Journal articles on the topic 'Article 62a of the Act on Drug Prevention'

In 1981, administration and planning of drug abuse prevention and treatment programs shifted from federal to state authorities through the enactment of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Services Block Grant. This article reviews the funding status of drug prevention under this programmatic change relevant to prevention service programs and prevention research.

The Netherlands, a prosperous country with many ports, is an inviting place for trading and transporting illegal psychotropic substances. Moreover, because of the liberal climate, the country has a long tradition as a place where people like to reside. This article describes developments in the Netherlands with a focus on those issues that can be described as “typically Dutch”: the social welfare and health care systems, the history of drug use, the divergent Opium Act, the provision of methadone, and the governmental policy on aid and prevention. The author concludes that the Dutch have ceased to look for the “one and only” solution, but are learning how to cope with new developments by means of “normalization.”

Ayurveda is an ancient science of life since time immemorial. Ayurveda, apart from providing various therapeutic measures for diseases, emphasizes on maintenance, promotion of health and prevention of diseases through diet and lifestyle regimens. According to the seasons, their dosha will get vitiated in the body which may additionally in flip leads to many diseases. If one takes care of this by performing Shodhana in each season may additionally pacify the vitiated dosha and help in preventing the ailment, these will act as preservative, promotive, and curative. This article enlightens on maintenance of preventing the occurrence of diseases by following Panchakarma for Rasayanadi asadharana guna prapti.

India is a welfare-based nation; therefore, it has an embedded responsibility to protect the marginalized communities. However, drug dependency has always been a hidden phenomenon. Focusing on the Indian scenario, this research critically analyses the implementation of the demand reduction programme, i.e. the National Scheme of Assistance for Prevention of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse which emerged from Section 71 of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act. Although the NDPS Act is prohibitionist in its approach and has criminalized the use of drugs, it has inculcated Section 71 of NDPS Act that stated the government can establish sufficient de-addiction centres for treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents. In order to gain a broad understanding of the implementation the study covered a national perspective by including Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi and Mizoram representing Southern, Western, Northern and North East regions of the country respectively. The treatment and rehabilitation services were analyzed categorically and thematically by posing specific standards such as availability, accessibility, quality and Protection of Human Rights.
 It was learnt that at the regional and community level, no autonomous body was set up for implementation of treatment and rehabilitation, treatment was envisaged through correctional angle, huge gaps in extension of financial support to existing de-addiction centres, weak preventive measures, ineffective training of staff, restricted admission for high risk drug dependents, diverse cases of human rights violation, mismanagement of withdrawal symptoms and prevalence of minimal harm reduction measures. However, on the positive side, the best practices are also being recorded with ongoing study such as positive impact of meditation, yoga therapy, life coaching based on emotional intelligence among other indigenous practices. The focus of this article is to provide a knowledge framework to enhance the quality of policy formulation and disseminate recommendations of the study with the hope that policy makers and practitioners and other concerned stakeholders are better informed of the situation so as to make a positive change in the lives of the users and the society at large.

Indonesia is a drug emergency, yes, this sentence illustrates the current condition of the Indonesian Replubic State. This is caused by rampant drug trafficking and abuse. In Indonesia, data from the National Narcotics Agency of the Republic of Indonesia shows in 2004 that 15% of Indonesia's population was involved in drug abuse (3.2 million) and in 2005 showed that 15,000 people died each year due to drugs (Jakarta Provincial Narcotics Agency, 2009) . The latest data on drug abuse in 2014 has increased by 4 million (BNN, 2015). Do not rule out the possibility of drug abuse will continue to increase in the following years as long as there is no education on the dangers of drug education at the Secondary School level Education is believed to solve the problem of the Indonesian people in order to avoid drug abuse. This belief is strengthened because education is a planned effort to influence others, whether individuals, groups, or the community, so that they do what is expected by education practitioners (Notoatmodjo, 2003: 16). In addition, in RI Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, article 1. Explains that: "Education is everything that is done by someone for himself or done by someone else for him, with the aim of bringing him closer to the level of perfection" From the opinion of some experts and based on the Act –Chief The National Education System can overcome drug abuse behavior. While the education chosen by researchers is Physical Education. This consideration was chosen because in the Syllabus of learning in schools in Physical Education subjects there is some material regarding drug abuse itself. In addition to previous considerations, Physical Education not only aims to encourage physical growth, but as Freeman (2007: 27-28) states that physical education uses physical activity to produce overall improvements to the physical, mental and emotional quality of students as one complete unity. Through sports physical education and health it is expected that students become "physically educated people" who not only emphasize motor skills and movement patterns but can maintain health improvement as stated by Metzler (2005: 14) a person can become "Physically educated person" must meet the following standards: (1) demonstrate motor skills and the skills and patterns of motion needed to display various physical activities, (2) demonstrate an understanding of the concepts of motion, principles, strategies and tactics as they apply in learning and performance of various physical activities, (3) participate regularly in physical activities, (4) achieve and maintain improved health and fitness levels, (5) demonstrate personal and social responsibility in the form of respect for self and others in an atmosphere of activity s physical, and (6) values ​​physical activity for health, pleasure, challenges, self-expression, and social interaction. Therefore the author tries to examine implementing a program to prevent drug abuse behavior in physical education. So physical education, sports and health can be one way or a protector to increase knowledge of the importance of preventing drug abuse

This article describes results from a state-wide survey of social services professionals ( n = 259) regarding knowledge of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Reauthorization of 2010 (CAPTA), clinically based markers of prenatal substance exposure (PSE), and appropriate child protection responses following a PSE referral. Few respondents were aware of CAPTA, and knowledge of clinical markers of PSE and appropriate child protective services responses to prenatal exposure varied according to substance type (alcohol or drugs). Regression models revealed that fewer years in practice and fewer annual drug referrals predicted more drug-exposure knowledge. Fewer years in practice and awareness of CAPTA predicted more alcohol-exposure knowledge. Policy implementation strategies are needed to increase the likelihood that CAPTA achieves its desired intent, particularly with professionals who have been in the field longer and may be less open to changing practice behaviors.

The article is devoted to the analysis of social and psychological factors that can directly or indirectly act as prerequisites for the beginning of the use of psychoactive substances (surfactants) by adolescents. The results of the study of the first episode of anesthesia are presented, the characteristics of relationships in the family, educational institution and in society, before the start of drug use, are given. It is concluded that the earlier start of alcohol consumption is a risk of starting anesthesia in the future. The concept of “social idol” and its role in the emergence of addictive behavior of adolescents is described. Measures for the prevention of anesthesia are proposed. A clinical example is described.

According to the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, 75% of the compounds identified as new psychoactive substances in Poland are represented by synthetic cathinones. The aim of the presented paper is to describe the pharmacological profile of synthetic cathinones, including the structure-activity relationship and its impact on their biological effects. This article also includes a review of the literature on fatal and non-fatal intoxication cases associated with the administration of well-described synthetic cathinones, as well as their new derivatives. This review also characterises the influence of the amendment to the Act of August 2018 concerning the prevention of drug abuse on the process of banning new drugs and the current legal situation related to the abuse of new psychoactive substances.

Pasal 46 UU No 12 Tahun 1995 tentang Pemasyarakatan menyatakan Kepala Lapas bertanggungjawab atas keamanan dan ketertiban di Lapas yang dipimpinnya. Pasal 4 Angka 7 Permenkumham No 6 Tahun 2013 tentang Tata Tertib Lapas dan Rutan menyatakan setiap Narapidana/Tahanan dilarang menyimpan, membuat, membawa, mengedarkan, dan/atau mengkonsumsi narkotika. Terdapat MoU antara Kemenkumham dan BNN serta Kemenkumham dan Kepolisian tentang pencegahan dan pemberantasan narkotika di Lapas. Namun kenyataannya, peredaran gelap narkotika masih terjadi sebagaimana di Lapas Klas IIA Banda Aceh dan Rutan Klas IIB Sigli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan upaya terpadu pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyalahgunaan peredaran gelap narkotika di Lapas dan Rutan serta hambatan dalam pelaksanaan upaya terpadu tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis empiris. Pelaksanaan upaya terpadu pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyalahgunaan peredaran gelap narkotika belum berjalan maksimal dikarenakan tidak adanya hubungan yang sinergis antar instansi terkait. Hambatan yakni kebocoran informasi, keterlibatan oknum petugas Lapas, protap Lapas, keterbatasan anggaran dan sarana prasarana. Disarankan kepada Lapas, Kepolisian dan BNN untuk menindaklanjuti MoU yang ada dengan perjanjian yang memuat substansi dan sanksi yang tegas, sehingga aturan yang ada mempunyai kekuatan hukum mengikat. Kepada Pemerintah, untuk mengalokasikan anggaran serta pengadaan sarana prasarana yang memadai dan merevisi aturan pasal 17 ayat (5) UU No 12 Tahun 1995 tentang Pemasyarakatan.Article 46 of the Act Number 12, 1995 concerning the Correctional Centre states that the Head of a correctional service center is responsible for security and order in the center, which he is in charge. Article 4 of Point 7 of the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 6, 2013 on the Correctional Centre and Detention also states that every prisoner or detainee is prohibited from storing, making, carrying, distributing and/or consuming narcotics and/or narcotics precursors and other dangerous drugs. In addition, there is a MoU between the Ministry and BNN and MoU between the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and Police on the prevention and eradication of narcotics in prisons. However, illicit drug trafficking still occur in Class II A Correctional Centre of Banda Aceh and Class II B Sigli. This research aims to know and explain integrated prevention and suppression efforts of drug abuses at correction center and obstacles faced in integrated prevention and suppression efforts of drug abuses at correction center. The research shows that integrated prevention and suppression efforts of drug abuses at correction center have not been working maximal, as there is no synergic relationship between related institutions. The obstacles is, namely information leakage, the involvement of officers, criminal procedures, lack of budget and infrastructure. It is recommended that the Centre, the police and the BNN to follow up existing MoUs with agreements containing substance and strict sanctions, so that existing rules have binding legal force. The government should allocate sufficient budget and the provision of adequate infrastructure facilities and revise the Article 17 point (5) of the Act Number 12, 1995 concerning the Correctional Centre.

The classical oral anticoagulants are increasingly being replaced in clinical practice by new antithrombotic drugs, which act by enabling direct inhibition of coagulation factor IIa (FIIa) or factor Xa (FXa). These drugs have multiple acronyms, including NOACs (new, non-vitamin K antagonist) or DOACs (direct oral anticoagulants), and currently include dabigatran (FIIa inhibitor), and rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban (FXa inhibitors). These drugs are approved for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. The "mantra" that DOACs do not require laboratory monitoring is not entirely correct because laboratory testing for drug effects is needed in many situations, because they influence hemostasis tests and in situations in which urgent measurement of DOACs is required. This should be very important to consider in the clinical situation for numbers of indications and increasing numbers of patients on DOACs therapy. The main aim of this article is to provide practical issues to general laboratory testing for DOACs, as well as to help avoid diagnostic errors associated with hemostasis testing. The assays for DOAC quantification must be available in medical centers on a whole day basis, to facilitate optimal drug management in conditions when things go wrong or in urgent cases of immediate reversal of anticoagulation or appropriate administration of a specific antidote.

In the article, we analyse discourse on drug abuse in contemporary Serbia. The ruling official discourse on drugs can be subsumed under the definition of moral panic, in creation of which, as well in dissemination, the media play an important role. Media uses specific vocabulary to send message warning of an impending social catastrophe. This tactic is effective: recipients of media content become anxious and frightened by the downfall of the society that awaits them in the near future. So logically they are converting into supporters of official discourses on the topic. In the end, this process has the power to briefly connect a shredded tissue of social cohesion, but also to produce a lack of freedom of citizens. In order to investigate whether drug-related moral panics in our country can have such implications, in this paper we analyzed the official discourse embodied in anti-drug policies, and the public discourse offered by media. Findings suggest that policymakers are calling on war against drugs, and name prevention and criminalization as the most successful strategies to fight it. The recipients of media content are agreeing with them. Furthermore, there is no doubt that such o discourse encourages the spread of moral panic about drugs, as well as social cohesion. Although abstractly defined, the enemy - drug, has the power to unite. However, it also causes a lack of freedom. Because of the narrative of the impending catastrophe, the citizens feel powerless and therefore demand from the higher state authorities to act in the name of the social future.

The article discusses the influence of external factors on the degree of risk of infection with flea allergic dermatitis among pets. Studied modern veterinary drugs that can be used to treat and prevent flea allergic dermatitis caused by flea lesions. Also, effective regimens for the treatment and prevention of flea allergic dermatitis have been drawn up. It was found that the preparation in the form of a collar is less effective than preparations in the form of "Spot-on". A flea collar is also less effective in dogs with thick coats. The drug in the form of "Spot-on" contact action begins to act after 12 hours, in contrast to the collar, which begins to act in full force after two days. The peculiarity of the form of release of the drug "Spot-on" allows it to evenly disperse on the skin of the animal and prevent a flea bite. This leads to rapid relief of itching and excludes new scratching. The tablet form does not fully protect against flea bites, which leads to a new outbreak of dietary supplements in the animal. The use of Spot-on drops in one of the group of subjects and the collar in the other group increased the effect of protection against flea bites and reduced the risk of developing dietary supplements in dogs. For cats, it is recommended to regularly treat fleas with the Spot-on contact action drug, the effectiveness of which has been proven by a decrease in the number of fleas in animals after the first day of treatment, in contrast to the form of release of the drug in the form of a collar. Droplet formulations in cats have also been shown to reduce itching and scratching.

ABSTRACT. Countries across West Africa began reporting COVID-19 cases in February 2020. By March, the pandemic began disrupting activities to control and eliminate neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) as health ministries ramped up COVID-19–related policies and prevention measures. This was followed by interim guidance from the WHO in April 2020 to temporarily pause mass drug administration (MDA) and community-based surveys for NTDs. While the pandemic was quickly evolving worldwide, in most of West Africa, governments and health ministries took quick action to implement mitigation measures to slow the spread. The U.S. Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Act to End NTDs | West program (Act | West) began liaising with national NTD programs in April 2020 to pave a path toward the eventual resumption of activities. This process consisted of first collecting and analyzing COVID-19 epidemiological data, policies, and standard operating procedures across the program’s 11 countries. The program then developed an NTD activity restart matrix that compiled essential considerations to restart activities. By December 2020, all 11 countries in Act | West safely restarted MDA and certain surveys to monitor NTD prevalence or intervention impact. Preliminary results show satisfactory MDA program coverage, meaning that enough people are taking the medicine to keep countries on track toward achieving their NTD disease control and elimination goals, and community perceptions have remained positive. The purpose of this article is to share the lessons and best practices that have emerged from the adoption of strategies to limit the spread of the novel coronavirus during MDA and other program activities.

Medicinal plant and plant products play very important role within the human culture to fight against ailments from the beginning of development [1].The application of herbal medicine in prevention and curing of ailments practiced from many years and also now in present time the Ayurveda medical system is reached everywhere in the globe, and it's well accepting by the people [2]. The home grown medication Haritaki (Terminalia Chebula Retz.) has a place with Combretaceae family and Used from crude time for restorative purposes [3]. Medicinal plant Haritaki is known as ' medicine king ' in country Tibet from numerous years back and It is constantly fixed it’s place at the head of the record of 'Ayurveda Materia Medica' because of containing remarkable ability of recuperating with a huge range of biological activity [3, 4]. In Ayurveda Haritaki (Terminalia Chembula Retz.) is one of the most frequently used herbal drug, act as a foundation and additive natural remedy with mild Colonic Cleanse properties and It can be taken daily without except any ill effects and with great Benefits [5]. It keeps equilibrium in three doshas, Purification the channels along with nourishes all the dhatus of the body [6]. Ayurveda clinical Science Underline it's activity as Used in different sicknesses like Poor digestion (Agnimandya), Irritable bowel syndrome (Grahni), Constipation (Vibandha), Malaria (Vishamjwara), Gulma, Juandice (Kamla), Cough (Kasa), Skin disease (Kustha), stone (Ashmari) etc and also having the properties of Rejuvenating (Rasayan) and Age delaying (Vayasthapka) [6].In Contemporary, studies proved that, it displays a different number of pharmacological exercises like Antidiabetic activity,Radio-protective activity, Antiplasmodic activity, wound healling activity, Antiulcerogenic activity, Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancerous, Antimutagenic, cardio-protective [7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

On 13 August 2013, the Government of Indonesia requested a special meeting of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (hereinafter, DSB) in order to obtain authorisation to suspend concessions or other obligations (i.e., to ‘retaliate’) against the United States (hereinafter, the US). This request stems from the US alleged failure to comply with the rulings and recommendations of the WTO DSB in the dispute US – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes (hereinafter, US – Clove Cigarettes). In that dispute, the WTO dispute settlement organs found that Section 907(a)(1)(A) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (hereinafter, the FFDCA), introduced by Section 101(b) of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act discriminated against Indonesian clove cigarettes in favour of ‘like’ domestic menthol cigarettes, in a manner which was inconsistent with, inter alia, Article 2.1 of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (hereinafter, TBT Agreement). The DSB recommended that the US bring its legislation relating to the ban on flavoured cigarettes into conformity with its obligations under the WTO. On 22 August 2013, the US objected to the level of suspension of concessions proposed by Indonesia and requested that the matter be referred to arbitration. Following such request from the US, the DSB agreed that the matter be referred to arbitration and informed WTO Members that arbitration would be carried out by the original panel.

Dalam pasal 67 Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2014 tentang perlindungan anak disebutkan bahwa perlindungan khusus bagi anak korban penyalahgunaan narkoba harus dilakukan pengawasan, pencegahan, perawatan dan Rehabilitasi tetapi Penegakan hukum yang dilakukan oleh penegak hukum terhadap anak penyalahgunaan narkoba lebih pada pemberian sanksi pidana. Hasil penelitian narapi dana anak yang terkena perkara narkoba di Aceh belum dapat dilaksanakan, karena selama ini tidak ada putusan hakim yang memerintahkan untuk melaksanakan rehabilitasi narapidana anak perkara narkoba. Hambatan yang dihadapi dalam pemenuhan hak rehabilitasi anak perkara narkoba yaitu faktor hukum, faktor aparat penegak Hukum, faktor Sarana prasarana dan faktor lingkungan.Upaya yang dilakukan adalah melakukan koordinasi antar instansi aparat penegak hokum dalam penegakan hukum dan pembinaan narapidana anak perkara narkoba. Article 67 of the Act Number 35, 2014 regarding Child Protection stipulates that special protection towards a child abusing drug must be done through Monitoring, Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation; however, The law enforcement conducted by law enforcers towards a child abusing drugs is more focusing on repressive way, which is by convicting the perpetrators. The findings are In regard with the juvenile prisoners having problem with the violation of the Act in Aceh especially in Lhoknga Detention Service has not been able to be conducted, as recently, there are no decisions of courts ordering rehabilitation for the prisoners at the narcotic cases. The obstacles faced in the implementation of rehabilitation right fulfillment of children prisoners’ committing narcotic crime are law, its enforcers, infrastructures and environment. The efforts conducted are coordination amongst institutions of law enforcers and guidance of the prisoners through the rehabilitation.

The narcotics crime is one of the extraordinary crimes so that it is specifically regulated in act of Law Number 35 Year 2009 concerning Narcotics. The perpetrators and other parties involved in narcotics crime certainly understand the severe consequences of what they do. In connection with the above problem, there is one interesting decision to be reviewed and analyzed, which has been decided by the panel of judges is the decision number: 124 / Pid.Sus / 2016 / PN.TJK in which the perpetrator commits two offenses at once so that the sentence could be sentenced whether it has been be fair. This study will focus on legal issues, namely knowing the responsibility of the perpetrators of narcotics and money laundering crimes. analyze the court's decision Number: 124 / Pid.Sus / 2016 / PN.TJK whether it has fulfilled a sense of justice that is beneficial. This study uses a Normative Juridical approach by analyzing a court decision. As for the results of the study found that: According to the analysis of researchers seen from the criminal responsibility has fulfilled the elements of error, the ability to be responsible, evil inner attitude, and there is no reason to forgive. Court Decision Number: 124 / Pid.Sus / 2016 / PN.TJK has fulfilled a useful sense of justice. Based on research shows that the verdict given is considered fair because the defendant's actions have damaged the nation's generation and remembering that the defendant's actions committed two offenses namely violating Article 131 of Law Number 35 Year 2009 concerning Narcotics and Article 5 paragraph (1) letter c of the Act Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering Crimes. As for the suggestions that can be submitted in this study, it is better for the police in an effort to prevent the circulation of narcotics and money laundering so that they coordinate well with the financial transaction analysis tracking center and also the national land agency so that the assets of drug dealers or traffickers can be properly tracked.

Narcotics crime in Indonesia becomes a problem that until now never ceased. One of the problems is the increasing number of narcotics abusers. In our country, narcotic users/narcotics addicts can already be said as a criminal offender. In the Narcotics Act no. 35 of 2009 explained that what are meant by Narcotics Abusers are people who use Narcotics without rights or against the law. Persons who use narcotics unlawfully and unlawfully herein may be classified as addicts and distributors who use and conduct circulation. In the narcotics law, a drug addict victim of narcotics must undergo medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation. But in reality, the article for narcotics abusers is more directed at other positions in the positions of dealers whose criminal consequences become imprisonment. This is for the author less appropriate. So that efforts made in solving cases of perpetrators of criminal acts become part of criminal policy in the context of the prevention of narcotics crime. The problem that the writer raised is about the relevance of criminal prison for narcotics abusers with the purpose of punishment and how the application of alternative punishment against narcotics abusers from the perspective of criminal policy. This study was conducted using normative juridical, which examines Law no. 35 of 2009 which regulates the form of punishment for the perpetrators of narcotics abuse is associated with the theories in criminal law

The article discusses the possibility of prediction in combating crime in envisioning ways to improve the efficiency of law enforcement to impact crime through criminal law and other measures. Underline the fact that specified in the scope of this article aspects of domestic criminal law theory has not worked out common approaches, as evidenced by ongoing discussions on this issue. In particular, there is no common understanding of the logical-linguistic phenomena, among them the basic concept: "measures of criminal and legal impact", in connection with which the article is their original definition. For criminal law science, as with other legal Sciences remain difficult surveys to develop criteria for an effective impact on crime and forecasting. The paper presents the concept of "work" and management practices of law enforcement agencies on the effective application of measures of criminal and legal impact on crime and, primarily, on the basis of one of the main objectives of the criminal law - the prevention of crimes. The structure of this scheme consists of four groups that must be included in the development of forecasts in the sphere of fight against crime and its control and management. Is this: criminally-legal measures of crime prevention are in the educational effect on volatile and other persons and do not involve criminal responsibility; criminal-legal measures of crime prevention with the prevention of harmful consequences of the criminal act, deprivation of an offender to continue criminal activities, etc. achieved in the PU, the application of the perpetrators of legitimate violence (necessary defence, detention of the criminal) and criminal-law enforcement (criminal prosecution for preparation or attempted crime or completed less severe, compared to warned a crime); criminal - legal measures of implementation of criminal responsibility; other measures of impact on crime in furtherance of the purposes of criminal liability, beyond the considered groups, although having a number of their characteristics, as the application of the procedural measures of restraint in respect of suspects and accused persons, the application of compulsory measures of a medical nature to condemn alcoholics and drug addicts, all that is subordinated to the goal of preventing recurrence of crimes. Considering the issues of measures of criminal and legal impact on crime in connection with the prediction of the whole sphere of combating crime and related law enforcement the article notes the broad approach to the application of measures of criminal and legal impact on crime from the point of view of direct use of such measures in law enforcement for the prevention, suppression of crimes and the implementation of criminal responsibility is gained, sitela, which are based on criminal and other laws regulating the fight against crime. From the point of view of assessing practice effectiveness of the application of the criminal law as observationsas measures, the paper proposes to evaluate it according to formal parameters: the number of publications and broadcasts on television and radio, lectures, etc., and the effectiveness of these measures, as individual preventive measures is proposed to determine two parameters: the rate of detection of potential offenders (by retrospective analysis of the criminal cases of intentional crimes); the level of the positive impact of advocacy on identified potential offenders (by definition of the dynamics of the share of those who have committed crimes).

AbstractThe Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act [P.L. 111–31] gives the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate tobacco products, including placing restrictions on product composition, sale, and distribution. A complete accounting of the costs and benefits of any tobacco regulation includes harms from possible illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP): costs of enforcement, violence, incarceration, etc. Indeed, the law instructs the FDA to take into account the “countervailing effects” of regulation on public health, “such as the creation of a significant demand for contraband or other tobacco products that do not meet the requirements.” While the law’s narrow focus on public health may limit the scope of an inquiry by the FDA compared to a full benefit-cost analysis, aspects of ITTP such as violence and incarceration have substantial health impacts. Illicit markets in drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine, not to mention the grand experiment of alcohol Prohibition in the early twentieth century, illustrate the substantial risks of unwanted side effects of drug prohibition. But taxes, product limitations, access restrictions, and narrowly defined product bans constitute “lesser prohibitions,” and are subject to the same kind (if not degree) of risks. All tobacco policy-making should therefore consider ITTP. This article sets forth a research agenda for the FDA to consider in order to estimate the effects of contemplated tobacco-product regulation and ITTP. To carry out fully its legislative mandate, the FDA would have to determine the current size and impacts of ITTP, analyze how these may be expected to change under new regulations, and look for interdependencies among tobacco-product markets that may complicate single-product regulation. A more challenging element of the research agenda would be to develop a better theoretical groundwork for the prediction of the emergence, size, and side effects of illicit markets. We close with discussion of how the proposed research agenda may lead to insights into other policy areas as well.

Background: Chitinases are the evolutionary conserved glycosidic enzymes that are characterized by their ability to cleave the naturally abundant polysaccharide chitin. The potential role of chitinases has been identified in the manifestation of various allergies and inflammatory diseases. In recent years, chitinases inhibitors are emerging as an alluring area of interest for the researchers and scientists and there is a dire need for the development of potential and safe chitinase antagonists for the prophylaxis and treatment of several diseases. Objective: The present review expedites the role of chitinases and their inhibitors in inflammation and related disorders. Methods: At first, an exhaustive survey of literature and various patents available related to chitinases were carried out. Useful information on chitinases and their inhibitor was gathered from the authentic scientific databases namely SCOPUS, EMBASE, PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCO, WEB OF SCIENCE, etc. This information was further analyzed and compiled up to prepare the framework of the review article. The search strategy was conducted by using queries with key terms “ chitin”, “chitinase”, “chitotrisidase”, “acidic mammalian chitinase”, “chitinase inhibitors”, “asthma” and “chitinases associated inflammatory disorders”, etc. The patents were searched using the key terms “chitinases and uses thereof”, “chitinase inhibitors”, “chitin-chitinase associated pathological disorders” etc. from www.google.com/patents, www.freepatentsonline.com, and www.scopus.com. Results: The present review provides a vision for apprehending human chitinases and their participation in several diseases. The patents available also signify the extended role and effectiveness of chitinase inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of various diseases viz. asthma, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, dental diseases, neurologic diseases, metabolic diseases, liver diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and cancer. In this regard, extensive pre-clinical and clinical investigations are required to develop some novel, potent and selective drug molecules for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, allergies and cancers in the foreseeable future. Conclusion: In conclusion, chitinases can be used as potential biomarkers in prognosis and diagnosis of several inflammatory diseases and allergies and the design of novel chitinase inhibitors may act as key and rational scaffolds in designing some novel therapeutic agents in the treatment of variety of inflammatory diseases.

SummaryDabigatran etexilate is an oral, reversible direct thrombin inhibitor that is approved in the EU and several other countries for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective hip and knee replacement, and is in advanced clinical development for other thromboembolic disorders. Dabigatran has a predictable pharmacokinetic profile, allowing for a fixed-dose regimen without the need for routine coagulation monitoring. In certain clinical situations such as serious bleeding into critical organs (e.g. intracerebral bleeding), potential overdose and emergency surgery, clinicians will need to make an assessment of the anticoagulant status of a patient receiving dabigatran before deciding on future management strategies. If available, thrombin clotting time (TT), ecarin clotting time (ECT) and TT determined by Hemoclot→ thrombin inhibitor assay are sensitive tests to evaluate the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran. Prothrombin time (INR) is less sensitive than other assays and cannot be recommended. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) can provide a useful qualitative assessment of anticoagulant activity but is less sensitive at supratherapeutic dabigatran levels. There are limited data for activated clotting time (ACT). Overall, the aPTT and TT are the most accessible qualitative methods for determining the presence or absence of anticoagulant effect. Although there is no specific antidote to antagonise the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran, due to its short duration of effect drug discontinuation is usually sufficient to reverse any excessive anticoagulant activity. In case of potential overdose, the feasibility of early administration of activated charcoal and subsequent charcoal filtration are undergoing preclinical evaluation. Dabigatran can also be dialysed in patients with renal impairment. In instances of life-threatening bleeding, where conventional measures have failed or are unavailable, other non-specific prohaemo -static agents such as recombinant activated factor VII and prothrombin complex concentrates can be considered.Disclosure statement: All authors are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim.Figure 1 has been corrected in this version of the article.

Ministry of Health estimates there are 9,000 pregnant women HIV positive who give birth every year in Indonesia. HIV-positive pregnant women must get Anti Retroviral treatment with a minimum level adherence to the use of anti-retroviral drugs of 90 - 95% drug to get a response to suppresing the virus by 85% . Physiological changes during pregnancy and breastfeeding can affects the drug kinetics in pregnant and lactating women. In children, non-compliance can be caused by saturation, limited drug preparation for children, side effects and other diseases that accompany it. In this article, we will analyze the extent to which pharmacists act as counselors for HIV-AIDS treatment for mothers and children. Data were taken from 2 qualitative studies, namely Implementation Study of Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) Program at HIV-AIDS Referral Hospital in West Java Province in 2014 and Study on Access of HIV-AIDS and Opportunistic Infection Treatment for Children in Ten Districts of Indonesia in 2015. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews with pharmacists and doctors who handled pregnant women and children with HIV-AIDS. Data were analyzed using triangulation and content analysis method. The results showed that pharmacists had not been involved as drug counselors and support from the management of the hospitals did not yet exist, so the pharmacist could not yet as a counselor as a form of pharmaceutical services according to standards set by the government Therefore, the role of pharmacist as counselor needs to be improved, because the success of the treatment is highly dependent on the successful collaboration of doctors, nurses, and pharmacists. In order for the pharmacists play a role, it is necessary to get training on HIV-AIDS treatment. In addition, the government needs to advocate for hospital management to facilitate the pharmacist’s counseling as form of counselor.
 Abstrak
 Kementerian Kesehatan memperkirakan terdapat 9.000 ibu hamil HIV positif yang melahirkan di Indonesia setiap tahun. Ibu hamil dengan HIV positif harus mendapatkan pengobatan anti retroviral dengan minimal tingkat kepatuhan penggunaan obat Anti Retroviral sebesar 90 - 95% untuk mendapatkan respon penekanan jumlah virus sebesar 85%. Perubahan fisiologi selama kehamilan dan menyusui dapat berpengaruh terhadap kinetika obat pada ibu hamil dan menyusui. Pada anak, ketidakpatuhan dapat disebabkan karena jenuh, sediaan obat untuk anak yang terbatas, efek samping, dan penyakit lain yang menyertai. Pada artikel ini dianalisis sejauh mana apoteker berperan sebagai konselor pengobatan HIVAIDS pada ibu dan anak. Data diambil dari dua penelitian kualitatif yaitu penelitian Studi Implementasi Layanan Pencegahan Penularan HIV dari Ibu ke Anak (PPIA) pada Rumah Sakit Rujukan HIV-AIDS di Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2014 dan Penelitian Akses Pengobatan HIV/AIDS dan Infeksi Oportunistik pada Anak di Sepuluh Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia Tahun 2015. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam dengan apoteker dan dokter yang menangani ibu hamil dan anak dengan HIVAIDS. Analisis data dengan tri angulasi dan analisis konten. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa apoteker belum dilibatkan sebagai konselor obat dan dukungan dari pihak manajemen RS belum ada, sehingga apoteker belum dapat berperan sebagai konselor sebagai salah satu bentuk pelayanan kefarmasian sesuai standar yang telah ditetapkan pemerintah. Oleh karena itu peran apoteker sebagai konselor perlu ditingkatkan karena keberhasilan pengobatan sangat tergantung keberhasilan kolaborasi dokter, perawat,dan apoteker. Agar apoteker dapat lebih berperan maka perlu mendapatkan pelatihan tentang pengobatan HIV-AIDS. Selain itu pemerintah perlu melakukan advokasi kepada manajemen RS untuk memfasilitasi apoteker melakukan konseling sebagai bentuk konselor.

The problem of domestic violence remains an urgent problem for all countries of the world, Ukraine is no exception. Unfortunately, the political and economic processes that take place in the 21st century in our state negatively affect the family and its derivative institutions. This includes an increase in the number of families who find themselves below the poverty line, regular fights and quarrels that create conflicts in the family, the spread of alcoholism, drug addiction and prostitution, a decrease in the role and influence of the state, and a change in social standards for itself Institute of the family. Among the main signs of domestic violence is the intentionality of committing and causing physical, psychological, economic harm and the like. In addition, there are reasons that prevent the victim of violence from leaving the offender, among which are: the lack of alternatives to another residence; property and financial dependence; desire to save a family; acquired helplessness syndrome; unwillingness to stop destructive marriage and more. Domestic violence is the result of deliberate actions of the person who commits it and which is supported by aggression and the desire to do harm, and not by the desire to unleash the domestic conflict through reconciliation. In 2017, the VerkhovnaRada of Ukraine adopted the new Law of Ukraine “On the Prevention and Counteraction of Domestic Violence” normatively enshrined the definition of domestic violence, according to which act (action or inaction) of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence that occurs in the family or within the place of residence or between relatives, or between former or current spouses, or between other persons who together live (lived) the same family, but are not (were not) in the family wearing or married to each other, regardless of whether the person who committed domestic violence lives in the same place as the injured person, as well as the threat of such acts. The article notes that the latest in the country’s legislation is sexual violence. Legislative innovations, in particular, reinforce an updated approach to crimes against sexual freedom and integrity: the concept of “voluntary consent” and the fact of “penetration” are introduced – the distinction between rape and other forms of sexual violence. The law provides for consent to intimacy even from a man or wife. It is proved that violence, of course, under any conditions, is a crime. And therefore, the lack of a clear definition in the law causes incorrect qualifications and, accordingly, inappropriate responses of state bodies to criminal acts.

In the 1990s, DNA sequencing technologies could only read bite-sized pieces of DNA. Then came the human genome project (HGP), a thirteen-year international effort, 1990-2003, with the primary goal of discovering the complete set of human genes, sequencing nucleotides, and making the information accessible worldwide for further biological studies. We have come a long way since that time in terms of sequencing the genes of the human genome. Now the researchers can sequence the DNA and analyze gene-expressed proteins in individual cells, allowing them to dissect the complexities of genetic diseases with exceptional details. Currently, technologies are available for single-cell or multi-omics platforms to analyze genotype and phenotype. The completion of this one-of-a-kind project created public expectations for immediate, better health care delivery and possible cures for 'so called' incurable diseases. The HGP was the single most influential investment made in modern basic science research. A monumental breakthrough in medicine has given us the ability to sequence the DNA in cancer cells to identify possible errors in mutations. The impact of the HGP's success was so significant that President Barack Obama initiated a very ambitious new 'precision medicine' research initiative and announced the launch of this project during his State of the Union Address in 2015. The benefits of precision and personalized medicine include predicting susceptibility to diseases, improving disease diagnostics, preempting disease progression, customizing disease prevention strategies, and developing personalized drugs and therapies. As examples of emerging therapies, we have discussed the role of biomolecules and biologics in precision medicine applications like 'The All of Us,' personalized medicine approaches for monogenic diseases like hemophilia, sickle cell disease, and other rare genetic disorders, and CRISPR gene-editing technologies. Biomolecules play an essential role in all life processes, a variety of signaling processes, which are vital for normal functioning of physiological responses, in the early diagnosis of risk factors for various diseases, in the development of diseases and their progress. Furthermore, biomolecules, RNAs, DNAs, molecular and cellular engineering, genetic engineering of biologics, cells, tissues, and organs, play an important role in emerging therapeutic applications. The majority of the therapies discussed in this review are regulated as biologics under the Public Health Services Act of the USA. There is great interest in developing targeted therapy or precision medicine therapy for monogenic diseases, organ transplant applications, and tumor management, designed to interfere with targeted molecules for cancer-causing genes to slow the spread of cancer cells. Because molecular engineering, the development of biologics, gene-editing applications, and biomanufacturing are key components of emerging therapies, a keynote series was organized at INTERPHEX in November of 2021. INTEPHEX is the premier event that offers the latest intelligence, cutting-edge technologies, and state-of-the-art innovation for product development for pharmaceutical and biotechnology platforms. In an earlier article in this journal, we described drug discovery and development in the COVID Age; this overview provides a birds-eye view of the salient findings in each emerging area of medicine—precision medicine, personalized medicine, and emerging therapies.

Clinical trials are a fundamental stage in a drug’s biography for they provide the standard by which a molecule’s therapeutic status is determined. Through this process of experimentation, a pharmaceutical substance acquires a new competence – that of treating or preventing disease. This article examines experimentation in drug production, and shows how this complex apparatus not only transforms the status of the molecule but also produces new understandings of and expectations for how people should act. Drawing upon observation of a trial of prophylactic prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, I show that the production of this biomedical technology – the therapeutic drug – is coupled with the production of its users. In so doing, I challenge the conception of drugs as bounded objects and instead offer the concept of ‘biomedical package’, which highlights the social relations that characterise it.

: In 2010 a coordinator of the Kenya Treatment Access Movement, James Kamau, announced that Project Prevention – the organization founded by Barbara Harris which pays HIV-positive or drug addicted women for a short- and long-term contraception, including irreversible sterilization – violates provisions against discrimination in the Kenyan HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 2006. Commentators add that Harris’ initiative violates also Kenyan women’s autonomy, reproductive interests and especially their human rights, and therefore they find it unambiguously wrong, unethical and evil. On the other hand, Harris defends her organization against these accusations by claiming that in fact it protects human rights and the other enlisted values. In this article we aim to present Project Prevention’s operations in Kenya and to demonstrate why answering a seemingly simple question – who was right in the dispute? – in current circumstances is impossible by definition. To illustrate that we show that it is mainly because of the human rights relative interpretations and we propose a political-philosophical solution to the discussed and similar problems in the future.

Background and Context: Realization of the life-saving potential of “take-home naloxone” has been a personal journey, but it has also been a collective journey. It has been a story of individual exploration and growth, and also a story of changes at a societal level. “Take-home naloxone” has matured since its first conceptualization a quarter of a century ago. It required recognition of the enormous burden of deaths from drug overdose (particularly heroin and other opioids), and also realization of critical clusterings (such as post-release from prison). It also required realization that, since many overdose deaths are witnessed, we can potentially prevent many deaths by mobilizing drug users themselves, their families, and the wider caring community to act as intervention workforce to give life-saving interim emergency care. Summary of Scope: This article explores 5 areas (many illustrations UK-based where the author works): firstly, the need for strong science; secondly, our improved understanding of opioid overdose and deaths; thirdly, the search for greater impact from our policies and interventions; fourthly, developing better forms of naloxone; and fifthly, examining the challenges still to be addressed. Key Messages: “Take-home naloxone” is an exemplar of harm reduction with potential global impact – drug policy and practice for the public good. However, “having the potential” is not good enough – there needs to be actual implementation. This will be easier once the component parts of “take-home naloxone” are improved (better naloxone products, better training aids, revised legislation, and explicit funding support). Many improvements are already possible, but we hesitate about implementation. It is our responsibility to drive progress faster. With “take-home naloxone,” we can be proud of what we have achieved, but we must also be humble about how much more we still need to do.

Biologic drugs have revolutionized the treatment of many life-threatening and rare illnesses such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. Biologics are broadly referred as substances that are produced by living cells and are used in the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of diseases. They include a wide range of substances, such as genetic material, antibodies, vaccines, or processes which act by influencing cellular processes that block disease or affect diseased cells. Biologics have become striking treatment options and the size of the market has grown hastily. It is expected that by 2023, most of the patents will expire in the European Union opening a large potential market. Keeping this in mind, the ability to launch substitutes to original biologics, also known as biosimilars, presents many opportunities to generic companies. The field of biosimilars seems to be “breaking” the traditional division between the creations of innovative NCE-based medicines by research-based companies, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, mapping of these medicines by the generic companies. The field of biosimilars so far presents some considerable challenges, namely, regulatory, safety, economic, and legal which are still being debated and discussed in different forums. In this article, we have tried to summarize the general principles and regulations governing the development of biosimilars by regulatory authorities such as the World Health Organization, European Medicines Agency, US Food and Drug Administration, and Health Canada. Furthermore, we have tried to throw some light on the opportunities, challenges, and current scenarios pertaining to biosimilars.


 
 
 Photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash
 INTRODUCTION
 More than 20 cell and gene therapies are now available to safely minimize genetic diseases such as retinal dystrophy (LUXTURNA), some B-cell lymphomas (YESCARTA), and B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (KYMRIAH).[1] One such gene-editing tool is Clustered Regular Inter Spaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its associated proteins or CRISPR-Cas. Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier described CRISPR’s potential as an accurate genome editing tool in 2012. The FDA approved the first cell and gene therapy in 2017.[2] The FDA is continually approving more CRISPR clinical trials, including therapies to treat sickle cell anemia, cancer, and HIV.[3]
 Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the broad potential applications of CRISPR have extended beyond gene editing. CRISPR is being used in rapid diagnostic testing to determine not only whether an individual becomes infected with SARS-Cov-2 but also the specific variant.[4] As with many diagnostic tests, scientists still face challenges like speed, sensitivity (the ability of the test to detect viral load), and robustness (the ability of the test to give accurate results in the field).
 Nonetheless, these tests could revolutionize surveillance of the virus and help curb the spread of new variants as they arise. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest, variants of concern, and variants of high consequence. In varying degrees, these may impact the efficacy of different vaccines and treatment plans.[5] Knowing which variant an individual has or is circulating within a population informs public health policy.
 l. Public Perceptions of Gene Editing Throughout the Decades
 Perceptions about gene editing have fluctuated, especially since the 1970s. Support has varied for recombinant DNA in which editing a bacterial genome produces human insulin to treat diabetes, genetically modified plants such as antibiotic-resistant tobacco, and other genetically modified organisms. Human gene editing has a tainted past: consider the teenager Jesse Gelsinger who tragically died in a gene therapy clinical trial in 1999.[6] Another gene therapy trial led to the development of leukemia in several young children.[7] In the last two decades, there have been significant improvements in safety and reliability. Though scientists have developed various gene therapies over the years, such as viral vector delivery of therapeutic transgenes, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENS), and zinc finger nucleotides, CRISPR far surpasses them by safety, accuracy, and ease of use.[8]
 ll. Shifting Perceptions and Broader Applications
 CRISPR is controversial due to concerns of safety, misuse for non-therapeutic purposes, and uncertainty about the science and technology. Yet, there is also an underlying assumption that gene editing for therapeutic purposes would be a good use of CRISPR. There is an ethical imperative to use CRISPR therapeutically to safely reduce suffering for people with debilitating genetic diseases if proven safe. However, there is more variation in what would be considered good about uses beyond therapeutic applications, such as enhancement purposes. Enhancement is a broad and conceptually laden term. For example, Julian Savulescu defines enhancement as any change in the person’s state – biological or psychological – which in turn is experienced or judged by the person or people as good.[9] Thus, enhancement could include any gene-editing relating to physical, cognitive, aesthetic, or moral enhancement. For example, the public and the scientific community reacted with outrage to the 2018 scandal of He Jiankui, a Chinese scientist who gene-edited two baby girls to make them HIV resistant. Rather than therapeutic gene-editing, this example was widely considered enhancement. The public may perceive the uses of CRISPR for enhancement as negative, but improved public perception of CRISPR overall would be beneficial to promote its therapeutic uses.
 CRISPR opened an array of possibilities and consequential decisions that lie in the hands of the consumer. A qualitative study done to gauge opinions on Twitter found that “#CRISPR babies” elicited responses of sentiments ranging from positive and neutral to negative, spiking in 2018 with mostly neutral and negative sentiments.[10]
 As cell and gene therapies move to market treating a small number of people with rare genetic diseases, public perceptions of these technologies are already shifting and may shift more over time. The factors influencing this shift toward acceptance might include trust in science,[11] trust in the technology or the brand[12] that brings it to market, and proven safety and efficacy over time.
 Meanwhile, in this COVID-19 pandemic, CRISPR's beneficial services for the detection of different variants in individuals and populations may positively impact the way it is perceived and accepted by the public. Mammoth Biosciences [13] and Nanyang Technological University have developed rapid diagnostic tests called DETECTR and VaNGuard, respectively, to detect variants.[14]
 CRISPR and its associated proteins act as molecular scissors that have the ability to cut a specific section of genetic material with accuracy. It is the exploitation of a bacterial defense mechanism. When a virus infects bacteria, it uses CRISPR-associated proteins to cut out the bacteriophage’s RNA. The bacteria then insert some of the virus RNA into its own genome to detect and destroy it in the future. In the VaNGuard diagnostic test, the enzyme enAsCas12a targets specific sections of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Guided by two guide RNAs, it snips a section of the virus and can detect the virus as well as two mutation sites in the virus.
 CONCLUSION
 CRISPR’s application as a diagnostic testing tool is different from its gene-editing use. However, people may not distinguish the different applications when forming their perceptions of CRISPR. Public confidence in certain technology needs only a push in a certain direction to sway opinion toward mass consumption or disapproval. Research investigating people’s perceptions is becoming central to the debates about new technologies.[15] The WHO’s Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing, in their Position Paper (2021), calls for “education, engagement, and empowerment.”[16] They call on the United Nations to establish an interagency working group to facilitate global dialogue. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Consensus Study Report (2020), also calls for public engagement and education about these technologies.[17] DIY and biohacking communities have shown an inclination to understand and apply these technologies with or without the guidance of regulators, scientists, or academia.[18] Perhaps as CRISPR is used to saved lives during the pandemic, this is a pivotal moment to educate people about CRISPR and its broad applications.
 [1] “Approved Cellular and Gene Therapy Products,” Food and Drug Administration, June 15, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/approved-cellular-and-gene-therapy-products. Jim Daley, “Gene Therapy Arrives,” Scientific American, January 1, 2020, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-therapy-arrives/.
 [2] Broad Institute, “CRISPR Timeline,” n.d., https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/areas-focus/project-spotlight/crispr-timeline. “Who Owns CRISPR in 2021? It’s Even More Complicated Than You Think,” April 27, 2021, https://synbiobeta.com/who-owns-crispr-in-2021-its-even-more-complicated-than-you-think/.
 [3] Robert Sanders, “FDA Approves First Test of CRISPR to Correct Genetic Defect Causing Sickle Cell Disease,” March 30, 2021, https://news.berkeley.edu/2021/03/30/fda-approves-first-test-of-crispr-to-correct-genetic-defect-causing-sickle-cell-disease/. Laura Brzyski, “Excision BioTherapeutics Has Secured $60M to Proceed with HIV Clinical Trial,” Philadelphia Magazine, March 5, 2021, https://www.phillymag.com/healthcare-news/2021/03/05/excision-biotherapeutics-temple-hiv-clinical-trial/.
 [4] “A COVID-19 Test to Detect Virus Variants,” Nanyang Technological University, March 29, 2021, https://www.ntu.edu.sg/news/detail/a-covid-19-test-to-detect-virus-variants.
 [5] “SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, July 13, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html.
 [6] Nature, “Gene-therapy trials must proceed with caution,” Nature 534, 590 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/534590a.
 [7] Fathema Uddin, Charles M. Rudin, and Triparna Sen, “CRISPR Gene Therapy: Applications, Limitations, and Implications for the Future,” Frontiers in Oncology 10 (August 7, 2020): 1387, doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.01387.
 [8] Ibid.
 [9] Savulescu, J, “Ethics and Enhancement,” Annals New York Academy of Sciences (2006), 321-338.
 [10] Martin Müller et al., “Assessing Public Opinion on CRISPR-Cas9: Combining Crowdsourcing and Deep Learning,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): e17830, doi:10.2196/17830.
 [11] Stephan Guttinger, “Trust in Science: CRISPR–Cas9 and the Ban on Human Germline Editing,” Science and Engineering Ethics 24, no. 4 (August 2018): 1077–96, doi:10.1007/s11948-017-9931-1.
 [12] Katherine Mobley, “How Public Perception Can Make Or Break A Brand, And What It Means For Employees,” Forbes, January 5, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2019/05/01/how-public-perception-can-make-or-break-a-brand-and-what-it-means-for-employees/?sh=7b81058ad118.
 [13] James P. Broughton et al., “CRISPR–Cas12-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2,” Nature Biotechnology 38, no. 7 (July 2020): 870–74, doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0513-4.
 [14] “A COVID-19 Test to Detect Virus Variants.”; Kean Hean Ooi et al., “An Engineered CRISPR-Cas12a Variant and DNA-RNA Hybrid Guides Enable Robust and Rapid COVID-19 Testing,” Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (December 2021): 1739, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21996-6.
 [15] Dietram A. Scheufele et al., “What We Know about Effective Public Engagement on CRISPR and Beyond,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 22 (June 1, 2021): e2004835117, doi:10.1073/pnas.2004835117.
 [16] WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing, “Humane Genome Editing Position Paper” (WHO, 2021).
 [17] International Commission on the Clinical Use of Human Germline Genome Editing et al., Heritable Human Genome Editing (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2020), doi:10.17226/25665.
 [18] Josiah Zayner, “2018 Genetic Engineering For All: The Last Great Frontier of Human Freedom,” www.leapsmag.com, January 20, 2018, https://leapsmag.com/genetic-engineering-last-great-frontier-human-freedom/particle-1.