Academic literature on the topic 'Article personal'

The odyssey of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is one of the most interesting in surgery. From the initial recognition of two patients with severe peptic ulcer disease in 1955 sprung an international dialogue on this unique disease culminating in discovery that gastrin was the hormone secreted by these pancreatic and duodenal tumors. The impact was the birth of a new area of science, “gastrointestinal endocrinology.” Initially, surgeons were challenged by the complexity of the patients and the need to perform total gastrectomy to prevent death from complications of the severe ulcer disease. Later, after the discovery of proton pump inhibitors, total gastrectomy was no longer needed and the surgeon could focus treatment on tumor removal added by radioimmunoassay for gastrin and new imaging modalities. Today, we recognize that all gastrinomas have malignant potential; early surgical removal can reduce the incidence of metastases and improve survival, independent of biochemical cure, in both sporadic and familial forms of the disease.

Des dels orígens de la llengua, el català ha utilitzat una partícula o article que s'anteposa sistemàticament als noms propis de persona (noms de pila, cognoms i sobrenoms), especialment en les manifestacions lingüístiques orals espontànies. Aquesta partícula o article personal adopta en els inicis les formes en (masculí) i na (femení), provinents dels mots del llatí vulgar DOMINE i DOMINA, i, fins al segle xv, constitueix un tractament de respecte o de cortesia. que precedeix el nom de les persones de tots els estaments socials. Ho testimonien els textos literaris, espistolars, administratius o historiogràfics estudiats i les declaracions processals del XIII al XVII, les quals reflecteixen, encara que parcialment, la llengua espontània o no formal que utilitzaven els declarants en un judici oral.<br/><br/>A partir del XV perd el valor de tractament respectuós (primer, en la llengua parlada) i esdevé un mer presentador dels noms propis de persona, tal com s'utilitza avui. Si bé les formes originàries s'han conservat en el balear, a la resta del domini lingüístic l'article personal ha adoptat altres formes o combinacions: en i la, el i la o lo i la, segurament per analogia amb l'article definit. L'ús d'aquest article no té repercussions sintàctiques en català. A diferència de l'article definit, el personal esdevé sintàcticament redundant, expletiu; resulta un apèndix o una mera marca de nom propi de persona, que, d'altra banda, no es fa present en tots els contextos lingüístics. Efectivament, avui se n'exclou l'ús en la interpel·lació, amb els verbs anomenadors, amb el verb fer en l'accepció 'ser propi d'algú', en el cas dels antropònims utilitzats en sentit metalingüístic o en la majoria de noms bíblics.<br/><br/>D'altra banda, els mètodes de la lingüística computacional emprats per conèixer els factors que faciliten la llegibilitat dels textos assenyalen, en el cas del català, que l'article personal obté una cota altíssima de freqüència: ocupa el lloc 85 del rang de mots més freqüents utilitzats pels parlants. Aquesta i altres dades del Diccionari de freqüències confirmen que els mots més freqüents són els més curts, els més antics i els més simples morfològicament, i que els més freqüents, a més, solen ser, en totes les llengües, els mots gramaticals o funcionals. En conseqüència, l'article personal, que reuneix aquestes dues propietats, malgrat que no aporta informació estrictament referencial, afavoreix la llegibilitat o la percepció del contingut dels textos en el sentit que, com la resta de mots gramaticals, anuncia formes o estructures força precises, és a dir, anticipa una part del text o discurs.<br/><br/>La llengua oral espontània (no planificada) continua presentant avui, de manera sistemàtica i en bona part del domini lingüístic, aquesta marca (amb les diverses formes dialectals) davant els noms propis de les persones, independentment del seu origen, cultura, estatus o de la relació que puguin mantenir amb l'emissor. Aquesta pràctica contrasta amb el portuguès, l'única llengua romànica que també utilitza de manera extensiva l'article davant els noms personals, però únicament quan la persona esmentada manté relacions de coneixença directa o tracte personal amb l'emissor. En italià, francès i castellà, en canvi, l'ús d'un article davant els noms propis de persona és residual, circumscrit a àrees territorials molt delimitades, i sovint connota rusticitat o nivell sociocultural baix.<br/><br/>Pel fet que el nom comú inclou, en un conjunt, tots els éssers que comparteixen, en el nivell conceptual, uns mateixos trets semàntics, en el nivell discursiu sovint ha de ser especificat (amb l'article definit, per exemple) i/o complementat de manera restrictiva, si hom vol discriminar un element d'entre tots els que poden ser identificats de la mateixa manera. El nom propi, en canvi, denota elements individuals sense haver d'al·ludir a les seves qualitats o característiques intrínseques: identifica directament i per mitjans propis un referent únic, concret i conegut a partir de la situació de comunicació, del discurs precedent o bé dels coneixements que comparteixen emissor i receptor. És per aquest funcionament que en la majoria de llengües el nom propi no exigeix complements restrictius o una actualització a través de l'article, com de fet també pot succeir en català. Això no obstant, hi ha contextos en què el nom propi pot perdre, en el nivell discursiu, el valor de denotació d'un referent individual i, per tant, pot comportar-se com a comú: com a "un tal Puig", "el Monzó adolescent", "l'entranyable Joan Coromines", "la segona Núria que ha vingut", "Per molts Llulls que hi hagués hagut..." o "Han arribat els Jordis". En aquests casos, el nom és incompatible amb l'article personal, que, d'altra banda, és defectiu respecte al plural: no és possible, doncs, "l'entranyable en Joan Coromines", ni "N'entranyable Joan Coromines", ni "Han arribat ens Jordis".<br/><br/><br/>La llengua escrita no sempre recull aquesta marca d'oralitat que és l'article personal. En efecte, la presència de l'article en els textos escrits de registres formals-planificats disminueix en relació amb els usos orals-espontanis de l'idioma; però la frontera que separa l'escriptura de l'oralitat avui és força difusa (era molt més marcada en la llengua antiga); avui aquesta línia és poc precisa, molt probablement a causa dels mitjans de comunicació audiovisuals, que han propiciat l'aparició de nous gèneres o fets de parla que es troben a cavall de la llengua escrita i la parlada. Entre els pols oposats constituïts, d'una banda, per la conversa espontània, i de l'altra, per l'assaig escrit o la notícia de premsa, existeix un seguit de realitzacions lingüístiques que se situen en posicions intermèdies o híbrides, és a dir, que combinen o relacionen l'oral amb l'escrit, com ara els guions de ràdio i de TV, la representació o interpretació teatral i cinematogràfica, els discursos i conferències, o bé els diàlegs de la narrativa literària. Aquesta presència de l'oral en l'escrit o a l'inversa posa en relleu l'existència d'un continuum gradual entre els dos pols extrems. Així, la disjuntiva canal oral / canal escrit ha de ser matisada i completada amb altres binomis si volem justificar el seguit de manifestacions que interrelacionen l'oral amb l'escrit. Efectivament, caldria tenir presents també els binomis planificació / no planificació, temàtica genèrica / temàtica específica, formalitat / no formalitat o bé propòsit informatiu / propòsit interactiu, tots els quals, amb la més variades combinacions i graus d'intensitat possible, donen lloc a aquest continuum de realitzacions lingüístiques. No cal dir que als escriptors, gramàtics i lingüistes del primer terç del XX, els mancava aquesta anàlisi o visió de les manifestacions del llenguatge. En aquest període, d'altra banda, els mitjans audiovisuals no s'havien pràcticament desenvolupat i, per tant, no es donava aquest continuum actual entre l'oral i l'escrit extrems. No ha de venir de nou, doncs, que Ruyra, Rovira i Virgili i el mateix Fabra, en tractar de l'article personal en la polèmica que van protagonitzar des de la premsa el 1925, se centressin gairebé en exclusiva en la identitat de les persones per determinar si havien de dur o no l'article personal. Efectivament, s'entretenien en consideracions sobre el seu estatus o prestigi social, la celebritat, sobre l'època en què havien viscut, si eren persones vives o mortes, catalanes o no catalanes, etc. I no és fins al final de la polèmica que hi introdueixen conceptes com "estil elevat", "temes de política, art, ciències, crítica", "treballs didàctics", "estil del novel·lista i estil del tractadista científic i de l'historiador", en contraposició a la llengua parlada corrent.<br/><br/>Consegüentment, és usual la presència de l'article personal en el discurs directe dels personatges de les narracions literàries, dels diàlegs dels films o telesèries i, en textos de no-fícció, de les entrevistes de personalitat i de certs reportatges sobre la vida quotidiana publicats per la premsa. En canvi, sol prescindir-se'n en els textos escrits de projecció pública que adopten un registre formal, que tendeixen a la impersonalitat, al to neutre i en els quals predomina la funció referencial del llenguatge (sovint amb informació altament organitzada i jerarquitzada).<br/><br/>Pel que fa a la narrativa literària, s'observa que fins als anys 70 del segle XX hi ha una tendència a suprimir l'article personal en les traduccions. En efecte, es pot comprovar que, malgrat que nombroses narracions traduïdes reflecteixen ambients o situacions informals o quotidianes i, per tant, discursos suposadament espontanis i reals, el traductor es resisteix a emprar-hi l'article personal. Aquesta pràctica seria deguda a la distància que el traductor deu trobar entre les societats o mons de les històries traduïdes i la realitat que viu i coneix el gruix de lectors catalans (lluny, per exemple, de la realitat russa o dels baixos fons nord-americans). Però passats els anys 70, comença a estendre's i a afermar-se l'ús de l'article personal en les traduccions, coincidint amb l'extensió dels audiovisuals (especialment de la televisió), que acosten al gran públic societats o mons abans llunyans, desconeguts o fins exòtics i amb els quals el gran públic acabarà familiaritzant-se. Cau, doncs, una barrera cultural i psicològica que afavoreix l'ús de l'article personal en les traduccions (fins i tot en històries situades a la Xina del XVII o bé en la cultura xicana actual, mescla de llengües i cultures nord-americana i mexicana). <br/><br/>Amb tot, l'article personal en la narrativa literària (traduïda o escrita originàriament en català) no està exempt d'usos vacil·lants o incoherents: així, certs autors o traductors, en una mateixa obra, l'utilitzen i l'ometen intermitentment en el discurs del narrador o en el dels personatges. D'altres, en canvi, prescindint-ne en el discurs del narrador i utilitzant-lo en el dels personatges, marquen expressament el paper de narrador i el d'actuant, respectivament. En la majoria dels casos el sistema d'article personal emprat és el que combina en amb la. <br/><br/>Amb la inauguració, el 1983, de les emissions de Televisió de Catalunya, comença simbòlicament el procés d'incorporació de la llengua a la indústria cinematogràfica associada a la televisió. Aquest fet comporta la utilització de recursos lingüístics col·loquials i d'imitació de l'oralitat en telesèries, telefilms o pel·lícules, mitjançant el doblatge, la subtitulació, la veu en off per als no-vidents o directament a través de l'expressió catalana, en un àmbit reservat fins aleshores al castellà. Aquesta narrativa cinematogràfica, prèviament planificada en guions escrits, exigeix la codificació d'un col·loquial parlat que faci versemblants o creïbles els discursos dels personatges de les històries d'uns productes que són rebuts pel canal oral i visual i que, per tant, evoquen encara més que la narrativa literària una il·lusió calculada de realitat. De manera congruent, doncs, els guions traduïts o escrits directament en català incorporen sistemàticament aquesta marca d'oralitat espontània que és l'article personal.<br/><br/>Pel que fa al sistema d'article adoptat, Televisió de Catalunya acabarà establint una distinció que té relació amb l'existència de dos tipus de productes narratius: els de producció pròpia i els de producció aliena. En els primers, que reflecteixen formes de vida quotidiana i ambients identificats com a familiars o propers al teleespectador català, el sistema d'article utilitzat és el que combina les formes el i la. En canvi, en la narrativa de producció aliena (doblada o subtitulada), que sol recrear formes de vida i ambients més o menys allunyats dels que viuen directament els teleespectadors, el sistema d'article utilitzat combina les formes en i la. Així, l'ús alternatiu d'aquests dos sistemes, segons que es tracti de sèries o films de producció pròpia o bé de producció aliena, sembla que respon a un criteri preestablert, segons el qual en, sense deixar de constituir una marca de registres no formals i, per tant, de l'oralitat, seria útil en les obres traduïdes que presenten formes de vida i ambients més o menys aliens als del teleespectador català (si considerem que en és una forma suplantada cada vegada més per el); d'aquesta manera, en esdevindria una marca d'oralitat més o menys neutra, indicadora d'una certa distància entre el món de l'espectador i el món de la ficció. En canvi, l'ús de la forma el, dins l'oralitat de les sèries o films de producció pròpia, serviria per reforçar la versemblança d'una història que vol reflectir formes de vida i ambients coneguts i viscuts pels teleespectadors catalans (considerant que el sigui una forma més vida i estesa, si més no en el català central, varietat en què solen basar-se aquestes narracions televisives).<br>Since its origins, the Catalan language has featured a particle or article which systematically precedes proper names of persons (first names, last names and nicknames), notably in spontaneously produced oral language. This personal particle or article initially took on the form en (masculine) and na (feminine), deriving from the Latin vernacular DOMINE and DOMINA, and until the fifteenth century denoted respect or courtesy placed before the names of persons of all social ranks. It is found in literary texts, letters, administrative and historiographic documents, and judicial proceedings from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries, thus reflecting, albeit only partially, the spontaneous or informal language used by witnesses in oral legal proceedings.<br/><br/>Starting in the fifteenth century, the personal article sheds its value as a term of respect (first in spoken language) and serves as a mere preface to proper names of persons as in today's usage. Although it still preserves its original form in the Catalan of the Balearic Islands, in all other Catalan-speaking areas the personal article has adopted other forms or combinations: en and la, el and la or lo and la, most likely on the analogy of the definite article. The use of the personal article is of no syntactic consequence in Catalan. In contrast to the definite article, it is syntactically redundant, expletive. It stands as an appendix to or mere marker of the proper name of a person. Nor does it arise in all language contexts. It is in fact omitted in interpellation, with verbs of designation, with the verb fer in the sense of "belong to one," in the case of anthroponyms used in a metalinguistic sense, and in the majority of Biblical names.<br/><br/>Furthermore, the methods of computational linguistics used to identify factors contributing to the readability of texts show that in the case of Catalan the personal article exhibits an extremely high frequency: it ranks number eighty-five (85) among the words most often used by speakers. This and other data from the Diccionari de freqüències confirm that the most frequently used words are those that are shortest, oldest, and simplest morphologically; in addition, they are in all languages usually the most grammatical or functional. Thus the personal article, which features both these characteristics even though it conveys no strictly referential information enhances readability or the grasping of textual content in that along with all other grammatical words it announces fairly precise forms or structures, that is, it anticipates a part of the text or speech.<br/><br/>Spontaneous (unplanned) oral language nowadays still features systematically and throughout a large portion of Catalan-speaking areas this marker (in its various dialectal forms) before the proper names of persons, regardless of origin, culture, status or relationship with the speaker. This usage stands in contrast to Portuguese, the only other Romance language with extensive use of the article preceding names of persons, but only when the person mentioned has direct acquaintance or personal dealings with the speaker; whereas in Italian, French and Spanish the use of an article before the proper names of persons is residual, limited to very specific areas, and often connotes rusticity or a low sociocultural level.<br/><br/>Since the common noun includes on the whole all beings that share, conceptually, the same semantic traits, in discourse it must often be specified (by the definite article, for example) and/or complemented in a defining manner in order to identify one element among all those that might be identified in the same way. The proper name, however, denotes individual elements without having to allude to its intrinsic qualities or characteristics. It directly identifies by its own means a single, specific, known referent arising from the communicative situation, preceding discourse, or knowledge shared by sender and receiver. For this reason in the majority of languages the proper name needs no defining complements or actualization by means of an article, as can indeed be the case in Catalan as well. Nevertheless, there are discursive contexts in which a proper name might lose its denotative value of individual referent and behave much like a common noun; for instance, "a Mr. Puig," "the adolescent Monzó," "the dearly loved Joan Coromines," "the second Núria that came," "though many Llulls there may have been...," or "the Jordis have arrived." In these cases, the name proves incompatible with the personal article, which is furthermore unfeasible in the plural. Thus we cannot say, "l'entranyable en Joan Coromines," nor "N'entranyable Joan Coromines," nor "Han arribat ens Jordis."<br/><br/>Written Catalan does not always exhibit this oral marker we call the personal article. Indeed, the appearance of the personal article in written texts of formal and planned register dwindles when compared with spontaneous oral language use. Still, the dividing line between written and oral is today somewhat blurry (being much more sharply defined long ago); the reason is likely to be found in the audio-visual media, which has given rise to new genres and speech events straddling written and spoken language. Between the two opposing poles, spontaneous conversation on the one hand, and the written essay or news article on the other, lie a range of language events that are intermediate or hybrid, that is, they combine or interrelate oral and written language, as in radio or television scripts, theater or film performance, speeches and lectures, or dialog in literary narrative. This oral appearance within written language, or vice versa, spotlights the gradual continuum existing between these two extreme poles. Consequently, the disjunctive oral means versus written means must be fine-tuned and further distinguished by other contrastive pairs if we wish to justify numerous instances interrelating oral and written language. Indeed, we should also bear in mind criteria such as planned versus unplanned, generic topic versus specific topic, formal versus informal, and informative purpose versus interactive purpose, all of which in a variety of possible combinations and degrees of intensity have given rise to this continuum of language events. Needless to say, writers, grammarians and linguists during the first third of the twentieth century did not avail of this analysis or view of language events. Moreover, audio-visual media during that period had barely begun to develop, so the present-day continuum between the oral and written poles had not yet appeared. It is no surprise, therefore, that Ruyra, Rovira i Virgili and even Fabra, in coming to grips with the personal article in their newspaper controversy of 1925, focused almost exclusively on the identity of persons to determine whether the personal article ought to be used entertaining considerations about social status and prestige, celebrity, the era in which one lived, whether one was living or dead, Catalan or not, and so on. Not until near the end of the controversy did they bring in notions such as "high style," "topics in politics, art, science, criticism," "didactic works," and "the novelist's style versus the style of the scientific or historical essay" in contrast to ordinary spoken language.<br/><br/>Thus the appearance of the personal article is common in the direct speech of characters in literary narration, dialogs in films or on television and, in non-fiction, interviews with celebrities and certain kinds of press coverage of everyday events. It is not usually found, however, in written texts targeting an audience in a formal register, where the tendency is impersonal, the tone neutral, and the referential function of language prevails (often with information that is highly organised and prioritized).<br/><br/>Regarding literary narrative, it is noted that until the 1970s there was a tendency to omit the personal article in translations. It can be seen that although numerous narratives in translation reflect surroundings and situations that are informal and quotidian, and therefore discourse which is spontaneous and real, the translator guards against using the personal article. Surely this practice stems from the distance the translator must perceive between the societies or worlds of the stories translated and the reality which the bulk of Catalan readers live in and know (far, for instance, from the reality of Russians or down-and-out Americans). But after the 70s the use of the personal article in translations begins to take root and spread, coinciding with the spread of audio-visual media (especially television), which bring home to a vast audience societies and worlds heretofore remote, unknown or exotic, and with which this vast audience will now become acquainted. The cultural and psychological wall crumbles, bolstering the use of the personal article in translations (even in stories set in seventeenth-century China, or in present-day Chicano culture mixing American and Mexican language and culture).<br/><br/>Still, the use of the personal article in literary narrative (whether in translation or in the original Catalan) is not without instances generating doubt or incoherence. Some authors or translators use it off and on in the discourse of the narrator or a character in a single work. Others, by omitting it in the discourse of the narrator and using it with characters, purposely mark the roles of narrator and actor. In most cases, the forms of the personal article used are those combined in the system en and la.<br/><br/>The creation of Televisió de Catalunya in 1983 sparked symbolically the process of launching the Catalan language into the film industry associated with television. This ushered in the use of colloquialisms and oral language imitation in television soap opera and films shown on television by means of dubbing, subtitling or off-voicing, or directly in Catalan, now present in a medium until then reserved exclusively for Spanish. This film narrative planned beforehand in written scripts requires codifying of a colloquial language that lends credibility to speech by characters in products enjoyed through both oral and visual means, where the illusion of reality is calculated even more carefully than in literary narrative. It is entirely appropriate, therefore, that scripts in translation or written directly in Catalan systematically include this marker of spontaneous oral language, the personal article.<br/><br/>As to the forms of the personal article adopted, Televisió de Catalunya is moving toward drawing a distinction stemming from the existence of two types of narrative products: home produced and foreign produced. The former reflect forms of everyday life and surroundings seen by the Catalan viewer as nearby or familiar, and here the combination used are the forms el and la. Foreign produced narrative (dubbed or subtitled) usually recreates forms of life and surroundings more or less removed from those that viewers experience directly; the combination en and la is used. Thus, the alternate use of these two systems, depending on whether programs or films are home produced or foreign produced, seems to respond to a preestablished criterium, where en, while remaining a marker of informal registers and hence of oral language, would prove useful in translated works featuring forms of life and surroundings more or less foreign to the Catalan viewer (keeping in mind that en is a form being replaced more and more by el). So en is apparently becoming a marker of oral language that is more or less neutral, indicating a certain distance between the world of the viewer and the world of the fiction. On the other hand, use of the form el in the oral language of home produced programs or films would serve to strengthen the credibility of a story that seeks to reflect forms of life and surroundings that are familiar and lived in by Catalan viewers (since el is a living, widespread form at least in central Catalan, which is often used in television narrative).

In the first part of the article, a development for the concepts of provisional remedies and real or personal property bond and covering loss and damage, is proposed, under the Constitutional Court and our national doctrine view; as well as the scope of the first as a fundamental right, and second as a condition of execution. On the following part of the paper, the inclusion and the subsequent amendments to the article 159° of Tax Code is exposed, also its scopes and reasons. Finally, a possible modification of the article, that respect state´s raising goals and due process citizens’ right, is proposed.<br>El presente artículo desarrolla los conceptos de medida cautelar y contracautela, a la luz de lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional y lo establecido por nuestra doctrina, así como los alcances del primero como derecho fundamental y del segundo como requisito de ejecución. De la misma forma, se analiza los alcances de la incorporación del artículo 159° del Código Tributario, mediante Decreto Legislativo N° 1121, y su modificatoria a través de la Ley N° 30230. Finalmente, se propone una posible modificación al mencionado artículo, de conformidad con los fines recaudatorios del Estado y el derecho a la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva de los administrados.

Since the US National Security Agency’s former contractor Edward Snowden exposed the Agency’s mass surveillance, the EU has been making a series of attempts toward a more safeguarded and stricter path concerning its data privacy protection. On 8 April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU) invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC on the basis of incompatibility with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter). After this judgment, the CJEU examined the legality of the Safe Harbour Agreement, which had been the main legal basis for transfers of personal data from the EU to the US under Decision 2000/520/EC. Subsequently, on 6 October 2015, in the case of Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, the CJEU declared the Safe Harbour Decision invalid. The ground for the Court’s judgment was the fact that the Decision enabled interference, by US public authorities, with the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection under Article 7 and 8 of the Charter, when processing the personal data of EU citizens. According to the judgment, this interference has been beyond what is strictly necessary and proportionate to the protection of national security and the persons concerned were not offered any administrative or judicial means of redress enabling the data relating to them to be accessed, rectified or erased. The Court’s analysis of the Safe Harbour was borne out of the EU Commission’s own previous assessments. Consequently, since the transfers of personal data between the EU and the US can no longer be carried out through the Safe Harbour, the EU legislature is left with the task to create a safer option, which will guarantee that the fundamental rights to privacy and protection of personal data of the EU citizens will be respected. However, although the EU is the party dictating the terms for these transatlantic transfers of personal data, the current provisions of the US law are able to provide for derogations from every possible renewed agreement unless they become compatible with the EU data privacy law. Moreover, as much business is at stake and prominent US companies are involved in this battle, the pressure toward the US is not only coming from the EU, but some American companies are also taking the fight for EU citizens’ right to privacy and protection of their personal data.

When young people are placed in residential care, the staff have a responsibility to ensure that the youth have a safe environment where they can thrive and develop. Residential staff also have responsibilities to ensure the rights of youth during the residential care. This study aims to examine how staff consider themselves to treat the youth in residential care. Furthermore the study aims to examine how the staff consider themselves to ensure youth their right to be heard and have an impact on their own lives, in agreement with Article 12 of the UN convention on the rights of the child (CRC). A qualitative method has been used in order to answer the study's purpose and issues. Five interviews were conducted with residential staff, four of which were environmental therapists and one who was a manager. The results show that the staff consider themselves to respond well to the youth, however, a good treatment is difficult to define and therefore hard to achieve. Furthermore, it appears that the knowledge about children’s rights varies among the staff, which can have negative effects on how they manage to reassure youth their rights to be heard and have an impact on their own lives, in agreement with Article 12 of the CRC.

L’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006 a réformé le droit des sûretés en France et introduit un gage sans dépossession inspiré du security interest américain dans l’objectif d’améliorer l’efficacité de la matière. L’amélioration est visible mais peut encore être approfondie. En premier lieu, la prépondérance de l’autonomie de la volonté dans la constitution et le régime du gage sans dépossession traduit son détachement progressif de la matière réelle. En effet, le droit du créancier bénéficiaire a pour objet plus la valeur du contenu de l’assiette affectée que son incarnation matérielle. Ainsi, il faut, d’une part, autoriser l’évolution du contenu matériel de l’assiette de constitution pour admettre que l’assiette de réalisation ne soit pas constituée des mêmes biens mais représente toujours la même valeur affectée. D’autre part, il faut reconnaître l’opposabilité du droit de rétention fictif aux procédures d’insolvabilité. En second lieu, le détachement de la sûreté de son objet réel et la prévalence de l’autonomie de la volonté doivent se prolonger en droit international privé. Ainsi, il convient d’admettre l’abandon de la compétence de la lex rei sitae, source de difficultés liées à la nature mobilière du bien grevé, et de reconnaître la compétence de la lex contractus, tirée de la prépondérance de la source conventionnelle de la sûreté.Ainsi, tant l’adaptation de la sûreté permise par la place laissée la volonté des parties, que la possibilité de circulation transfrontalière offerte par la reconnaissance des sûretés étrangères, font du gage sans dépossession une sûreté plus efficace aussi bien en droit interne qu’au niveau international<br>On March 23rd 2006, the French reform of security law introduced the « gage sans dépossession », inspired by the security interest of the Article 9 of the U.C.C. from the United- States, in order to improve the efficiency of security law in France. The enhancement is undeniable and yet but there remains room for improvement.First of all, the increased autonomy given to parties when creating and ruling a security results in its detachment from the scope of personal property. Indeed, the creditor is more entitled to the value of the collateral rather than to the good itself. Therefore, the physical content of the collateral should be allowed to change physically as long as collateral remains of same value. On the other hand, the creditor’s fictive right of retention must be enforceable against insolvency proceedings. Secondly, both the detachment of the security from its physical collateral and the preponderance of parties’ autonomy must be taken into account in international private law. Should a matter of choice of law arise, the security should be governed not by lex rei sitae, given the issues raised when applied to movable goods, but by lex contractus, on account of the contractual source of the security. As a result of its adaptability enabled by autonomy, and as a result of the ability to move the security over borders and still be enforceable, the French “gage sans dépossession” appears to be more efficient both in France and on an international level

Patterns of articles accepted for publication in the Journal of College Counseling from the past 12 years were reviewed in this metastudy. Results were described and statistically analyzed to identify trends over time in characteristics of authors, including sex, institutional classifications, employment setting, and domicile, and characteristics of articles, including article type, research design, sample size, types of participants, and statistical procedures.

Patterns of articles published in The Career Development Quarterly (CDQ) from 1990 to 2011 were reviewed in this metastudy. Author characteristics (e.g., gender, employment setting, nation of domicile) and article characteristics (e.g., topic, type, design, sample, sample size, participant type, statistical procedures and sophistication) were described and analyzed for trends over time. Significant changes were noted in increased proportions of female authors, international contributors, research articles, more sophisticated research designs, and decreased numbers of practitioner-authors. These trends highlight a robust journal that continues to evolve to address changing career development and counseling challenges.

The paper highlights the issues of legal regulation of the activities of special educational institutions and categories of students. The authors pay special attention to the analysis of emotional and personal problems of the pupils of these institutions. The signs indicating the presence of a criminal subculture among minors are considered. The article presents recommendations for teachers-psychologists and social educators with students who have psychological problems.&#x0D; The publication is addressed to education administrators, social educators, teachers-psychologists of special educational institutions and parents.

The protection afforded by this Regulation should apply to natural persons, whatever their nationality or place of residence, in relation to the processing of their personal data. This Regulation does not cover the processing of personal data which concerns legal persons and in particular undertakings established as legal persons, including the name and the form of the legal person and the contact details of the legal person.

A personal data breach may, if not addressed in an appropriate and timely manner, result in physical, material or non-material damage to natural persons such as loss of control over their personal data or limitation of their rights, discrimination, identity theft or fraud, financial loss, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, damage to reputation, loss of confidentiality of personal data protected by professional secrecy or any other significant economic or social disadvantage to the natural person concerned.

The principles of data protection should apply to any information concerning an identified or identifiable natural person. Personal data which have undergone pseudonymisation, which could be attributed to a natural person by the use of additional information should be considered to be information on an identifiable natural person. To determine whether a natural person is identifiable, account should be taken of all the means reasonably likely to be used, such as singling out, either by the controller or by another person to identify the natural person directly or indirectly.

For the purposes of this Regulation: ‘personal data’ means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a...

In order to prevent creating a serious risk of circumvention, the protection of natural persons should be technologically neutral and should not depend on the techniques used. The protection of natural persons should apply to the processing of personal data by automated means, as well as to manual processing, if the personal data are contained or are intended to be contained in a filing system. Files or sets of files, as well as their cover pages, which are not structured according to specific criteria should not fall within the scope of this Regulation.

The establishment of supervisory authorities in Member States, empowered to perform their tasks and exercise their powers with complete independence, is an essential component of the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data. Member States should be able to establish more than one supervisory authority, to reflect their constitutional, organisational and administrative structure.

The article is devoted to the study of the personality determinants of persons with addictive behavior. The aim of the study is to identify the personality determinants of persons with addictive behavior. Research hypothesis - in persons with addictive behavior, there are differences depending on gender, length of use, the period of being in rehabilitation for certain personality traits. To write the article, empirical methods were used - free observation, analysis of isolated cases, conversation, questionnaires, testing according to the methods: the five-factor personality questionnaire McCrae - Costa ("Big Five"), the Shmishek questionnaire. Methods of statistical processing of empirical data were used to process the research results: comparative analysis of mean values and nonparametric statistical tests Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis. The study sample consisted of 20 clients of the rehabilitation center: men and women who use various psychoactive substances, with different experience of using substances and different periods of stay in rehabilitation. The article draws conclusions about the peculiarities of personal determinants in persons with additive behavior.

Background: The number of Covid-19 infected cases is still increasing, pandemic has yet to be controlled. This can increase the risk of Covid-19 transmission among health personnel in hospitals. Data as of September 7, 2020, the Indonesian Doctors Association (IDI) states that more than 100 doctors in Indonesia who have died due to Covid-19 infection. The phenomenon of transmission in health personnel is urgent. This study aimed to systematically review the determinant factors of covid-19 transmission among of health personnel. Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review study from various article sources that have been done previously. The databases used in this study were Science Direct and Scopus, journals published from February to September 2020. The articles were extracted using the Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2009 flowchart. Results: Total of 5 articles were reviewed. The results of this study showed that the variables of gender, age, and profession showed significant results on Covid-19 transmission in 2 articles, but the results were not significant in 3 other articles. Meanwhile, the work location variable shows significant results in 2 articles that raise this variable with the location of the work place, including the medical ward and the emergency department. Ethnic variables, raised by one article with insignificant results and for the variable personal protective equipment and masks showed significant results related to Covid-19 transmission. Conclusion: Workplace arrangements, especially for Covid-19 special isolation and the use of good personal protective equipment, can reduce the transmission of Covid-19 to health personnel, especially those in emergency rooms and medical wards. Keywords: determinants, Covid-19, health personnel, personal protective equipment, Correspondence: Wenny Wiharsini. Universitas Indonesia. Depok, West Java, Indonesia. Email: wennywiharsini@gmail.com. Mobile: 081316790160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.17

The article contains the results of a study of personality predictors of emotional states of persons with chronic somatic diseases. The aim of the study was to identify the personality determinants of the emotional states of the physically ill. The study involved persons who are on dispensary observation with a general practitioner with various chronic somatic diseases (N = 50 people). It is shown that personality traits, resilience, level of self-esteem, prevailing protective mechanisms and the temporal perspective of the personality can be considered as personal determinants of the emotional states of patients.

The article presents the results of the study of factors, patterns and conditions for the formation of personal identity in student age. The conceptual provisions of the theory of integral individuality of V. S. Merlin, the integrative psychology of development of V. V. Belous and I. V. Boyazitova, the conceptual model of the personal potential of D. A. Leontiev served as the methodological basis for the study of subjectivity as the basic construct of the formation of personal identity among students. The article reveals the features of the development of subjectivity with different status of personal identity, the specifics of the relationship of personal identity with the properties of personal and socio-psychological levels of subjectivity at the student age. It is experimentally proved that the status of personal identity at the student age is determined by the development of multi-level properties of subjectivity, but to a greater extent is due to the development of properties that characterize psychological stability and self-regulation of a person. For the first time, the results are presented that reveal the patterns of achieving personal identity. The article describes the technology of implementing psychological support for the development of subjectivity as a basic condition for achieving a stable personal identity, aimed at forming the ability to understand and build a life perspective, to make independent conscious choices, developing moral stability and moral and ethical responsibility, teaching skills of confident behavior and active response to social changes in the student age. The results of the research can be used in the practice of psychological services of the University in the development of programs for the formation of a stable personal identity, the development of subjective activity, in the process of providing individual and group counseling during the period of adaptation to training and professional training crises.

Личные права (права человека в узком смысле) в любом демократическом государстве всегда занимают главенствующее положение, поскольку обеспечивают самое существование человека и его защиту от государственного произвола. В статье рассмотрены понятие и признаки личных прав и свобод человека и гражданина. Personal rights (human rights in the narrow sense) in any democratic state always occupy a dominant position, since they ensure the very existence of a person and his protection from state arbitrariness. The article discusses the concept and signs of personal rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

This article reveals the role of methodological work and scientific and methodological activities in the professional and personal development of a music teacher and the improvement of his social status. The professional and pedagogical activity of a modern music teacher is viewed as a complex structure, where scientific and methodological activity is given a special place. The author raises the problem of developing the methodological competence of a music teacher, emphasizing the importance of special training in the field of scientific and pedagogical research and the conditions necessary to enhance its scientific and methodological potential.

The issue of identity always concerned humanity is discussed in the article. Traditionally, any human is born to live in a socety. However, history knows many attempts of standing out in the crowd. Even Descartes, a renowned mathematician, put himself between his gratitude to the civil society and his extraordinariness.

The article shows the use of Scrum technology in the classroom in a secondary school using a workbook. The Scrum method is considered worldwide as a revolutionary method of managing a team. Originated in marketing, this method is now actively used in major companies and in educational institutions, and in personal life. Unlike the old «phased» approach, Scrum allows you to achieve your goals with less effort and cost in a shorter time and the final product is of high quality. The students set a goal to master the topic being studied with definite results and start moving towards it, breaking the path into sprints.

Knowledge Management (KM) is governed by an ill-structured mishmash of complementing as well as conflicting interdisciplinary methodologies and based on physical and social technologies, which too often struggle to achieve their stakeholders’ objectives due to diverse scholarly contributions, repetitive polemic discourses, and misguided organizational KM system generations. A novel Personal Knowledge Management (PKM) Concept and Prototype System currently under development take a fresh look and aim to support individuals’ academic and professional growth as well as their roles as contributors and beneficiaries of institutional and societal performance. A PKM System (PKMS), hence, is meant to aid life-long-learning, resourcefulness, creativity, and teamwork of knowledge workers. Such a scope offers appealing and viable opportunities for stakeholders in the educational, professional, and developmental context. A recent article employed the systems thinking techniques of the transdiscipline of Informing Science (IS) to align and validate the more specific models and methodologies central to the PKMS concept. In line with the interdisciplinary nature of the concept, further conference papers and journal articles have been disseminated and received feedback from a wide range of disciplines. This follow-up article turns to the creative process at the heart of the concept and application introduced in the prior publications. Similar to the IS-benchmarking approach, the design thinking is validated against accepted general design science research guidelines. These guidelines are meant to supplement the reactive behavioral (natural) science paradigm with the proactive design science paradigm in order to support information technology (IT) researchers in creating innovative IT artefacts that extend human and social capabilities and meet desired outcomes. Rather than to justify the research paradigm of the PKMS project in an ad hoc and fragmented manner with each new paper, the objective is a dedicated article which presents the design science research perspectives comprehensively as evidence of their relevance, utility, rigor, and publishability in Information Systems research outlets. The URL links to all prior publications facilitate a kind of ‘Long Discussion Case’ to potentially assist IT researchers and entrepreneurs engaged in similar projects.

We have seen drastic changes in the music profession during the last 20 years, and consequently an increase of new professional opportunities, roles and identities. We can see elements of a collective identity in classically trained musicians who from childhood have been introduced to centuries old, institutionalized traditions around the performers’ role and the work-concept. Respect for the composer and his work can lead to a fear of failure and a perfectionist value system that permeates the classical music. We have to question whether music education has become a ready-made prototype of certain trajectories, with a predictable outcome represented by more or less generic types of musicians who interchangeably are able play the same, limited canonized repertoire, in more or less the same way. Where is the resistance and obstacles, the detours and the unique and fearless individual choices? It is a paradox that within the traditional master-student model, the student is told how to think, play and relate to established truths, while a sustainable musical career is based upon questioning the very same things. A fundamental principle of an independent musical career is to develop a capacity for critical reflection and a healthy opposition towards uncontested truths. However, the unison demands for modernization of institutions and their role cannot be solved with a quick fix, we must look at who we are and who we have been to look at who we can become. Central here is the question of how the music students perceive their own identity and role. To make the leap from a traditional instrumentalist role to an artist /curator role requires commitment in an entirely different way. In this article, I will examine question of identity - how identity may be constituted through musical and educational experiences. The article will discuss why identity work is a key area in the development of a sustainable music career and it will investigate how we can approach this and suggest some possible ways in this work. We shall see how identity work can be about unfolding possible future selves (Marcus &amp; Nurius, 1986), develop and evolve one’s own personal journey and narrative. Central is how identity develops linguistically by seeing other possibilities: "identity is formed out of the discourses - in the broadest sense - that are available to us ..." (Ruud, 2013). The question is: How can higher music education (HME) facilitate students in their identity work in the process of constructing their professional identities? I draw on my own experience as a classically educated musician in the discussion.

The article analyzes a series of materials by Aleksander Janta-Polczynski «Into the USSR» from Soviet Russia during the in 1932, published on «Wiadomości Literackiе». The purpose of this article is explain the uniqueness of the reporter’s style and personality. We want to emphasize the role of Janta-Polczynski as the pioneer of reportage journalism. He was the first who worked professionally in this position in the full sense of this word. Analyzed the cycle of Alexander Janta-Polczynski from Russia, we can emphasize the scale of the reporter’s trip: in 1932 the journalist made the largest journalistic trip to the USSR. Janta visited the Eastern republics, which differed from the popular Moscow and Leningrad. Also, he saw the largest construction in the USSR at this time – which it bragged about russian newspapers – Magnitogorsk and Dneprostroy. For a better understanding are given the visual examples from reportorial texts. It should be noted that for Janta the main task of the reporter is to show what is seen and recorded: only facts and personal experience in communication. This cycle can safely be called a journey and social expedition. The main task for Janta the scene where the reportage takes place is to find proper characters and convince them of the importance of their story. These are the materials of a reporter – an eyewitness, not a researcher, a report from the scene, which pushes the reader to an independent conclusion. We explore that all the Janta-Polczynski texts are inextricably linked by looking into the «middle» of the process: the diversity of what is seen allows the journalist to look for differences and similarities, compare, look at the fundamental components, track changes and distinguish them. Special attention was paid to a low-angle shot in his materials. He describes how Soviet society lives, how factories work, how the system of educating a Soviet person, goes to the movies and exhibitions, communicates with ordinary citizens. Undoubtedly, all this is successfully complemented by the factual detail and uniqueness of the author’s style.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of «friendly fire» in modern military conflicts and the development of general criminal-legal approaches to its assessment. The article analyzes the causes of «friendly fire», discusses its types and provides the most famous cases of «fire on their own» in military history. Еhe article contains recommendations for determining the guilt of persons who committed cases of «friendly fire» and compares the phenomenon under consideration with the criminal-legal category of extreme necessity

This article presents highlights of professional development efforts for teachers in Transitional Kindergarten (TK) classrooms occurring throughout the state and through a collaborative effort by researchers from the Center for Equity for English Learners (CEEL) at Loyola Marymount University. The article begins by identifying the various statewide efforts for professional development for TK teachers, followed by a brief review of the literature on early literacy development for diverse learners. It ends with a description of a partnership between CEEL and the Los Angeles Unified School District to provide professional development both in person and online to TK teachers on implementing Dialogic Reading practices and highlights a few of the participating teachers. This article has implications for expanding the reach of professional development for TK teachers through innovative online modules.

The purpose of our critically appraised topic is to synthesize the highest-level evidence available regarding interventions for increasing confidence and mental health outcomes in caregivers taking loved ones home from inpatient rehabilitation. The final portfolio contains six research articles from peer-reviewed journals. Study designs include randomized control trials, a systematic review, and a pretest-posttest without a control group. All studies relate directly to the components of the PICO question. Four of the articles discussed both caregiver confidence and mental health while two articles discussed only mental health. There is strong evidence to support that in-person hands on training, in person discussion-based training, and/or virtual resources helped increase confidence in caregivers of patients. There is mixed evidence and only limited improvement to support mental health. The findings from this critically appraised topic will be used to draft new ideas for practice guidelines for addressing caregiver education and caregiver mental health in an inpatient rehabilitation facility.

Mobile wallets replicate physical wallets on a mobile device, in which users can store different payment instruments (e.g., cards, transfers) to make mobile payments. As the mobile wallet is adopted, a mobile payment scheme emerges, with its users as elements in a network of transfers. In this article, I study the mobile payment scheme of Movii— the first fintech firm in Colombia operating under a financial non-banking license for electronic deposits and payments. Based on a unique dataset of bilateral transfers between Movii’s mobile wallet users, I build, visualize and analyze Movii’s network, daily from November 18, 2017, to November 25, 2020. Besides the anticipated increase in the number of users and the value of transfers, the visual and quantitative complexity of the network of transfers increases over time. This increase in complexity is likely to be linked to the adoption of Movii’s mobile wallet, which results in users finding new ways to use mobile payments beyond person-to-person transfers, including person-to-business and business-to-business. Also, results suggest the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated the evolution of Movii’s mobile payments scheme.

Parasocial communication is defined as an illusory and one-sided interaction between the viewer and the media person, which is analogous to interpersonal communication. Among the classic media, television has the greatest potential for such interaction through a combination of audio and visual series and a wide range of television content – from newscasts to talent shows. Viewers’ reaction to this product can be seen as a defining element of parasociality and directly affect the popularity of a media person and the ratings of the TV channel. In this article we will consider feedback as part of parasocial communication and describe ways to express it in times of media transformations. The psychological interaction «media person – viewer» had been the focus of research by both psychologists and media experts for over 60 years. During the study, scientists described the predictors, functions, manifestations and possible consequences of paracommunication. One of the key elements of the formed parasocial connections is the real audience reaction. Our goal is to conceptualize the concept of feedback in the paradigm of parasocial communication and describe the main types of reactions to the media person in long-term parasocial relationships. The research focuses on the ways in which the viewer’s feedback on the television media person is expressed, bypassing the issue of classifying the audience’s feedback as «positive» and «negative». For this purpose, more than 20 interdisciplinary scientific works on the issue of parasocial interaction were analyzed and their generalization was carried out. Based on pre­vious research, the types and methods of feedback in the television context are separated. With successful parasocial interaction, the viewer can react in different ways to the media person. The type of feedback will directly depend on the strength of the already established communication with the media person. We distinguish seven types of feedback and divide them into those that occur during or after a television show; those that are spontaneous or planned; aimed directly at the media person or third parties. We offer the following types of feedback from TV viewers: «talking to the TV»; telling about the experience of parasocial communication to others; following on social networks; likes and comments; imitation of behavior and appearance; purchase of recommended brands; fanart.

Human well-being at the national aggregate level is typically measured by GDP per capita, life expectancy or a composite index such as the HDI. A more recent alternative is the Years of Good Life (YoGL) indicator presented by Lutz et al. (2018; 2021). YoGL represents a refinement of life expectancy in which only those person-years in a life table are counted that are spent free from material (1), physical (2) or cognitive limitations (3), while being subjectively perceived as satisfying (4). In this article, we present the reconstruction of YoGL to 1950 for 140 countries. Since life expectancy – as reported by the UN World Population Prospects in fiveyearly steps – forms the basis of our reconstruction, the presented dataset is also available on a five-yearly basis. In addition, like life expectancy, YoGL can be flexibly calculated for different sub-populations. Hence, we present separate YoGL estimates for women and men. Due to a lack of data, only the material dimension can be reconstructed based directly on empirical inputs since 1950. The remaining dimensions are modelled based on information from the more recent past.

The article clarifies of gender identity stereotypes in modern media. The main gender stereotypes covered in modern mass media are analyzed and refuted. The model of gender relations in the media is reflected mainly in the stereotypical images of men and woman. The features of the use of gender concepts in modern periodicals for women and men were determined. The most frequently used derivatives of these macroconcepts were identified and analyzed in detail. It has been found that publications for women and men are full of various gender concepts that are used in different contexts. Ingeneral, theanalysisofthe concept-maximums and concept-minimum gender and their characteristics is carried out in the context of gender stereotypes that have been forme dand function in the society, system atizing the a ctual presentations. The study of the gender concept is relevant because it reveals new trends and features of modern gender images. Taking into account the special features of gender-labeled periodicals in general and the practical absence of comprehensive scientific studies of the gender concept in particular, there is a need to supplement Ukrainian science with this topic. Gender psychology, which is served by methods of various sciences, primarily sociological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychological, socio-psychological. Let us pay attention to linguistic and psycholinguistic methods in gender studies. Linguistic methods complement intelligence research tasks, associated with speech, word and text. Psycholinguistic methods used in gender psychology (semantic differential, semantic integral, semantic analysis of words and texts), aimed at studying speech messages, specific mechanisms of origin and perception, functions of speech activity in society, studying the relationship between speech messages and gender properties participants in the communication, to analyze the linguistic development in connection with the general development of the individual. Nowhere in gender practice there is the whole arsenal of psychological methods that allow you to explore psychological peculiarities of a person like observation, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, testing, modeling, etc. The methods of psychological self-diagnostics include: the gender aspect of the own socio-psychological portrait, a gender biography as a variant of the biographical method, aimed at the reconstruction of individual social experience. In the process of writing a gender autobiography, a person can understand the characteristics of his gender identity, as well as ways and means of their formation. Socio-psychological methods of studying gender include the study of socially constructed women’s and men’s roles, relationships and identities, sexual characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The use of gender indicators and gender approaches as a means of socio-psychological and sociological analysis broadens the subject boundaries of these disciplines and makes them the subject of study within these disciplines. And also, in the article a combination of concrete-historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is implemented. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. Also used is a method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-stamped journals. It was he who allowed quantitatively to identify and explore the features of the gender concept in the pages of periodicals for women and men. A combination of historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is also implemented in the article. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. A method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-labeled journals is also used. It allowed to identify and explore the features of the gender concept quantitatively in the periodicals for women and men. The conceptual perception and interpretation of the gender concept «woman», which is highlighted in the modern gender-labeled press in Ukraine, requires the elaboration of the polyfunctionality of gender interpretations, the comprehension of the metaphorical perception of this image and its role and purpose in society. A gendered approach to researching the gender content of contemporary periodicals for women and men. Conceptual analysis of contemporary gender-stamped publications within the gender conceptual sphere allows to identify and correlate the meta-gender and gender concepts that appear in society.