence. There are five known cases of autonomy retraction. The most recent is India’s revoking of article 370 of the Indian constitution previously granting the region of Jammu and Kashmir a special status of autonomy. This thesis used this case to try and conceptualize autonomy retraction by looking at the historical context of autonomy retraction comparing how the region of Assam, Kosovo, Sudan and Tibet lost their autonomy. Historical context tells us that retraction usually comes from legislative changes and increased nationalistic policy making by central governments. Additionally, the case of Jammu and Kashmir has been examined using an altered version of an existing framework developed by the author Maria Ackrén where she looked at how regional/territorial autonomy is established. The altered version used in the thesis looks at if her framework can be used to see how and why autonomy was retracted in Jammu and Kashmir. Evidently, ideology and growing asymmetric power structures and authoritarian tendencies imposed by the Bharatiya Janata Party in India seem to be at the core to the revocation of article 370. The ultimate goal in this thesis was to conceptualize autonomy retraction and while certain components such as ideology and ethnicity plays a large part as evident in the case of India revoking article 370, further research would be beneficial to identify additional components needed to generalize the concept of autonomy retraction.

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2

Amat, Felix Enrique Mezzanotte. "Legal Challenges in Tackling Tacit Collusion Using Article 102 TFEU." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520423.

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3

Fleck, Rika. "Wissenshäppchen als Facebook Instant Article – ein durchaus mögliches Zukunftsszenario." TUDpress, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30901.

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„Hast Du Schwierigkeiten, die richtige Ansprache für Millennials zu finden?“ Dann empfiehlt die Onlinemarketingplattform www.onlinemarketing.de sich die perfekte Videowerbung für die Generation Y anzusehen. Im Video sind „hippe, junge Menschen in Zeitlupe“ zu sehen, die fröhlich sind, sich frei fühlen, lachen, bunte Haare haben, gern mit Freunden zusammen sind und Spaß an der Konversation haben, fotografieren, posten, liken und teilen. Natürlich werden im Video die Klischees überzogen und auch aufs Korn genommen. Aber die Kernaussage stimmt mit der Definition der Millennials überein: Sie sind technikaffin, legen Wert auf ihre Selbstverwirklichung und verfolgen eine hohe Leistungsorientierung. Sie studieren und investieren in die Ausbildung. Es ist aber auch die Generation, die mit dem Smartphone groß geworden ist. Sie beziehen nahezu alle Informationen aus dem Internet und halten sich täglich über mehrere Stunden in den sozialen Medien auf. Die Autorin setzt sich in ihrer Dissertation mit dem Thema auseinander, wie diese Generation sich Wissen aneignet. Sie möchte in Experimenten nachweisen, dass die Millennials anders lernen, weil sie aus der Informationsflut selektieren müssen. Sie wollen ihr Wissen möglichst effektiv, auf das Wesentliche reduziert, präsentiert bekommen. Das sind Erfahrungen der Autorin aus der Lehre. Dieses Paper fasst Hypothesen und Gedanken zusammen, die provokant und als mögliches Zukunftsszenario beschrieben werden. Dabei geht es einerseits um die Distribution. Wo müssen Lehrvideos veröffentlicht werden, dass sie von der lernenden Zielgruppe wahrgenommen und angenommen werden. Auf der anderen Seite geht es auch um den Content selbst und wie er dargestellt wird – strukturell und visuell. Die Autorin zieht dafür Parallelen zum Journalismus sowie zum Marketing.

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4

Karli, Mehmet. "Regulatory regionalism and article xxiv of the general agreement on tariffs and trade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530042.

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5

Shipman, Shirley. "The relationship between ECHR, Article 6 and the overriding objective of the CPR." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530075.

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6

Merkouris, Panagiotis. "Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT and the principle of systemic integration." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/477.

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The proliferation of international courts and tribunals combined with the expansion of the areas and density of regulation of international law has given rise to a debate on the issue of fragmentation of international law. Within this context and as a possible response to this fear of fragmentation, the issue of interpretation with specific reference to Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties has come to the forefront. The overarching aim of the present thesis entitled ‘Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT and the Principle of Systemic Integration’ is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the content and the function of Article 31(3)(c) both as a conventional and as a customary rule (i.e. as principle of systemic integration). To this end, the thesis adopts a two-pronged approach. In the first Part of this thesis the analysis is based on the text of the provision itself, both on its written and unwritten elements (intertemporal law considerations). This analysis demonstrates that a proper understanding of Article 31(3)(c) leads us to the adoption of the proximity criterion as the only appropriate in the application of Article 31(3)(c). Having concluded the textual analysis, the thesis then, in the second Part, considers Article 31(3)(c) from a different vantage point. It examines Article 31(3)(c) from the more general perspective of the system as a whole and analyses what the effects of more systemic considerations to the content of Article 31(3)(c) are. Within these parameters two issues arise: i) The principles of conflict resolution, which the thesis proves can be applied, in certain scenarios, in the interpretative process of Article 31(3)(c) and ii) more importantly the notion of interpretation of customary law. The relevant Chapter establishes that customary international law can be the object of interpretation and in such an interpretation Article 31(3)(c), as custom, plays a pivotal role. Through this approach, both from a textual and a systemic perspective, the thesis offers a new and complete understanding of Article 31(3)(c) in all its manifestations and spheres of application.

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7

Whiting, Caroline. "School based training : a comparative case study of an articled teacher course and a one year PGCE." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/760.

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This research is based on a case study of two primary Post Graduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) courses at the same university which was carried out at a time of rapid change and major reform. One of those courses, the Articled Teacher (AT) PGCE was of the 'school based' variety much heralded at the time as the way forward for the preparation of teachers. In this scheme, learner teachers were based, usually alone, for two years in one school in the care of a mentor, with a chance of a 'teaching practice' in another school. The ATs came into the university for seminars, lectures and tutorials. The other route was a more traditional one year course where the students, 75 in number, were based in the university and were sent out, sometimes alone, sometimes in groups, into two or three different schools for 'teaching practice' or 'school experience'. The research focussed on three major factors in making comparisons between the two groups: 1) patterns of loyalty to, and support from, the university and the school; 2) the sources of their theorising about teaching - the ATs relying more on their own personal experience mainly because of their constant need to survive in their schools; 3) the differences between the course providers in schools and in the university which were more important for the ATs because of their course's emphasis on 'partnership' rather than 'integration'. The findings of the fieldwork are placed in the context of a discussion of the recent reforms in initial teacher education with particular reference to their implications for school based training.

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8

Desens, Sabrina [Verfasser]. "Wasserpreisgestaltung nach Artikel 9 EG-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie. : Vorgaben und Spielräume für die Umsetzung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rechtslage in Nordrhein-Westfalen. / Sabrina Desens." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1238361161/34.

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9

Fleck, Rika. "Wissenshäppchen als Facebook Instant Article – ein durchaus mögliches Zukunftsszenario." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-234535.

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„Hast Du Schwierigkeiten, die richtige Ansprache für Millennials zu finden?“ Dann empfiehlt die Onlinemarketingplattform www.onlinemarketing.de sich die perfekte Videowerbung für die Generation Y anzusehen. Im Video sind „hippe, junge Menschen in Zeitlupe“ zu sehen, die fröhlich sind, sich frei fühlen, lachen, bunte Haare haben, gern mit Freunden zusammen sind und Spaß an der Konversation haben, fotografieren, posten, liken und teilen. Natürlich werden im Video die Klischees überzogen und auch aufs Korn genommen. Aber die Kernaussage stimmt mit der Definition der Millennials überein: Sie sind technikaffin, legen Wert auf ihre Selbstverwirklichung und verfolgen eine hohe Leistungsorientierung. Sie studieren und investieren in die Ausbildung. Es ist aber auch die Generation, die mit dem Smartphone groß geworden ist. Sie beziehen nahezu alle Informationen aus dem Internet und halten sich täglich über mehrere Stunden in den sozialen Medien auf. Die Autorin setzt sich in ihrer Dissertation mit dem Thema auseinander, wie diese Generation sich Wissen aneignet. Sie möchte in Experimenten nachweisen, dass die Millennials anders lernen, weil sie aus der Informationsflut selektieren müssen. Sie wollen ihr Wissen möglichst effektiv, auf das Wesentliche reduziert, präsentiert bekommen. Das sind Erfahrungen der Autorin aus der Lehre. Dieses Paper fasst Hypothesen und Gedanken zusammen, die provokant und als mögliches Zukunftsszenario beschrieben werden. Dabei geht es einerseits um die Distribution. Wo müssen Lehrvideos veröffentlicht werden, dass sie von der lernenden Zielgruppe wahrgenommen und angenommen werden. Auf der anderen Seite geht es auch um den Content selbst und wie er dargestellt wird – strukturell und visuell. Die Autorin zieht dafür Parallelen zum Journalismus sowie zum Marketing.

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10

Abdullah, Mohd Faiz Sathi bin. "Reading to learn from TESOL research articles : towards a genre-based model for EAP programme development." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388856.

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11

Wragg, Paul Martin. "Critiquing the UK judiciary's response to Article 10 post-HRA : undervaluing the right to freedom of expression?" Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/68/.

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The arrival of the Human Rights Act 1998 (the “HRA”) stimulated much speculation as to the effect that the Act would have on judicial approaches to the relationship between the individual and State. In particular, the Act generated expectations that it would raise rights consciousness within judicial thinking. Consequently, the potential effect this change would have on freedom of speech in the UK was intriguing. It had been said that the common law already recognised a ‘constitutional right to free speech’, although the strongest statements for its protection seemed reserved for freedom to publish, in particular and, furthermore, the common law could not interfere with contrary statutory measures. There had been speculation that the obstacle to the fullest protection for free speech would be removed if a constitutional measure was introduced that allowed the judiciary to protect free speech where the common law would otherwise be impotent. Yet it was also argued, pre-HRA, that, in addition, judicial attitudes toward freedom of speech required addressing. It was argued that the judicial approach to freedom of speech was inconsistent: the judiciary did not seem to treat free speech claims equally and so certain speakers seemed better placed than others. Certainly, uncompromisingly pro-free speech judgments were rare where the freedom to publish was not implicated. Thus, it was argued that the common law approach to free speech had developed incoherently and that there seemed to be a judicial readiness to allow restrictions on flimsy grounds. These criticisms implicated the UK judiciary’s conceptual understanding of free speech, suggesting failings in the court’s engagement with the moral and philosophical arguments underpinning the nature of the right. However, there was an expectation amongst some commentators that greater consistency of free speech protection would occur as a result of the provisions in section 2 of the HRA. It has now been almost nine years since the substantive provisions of the HRA came into force (not counting the further two years of judicial preparation). By surveying the post-HRA landscape, the object of this enquiry is to ascertain whether the judiciary has realised protection for freedom of speech in its fullest terms. Prior to the HRA, Barendt, for example, had argued that in order to maximise protection, the judiciary ought to engage with the theoretical arguments for the free speech protection. This thesis seeks to understand what the judiciary’s approach to Article 10 is and how this compares to both established theory and the rationale underpinning the Strasbourg Article 10 jurisprudence. Thus, it will examine whether the judiciary has become acclimatised to the language of ‘rights’ in a free speech context and, furthermore, whether it has recognised the significance of underlying theories of free speech in this regard. As is well-established in the academic literature, there are several dominant theories which seek to explain and justify the concept of free speech as a right. Each of these offers different perspectives on the scope of free speech and approaches to protecting it. In raising free speech from a liberty to a right in all circumstances, has the judiciary demonstrably engaged with those theories and, if so, to what extent? In other words, what value or values has the judiciary identified as being served by freedom of expression? Does the jurisprudence suggest the judiciary is simply absorbing Strasbourg jurisprudence and, if so, how does this affect the UK judiciary’s engagement with theory? In other words, even if minded to do so, what obstacles stand in the judiciary’s way toward a more principled approach to Article 10 to fit theoretical understandings of the right? By virtue of this critique, it will be argued that the UK judiciary has not developed the Article 10 jurisprudence in a principled manner, i.e., one that fully engages with the established theoretical approaches to freedom of expression. Instead, due to, amongst other things, its limited approach to the obligations contained within s. 2 of the HRA, the UK Article 10 jurisprudence demonstrates a particularly narrow approach to the consequentialist rationale for protecting expression that, consequently, neglects other rationales based on broader instrumentalist grounds or, indeed, protection based on the intrinsic value of free speech. Thus, it will be argued that in the UK, the Article 10 lens has been focussed too sharply on narrow forms of political expression. This is disappointing from a free speech advocate’s perspective not just because the concept of free speech is stunted in this environment but also because it suggests the promised ‘rights culture’ has not fully taken nor the constitutional significance of free speech fully secured.

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12

Gauntlett, Ben Colin. "Article 82 of the European Community Treaty and Exclusionary Conduct - The Need for a Clearly Defined Approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519773.

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13

Harun, Suraya Binti. "Environmental science and Article 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/422204/.

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The impact of Article 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on ‘rock’ islands is a critical issue, affecting the extent of their maritime entitlement, namely whether they have the right to an exclusive economic zone and a continental shelf, or otherwise. The required criteria for such rocks to be able to sustain human habitation or have an economic life of their own which determine the outcome of their maritime entitlement had triggered the need to ascertain the elements that satisfy these criteria. An investigation into relevant available sources and materials such as the legislative history of the provision, judicial decisions, State practice and views by maritime legal experts and other scholars has revealed the complexity and difficulties in identifying a common understanding of the matter, with particular regard to States as the directly affected party under this provision which thus calls for other ways that could contribute to address the issue. This research thus applied environmental science as one of the means to contribute in providing a reasonably acceptable starting point for States that could be used if the need arises. A more serious attitude towards the application of scientific evidence, with primary regard to the relationship between humans and their environment, should thus be given as it can provide a platform for States to initiate negotiations concerning the matter.

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14

Mavronicola, Natasa. "Delimiting the absolute : the nature and scope of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648851.

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15

Chung, Chan-Mo. "The application of EC competition law to public enterprises : Article 90 of the Treaty of Rome." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241291.

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16

Phinnemore, David. "The politics of association : the European Community and the use of Article 238, 1958-1995." Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244337.

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17

Milloy, John. "Article 2 and the non-military development of NATO, 1948-1957, with special reference to Canada." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386537.

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18

Constantinou, Avra. "The right of self-defence under customary international law and Article 51 of the United Nations Charter." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339650.

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19

Baynast, de Septfontaines Geoffroy de. "L'inflation législative et les articles 34 et 37 de la Constitution." Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020072.

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L'inflation legislative est un phenomene relativement meconnu, alors meme qu'il se manifeste de facon universelle. Sa perennite sous la cinquieme republique est d'autant plus paradoxale que les articles 34 et 37 de la constitution avaient tente de limiter strictement le domaine de la loi. Cette tentative a echoue et dans un contexte institutionnel, politique et sociologique eminemment propice aux interventions legislatives, le legislateur se montre tres prolifique. Cette activite debordante se repercute sur la legislation qui apparait des lors proliferante. De la multiplication des initiatives et des deficiences de la technique legislative resulte une serieuse degradation de la loi. En consequence, ses destinataires semblent perdus et il se cree au sein meme de la societe une veritable fracture legale. Des moyens existent pour pallier les effets de la multiplication des lois, telle une meilleure information ou une codification ambitieuse, mais le mal est profond et les tentatives mises en oeuvre pour enrayer le phenomene paraissent encore insuffisantes
Although it manifests itself universally, legislative inflation is a relatively unknown phenomenon. Its ubiquitousness (perennial aspect) under the fifth republic is all the more paradoxical that articles 34 and 37 of the constitution tried to strictly limit the domain of the law. This attempt failed and as a result, legislators have become very prolific within an institutional, political and sociological context eminently favourable to legislative interventions. This unruly activity has an effect upon legislation which itself then proliferates. A serious degradation of the legal system occurs as a result of multiplication of initiatives and of deficiencies of legal writing. Therefore, it is unclear to whom the legislation applies and its focus become ambiguous which brings inequality deep in the centre of society. Current measures to alleviate effects of legal proliferation such as extensive information or overly ambitious codification have shown an inability to put an end to this deeply rooted phenomenon

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20

Al-Sharif, Emad. "The meaning of self-defence under article 51 of the United Nations charter." Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4635.

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This thesis examines the development of the concept of individual and collective self-defence as expressed in Article 51 of the UN Charter. In doing so, it will analyse the attempts to stretch the scope of the right of self-defence beyond the limits allowed under Article 51 and assess whether such attempts have undermined the Charter regime. The concept of self-defence is seen as part of a series of evolutionary attempts to limit the horrors of war by formulating criteria for the legitimacy of armed force. This study looks at the developments from the racial and religiously- motivated medieval concept of "Just War", and the "defensive" Islamic concept of Jihad, through arbitration and treaty between sovereign states, to the development of the legal doctrine of self-defence, subject to the criteria of necessity and proportionality, established in the Caroline case. The focus is on the modem development of the concept of self-defence in the UN era, has developed within the context of a global collective security system.However, the circumstances of its drafting left Article 51 with a number of ambiguities and inadequacies, which are explored with reference to illustrative examples from recent history. Attention is drawn to the nature and scope of the so-called "inherent right"; the difficulties surrounding the definitions of "armed attack" and "aggression" as events which activate the sight of self-defence; and the unforeseen burden placed on Article 51 as a result of the paralysing effect of the Cold War on the collective security system. A further development in recent years has been a trend to fit Article 51 to the scope of the post-colonial, post-Cold War era, by attempting to enlarge it, both temporally and spatially. The former leads to claims for various forms of anticipatory and retrospective defence; the latter to broader conceptions of the people, territory and governance system to be defended whereby the legal framework of Article 51 is made subject to political and humanitarian considerations. However well-intentioned, such trends would greatly increase the number of exceptions to the prohibition in Article 2(4) and open the door to misuse of the Article 51 provision thereby increasing the danger of threats to peace and security.Clearly, the 1945 conception of self-defence is no longer adequate to deal with the changing force of international relations. Article 51 must change; the question is whether it can do so within the spirit of its nature as an "emergency" response with value especially to weaker and third world nations.

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21

Hughes, K. E. "A behavioural understanding of privacy : Article 8 European Convention on Human Rights and a right to respect for barriers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604730.

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To develop effective privacy laws we need to have a thorough understanding of privacy. The thesis addresses four questions: (i) how should we identify the interests that should be protected by a right to privacy? (ii) Does everyone have the same need for privacy? (iii) What constitutes a privacy experience? (iv) What values and functions does privacy serve? This leads to an understanding of privacy which draws upon studies of human behaviour and social interaction. The right can be understood as a claim that barriers used to prevent access should be respected: For X to have a right to privacy against Y is for X to have a claim against Y that Y not access X by breaching a barrier used by X to prevent Y from accessing X. The remainder of the thesis analyses Article 8 European Convention on Human Rights through this theoretical framework. There are four dimensions to this analysis: scope; needs; states; and value. Scope refers to the match between Article 8 ECHR and the above model. Analysis of ‘need’ concentrates on interests of women and children in relation to privacy, helping to identify the normative core of the right and its limits. Analysis of ‘state’ considers the extent to which three types of privacy experiences are recognised: (i) physical separation; (ii) group privacy; and (iii) public privacy. ‘Value’ refers to the perceived significance of the right when it conflicts with other interests and rights. Finally, the thesis concludes with a consideration of the need for legislative intervention.

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22

Wakefield, Jill. "An investigation into the conditions for establishing the non-contractual liability of the Community under Article 288(2)EC." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395393.

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23

Sidhu, Omkar. "The concept of Equality of Arms in criminal proceedings under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/885/.

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Inherent in and at the core of the right to fair trial in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights is the concept of equality of arms, the construct to which this thesis is devoted within the context of criminal proceedings. As a contextual prelude to specific analysis of this concept, a background for Article 6 is first established which identifies influential historical developments in trial rights and provides an outline of the rationale for the Convention and of the content, and applicability, of the article. Thereafter, the thesis offers a theoretical insight on equality of arms, identifying and exploring its value, contemporary international legal basis and constituent elements as per the Strasbourg definition. The insight on the latter recognises an underpinning relationship between the concept of equality of arms and Article 6(3), and introduces the key argument in the thesis: the European Court of Human Rights equates inequality of arms not with procedural inequality in itself, which would be a dignitarian interpretation, but with procedural inequality that gives rise to actual or, in some circumstances, inevitable prejudice. This argument predominates the subsequent survey of case-law in which the Court’s approach to procedural equality is demonstrated and assessed within the context of the right to challenge and call witness evidence (Article 6(3)(d)), the right to adequate time and facilities (Article 6(3)(b)) and the right to legal assistance (Article 6(3)(c)). Though the thesis is based on Article 6 decisions of the Court and, to a lesser extent, the former European Commission of Human Rights, references are made throughout to other national and international legal instruments and judgements whenever instructive.

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24

Felemegas, John. "The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods : Article 7 and uniform interpretation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11055/.

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The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 1980 ("CISG") creates a uniform law for the international sale of goods. However, textual uniformity is a necessary but insufficient step towards achieving substantive legal uniformity, since the formulation and enactment of a uniform legal text carries no guarantee of its subsequent uniform application in practice. This thesis therefore considers different approaches to the interpretation of CISG and evaluates their appropriateness for uniform international trade law, before advancing an interpretative approach based on the concept of internationality and generally acknowledged principles of commercial law, such as the UNIDROIT Principles. The analysis offered by the present writer is based on the examination of the nature, scope and function of Article 7 CISG, which expressly prescribes the direction that CISG's interpretation and application should follow and whose own interpretation will determine, to a large degree, the ultimate fate of CISG as a truly uniform code. Owing to its unique nature and limitations, it is necessary that CISG exist on top of a legal order that can provide doctrinal support and solutions to practical problems - such as gap-filling - in order to guarantee CISG's functional continuity and development without offending its values of internationality, uniformity and good faith, as expressed in Article 7(1) CISG and analysed in this thesis. It is the opinion of the present writer that CISG is, and must remain, a self-contained body of rules, independent of and distinct from the different domestic laws. Supported by analysis of the existing doctrine, as well as by case law, this thesis argues that the necessary legal backdrop for CISG's existence and application can be provided by general principles of international commercial law, such as those exemplified by the UNIDROIT Principles, which will, if adopted, render the textual reference in Article 7(2) CISG to private international law redundant - a positive step towards uniformity. The recourse to rules of private international law in the interpretation of CISG, even as a last resort, would represent regression into doctrinal fragmentation and practical uncertainty. The relevant textual reference in Article 7(2) CISG to such a method is the regrettable result of diplomatic drafting compromises and should remain inactive, since its activation would reverse the progress achieved by the world wide adoption of CISG as a uniform body of international sales law.

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25

Van, Wijk-Nieupoort Jacoba Maria. "The application of articles 85 and 86 of the EC Treaty by national courts." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299770.

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26

Ammermüller, Britta [Verfasser]. "Assessing Cost Recovery : A New Comparative Framework in Line with WFD Article 9 / Britta Ammermüller." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042408009/34.

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27

Al-Shareef, Naif S. "Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Saudi Arabia : grounds for refusal under article (V) of the New York Convention of 1958." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395692.

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28

Zalewska-Glogowska, Marta [Verfasser]. "The More Economic Approach under Article 102 TFEU : A Legal Analysis and Comparison with US Antitrust Law / Marta Zalewska-Glogowska." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1160484686/34.

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Milyaeva, Svetlana. "Making markets, making laws : non-deliverable currency forwards and the Amendment to Article 1062 of the Russian Civil Code." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4014.

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Being a part of social studies of finance, i.e. a perspective that, in its narrow sense, investigates the role of science and technology in financial markets, the thesis suggests that one can understand science in a wider sense, as an expert knowledge domain. The social studies of finance, then, can be broadened out to encompass the different ways in which expert knowledge shapes financial practices. Legal expertise is another instantiation of expert knowledge in the sense that both (science and law) are different forms of power; therefore this research aims at answering the question how finance is shaped by legal expert knowledge. The study employs the method of ‘opening the black box’ of regulation, and thus it argues that technicalities of regulation, which embody legal expertise, are crucial for the construction of financial markets. The thesis demonstrates how ‘just’ a concise amendment to Article 1062 of the Russian Civil Code has had significant ramifications for the interbank USD/RUB cash-settled forward market, and explores the controversies involved in and details of the law making process. The amendment was made in 2007 and changed the legal status of non-deliverable forwards, which had been classified by Russian courts as gambling transactions under Russian law in 1998-1999. Based on the evidence obtained from the study of the legal developments that resulted in the amendment, the thesis shows that the politics of the law-making process, as well as shaping the outcome, can in equal measure be disruptive and result in a delay in legal changes that market participants felt were much-needed. After almost a decade of painstaking negotiations, the amendment stated that cashsettled derivatives are legally enforceable under the Russian law. It rendered cash-settled forwards legally secure, hence encouraged cross-border transactions and enhanced the market’s liquidity; it is also made possible the introduction of netting as a risk management tool in the market. The contested, long-delayed amendment is thus an example of a pervasive process: the constitutive role of law (including esoteric law, little noticed outside of specialist spheres) in shaping markets.

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Florack, Natalie-Emilienne [Verfasser]. "Artikel 2 Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention im Lichte der Terrorismusbekämpfung / Natalie-Emilienne Florack." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080458646/34.

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31

Webster, Elaine. "Exploring the prohibition of degrading treatment within Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4062.

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This thesis addresses the meaning and scope of application of the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment, a distinct form of harm within the absolute prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Through an interpretive case-law analysis, the thesis presents a deeper conceptual understanding of the meaning of degrading treatment than is found in existing human rights literature. It is a central argument of this thesis that the concept of human dignity occupies a key position in the interpretation of degrading treatment adopted by the European Court of Human Rights. Consequently, it is argued that the meaning of human dignity in this context ‘frames’ the potential boundaries of the right. The thesis aims to facilitate identification of situations that may convincingly be argued to amount to potential instances of degrading treatment through generating a richer appreciation of the right’s proper scope of concern. A comprehensive account of the meaning of degrading treatment and corresponding state obligations is offered. This account provides a framework for future application of the right that is both practical and plausible.

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Tianprasit, Tanatthep. "Promoting the use of the special investigative techniques of Article 20 of the UNTOC to combat organised crimes in Thailand." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238555.

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For many years, organised crime has been considered a serious threat to the world, as it affects not only national security but also economic well-being. Moreover, it is also the cause of many serious crimes. Given its nature, it is difficult for law enforcement officials to investigate and obtain evidence which can lead to the prosecution of high-ranking members of organised crime groups. For this reason, in 2000, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC) was introduced. Under this convention, many measures were provided to fight these serious crimes. The use of special investigative techniques, such as controlled delivery, electronic surveillance and undercover operations, has been recognised in Article 20 of the UNTOC. Therefore, members of the UNTOC, including Thailand, have to incorporate these special investigative techniques into domestic law. However, due to the different interpretations of the convention in each country, the effectiveness of the use of these special investigative techniques may vary. Furthermore, the use of these special investigative techniques may have an inevitable effect on human rights. Notably, this thesis reflects the law at April 2018. After the comparative study of the use of special investigative techniques between England and Wales and Thailand, it could be seen that the former has a better legislative approach than Thailand. In the case of special organisations to combat serious crimes, the National Crime Agency (NCA) of the UK has a higher budget, more staff and better transparency than the Department of Special Investigation (DSI) of Thailand. Moreover, in England and Wales, at the national and regional levels, the Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) provide double protection against the misuse of the special investigative techniques which are operated by law enforcement officials. On the contrary, in Thailand, although human rights are recognised in both the Constitution and Criminal Procedure Code, the Supreme Court is not greatly concerned about these rights, nor about the unlawful investigative proceedings. At the regional level, the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (AHRD) cannot be compared to the ECHR, because it does not have supranational institutions like the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) of the ECHR to protect the rights of the people of ASEAN. Last, but not least, in practice the patronage system and corruption are also considered to be the main problems in the investigation bureaux of the country and may affect the use of special investigative techniques.

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Sander, Dirk [Verfasser]. "Der Schutz des Aufenthalts durch Artikel 8 der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention. / Dirk Sander." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1238360947/34.

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34

Schötz, Lukas [Verfasser], Rainald [Akademischer Betreuer] Borck, and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Bauernschuster. "Vier Artikel zur Lokalen Politischen Ökonomie / Lukas Schötz. Betreuer: Rainald Borck ; Stefan Bauernschuster." Passau : Universität Passau, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1081820330/34.

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35

Berlth, Astrid Verfasser], and Hans-Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wolffgang. "Artikel 1 GRCh - die Menschenwürde im Unionsrecht / Astrid Berlth. Betreuer: Hans-Michael Wolffgang." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027021220/34.

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Berlth, Astrid [Verfasser], and Hans-Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolffgang. "Artikel 1 GRCh - die Menschenwürde im Unionsrecht / Astrid Berlth. Betreuer: Hans-Michael Wolffgang." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027021220/34.

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37

Schnelle, Eva Marie [Verfasser]. "Freiheitsmissbrauch und Grundrechtsverwirkung. : Versuch einer Neubestimmung von Artikel 18 GG. / Eva Marie Schnelle." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1238430597/34.

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Steinbach, Kathrin [Verfasser]. "Regulierung algorithmenbasierter Entscheidungen. : Grundrechtliche Argumentation im Kontext von Artikel 22 DSGVO. / Kathrin Steinbach." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238493920/34.

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39

McArdle, Scarlett. "The international responsibility of the European Union : a critique of the International Law Commission's Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7617/.

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Responsibility plays a core role in international law; it is the very measure of its effectiveness. Responsibility began as a law of state responsibility and this has continued to limit the law. As the international arena has expanded to encompass a broader range of actors, in particular the growth of international organisations and the European Union, there has been an increased need for the expansion of the law of responsibility to address the growing actions and competencies of these actors. The International Law Commission (ILC) has sought to address this through developing the Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations (ARIO). This study concerns itself with limitations of the approach taken by the ILC towards the ARIO and critiques the ability of the ARIO to apply to the growing actions of the European Union. The original basis of responsibility in a system of international law based around state cooperation has limited the foundations of responsibility to an idea of international action as bilateral cooperation. This has shaped the basis of responsibility into a principle that seeks to address individual, unified actors and, consequently, struggles when faced with the European Union, an actor that finds interaction and interdependence at the core of its international identity. The thesis considers the nature of the EU as an international actor to understand the challenge posed by this unique actor. It then moves on to consider the work of the ILC and provides an analysis of two main areas: the principle of attribution, which was heavily derived from the principles on state responsibility and the attempt to address the strong dependence on this prior work on responsibility through the use of references to the rules of the organisation and the attempt to develop a lex specialis article. The thesis then seeks to propose an alternative framework of responsibility that would scale back the law in this area and enable it to develop more organically.

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Bachmann, Theresa [Verfasser]. "Der Nachbarschaftsraum nach Artikel 8 EUV : Status Quo und Potential europäischer Nachbarschaftsbeziehungen / Theresa Bachmann." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1193804353/34.

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41

Eggert, Friederike [Verfasser]. "Verfassungsablösung : Zu Theorie und Praxis der verfassungsablösenden Gewalt nach Artikel 146 Grundgesetz / Friederike Eggert." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237168783/34.

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42

Nesselrode, Friederike Gräfin [Verfasser]. "Das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Ehe und Familie in Artikel 6 des Grundgesetzes. / Friederike Gräfin Nesselrode." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1238356508/34.

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43

Adjei, William Edward. "The protection of freedom of expression in Africa : problems of application and interpretation of Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=207458.

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The current democratization developments and the need to adequately protect freedom of expression and media freedom in Africa have ushered in significant constitutional and legislative changes in the continent. As such, the adoption of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights constitutes significant machinery for entrenching the liberty of the individuals and a trend in the fight against human rights violations, but how effective are these changes, at the regional and local levels? This thesis critically analyses these developments with a view to finding new constitutional and legislative provisions that facilitate freedom of expression and media freedom within the context of Article 9 of the Africa Charter. While tracing the history of human rights in Africa, the thesis articulates the importance of freedom of expression and consensus democracy in Africa's political and cultural traditions, the early socio-political and ideological history, and its colonial past. Furthermore, the thesis highlights Africa's entrenched political and cultural traditions that promote human rights in general and freedom of expression in particular, although some African communitarian principles might be considered anachronistic and anti-democratic. This research is concerned about the impact of African governments' criminal penalties for defamatory statements and policies restricting the legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of expression. These coercive measures in light of the intolerant culture in African politics are often used to deprive citizens and the media their right to freedom of expression and valuable information which merited legitimate public concern. While we acknowledge that media activities and freedom of expression may be restricted in order to protect reputation, private life, public order, public health, public morality, public safety and national security, as enshrined in Article 27 (2) of the African Charter, the thesis is, however, concerned at the broad reach of several of the restrictive measures that have been enacted by arbitrary governments in which there is a very limited basis of public debate or competitive politics to buttress the freedom of the media. On the attainment of political independence, most of the African states adopted constitutions enshrining bills of rights justiciable by the courts. Despite these bills of rights, many of the African states have been guilty of gargantuan crimes and human rights violations. Despite the ratification of international and regional instruments dealing with the right to freedom of expression and information, African political leaders continue to misapply and misinterpret Article 9 (2) of the ACHPR because of its vagueness and continue to rely on criminal defamation statutes and the like to suppress critical and dissenting views. These broadly phrased prohibitions encouraged by the poor drafting of Article 9 (2) of the Charter, criminalise the legitimate exercise of freedom of expression and have a real “chilling effect” on debate on matters of public interest. The main conclusion of the thesis is that while most recent African constitutional developments offer promises of free expression and democratic accountability, there are persistent problems that need to be addressed as part of the overall democratization process. For example, there is the need to abrogate anachronistic criminal defamation statutes and insult laws in many African countries, put an end to the use of extralegal and coercive measures in the state's relation with the media, as well as a need for opposition political parties' contribution in parliament without government interference. Judicial independence, awareness of international standards on freedom of expression and information, equitable access to government media, journalistic morality and professionalism are other problems highlighted in the thesis.

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Schmidt, Thilo [Verfasser]. "Kollisionsrechtseinheit und Sachrechtsvielfalt im Binnenmarkt : Internationales Lauterkeitsrecht nach Artikel 6 Rom II-Verordnung / Thilo Schmidt." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234354977/34.

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45

Almuhaidb, Yasser. "The recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Saudi Arabia : an examination of the function of Article (V) of the 1958 New York Convention in the Saudi legal order." Thesis, University of Hull, 2013. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8219.

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This thesis argues that Art. V (2) (b) of the NYC, which states that recognition and enforcement may be refused by a competent authority if enforcement of the awards would be contrary to the public policy of the country in question, will mean that any foreign awards contrary to Islamic principles will not be enforced in Saudi Arabia, due to the Kingdom's strict adherence to Shari'ah. Furthermore, it argues that Article V (2)(b) of the NYC provides a safe harbour wherein Saudi Arabia does not have to recognize a non-Saudi Arabian award that is contrary to its public policy. Article V(b)(2) allows Saudi Arabia to embrace the international community and its rules for international dispute resolution and enforcement, without rejecting its own history and public policy. However, Saudi Arabia's apparent negative attitude towards enforcement of foreign awards is based, to a large extent, upon the conflict between the spirit of the NYC and Shari'ah rules applied in Saudi Arabia. In arguing this thesis, this study proceeds from the hypotheses that the enforcement of foreign awards in Saudi Arabia is impossible or at least extremely difficult, even after the county’s adherence to the NYC in 1994. Saudi Arabia's adoption of NYC remains consistent with its historical resistance to treaties on international arbitration. One possible explanation for such an attitude on the part of Saudi Arabia is seen in its persistent protection patterns perpetuated by key KSA authorities, especially with regard to resistance in internationalizing trade related to oil exploration and production.

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Wagner, Gerit [Verfasser], and Guido [Akademischer Betreuer] Schryen. "Explaining and Distinguishing Scientific Impact in Information Systems Research: A Study of Review Articles and Design Science Research / Gerit Wagner ; Betreuer: Guido Schryen." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214886906/34.

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47

Sidibé, Mahamoudou. "L’intervention devant la Cour Internationale de Justice." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100150.

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L’intervention est l’acte par lequel un Etat tiers intervient dans une instance pendante pour protéger ses droits. Elle est prévue aux articles 62 et 63 du Statut. La première disposition reconnaît le droit d’intervention à tout Etat tiers justifiant d’un intérêt juridique en cause. En revanche, la seconde accorde aux seuls Etats tiers également partie à une convention dont l’interprétation est en cause la possibilité d’intervenir. La question principale soulevée par l’intervention est de savoir si cette procédure est conforme au principe du consensualisme qui gouverne le Statut de la Cour. Concernant que l’article 62 du Statut, cette question s’explique par la controverse au sein de la doctrine au sujet du statut de l’Etat intervenant. En effet, certains auteurs soutiennent que l’Etat intervenant est partie à l’instance. Dans ce cas, ils considèrent que l’article 62 ne respecte pas le principe du consensualisme. Afin de concilier l’intervention avec ce principe, ils pensent que la Cour ne peut admettre l’intervention sans le consentement des parties. D’autres avancent, au contraire, que l’intervention est conforme au principe du consensualisme parce que l’Etat intervenant n’est pas partie à l’instance. D’autres soutiennent encore que l’article 62 du Statut admet les deux formes d’intervention développées par les précédents auteurs. L’objet de l’étude est de démontrer que l’article 62 du Statut donne lieu à une interprétation large, en ce sens qu’il autorise non seulement une intervention en tant que non partie, mais aussi une intervention en tant que partie et que le principe du consensualisme est respecté dans les deux cas. En effet, cette étude établit que tant les conditions que les effets de l’intervention sont conformes à ce principe
Intervention is the procedure by which a third State intervenes in a pending proceeding to protect its rights. It is laid down in Articles 62 and 63 of the ICJ Statute. The first provision recognizes to every State justifying a legal interest in the case in question the right to intervene. In contrast, the second gives the third States also party to a Multilateral Convention whose interpretation is in question the right to intervene. The main issue raised by the intervention is whether this procedure is consistent with the principle of consent that governs the Statute of the Court. Concerning Article 62, this issue is due to the controversy within the doctrine on the status of the intervening State. Indeed, some authors argue that the intervening State is a party to the proceeding. In this case, they consider that Article 62 does not respect the principle of consent. To reconcile this principle with the intervention, they think that the Court can not accept the intervention without the consent of the parties. Others argue, however, that the intervention is consistent with the principle of consent because the intervening State do not become a party to the proceeding. Others still argue that Article 62 recognizes two forms of intervention as developed by the previous authors. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that Article 62 gives rise to a broad interpretation, as it allows not only intervention as a non-party, but also as a party and that the principle of consent is respected in both cases. Indeed, this study shows that both the conditions and the effects of the intervention are consistent with this principle

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Karsten, Nora [Verfasser]. "Die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit des nicht-militärischen Vorgesetzten. : Eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung zu Artikel 28 IStGH-Statut. / Nora Karsten." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1238423647/34.

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49

Pobjie, Erin Kimberley [Verfasser], Claus [Gutachter] Kreß, and Bernhard [Gutachter] Kempen. ""Use of Force" and Article 2(4) of the UN Charter: The Meaning of a Prohibited "Use of Force" between States under International Law / Erin Kimberley Pobjie ; Gutachter: Claus Kreß, Bernhard Kempen." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1208830570/34.

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50

Wronka, Christoph [Verfasser]. "The relevance of industry self-regulation in the light of the principle of subsidiarity enshrined in Article 5 paragraph 3 Treaty on the European Union with particular regard to advertising / Christoph Wronka." München : GRIN Verlag, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220357189/34.

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