Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Article personal'

Des dels orígens de la llengua, el català ha utilitzat una partícula o article que s'anteposa sistemàticament als noms propis de persona (noms de pila, cognoms i sobrenoms), especialment en les manifestacions lingüístiques orals espontànies. Aquesta partícula o article personal adopta en els inicis les formes en (masculí) i na (femení), provinents dels mots del llatí vulgar DOMINE i DOMINA, i, fins al segle xv, constitueix un tractament de respecte o de cortesia. que precedeix el nom de les persones de tots els estaments socials. Ho testimonien els textos literaris, espistolars, administratius o historiogràfics estudiats i les declaracions processals del XIII al XVII, les quals reflecteixen, encara que parcialment, la llengua espontània o no formal que utilitzaven els declarants en un judici oral.<br/><br/>A partir del XV perd el valor de tractament respectuós (primer, en la llengua parlada) i esdevé un mer presentador dels noms propis de persona, tal com s'utilitza avui. Si bé les formes originàries s'han conservat en el balear, a la resta del domini lingüístic l'article personal ha adoptat altres formes o combinacions: en i la, el i la o lo i la, segurament per analogia amb l'article definit. L'ús d'aquest article no té repercussions sintàctiques en català. A diferència de l'article definit, el personal esdevé sintàcticament redundant, expletiu; resulta un apèndix o una mera marca de nom propi de persona, que, d'altra banda, no es fa present en tots els contextos lingüístics. Efectivament, avui se n'exclou l'ús en la interpel·lació, amb els verbs anomenadors, amb el verb fer en l'accepció 'ser propi d'algú', en el cas dels antropònims utilitzats en sentit metalingüístic o en la majoria de noms bíblics.<br/><br/>D'altra banda, els mètodes de la lingüística computacional emprats per conèixer els factors que faciliten la llegibilitat dels textos assenyalen, en el cas del català, que l'article personal obté una cota altíssima de freqüència: ocupa el lloc 85 del rang de mots més freqüents utilitzats pels parlants. Aquesta i altres dades del Diccionari de freqüències confirmen que els mots més freqüents són els més curts, els més antics i els més simples morfològicament, i que els més freqüents, a més, solen ser, en totes les llengües, els mots gramaticals o funcionals. En conseqüència, l'article personal, que reuneix aquestes dues propietats, malgrat que no aporta informació estrictament referencial, afavoreix la llegibilitat o la percepció del contingut dels textos en el sentit que, com la resta de mots gramaticals, anuncia formes o estructures força precises, és a dir, anticipa una part del text o discurs.<br/><br/>La llengua oral espontània (no planificada) continua presentant avui, de manera sistemàtica i en bona part del domini lingüístic, aquesta marca (amb les diverses formes dialectals) davant els noms propis de les persones, independentment del seu origen, cultura, estatus o de la relació que puguin mantenir amb l'emissor. Aquesta pràctica contrasta amb el portuguès, l'única llengua romànica que també utilitza de manera extensiva l'article davant els noms personals, però únicament quan la persona esmentada manté relacions de coneixença directa o tracte personal amb l'emissor. En italià, francès i castellà, en canvi, l'ús d'un article davant els noms propis de persona és residual, circumscrit a àrees territorials molt delimitades, i sovint connota rusticitat o nivell sociocultural baix.<br/><br/>Pel fet que el nom comú inclou, en un conjunt, tots els éssers que comparteixen, en el nivell conceptual, uns mateixos trets semàntics, en el nivell discursiu sovint ha de ser especificat (amb l'article definit, per exemple) i/o complementat de manera restrictiva, si hom vol discriminar un element d'entre tots els que poden ser identificats de la mateixa manera. El nom propi, en canvi, denota elements individuals sense haver d'al·ludir a les seves qualitats o característiques intrínseques: identifica directament i per mitjans propis un referent únic, concret i conegut a partir de la situació de comunicació, del discurs precedent o bé dels coneixements que comparteixen emissor i receptor. És per aquest funcionament que en la majoria de llengües el nom propi no exigeix complements restrictius o una actualització a través de l'article, com de fet també pot succeir en català. Això no obstant, hi ha contextos en què el nom propi pot perdre, en el nivell discursiu, el valor de denotació d'un referent individual i, per tant, pot comportar-se com a comú: com a "un tal Puig", "el Monzó adolescent", "l'entranyable Joan Coromines", "la segona Núria que ha vingut", "Per molts Llulls que hi hagués hagut..." o "Han arribat els Jordis". En aquests casos, el nom és incompatible amb l'article personal, que, d'altra banda, és defectiu respecte al plural: no és possible, doncs, "l'entranyable en Joan Coromines", ni "N'entranyable Joan Coromines", ni "Han arribat ens Jordis".<br/><br/><br/>La llengua escrita no sempre recull aquesta marca d'oralitat que és l'article personal. En efecte, la presència de l'article en els textos escrits de registres formals-planificats disminueix en relació amb els usos orals-espontanis de l'idioma; però la frontera que separa l'escriptura de l'oralitat avui és força difusa (era molt més marcada en la llengua antiga); avui aquesta línia és poc precisa, molt probablement a causa dels mitjans de comunicació audiovisuals, que han propiciat l'aparició de nous gèneres o fets de parla que es troben a cavall de la llengua escrita i la parlada. Entre els pols oposats constituïts, d'una banda, per la conversa espontània, i de l'altra, per l'assaig escrit o la notícia de premsa, existeix un seguit de realitzacions lingüístiques que se situen en posicions intermèdies o híbrides, és a dir, que combinen o relacionen l'oral amb l'escrit, com ara els guions de ràdio i de TV, la representació o interpretació teatral i cinematogràfica, els discursos i conferències, o bé els diàlegs de la narrativa literària. Aquesta presència de l'oral en l'escrit o a l'inversa posa en relleu l'existència d'un continuum gradual entre els dos pols extrems. Així, la disjuntiva canal oral / canal escrit ha de ser matisada i completada amb altres binomis si volem justificar el seguit de manifestacions que interrelacionen l'oral amb l'escrit. Efectivament, caldria tenir presents també els binomis planificació / no planificació, temàtica genèrica / temàtica específica, formalitat / no formalitat o bé propòsit informatiu / propòsit interactiu, tots els quals, amb la més variades combinacions i graus d'intensitat possible, donen lloc a aquest continuum de realitzacions lingüístiques. No cal dir que als escriptors, gramàtics i lingüistes del primer terç del XX, els mancava aquesta anàlisi o visió de les manifestacions del llenguatge. En aquest període, d'altra banda, els mitjans audiovisuals no s'havien pràcticament desenvolupat i, per tant, no es donava aquest continuum actual entre l'oral i l'escrit extrems. No ha de venir de nou, doncs, que Ruyra, Rovira i Virgili i el mateix Fabra, en tractar de l'article personal en la polèmica que van protagonitzar des de la premsa el 1925, se centressin gairebé en exclusiva en la identitat de les persones per determinar si havien de dur o no l'article personal. Efectivament, s'entretenien en consideracions sobre el seu estatus o prestigi social, la celebritat, sobre l'època en què havien viscut, si eren persones vives o mortes, catalanes o no catalanes, etc. I no és fins al final de la polèmica que hi introdueixen conceptes com "estil elevat", "temes de política, art, ciències, crítica", "treballs didàctics", "estil del novel·lista i estil del tractadista científic i de l'historiador", en contraposició a la llengua parlada corrent.<br/><br/>Consegüentment, és usual la presència de l'article personal en el discurs directe dels personatges de les narracions literàries, dels diàlegs dels films o telesèries i, en textos de no-fícció, de les entrevistes de personalitat i de certs reportatges sobre la vida quotidiana publicats per la premsa. En canvi, sol prescindir-se'n en els textos escrits de projecció pública que adopten un registre formal, que tendeixen a la impersonalitat, al to neutre i en els quals predomina la funció referencial del llenguatge (sovint amb informació altament organitzada i jerarquitzada).<br/><br/>Pel que fa a la narrativa literària, s'observa que fins als anys 70 del segle XX hi ha una tendència a suprimir l'article personal en les traduccions. En efecte, es pot comprovar que, malgrat que nombroses narracions traduïdes reflecteixen ambients o situacions informals o quotidianes i, per tant, discursos suposadament espontanis i reals, el traductor es resisteix a emprar-hi l'article personal. Aquesta pràctica seria deguda a la distància que el traductor deu trobar entre les societats o mons de les històries traduïdes i la realitat que viu i coneix el gruix de lectors catalans (lluny, per exemple, de la realitat russa o dels baixos fons nord-americans). Però passats els anys 70, comença a estendre's i a afermar-se l'ús de l'article personal en les traduccions, coincidint amb l'extensió dels audiovisuals (especialment de la televisió), que acosten al gran públic societats o mons abans llunyans, desconeguts o fins exòtics i amb els quals el gran públic acabarà familiaritzant-se. Cau, doncs, una barrera cultural i psicològica que afavoreix l'ús de l'article personal en les traduccions (fins i tot en històries situades a la Xina del XVII o bé en la cultura xicana actual, mescla de llengües i cultures nord-americana i mexicana). <br/><br/>Amb tot, l'article personal en la narrativa literària (traduïda o escrita originàriament en català) no està exempt d'usos vacil·lants o incoherents: així, certs autors o traductors, en una mateixa obra, l'utilitzen i l'ometen intermitentment en el discurs del narrador o en el dels personatges. D'altres, en canvi, prescindint-ne en el discurs del narrador i utilitzant-lo en el dels personatges, marquen expressament el paper de narrador i el d'actuant, respectivament. En la majoria dels casos el sistema d'article personal emprat és el que combina en amb la. <br/><br/>Amb la inauguració, el 1983, de les emissions de Televisió de Catalunya, comença simbòlicament el procés d'incorporació de la llengua a la indústria cinematogràfica associada a la televisió. Aquest fet comporta la utilització de recursos lingüístics col·loquials i d'imitació de l'oralitat en telesèries, telefilms o pel·lícules, mitjançant el doblatge, la subtitulació, la veu en off per als no-vidents o directament a través de l'expressió catalana, en un àmbit reservat fins aleshores al castellà. Aquesta narrativa cinematogràfica, prèviament planificada en guions escrits, exigeix la codificació d'un col·loquial parlat que faci versemblants o creïbles els discursos dels personatges de les històries d'uns productes que són rebuts pel canal oral i visual i que, per tant, evoquen encara més que la narrativa literària una il·lusió calculada de realitat. De manera congruent, doncs, els guions traduïts o escrits directament en català incorporen sistemàticament aquesta marca d'oralitat espontània que és l'article personal.<br/><br/>Pel que fa al sistema d'article adoptat, Televisió de Catalunya acabarà establint una distinció que té relació amb l'existència de dos tipus de productes narratius: els de producció pròpia i els de producció aliena. En els primers, que reflecteixen formes de vida quotidiana i ambients identificats com a familiars o propers al teleespectador català, el sistema d'article utilitzat és el que combina les formes el i la. En canvi, en la narrativa de producció aliena (doblada o subtitulada), que sol recrear formes de vida i ambients més o menys allunyats dels que viuen directament els teleespectadors, el sistema d'article utilitzat combina les formes en i la. Així, l'ús alternatiu d'aquests dos sistemes, segons que es tracti de sèries o films de producció pròpia o bé de producció aliena, sembla que respon a un criteri preestablert, segons el qual en, sense deixar de constituir una marca de registres no formals i, per tant, de l'oralitat, seria útil en les obres traduïdes que presenten formes de vida i ambients més o menys aliens als del teleespectador català (si considerem que en és una forma suplantada cada vegada més per el); d'aquesta manera, en esdevindria una marca d'oralitat més o menys neutra, indicadora d'una certa distància entre el món de l'espectador i el món de la ficció. En canvi, l'ús de la forma el, dins l'oralitat de les sèries o films de producció pròpia, serviria per reforçar la versemblança d'una història que vol reflectir formes de vida i ambients coneguts i viscuts pels teleespectadors catalans (considerant que el sigui una forma més vida i estesa, si més no en el català central, varietat en què solen basar-se aquestes narracions televisives).<br>Since its origins, the Catalan language has featured a particle or article which systematically precedes proper names of persons (first names, last names and nicknames), notably in spontaneously produced oral language. This personal particle or article initially took on the form en (masculine) and na (feminine), deriving from the Latin vernacular DOMINE and DOMINA, and until the fifteenth century denoted respect or courtesy placed before the names of persons of all social ranks. It is found in literary texts, letters, administrative and historiographic documents, and judicial proceedings from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries, thus reflecting, albeit only partially, the spontaneous or informal language used by witnesses in oral legal proceedings.<br/><br/>Starting in the fifteenth century, the personal article sheds its value as a term of respect (first in spoken language) and serves as a mere preface to proper names of persons as in today's usage. Although it still preserves its original form in the Catalan of the Balearic Islands, in all other Catalan-speaking areas the personal article has adopted other forms or combinations: en and la, el and la or lo and la, most likely on the analogy of the definite article. The use of the personal article is of no syntactic consequence in Catalan. In contrast to the definite article, it is syntactically redundant, expletive. It stands as an appendix to or mere marker of the proper name of a person. Nor does it arise in all language contexts. It is in fact omitted in interpellation, with verbs of designation, with the verb fer in the sense of "belong to one," in the case of anthroponyms used in a metalinguistic sense, and in the majority of Biblical names.<br/><br/>Furthermore, the methods of computational linguistics used to identify factors contributing to the readability of texts show that in the case of Catalan the personal article exhibits an extremely high frequency: it ranks number eighty-five (85) among the words most often used by speakers. This and other data from the Diccionari de freqüències confirm that the most frequently used words are those that are shortest, oldest, and simplest morphologically; in addition, they are in all languages usually the most grammatical or functional. Thus the personal article, which features both these characteristics even though it conveys no strictly referential information enhances readability or the grasping of textual content in that along with all other grammatical words it announces fairly precise forms or structures, that is, it anticipates a part of the text or speech.<br/><br/>Spontaneous (unplanned) oral language nowadays still features systematically and throughout a large portion of Catalan-speaking areas this marker (in its various dialectal forms) before the proper names of persons, regardless of origin, culture, status or relationship with the speaker. This usage stands in contrast to Portuguese, the only other Romance language with extensive use of the article preceding names of persons, but only when the person mentioned has direct acquaintance or personal dealings with the speaker; whereas in Italian, French and Spanish the use of an article before the proper names of persons is residual, limited to very specific areas, and often connotes rusticity or a low sociocultural level.<br/><br/>Since the common noun includes on the whole all beings that share, conceptually, the same semantic traits, in discourse it must often be specified (by the definite article, for example) and/or complemented in a defining manner in order to identify one element among all those that might be identified in the same way. The proper name, however, denotes individual elements without having to allude to its intrinsic qualities or characteristics. It directly identifies by its own means a single, specific, known referent arising from the communicative situation, preceding discourse, or knowledge shared by sender and receiver. For this reason in the majority of languages the proper name needs no defining complements or actualization by means of an article, as can indeed be the case in Catalan as well. Nevertheless, there are discursive contexts in which a proper name might lose its denotative value of individual referent and behave much like a common noun; for instance, "a Mr. Puig," "the adolescent Monzó," "the dearly loved Joan Coromines," "the second Núria that came," "though many Llulls there may have been...," or "the Jordis have arrived." In these cases, the name proves incompatible with the personal article, which is furthermore unfeasible in the plural. Thus we cannot say, "l'entranyable en Joan Coromines," nor "N'entranyable Joan Coromines," nor "Han arribat ens Jordis."<br/><br/>Written Catalan does not always exhibit this oral marker we call the personal article. Indeed, the appearance of the personal article in written texts of formal and planned register dwindles when compared with spontaneous oral language use. Still, the dividing line between written and oral is today somewhat blurry (being much more sharply defined long ago); the reason is likely to be found in the audio-visual media, which has given rise to new genres and speech events straddling written and spoken language. Between the two opposing poles, spontaneous conversation on the one hand, and the written essay or news article on the other, lie a range of language events that are intermediate or hybrid, that is, they combine or interrelate oral and written language, as in radio or television scripts, theater or film performance, speeches and lectures, or dialog in literary narrative. This oral appearance within written language, or vice versa, spotlights the gradual continuum existing between these two extreme poles. Consequently, the disjunctive oral means versus written means must be fine-tuned and further distinguished by other contrastive pairs if we wish to justify numerous instances interrelating oral and written language. Indeed, we should also bear in mind criteria such as planned versus unplanned, generic topic versus specific topic, formal versus informal, and informative purpose versus interactive purpose, all of which in a variety of possible combinations and degrees of intensity have given rise to this continuum of language events. Needless to say, writers, grammarians and linguists during the first third of the twentieth century did not avail of this analysis or view of language events. Moreover, audio-visual media during that period had barely begun to develop, so the present-day continuum between the oral and written poles had not yet appeared. It is no surprise, therefore, that Ruyra, Rovira i Virgili and even Fabra, in coming to grips with the personal article in their newspaper controversy of 1925, focused almost exclusively on the identity of persons to determine whether the personal article ought to be used entertaining considerations about social status and prestige, celebrity, the era in which one lived, whether one was living or dead, Catalan or not, and so on. Not until near the end of the controversy did they bring in notions such as "high style," "topics in politics, art, science, criticism," "didactic works," and "the novelist's style versus the style of the scientific or historical essay" in contrast to ordinary spoken language.<br/><br/>Thus the appearance of the personal article is common in the direct speech of characters in literary narration, dialogs in films or on television and, in non-fiction, interviews with celebrities and certain kinds of press coverage of everyday events. It is not usually found, however, in written texts targeting an audience in a formal register, where the tendency is impersonal, the tone neutral, and the referential function of language prevails (often with information that is highly organised and prioritized).<br/><br/>Regarding literary narrative, it is noted that until the 1970s there was a tendency to omit the personal article in translations. It can be seen that although numerous narratives in translation reflect surroundings and situations that are informal and quotidian, and therefore discourse which is spontaneous and real, the translator guards against using the personal article. Surely this practice stems from the distance the translator must perceive between the societies or worlds of the stories translated and the reality which the bulk of Catalan readers live in and know (far, for instance, from the reality of Russians or down-and-out Americans). But after the 70s the use of the personal article in translations begins to take root and spread, coinciding with the spread of audio-visual media (especially television), which bring home to a vast audience societies and worlds heretofore remote, unknown or exotic, and with which this vast audience will now become acquainted. The cultural and psychological wall crumbles, bolstering the use of the personal article in translations (even in stories set in seventeenth-century China, or in present-day Chicano culture mixing American and Mexican language and culture).<br/><br/>Still, the use of the personal article in literary narrative (whether in translation or in the original Catalan) is not without instances generating doubt or incoherence. Some authors or translators use it off and on in the discourse of the narrator or a character in a single work. Others, by omitting it in the discourse of the narrator and using it with characters, purposely mark the roles of narrator and actor. In most cases, the forms of the personal article used are those combined in the system en and la.<br/><br/>The creation of Televisió de Catalunya in 1983 sparked symbolically the process of launching the Catalan language into the film industry associated with television. This ushered in the use of colloquialisms and oral language imitation in television soap opera and films shown on television by means of dubbing, subtitling or off-voicing, or directly in Catalan, now present in a medium until then reserved exclusively for Spanish. This film narrative planned beforehand in written scripts requires codifying of a colloquial language that lends credibility to speech by characters in products enjoyed through both oral and visual means, where the illusion of reality is calculated even more carefully than in literary narrative. It is entirely appropriate, therefore, that scripts in translation or written directly in Catalan systematically include this marker of spontaneous oral language, the personal article.<br/><br/>As to the forms of the personal article adopted, Televisió de Catalunya is moving toward drawing a distinction stemming from the existence of two types of narrative products: home produced and foreign produced. The former reflect forms of everyday life and surroundings seen by the Catalan viewer as nearby or familiar, and here the combination used are the forms el and la. Foreign produced narrative (dubbed or subtitled) usually recreates forms of life and surroundings more or less removed from those that viewers experience directly; the combination en and la is used. Thus, the alternate use of these two systems, depending on whether programs or films are home produced or foreign produced, seems to respond to a preestablished criterium, where en, while remaining a marker of informal registers and hence of oral language, would prove useful in translated works featuring forms of life and surroundings more or less foreign to the Catalan viewer (keeping in mind that en is a form being replaced more and more by el). So en is apparently becoming a marker of oral language that is more or less neutral, indicating a certain distance between the world of the viewer and the world of the fiction. On the other hand, use of the form el in the oral language of home produced programs or films would serve to strengthen the credibility of a story that seeks to reflect forms of life and surroundings that are familiar and lived in by Catalan viewers (since el is a living, widespread form at least in central Catalan, which is often used in television narrative).

In the first part of the article, a development for the concepts of provisional remedies and real or personal property bond and covering loss and damage, is proposed, under the Constitutional Court and our national doctrine view; as well as the scope of the first as a fundamental right, and second as a condition of execution. On the following part of the paper, the inclusion and the subsequent amendments to the article 159° of Tax Code is exposed, also its scopes and reasons. Finally, a possible modification of the article, that respect state´s raising goals and due process citizens’ right, is proposed.<br>El presente artículo desarrolla los conceptos de medida cautelar y contracautela, a la luz de lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional y lo establecido por nuestra doctrina, así como los alcances del primero como derecho fundamental y del segundo como requisito de ejecución. De la misma forma, se analiza los alcances de la incorporación del artículo 159° del Código Tributario, mediante Decreto Legislativo N° 1121, y su modificatoria a través de la Ley N° 30230. Finalmente, se propone una posible modificación al mencionado artículo, de conformidad con los fines recaudatorios del Estado y el derecho a la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva de los administrados.

Since the US National Security Agency’s former contractor Edward Snowden exposed the Agency’s mass surveillance, the EU has been making a series of attempts toward a more safeguarded and stricter path concerning its data privacy protection. On 8 April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU) invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC on the basis of incompatibility with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter). After this judgment, the CJEU examined the legality of the Safe Harbour Agreement, which had been the main legal basis for transfers of personal data from the EU to the US under Decision 2000/520/EC. Subsequently, on 6 October 2015, in the case of Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, the CJEU declared the Safe Harbour Decision invalid. The ground for the Court’s judgment was the fact that the Decision enabled interference, by US public authorities, with the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection under Article 7 and 8 of the Charter, when processing the personal data of EU citizens. According to the judgment, this interference has been beyond what is strictly necessary and proportionate to the protection of national security and the persons concerned were not offered any administrative or judicial means of redress enabling the data relating to them to be accessed, rectified or erased. The Court’s analysis of the Safe Harbour was borne out of the EU Commission’s own previous assessments. Consequently, since the transfers of personal data between the EU and the US can no longer be carried out through the Safe Harbour, the EU legislature is left with the task to create a safer option, which will guarantee that the fundamental rights to privacy and protection of personal data of the EU citizens will be respected. However, although the EU is the party dictating the terms for these transatlantic transfers of personal data, the current provisions of the US law are able to provide for derogations from every possible renewed agreement unless they become compatible with the EU data privacy law. Moreover, as much business is at stake and prominent US companies are involved in this battle, the pressure toward the US is not only coming from the EU, but some American companies are also taking the fight for EU citizens’ right to privacy and protection of their personal data.

When young people are placed in residential care, the staff have a responsibility to ensure that the youth have a safe environment where they can thrive and develop. Residential staff also have responsibilities to ensure the rights of youth during the residential care. This study aims to examine how staff consider themselves to treat the youth in residential care. Furthermore the study aims to examine how the staff consider themselves to ensure youth their right to be heard and have an impact on their own lives, in agreement with Article 12 of the UN convention on the rights of the child (CRC). A qualitative method has been used in order to answer the study's purpose and issues. Five interviews were conducted with residential staff, four of which were environmental therapists and one who was a manager. The results show that the staff consider themselves to respond well to the youth, however, a good treatment is difficult to define and therefore hard to achieve. Furthermore, it appears that the knowledge about children’s rights varies among the staff, which can have negative effects on how they manage to reassure youth their rights to be heard and have an impact on their own lives, in agreement with Article 12 of the CRC.

L’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006 a réformé le droit des sûretés en France et introduit un gage sans dépossession inspiré du security interest américain dans l’objectif d’améliorer l’efficacité de la matière. L’amélioration est visible mais peut encore être approfondie. En premier lieu, la prépondérance de l’autonomie de la volonté dans la constitution et le régime du gage sans dépossession traduit son détachement progressif de la matière réelle. En effet, le droit du créancier bénéficiaire a pour objet plus la valeur du contenu de l’assiette affectée que son incarnation matérielle. Ainsi, il faut, d’une part, autoriser l’évolution du contenu matériel de l’assiette de constitution pour admettre que l’assiette de réalisation ne soit pas constituée des mêmes biens mais représente toujours la même valeur affectée. D’autre part, il faut reconnaître l’opposabilité du droit de rétention fictif aux procédures d’insolvabilité. En second lieu, le détachement de la sûreté de son objet réel et la prévalence de l’autonomie de la volonté doivent se prolonger en droit international privé. Ainsi, il convient d’admettre l’abandon de la compétence de la lex rei sitae, source de difficultés liées à la nature mobilière du bien grevé, et de reconnaître la compétence de la lex contractus, tirée de la prépondérance de la source conventionnelle de la sûreté.Ainsi, tant l’adaptation de la sûreté permise par la place laissée la volonté des parties, que la possibilité de circulation transfrontalière offerte par la reconnaissance des sûretés étrangères, font du gage sans dépossession une sûreté plus efficace aussi bien en droit interne qu’au niveau international<br>On March 23rd 2006, the French reform of security law introduced the « gage sans dépossession », inspired by the security interest of the Article 9 of the U.C.C. from the United- States, in order to improve the efficiency of security law in France. The enhancement is undeniable and yet but there remains room for improvement.First of all, the increased autonomy given to parties when creating and ruling a security results in its detachment from the scope of personal property. Indeed, the creditor is more entitled to the value of the collateral rather than to the good itself. Therefore, the physical content of the collateral should be allowed to change physically as long as collateral remains of same value. On the other hand, the creditor’s fictive right of retention must be enforceable against insolvency proceedings. Secondly, both the detachment of the security from its physical collateral and the preponderance of parties’ autonomy must be taken into account in international private law. Should a matter of choice of law arise, the security should be governed not by lex rei sitae, given the issues raised when applied to movable goods, but by lex contractus, on account of the contractual source of the security. As a result of its adaptability enabled by autonomy, and as a result of the ability to move the security over borders and still be enforceable, the French “gage sans dépossession” appears to be more efficient both in France and on an international level

Patterns of articles accepted for publication in the Journal of College Counseling from the past 12 years were reviewed in this metastudy. Results were described and statistically analyzed to identify trends over time in characteristics of authors, including sex, institutional classifications, employment setting, and domicile, and characteristics of articles, including article type, research design, sample size, types of participants, and statistical procedures.

Patterns of articles published in The Career Development Quarterly (CDQ) from 1990 to 2011 were reviewed in this metastudy. Author characteristics (e.g., gender, employment setting, nation of domicile) and article characteristics (e.g., topic, type, design, sample, sample size, participant type, statistical procedures and sophistication) were described and analyzed for trends over time. Significant changes were noted in increased proportions of female authors, international contributors, research articles, more sophisticated research designs, and decreased numbers of practitioner-authors. These trends highlight a robust journal that continues to evolve to address changing career development and counseling challenges.

Cette thèse de doctorat examine la carrière des managers dans un contexteinternational. Plus précisément, elle s’intéresse aux parcours et modèles de carrièredans un contexte en évolution en prenant comme exemple le cas des managersinternationaux. Nous nous focalisons sur la nature évolutive des carrièresmanagériales, les environnements organisationnels et globaux dans lesquels lescarrières se développent, et la relation réciproque qui existe entre des carrières etdes environnements en évolution. Tous ces aspects sont explorés à travers troisarticles qui reposent sur trois terrains empiriques distincts.Le premier article analyse les profils de carrière des top managers européens dansun contexte d’internationalisation accrue. Des données sur le profil et la carrière deplus de 900 top managers dans quatre pays ont été collectées et analysées. Le butest de vérifier l’hypothèse d’une stabilité des modèles nationaux de carrière etd’identifier les éléments nouveaux liés à l’internationalisation.Le deuxième article se focalise sur les profils des dirigeants des plus grandesentreprises suisses. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évolution historique sur 30ans (1980–2010) des profils et des carrières d’environ 600 top managers. Cet articlemet en évidence le développement en Suisse d'une communauté internationale detop managers étrangers et analyse les changements dans leurs profils et dans leurscarrières.Le troisième article s’intéresse à l'adaptation interculturelle d'une population de 152employés étrangers (expatriés traditionnels, expatriés volontaires, migrants qualifiés)et 126 conjoints. Cet article étudie différents aspects de l'adaptation, en seconcentrant sur la maîtrise de la langue locale et les pratiques organisationnelles desoutien à l’expatriation<br>This doctoral dissertation examines the career of managers in an international context. Specifically, this research focuses on careers patterns in a changing environment using the case of international managers (i.e. managers with a career that develops globally). More broadly, the research looks at the evolving nature of managerial careers, the organizational and global environments in which careers develop, and the reciprocal relationship between changing careers and changing environments, specifically in the context of those with global careers. All these aspects are explored in this doctoral dissertation with three research articles that use three different sets of empirical data.The first article analyzes the career profiles of top European managers in the context of increased internationalization. Data on profiles and careers of more than 900 top managers in four countries has been collected and analyzed. The purpose is to verify the hypothesis of stability in national career models and identify new elements related to internationalization. The second article focuses on the profiles of top managers at the biggest Swisscompanies. We focused on the evolution of profiles and careers of about 600 topmanagers over a 30-years period (1980–2010). This article highlights the development of an international community of foreign top managers in Switzerland and analyzes the changes in their profiles and careers.The third article focuses on the cross-cultural adjustment of a population of 152foreign employees (traditionally-assigned expatriates, self-initiated expatriates, skilled migrants) and 126 spouses. This article studies different aspects of adjustment, focusing on local language proficiency and relocation support practices

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 6, 2009). Thesis advisor: Maria Len-Ríos. Includes bibliographical references.

Patterns of articles published in the Journal of Mental Health Counseling (JMHC) from 1994 through 2009 were reviewed. Characteristics of authors (e.g., sex, employment setting, nation of domicile) and articles (e.g., topic, type, design, sample, sample size, participant type, statistical procedures and sophistication) are described and analyzed for trends over time.

Patterns of articles published in The Journal for Specialists in Group Work (JSGW) from 1981–2010 were reviewed in this meta-study. Author (e.g., sex, employment setting, nation of domicile) and article (e.g., topic, design, sample, sample size, participant type, statistical procedures, and sophistication) characteristics were analyzed for trends over time.

A la suite de l'indignation ressentie par des victimes dont l'image avait été exploitée, le législateur a inséré un article 35 quater dans la loi du 29 juillet 1881, réprimant " la diffusion par quelque moyen que ce soit et quel qu'en soit le support, de la reproduction des circonstances d'un crime ou d'un délit, lorsque cette reproduction porte gravement atteinte à la dignité d'une victime et qu'elle est réalisée sans l'accord de cette dernière ". La spécificité du nouvel interdit résulte de son domaine d'application puisqu'il ne peut être invoqué que par certaines victimes. Néanmoins, la volonté de concilier la protection de la dignité des victimes avec le droit à l'information, clairement exprimée dans les travaux préparatoires de la loi, a conduit le législateur a réduire le champ de l'incrimination. L'absence d'accord à la diffusion, l'exigence d'une atteinte grave pour que le délit soit constitué, la nécessité d'une plainte de la victime pour la poursuite du délit et l'insertion de l'incrimination dans la loi sur la liberté de la presse limitent considérablement la portée du délit et affectent le principe même de dignité. Laissée à la seule appréciation de la victime, la dignité est privatisée, disponible et altérable. Elle est affaiblie, dépréciée. Parce qu'elle doit transiger avec la liberté de communication, la dignité des victimes se relativise, perd de sa force. Plus largement, l'incrimination est révélatrice d'un morcellement et d'une catégorisation de la dignité, celle-ci ayant désormais pour fonction de protéger telle ou telle catégorie de personne, ou tel caractère propre.

Denna uppsats har till syfte att klargöra om lagen (1976:511) om omhändertagande av berusade personer m.m. (LOB) är förenlig med Europeiska konventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna och de grundläggande friheterna (EKMR). Uppsatsen undersöker dels om 1 § LOB är förenlig med art. 5(1) EKMR, dels om förmansprövningen i 5 § LOB är förenlig med art. 5(4) EKMR. 1 § LOB möjliggör för polisen att omhänderta den som är så pass berusad att han inte är kapabel att ta hand om sig själv eller utgör en fara för sig själv eller annan. Tiotusentals människor berövas varje år friheten med stöd av denna lag. Utöver frihetsberövandet kan ett omhändertagande leda till ytterligare åtgärder från myndigheternas sida, exv. att körkort eller vapentillstånd återkallas. Den polisman som verkställt ett omhändertagande anmäler detta till sin förman som i sin tur kontrollerar om omhändertagandet utförts korrekt och om det ska bestå. Någon domstolsprövning sker inte trots att ett omhändertagande innebär ett stort ingrepp i den personliga integriteten. LOB har utsatts för kritik där det bl.a. har ifrågasatts om lagen är förenlig med EKMR. Polisen har även i vissa fall kritiserats för att tillämpa LOB godtyckligt eller felaktigt. Art. 5(1) EKMR stadgar att ett frihetsberövande måste passa in under någon av de kategorier som finns i art. 5(1) p. a–f och ske ”i den ordning lagen föreskriver”. Jag kommer fram till att 1 § LOB är förenlig med art. 5(1) EKMR. Frihetsberövandet som finns i 1 § LOB faller in under kategorin ”alkoholmissbrukare” som finns i art. 5(1) p. e. Kriteriet ”i den ordning lagen föreskriver” innebär bl.a. ett krav på att en lag måste vara av viss kvalité. Även på denna punkt anser jag att 1 § LOB är förenlig med EKMR, främst p.g.a. att förarbetena till LOB har fyllt ut de relativt vaga kriterierna som finns i 1 § LOB. Art. 5(4) EKMR anger att den som frihetsberövats snabbt ska få frihetsberövandet prövat i en domstol. Ett organ som inte utgör en domstol enligt nationell rätt kan betraktas som en domstol om Europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheternas (ED) krav på oberoende och rätten till vissa rättsäkerhetsgarantier är uppfyllda. Enligt min mening uppfyller inte 5 § LOB dessa kriterier då förmannen inte kan anses vara oberoende och då den omhändertagne saknar väsentliga rättssäkerhetsgarantier. Uppsatsen avslutas med en de lege ferenda-diskussion.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)<br>No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo<br>El presente trabajo tiene por objeto abordar desde una perspectiva estrictamente procesal, la institución del desafuero de las personas que gozan del fuero constitucional previstas en el artículo 58 de la constitución política del estado. Por consiguiente, se omitirá tanto el aspecto doctrinario como político de dicha institución, centrándose únicamente en su tramitación ante los tribunales de justicia.

Abstract Purpose This thesis aims to focus on how master students administer scholarly articles after they have found them. The purpose of the study is to detect how and to what extent people administer their articles from a personal information management-perspective (PIM). Method To answer the research questions, a web-based questionnaire survey was distributed which was announced to around 2,000 master students from different universities in Sweden. Most of the items in the survey focused on individual storage methods. The respondents were asked to rate the frequency of their different information administration behaviors on a seven level Likert-type-scale. Subsequently, items concerning specific information administration behaviors were posed, followed by questions on the respondent's sociodemographic status. The results were based on overall 316 answers. Analysis The quantitative data was analyzed using non-parametric tests such as Friedmans-test, Kruskal-Wallis-analysis, Wilcoxon-Signed Rank-test, Mann-Whitney-U-test and Chi-square-test with the statistical computer program SPSS. Findings The findings generally confirm that the majority of the surveyed graduate students are using scholarly articles. Regarding their information management, it is as usual to store the whole article as it is to store the reference. Further it is more common to choose electronic storage methods for articles and references than to use physical methods. The results highlight that most of the students use several method types and use them to varying extent. Neither age, computer skills, duration of study or satisfaction with their way of information storage influenced the quantity of used methods. Regarding specific handling, the storing of article copies on the computer’s hard drive were most frequently used. The respondents preferred furthermore to read the articles on a screen rather than printed paper versions. The influencing factors of gender, age, computer skills, subject discipline were affecting the choice of methods. General conclusions about these influencing factors are, however, complicated by possible occurring confounders. Moreover, the method types were used to different extents depending of subject discipline. Originality/value Most previous PIM research is concentrating on how people store information in general. The dealing and administrating with specific types of information are, however, rarely discussed. In the context of scholarly articles did research predominantly focus on seeking structures and reading patterns. The step between finding and reading an article has so far not directly been addressed in academic research. The study therefore is unique in addressing information storage systems of scholarly articles on such a large scale. Knowledge about storage patterns will help journal publishers and librarians to design more targeted solutions for journal systems and improve services like courses in information seeking. Paper type Two years master’s thesis

According to earlier research, first-person pronouns are used in academic writing for a multitude of reasons. In this paper, the aim is to investigate if first-person pronouns are used to different extents or with different functions in articles from highly ranked scientific journals and articles from less highly ranked scientific journals. The investigation is based on a corpus study of 20 highly ranked sociological articles and 20 less highly ranked sociological articles. The corpus data provide statistics for frequencies of first-person pronouns and frequencies of so-called genre roles, in accordance with Tang and John’s (1999) model. The results reveal that the recounter genre role and first-person pronouns of all types combined are significantly more frequent in highly ranked articles in comparison to less highly ranked articles.<br>Enligt tidigare forskning finns ett flertal anledningar till att förstapersonspronomen används i akademiskt skrivande. I denna uppsats är målsättning att undersöka om förstapersonspronomen används olika ofta eller med olika funktioner i artiklar från högt rankade vetenskapliga tidsskrifter och artiklar från mindre högt rankade vetenskapliga tidsskrifter. Undersökningen baseras på en korpusstudie av 20 högt rankade artiklar i sociologi och 20 mindre högt rankade artiklar i sociologi. Korpusdatan tillhandahåller statistik över förstapersons-pronomen och så kallade genreroller, vilka definieras i Tangs och Johns (1999) modell. Resultatet visar att genrerollen återberättaren och en sammanvägning av alla förstapersonspronomena har signifikant högre förekomst i högt rankade artiklar än i mindre högt rankade artiklar.

La thèse questionne la place d’interventions artistiques, telle que le spectacle vivant, auprès des professionnel/le/s de la petite enfance, travaillant dans les établissements d’accueil du jeune enfant (EAJE). Elle s’inscrit dans un contexte professionnel à deux niveaux. Le premier considère les dernières réformes juridiques et les contraintes financières, qui ont accru une rationalité instrumentale des institutions, et entraîné une recomposition des identités professionnelles. Le second étudie les caractéristiques du travail près des jeunes enfants, où les actes répétitifs sont nombreux, associés à une implication subjective et émotionnelle, imposant des références aux théories du care. Le cadre épistémologique de la thèse prend appui sur les fondements de l’histoire de l’Ecole de Chicago, les professionnel/le/s de la petite enfance sont alors considéré/e/s dans un rôle d’acteur/rice/s. Différents types de matériaux ont été collectés. Le premier a été la constitution d’un recueil et d’une analyse de la presse spécialisée de la petite enfance. Un deuxième a été la réalisation d’entretien semi-directifs avec des spécialistes de la petite enfance (2), de l’art (2), des institutions politiques (2). Le dernier a été un temps d’immersion, dans une crèche collective, le jour où est accueilli un spectacle de danse contemporaine, avec deux entretiens pour trois salarié/e/s : avant le spectacle et un mois après. La thèse met en lumière dans quelle mesure il/elle/s sont aussi les destinataires du spectacle. La thèse montre la construction de la posture de spectateur/rice, tout en étant professionnel/le, et des éléments de compréhension des relations entre les intervenant/e/s artistiques et les professionnel/le/s. Ces éléments sont pensés en tenant compte des différents paramètres pouvant constituer des freins, tout en considérant une valorisation de la vie quotidienne des jeunes enfants<br>This PhD thesis deals with the use, by early childhood professionals working in establishment proving care for young children, of artistic intervention such as performing arts. Its inscription in a professional context is double. The first one takes into account the last legal reforms and financial constraints. Both participate to increase the use of an instrumental rationality inside these institutions leading to a reconfiguration of professionals’ identities. The second one highlights the different characteristics of such a work which requires many repetitive acts with a need of both emotional and subjective implication. References of the theory of care can therefore be useful.The epistemological framework of this research leans on the School of Chicago’s historical background, which mean that early childhood professionals are considered as actors.Different sets of data were collected. The first one was a compilation and analysis of early childhood specialized press. The second one was semi-structured interviews with experts of early childhood, arts and political institutions. The last one was an immersion inside a collaborative crèche, during the day of the performance of a contemporary dance show. Two interviews, one before the performance and another a month after, were conducted with three professionals of the crèche.This PhD thesis highlights that performing arts are also addressed to professionals of crèche. It shows how the posture of being a spectator is built by these professionals. It gives an understanding on the relationship between artists and professionals. It is thought by taking into account different parameters that can constitute brakes in this relationship as well as considering the valorization of the everyday life of young children

Ce mémoire rend compte d’où j’en suis dans ma pratique artistique, à un moment où je tente d’articuler un questionnement sur l’habiter incluant la mobilité, avec sa matérialisation dans une œuvre statique. Dans ce texte comme dans ma production, vous trouverez des fragments provenant de lieux divers, personnels, publics, naturels, urbains, autant que d’univers de pensée variés. En effet, la philosophie, la géographie et la psychanalyse sont mises à contribution et assemblées tant bien que mal pour tenter de saisir comment se joue une présence au monde, dans le corps, le lieu, la pensée, le mouvement, les choses. Ces réflexions accompagnent un corpus d’œuvres tirées de l’exposition Ma nature a horreur du vide, qui ont été réalisées à la suite de déambulations, en ville et en forêt.

La protection des données personnelles sensibles consistait, jusqu'au RGPD, en un contrôle préalable réalisé par une autorité indépendante, malgré l’obstacle posé à la libre circulation. Cette protection renforcée est aujourd'hui remplacée par l’obligation du responsable de traitement d’élaborer une étude d’impact. Une telle mutation implique un risque de pré-légitimation des traitements et peut être favorable au responsable de traitement. Or, est-elle conforme au droit fondamental à la protection des données personnelles ? La thèse interroge le contenu de ce droit et la validité du RGPD. À partir d'une étude comparative allant des années 1970 à nos jours, entre quatre pays et l’Union européenne, les données personnelles sensibles sont choisies comme moyen d'analyse en raison de la protection particulière dont elles font l’objet. Il est démontré qu’en termes juridiques, la conception préventive fait partie de l’histoire de la protection européenne des données et peut donner un sens à la protection et à son seul bénéficiaire, l’individu.Un tel sens serait d’ailleurs conforme aux Constitutions nationales qui garantissent aussi l’individu malgré leurs variations. Cependant, cette conception n’est pas forcement compatible avec l’art. 8 de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’UE. La thèse explique que cette disposition contient la garantie d’une conciliation (entre les libertés de l’UE et celles des individus) qui peut impliquer une réduction de la protection de ces dernières. Or, il revient à la CJUE, désormais seule compétente pour son interprétation, de dégager le contenu essentiel de ce droit ; objectif auquel la thèse pourrait contribuer<br>Before the GDPR, protection of sensitive personal data consisted of a prior check by an independent authority despite limiting their free movement. This has been replaced by the obligation of the controller to prepare a privacy impact assessment. With this modification, one can assume a risk of pre-legitimization of data processing, putting the controller at an advantage. Is that compatible with the fundamental right to the protectionof personal data ? This thesis questions the content of this right and the validity of the GDPR. It is based on a comparative study from 1970s until present day between four European countries and the European Union, in which sensitive data are chosen as a meanto the analysis due to their particular protection. Research shows that in legal termsthe preventive conception is a part of the history of protection in the European Union. By limiting freedom of processing it gives meaning to protection and its only subject,the individual. Such an interpretation is compatible with National Constitutions despite their variations. However, the preventive conception of data protection is not so easily compatible with article 8 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. The thesis puts forward that this article contains the safeguard of a balancing, between EU liberties and individuals’ freedoms, which implicates reduced protection. It is up to the European Court of Justice to identify the essence of this right, an aim to which this thesis could contribute

L’occupation sans titre porte atteinte au droit de propriété des personnes publiques sur leurs domaines public et privé. Il s’agit de faits récurrents dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution que sont la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Guyane, La Réunion, et Mayotte. Pour juguler cette occupation illégale, vectrice d’insécurité juridique et foncière, nonobstant l’atteinte portée à leur droit de propriété, ces personnes publiques procèdent à des régularisations foncières axées sur la délivrance ou la validation d’un titre de propriété au profit des occupants sans titre de leur domaine public, dont la zone des cinquante pas géométriques, grâce à des dispositifs légaux, et de leur domaine privé, grâce à des dispositifs locaux. Ces procédures de régularisation sont-elles appropriées pour répondre de manière définitive à l’objectif du législateur de juguler l’occupation sans titre outre-mer, dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution, et ne constituent-t-elles pas la légitimation d’une atteinte portée au droit de propriété des personnes publiques = ? Devant la persistance de l’occupation sans titre outre-mer, il conviendrait de passer d’une régularisation foncière à moyens inégaux à une régularisation d’intérêt public, mieux encadrée. La régularisation foncière est une limite nécessaire au droit de propriété, dont le fondement est dans la volonté du propriétaire, dans l’intérêt public, voire dans l’utilité publique. Adossée au respect de la dignité humaine et au droit au logement digne, elle induit une amélioration de ses outils, et contribue à l’émergence d’un véritable droit de la régularisation foncière outre-mer<br>Untitled occupancy infringes the property rights of public persons in their public and private domains. These are recurrent facts in the local authorities of Article 73 of the Constitution: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyana, Reunion, and Mayotte. To curb this illegal occupation, which is the vector of legal and land insecurity, notwithstanding the infringement of their property rights, these public persons carry out land regularizations focused on the issuance or validation of a title of property for the benefit of untitled people of their public domain, including the fifty geometric steps zone, through legal arrangements, and their private domain, through local arrangements. However, the question is: are these regularization procedures appropriate to definitively respond to Parliament's objective of curbing untitled overseas occupation in local authorities of Article 73 of the Constitution and, on the contrary, do they not constitute the legitimization of an infringement on the property rights of public persons? Given the persistence of untitled occupation overseas, it would be appropriate to move from unequal land regularization to public interest land regularization, better regulated. Land regularization is a necessary limit to the right of ownership, the basis of which is in the will of the owner, in the public interest, or even in the public utility. Backed by respect for human dignity and the right to dignified housing, it leads to an improvement in its tools, and contributes to the emergence of a real right of land regularization overseas

La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage<br>The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights

碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>風險管理與保險學系<br>106<br>The "information age" has come. The concept of privacy rights has extended its scope to the protection of personal information with the focus on the right to information self-determination of individuals. The issues related to the protection of personal information have been highly regarded by all parties concerned, and most foreign countries endeavored in the establishment of personal information protection structures that meet contemporary requirements. With the same background at the same time, our country modified the Computer-Processed Personal Data Protection Act enacted in 1995 into the Personal Information Protection Act in 2010. However, the processes of the modification and enforcement of the Personal Information Protection Act in our country were not so smooth. The act was actually enforced 2 years after the first public notification of it, and part of its content which includes the provision about the collection, processing and use of sensitive personal information in Article 6 was paused to be enforced at the very beginning. Part of its provisions were amended again after that, and the current Personal Information Protection Act was thus formed. 　　The insurance industry highly depends on personal information. The collection, processing and use of clients' personal information are necessary no matter the case is about a sale of insurance, an underwriting or a compensation, and sensitive personal information is the core of the business operation of Life Insurance Company. With this fact as the starting point for thinking, 2 major questions were discovered in the study. First, there is a question concerning the application of Article 6 of the Personal Information Act and Article 177-1 of the Insurance Act. On observing the existing law, there are repeated parts in the contents of the 2 provisions, and therefore the appropriateness of Article 177-1 of the Insurance Act is questionable. Second, even if personal information is necessary for the insurance industry, Article 3 of Personal Information Protection Act still specifies that the concerned party of an insurance case has the right to ask for the deletion of his/her personal information provided to an insurance company. What should an insurance company do if an applicant or an insured person asks to delete his/her personal information during the validity period of his/her insurance policy? And is the effectiveness of the insurance policy affected? 　　Based on the nature that personal information must be involved in the insurance industry, the study was developed with "the collection, processing and use of personal information and the right to information self-determination" as its core. Different structures for the protection in the world were compiled and compared for understanding the interaction between "the insurance industry and personal information protection", and the possible directions for the amendment of the acts and feasible coping measures were proposed as reference for all concerned parties. It is hoped that the study may draw the attention of the authorities concerned and trigger further discussions.

The thesis describes the usage of definite article with proper nouns in current Spanish language. Proper nouns distribution and their dependence of the definite article according to the grammar books and textbooks is explained in the first part. The proper nouns are divided into geographical and personal nouns and these two groups are classified into charts according to the usage of the definite article. The second part deals with the selective geographical nouns and their usage of definite article in Spanish speaking countries according to the corpus CREA. The achieved results are analysed in the last part.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>資訊學院數位圖書資訊學程<br>101<br>In recent years, as the internet grows and Web2.0 evolves, the network is flooded with huge amount of data, so to help users quickly dig out useful information has become an important issue. By creating tags, the personalized recommendation systems allow users to directly participate in the process of information dissemination and sharing, which effectively eliminates the phenomenon of information overloading. However, most recommendation systemsuse indirect analysis of user's interests, habits or other community association to strengthen the recommendation effects, but such an implicit learning process is prone to provideinappropriatearticles and will reduce the correctness and fitness of the suggested articles. In this study, first, we build an iterative article Re-Searching system with particular emphasis on the interactive process between the users and the system; it allows users to explicitly filter out important user preferencespersonally by an iterative and accumulative approach.Second, we calculate the article grade by applying the weighting and scoring rules, this may bring out the articles hidden in the middle or the back of article lists that are easily overlooked. Finally, users could judge the availability of the searching results by evaluating the convergence degree. To sum up, this study can be expected to provide searching article lists that are more accurate and more effective to becompliantwith user satisfaction. Keyword: citeulike, iterative, personal, explicit, preference

A presente dissertação focar-se-á, em primeiro plano, numa análise legal do crime de tráfico de menores para fins de exploração sexual e, num segundo e último momento, numa abordagem deste flagelo atual numa perspetiva mais psicossociológica. Entendemos que o tráfico de pessoas se afigura como um problema na ordem do dia, não é algo que seja dos séculos passados, dos primórdios do ser humano. Bem pelo contrário. É um “monstro” presente da nossa sociedade, cujos limites e razões, muitas vezes, se desconhece. Ninguém está a salvo e, por vezes, uma simples distração poderá ditar o destino de uma criança. A vitimização de uma criança para uma rede de tráfico provoca-lhe, inegavelmente, inúmeras mazelas. No entanto, e mesmo que posteriormente venha a ser salva, há sequelas que não se apagam, nomeadamente as psicológicas, como vamos demonstrar, entre outras questões, no capítulo destinado à abordagem psicossociológica deste crime.<br>The present dissertation will focus, first, on a legal analysis of the crime of trafficking in minors for the purpose of sexual exploitation and, in a second and final moment, an approach will be taken to address this current scourge in a more psycho-sociological context. We understand that trafficking in persons is a problem of the order of the day, it is not something from the past centuries, from the beginnings of the human being. Quite the contrary. It is a very present "monster" of our society, whose limits and reasons are often unknown. No one is safe and sometimes a mere distraction can dictate the fate of a child. Victimization of a child into a trafficking network is undoubtedly causing her many ills. However, even if she is later saved, there are sequels that do not go away, especially the psychological ones, as we will demonstrate, among other things, in the chapter aimed at the psycho-sociological approach to this crime.

Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de certains documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. To respect the reproduction rights and copyrights, the electronic version of this thesis was stripped of images and audiovisuals. The integral version has been left with Documents Management and Archives Service at the University of Montreal.<br>Selon la sociologue Nathalie Heinich, l'éclatement actuel des pratiques artistiques a profondément modifié les stratégies de singularisation qui constituent, depuis Van Gogh, un impératif incontournable pour l'artiste moderne. Un des changements concerne la personne de l'artiste, qui se prend fréquemment lui-même pour sujet de ses oeuvres. Beaucoup de pratiques contemporaines, notamment celles qui adoptent le mode de la performance, reposent en effet sur des mises en scène de soi et servent de prétextes au déploiement de mythologies personnelles. Sophie Calle appartient à cette tendance puisque sa production opère un brouillage systématique entre sa vie et son art, entre la vérité et l'invention. Son oeuvre se développe sous l'égide des doubles jeux: chassés-croisés de moyens de diffusion (expositions/livres d'artiste), de médiums (performances/documents visuels), de voix auctorielles entremêlées (Calle/Auster). Prenant appui sur À suivre..., une publication qui reprend, en les complexifiant, des performances antérieures basées sur des opérations de filature (Suite vénitienne et La filature), le présent mémoire s'inspire des écrits de Philippe Lejeune et de Vincent Colonna pour débusquer la pulsion autofictionnelle à l'oeuvre dans ce type de projet à prétention autobiographique. Les ruses intertextuelles, incluant les discordances entre l'écrit et l'image photographique, servent à illustrer le propos. En s'inspirant des considérations de Maxence Alcalde sur l'artiste opportuniste, qui constitue selon cet auteur un des modèles du créateur contemporain, le mémoire examine la distance qui s'est instaurée entre cette figure et celle du Grand Singulier incarnée à l'origine du modernisme par Vincent Van Gogh.<br>Nathalie Heinich examines how the current diversity of artistic practices deeply modified the way artists singularise and assert themselves on the contemporary art scene. Going back to Van Gogh, the figure of the artist itself has taken precedence over the work, notably in the literature created by critics and biographers, despite the fact that the works themselves may very well be self-referential. A number of contemporary practices, notably those emanating from performance art, rely on a theatricalisation of the self, a mythologisation even. Among them, Sophie Calle constantly blurs the distinction between art and personal life, between fiction and reality. Her work entails various double games such as media and medium crossovers (exhibition/artist book; performance/visual documentation), recycling, publicity stunts and blurrings of authorship. This thesis examines À suivre…, a book by the artist that refers to previous performances (followed by exhibitions) on her favorite theme of tracking (Suite vénitienne and La filature). Philippe Lejeune and Vincent Colonna’s arguments are summoned to highlight the fictional impulse that inhabits works with an autobiographical pretension – writing strategies and play between illustrations (photographs) and text in Calle’s production demonstrate that. In light of Maxence Alcalde’s theorisation of the opportunistic artist, a figure he considers to be emblematic of the contemporary art scenes and markets, a great distance is revealed with Heinich’s Grand Singulier, a paradigmatic figure of the modernist artist.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>The figure of subordinated credits is a normative innovation that appears in the Portuguese Legal System under the Insolvency and Business Recovery Code (CIRE), although it is a figure already dissected in other legal systems. From the configuration of these credits, in article 49 of CIRE, the concept of person specially related to the debtor arises.The list of people specially related to the debtor find normative projection in the scope of the graduation of subordinated credits, within the scope of the resolution issue for the benefit of the masses and, finally, within the scope of the Special Revitalization Process (PER).Around this cast, which turns out to be controversial, doctrinal and jurisprudential divergences arise. Both doctrinally and jurisprudentially, the debate involves the attempt to resolve the concrete issues that arise, derived from the (apparent) exhaustive enumeration.These questions will be the target of development and critical analysis throughout this investigation.-The figure of subordinated credits is a normative innovation that appears in the Portuguese Legal System under the Insolvency and Business Recovery Code (CIRE), although it is a figure already dissected in other legal systems. From the configuration of these credits, in article 49 of CIRE, the concept of person specially related to the debtor arises.The list of people specially related to the debtor find normative projection in the scope of the graduation of subordinated credits, within the scope of the resolution issue for the benefit of the masses and, finally, within the scope of the Special Revitalization Process (PER).Around this cast, which turns out to be controversial, doctrinal and jurisprudential divergences arise. Both doctrinally and jurisprudentially, the debate involves the attempt to resolve the concrete issues that arise, derived from the (apparent) exhaustive enumeration.These questions will be the target of development and critical analysis throughout this investigation.<br>A figura dos créditos subordinados consiste numa inovação normativa que surge no Ordenamento Jurídico português no âmbito do Código da Insolvência e da Recuperação de Empresas (CIRE), embora seja uma figura já dissecada em outros ordenamentos jurídicos. A partir da configuração destes créditos surge, no artigo 49.o do CIRE, o conceito de pessoa especialmente relacionada com o devedor. O elenco das pessoas especialmente relacionadas com o devedor encontra projeção normativa no âmbito da graduação dos créditos subordinados, no âmbito da temática da resolução em benefício da massa e, por fim, no âmbito do Processo Especial de Revitalização (PER).Em torno deste elenco que, acaba por se revelar controverso, surgem divergências doutrinais e jurisprudenciais. Tanto doutrinalmente como jurisprudencialmente o debate passa pela tentativa de resolução das questões concretas que se levantam, derivadas da (aparente) enumeração taxativa.Serão, estas questões, alvo de desenvolvimento e de análise crítica ao longo desta investigação.-A figura dos créditos subordinados consiste numa inovação normativa que surge no Ordenamento Jurídico português no âmbito do Código da Insolvência e da Recuperação de Empresas (CIRE), embora seja uma figura já dissecada em outros ordenamentos jurídicos. A partir da configuração destes créditos surge, no artigo 49.o do CIRE, o conceito de pessoa especialmente relacionada com o devedor.O elenco das pessoas especialmente relacionadas com o devedor encontra projeção normativa no âmbito da graduação dos créditos subordinados, no âmbito da temática da resolução em benefício da massa e, por fim, no âmbito do Processo Especial de Revitalização (PER).Em torno deste elenco que, acaba por se revelar controverso, surgem divergências doutrinais e jurisprudenciais. Tanto doutrinalmente como jurisprudencialmente o debate passa pela tentativa de resolução das questões concretas que se levantam, derivadas da (aparente) enumeração taxativa.Serão, estas questões, alvo de desenvolvimento e de análise crítica ao longo desta investigação.

Positive obligations of state arising from Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights focusing on persons with disabilities Absolute prohibition of torture and ill-treatment is clearly set in article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. When assessing particular obligations, which are arising out of it, we need to look deep into the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence. The aim of this thesis is to analyse positive obligations of state arising from article 3 focusing on persons with disabilities. This is achieved also with the aid of various human right bodies such as UN Human Rights Committee, UN Committee on Torture or UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Due to the fact that this area is not really covered yet, certain parts of this thesis are focused on defining important terms and putting them together. The approach is analytic with elements of comparison between the view of European Court of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights bodies. The thesis is composed of three main chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines the main terms such as ill-treatment, torture, scope of the article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights in connection with rights of persons with disabilities and the concept of positive obligations...