Academic literature on the topic 'Artificial breastfeeding'

Supporting breastfeeding is a motherhood statement for every politician, government department bureaucrat and health professional. Their failure to implement an international code on breastfeeding indicates the complexity of this public interest issue. Issues arising in lobbying on breastfeeding and artificial feeding and marketing of artificial feeding are analysed.

Abstract Transversal study conducted in a Human Milk Bank to evaluate the factors associated with the use of artificial nipples (pacifier and/or nursing bottle) among Brazilian infants. Analyses were performed using the χ2 test and logistic regression analysis. A total of 6017 nursing mothers were evaluated and the use of artificial nipples was reported by 31.3%. The chance of using artificial nipples was higher among infants whose mothers attended antenatal care in private hospitals [odds ratio (OR): 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–2.14], born in maternities without the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) (OR: 18.38, 95% CI 13.50–25.04) and those with adequate birth weight (OR: 2.83, 95% CI 1.99–4.03). A lower chance of using artificial nipples was observed among infants whose mothers had previous breastfeeding experience (OR: 0.76, 95% CI 0.61–0.95), received guidance on breastfeeding during antenatal care (OR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.65–0.98), practiced exclusive breastfeeding (OR: 0.36, 95% CI 0.28–0.45), breastfeeding on demand (OR: 0.66, 95% CI 0.52–0.85) and residents of inland cities/towns (OR: 0.38, 95% CI 0.20–0.72). The findings highlight the importance of breastfeeding guidance during antenatal care and the role of BFHI in clarifying risks associated with artificial nipple use.

Background: Breastfeeding is the best way of providing nutrition for the healthy growth and development of infants. It is an essential part of the reproductive process with important inferences for the health of mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is the recommended way for infants nourishing. Complementary foods should be introduced after the age of 6 months, and breastfeeding should continue until the age of 2 years. This study was conducted to measure the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and to identify the most common obstacles confronting the practice between mothers attending El-Darrassa PHC centre.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study included all mothers attending the PHC centre. The data was collected by a questionnaire. The descriptive method and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.Results: The prevalence of breastfeeding was 97%, while the prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding was 51%. The obstacles facing breastfeeding were: 38% decreasing amount of mother’s milk, 16.8% the ease of artificial feeding and 16% the mothers’ working status. Nearly half knew the breastfeeding benefits for mother and child. There were no significant relations between exclusive breastfeeding and demographic characteristics, while there were significant relationships, between breastfeeding and medications contraindicated with lactation, easiness of artificial feeding, and decreased amounts of milk.Conclusions: The study revealed that the key factors for improving exclusive breastfeeding are raising the mothers’ awareness, enhancing health facilities policies to support mothers’ initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth, promoting effective breastfeeding and enforcing laws protecting working mothers and facilitating their breastfeeding practice during work.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding provides an unequalled way of infant nutrition, despite that, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months in Egypt is only 13%, and the rates of artificial feeding are rising. AIM: The current study aimed to explore the reasons for the use of artificial feeding among mothers receiving subsidised milk from formula dispensing centres in Egypt, and to detect the reasons behind the use of a formula only for infant feeding rather than mixed breastfeeding and artificial feeding. METHODS: This exploratory cross-sectional study involved 197 mothers; who attended centres for dispensing subsidised artificial formula at primary health care facilities (PHC) in El-Fayom and Ismailia governorates via a purposive sampling technique. The study spanned over 6-months duration from June till December 2018. RESULTS: A statistically significant higher percentage of artificial feeding only was noticed in male infants (47.5% in the AF group only versus 28.7% in the mixed feeding group (p = 0.018), and infants aged 6-12 months (47.5% in the AF group only versus 28.7% in the mixed feeding group, p = 0.032). A statistically significant higher percentage of artificial feeding only was noticed among infants born to mothers who have general anaesthesia during labour (67.2% in the AF group only versus 41.9% in the mixed feeding group, p = 0.004), and among infants born to mothers who think that formula feeding is better (13.1% in the AF group only versus 0.7% in the mixed feeding group, or that formula has a similar quality to breast milk (6.6%% in the AF group only versus 4.4% in the mixed feeding group, p = 0.0004. The most common reasons for formula feeding reported by both groups were perceived breast milk insufficiency (60.9%), weak babies (50.3%), and doctors’ advice (37%). Previous negative breastfeeding experience and the need for own body privacy were the two reasons which differed statistically in both groups p = 0.004 and 0.008, respectively. CONCLUSION: antenatal care education is essential to improve mothers’ knowledge and practice of breastfeeding. Baby-friendly hospital initiative implementation is essential to ensure early initiation and continuation of breastfeeding.

AbstractIntroductionNatural disasters have many effects on vulnerable groups, especially infants and children. Protecting breastfeeding in disasters is important, because artificial feeding puts a lot of risk to the child. In disasters, artificial nutrition is dangerous to children and its supplementation requires special equipment. There is little information on the nutritional status of infants after disasters in Iran.ProblemThe purpose of this study was to explore the barriers to appropriate lactation after disasters in Iran.MethodThis was a qualitative study using a content analysis method. A total of 19 midwives with disaster-relief experiences were approached for interview. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using the Graneheim’s approach.ResultsThe categories of maternal factors, neonatal factors, management factors, and context-base factors were extracted from the data.ConclusionThe challenges of social support, mothers’ self-efficacy, educated staff for disasters, and privacy for breastfeeding can be considered as important barriers to breastfeeding in disasters. Training programs, as well as health system support, can help overcome the breastfeeding barriers in disasters.MirMohamadaliIeM, Khani JazaniR, SohrabizadehS, Nikbakht NasrabadiA. Barriers to breastfeeding in disasters in the context of Iran. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):20–24.

Background: The World Health Organization has encouraged all facilities providing maternity services and care for newborn infants to adopt the “10 steps” of successful breastfeeding. This includes not giving artificial teats to breastfeeding infants because they may cause nipple confusion. We present a multimodal hospitalization protocol for infants with nipple confusion, a multimodal relactation method that supports breastfeeding couplets.Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of hospitalization as an intervention for nipple confusion.Method: Data related to nipple confusion in patients hospitalized between January and December 2012 at Kemang Medical Care, Jakarta, Indonesia, was reviewed. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between infant age and intervention outcomes.Results: There were 58 cases of nipple confusion during the study period. Most subjects (96.6%) totally rejected breast contact. Forty-six cases (79.3%) used bottles because of tongue-tie. The length of hospitalization varied from 1 (56.9%) to 5 days (3.4%). Fifty-three cases (91.4%) were able to successfully breastfeed using our protocol. Younger babies had greater breastfeeding success.Conclusion: Hospitalization for nipple confusion with multimodal management is effective for treating nipple confusion. Tongue-tie can lead to difficulties in initiating breastfeeding, and early introduction to artificial teats can lead to nipple confusion. Early detection and treatment is desirable.

The purpose of this study was to describe cultural factors influencing African American mothers’ perceptions about infant feeding. Analysis of six focus group discussions of diverse African American mothers yielded sociohistorical factors that are rarely explored in the breastfeeding literature. These factors are events, experiences, and other phenomena that have been culturally, socially, and generationally passed down and integrated into families, potentially influencing breastfeeding beliefs and behaviors. The results from this study illuminate fascinating aspects of African American history and the complex context that frames some African American women’s choice about breastfeeding versus artificial supplementation feeding. This study also demonstrates the need for developing family centered and culturally relevant strategies to increase the African American breastfeeding rate.

Background: Some studies have demonstrated that breastfeeding can protect mothers from postpartum depression; therefore, we examined the association between postpartum depression and lactation status at one month after delivery at a Japanese perinatal center. Methods: We reviewed the obstetric records of all (total 809) nulliparous healthy women with vaginal singleton delivery at 37-41 weeks’ gestation at our institute between July 2018 and June 2019. A face-to-face interview with the women was conducted on admission for delivery to ask whether or not they hoped to perform exclusive breastfeeding for their babies, and an additional interview was conducted one month after delivery to ask about their feeding methods currently. Maternal mental status was examined based on the scores using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and women with EPDS scores of ≥9 points were regarded as ‘positive screening’. Results: 592 women (73.1%) hoped to perform exclusive breastfeeding for their babies on admission. Of these, at one month, 442 (74.7%) performed exclusive breastfeeding, while 150 (25.3%) performed mixed or artificial feeding. The average EPDS scores and the incidence of EPDS scores ≥9 points in the women performing exclusive breastfeeding were 4.3 ± 3.6 and 14.3% (63/442), respectively. They did not differ from those in the women performing mixed or artificial breast feeding [4.2 ± 3.7, p = 0.60 and 13.3% (20/150), p = 0.78]. Conclusion: Development of postpartum depression does not seem to be associated with incomplete breastfeeding at our hospital, and therefore there are other risk factors indicated in the development of postpartum depression.

Background: Some studies have demonstrated that breastfeeding can protect mothers from postpartum depression; therefore, we examined the association between postpartum depression and lactation status at one month after delivery at a Japanese perinatal center. Methods: We reviewed the obstetric records of all (total 809) nulliparous healthy women with vaginal singleton delivery at 37-41 weeks’ gestation at our institute between July 2018 and June 2019. A face-to-face interview with the women was conducted on admission for delivery to ask whether or not they hoped to perform exclusive breastfeeding for their babies, and an additional interview was conducted one month after delivery to ask about their feeding methods currently. Maternal mental status was examined based on the scores using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and women with EPDS scores of ≥9 points were regarded as ‘positive screening’. Results: 592 women (73.1%) hoped to perform exclusive breastfeeding for their babies on admission. Of these, at one month, 442 (74.7%) performed exclusive breastfeeding, while 150 (25.3%) performed mixed or artificial feeding. The average EPDS scores and the incidence of EPDS scores ≥9 points in the women performing exclusive breastfeeding were 4.3 ± 3.6 and 14.3% (63/442), respectively. They did not differ from those in the women performing mixed or artificial breast feeding [4.2 ± 3.7, p = 0.60 and 13.3% (20/150), p = 0.78]. Conclusion: Development of postpartum depression does not seem to be associated with incomplete breastfeeding at our hospital, and therefore there are other risk factors indicated in the development of postpartum depression.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Introduction: In the beginning of the nineties, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) established the Declaration of Innocent, instituting many measures to promote breastfeeding . Researchers indicate that prematurely stopping breastfeeding is connected to the presence of oral habits such as sucking a pacifier or finger. (Lamounier 2003, Chaves2007). Objective: Describe and relate ways of feeding and oral habits in babies of one to six months who participate in a program of speech pathologic intervention in a basic unit of health in the County of Itapecerica da Serra-SP. 1.Method:Casuistic 19 mothers and their babies were attendant between January 2005 to December 2010. 2.Procedure: The study was done using medical records that had been in systematized forms. The information contained the type of food the infant had and the presence or absence of oral suction in early intervention up to 6 months and 29 days of life. The results were submitted using statistical analysis. Results: In the end of intervention, the majority of babies (89.5%) were breastfeeding. And all (100%) don´t show any who were demonstrating proper oral habits were breastfeeding. Conclusion: There was a significant statistical association between breastfeeding and the lack of habits of oral suction (P=0,012) in the population studied. These results suggest that speech pathologic intervention in approach biopsychic influence the prevalence of breastfeeding in comparison with artificial breastfeeding and the reduction of oral habits of nutritive suction not nutritive in the period
Introdução: No início da década de 90, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e o Fundo das Nações Unidas (UNICEF) elaboraram a Declaração de Innocenti , contendo uma série de medidas para promover o aleitamento materno (AM). Pesquisas assinalam que o desmame precoce está associado, entre outros fatores, à presença de hábitos orais de sucção (HOS) nutritiva (mamadeira) e não nutritiva (chupeta, dedo) (LAMOUNIER, 2003; CHAVES, 2007). Objetivo: descrever e relacionar modalidades de alimentação e HOS em lactentes de 01 a 06 meses, que participaram de um programa de intervenção fonoaudiológica em uma unidade básica de saúde do município de Itapecerica da Serra/ SP. Método: 1. Casuística: 19 díades de lactantes e seus lactentes atendidos entre janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2010. 2. Procedimento: Seleção dos sujeitos a partir de prontuários. Categorização dos dados de acordo com: tipo de alimentação do lactente e presença/ausência de HOS do início das intervenções, 1mês, até os 6 meses e 29 dias de vida. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística. Resultados: No final das intervenções a maioria dos bebês (89,5%) estava em AM. E todos (100%) dos que não apresentavam HOS estavam em AM. Conclusão: houve associação estatisticamente significante entre presença de AM e ausência de HOS (p=0,012) na população estudada. Tais resultados sugerem que as intervenções fonoaudiológicas numa abordagem biopsíquica - influenciaram a prevalência do AM em relação ao aleitamento artificial, além da redução dos HOS não nutritiva no período

Orientador: Antonio Bento Alves de Moraes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Apesar do amplo reconhecimento do aleitamento como fator essencial ao processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança, na maioria dos países observa-se que as taxas de aleitamento exclusivo ainda são baixas e sua duração, insatisfatória. A fim de reverter este panorama e aumentar os índices de aleitamento exclusivo, medidas de promoção e proteção à prática da amamentação, têm sido desenvolvidas e aplicadas em diversos grupos populacionais. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um grupo de incentivo ao aleitamento materno exclusivo. Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal de coorte entre Abril de 2003 e Dezembro de 2004. O Grupo ¿A¿ foi constituído por 120 mães que participaram do Grupo de Incentivo ao Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo (GIAME-Cepae-FOP-Unicamp). O Grupo ¿B¿ foi composto por 113 mães que fizeram inscrição no Cepae, mas que desistiram antes do primeiro encontro do GIAME. As informações referentes aos sujeitos do Grupo ¿A¿ foram obtidas durante a participação nos encontros do GIAME, ao longo dos primeiros seis meses de vida da criança. As mães pertencentes ao Grupo ¿B¿ foram entrevistadas, por telefone, durante os primeiros seis meses de vida da criança. O Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) foi administrado oralmente às mães do ¿Grupo A¿ no segundo e sétimo encontros (primeiro e quarto mês após o parto). O índice de aleitamento materno (aleitamento materno exclusivo somado ao complementar), aos seis meses de vida das crianças do Grupo ¿A¿, foi de 93%, enquanto que entre as crianças do Grupo ¿B¿, foi de 56%. O índice de aleitamento materno exclusivo, nesta mesma idade, foi de 48% no Grupo ¿A¿ e de 9% no Grupo ¿B¿. A prevalência de chupeta, aos seis meses de vida das crianças do Grupo ¿A¿, foi de 23%, enquanto que entre as crianças do Grupo ¿B¿, foi de 54%. O índice de mamadeira, nesta mesma idade, foi de 36% no Grupo ¿A¿ e de 70% no Grupo ¿B¿. As variáveis ¿tipo de parto¿ e ¿ocorrência de problema de mama¿ mostraram associação com a interrupção do aleitamento exclusivo antes dos seis meses de vida, independentemente de outros fatores. Entretanto, após análise de regressão logística, os fatores associados à introdução precoce de alimentos foram: ¿uso de chupeta¿, ¿alto nível socioeconômico¿ e ¿trabalho materno¿. Foi encontrada maior prevalência de ocorrência de problema de mama entre as mães que apresentaram variação de ansiedade ¿crescente¿ e um maior número de mães com sensação de falta de leite entre aquelas com maiores níveis de ansiedade na primeira aplicação do BAI. Assim, o GIAME mostrou ser uma prática eficaz de incentivo ao aleitamento e de redução da prevalência de chupeta e mamadeira entre crianças de 0 a 6 meses de vida. As mães de alto nível socioeconômico e que exercem atividade profissional fora do lar constituem um grupo de risco para a introdução precoce de alimentos, merecendo, assim, atenção especial. A ocorrência de problemas de mama pode ser um dos fatores responsáveis pela instalação do quadro de ansiedade durante a prática da amamentação que, por meio de variáveis comportamentais e/ou fisiológicas pode desencadear o processo de desmame
Abstract: In spite of breast feeding being widely recognized as an essential factor for the child¿s process of growth and development, in the majority of countries it is observed that the exclusive breast feeding rates are still low and of unsatisfactory duration. With the objective to revert this panorama and increasing the exclusive breast feeding indexes, measures to promote and protect the practice of breast feeding have been developed and applied in various population groups. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an exclusive breast feeding incentive group. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted between April 2003 and December 2004. Group ¿A¿ was constituted by 120 mothers that participated in a group to encourage exclusive breast feeding ¿Grupo de Incentivo ao Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo¿ (GIAME-Cepae-Fop-Unicamp). Group ¿B¿ was composed of 113 mothers that registered with Cepae, but desisted before the first GIAME meeting. The information with reference to the subjects in Group ¿A¿ were obtained during their participation in the GIAME meetings, throughout the first six months of the child¿s life. The mothers belonging to Group ¿B¿ were interviewed by telephone, during the first six months of the child¿s life. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was orally applied to the mothers on 2nd and on 7th meetings (first and fourth month after the delivery). In the Group ¿A¿, the breastfeeding rate (exclusive and complementary breastfeeding) was 93% for mothers with infants aged six months, while, in the Group ¿B¿, this rate was 56%. However, exclusive breastfeeding rate, in the same age, was 48% in the Group ¿A¿ and 9% in the Group ¿B¿. In the Group ¿A¿, the pacifier prevalence was 23% for mothers with infants aged six months, while, in the Group ¿B¿, this rate was 54%. The bottle-feeding rate, in the same age, was 36% in the Group ¿A¿ and 70% in the Group ¿B¿. Variables such as ¿type of birth¿ and ¿breast problem occurrence¿ were related to exclusive breast feeding interruption before six months of age, independently of other factors. However, after multiple regression analyses, factors associated with early food introduction were: ¿pacifier use¿, ¿social and economic high level¿ and ¿mother¿s work¿. The data showed high prevalence of occurrence of breast problems among mothers that showed variation of anxiety ¿increasing¿ and a high number of mothers with sensation of lack of milk among those with high levels of anxiety in the first application of the BAI. In this way, the incentive group (GIAME) appears to be effective in promoting breastfeeding practice and showed to be an important practice that decreases pacifier and bottle-feeding prevalence among children with 0 to 6 months of age. Mothers of social and economic high level and who worked outside home represent a risk group for early food, suggesting special attention. The occurrence of breast problems is one of the responsible factors for the installation of the anxiety during the practice of the breastfeeding that, through behavioral and/or physiological variables, can trigger the process of the weaning
Doutorado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Explorar la asociación entre los hábitos alimenticios, hábitos de succión no nutritivos y la maloclusión en la dentición decidua y determinar la presencia de hábitos de succión no nutritivos y sus efectos en la oclusión de la dentición decidua en una población de niños españoles. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El presente trabajo es un estudio de tipo transversal. Los exámenes clínicos fueron realizados en 275 niños con edades de 3 a 6 años de edad por un examinador con experiencia, el cual evaluó los tipos de maloclusión tales como: presencia de mordida abierta anterior (dimensión vertical), unilateral o bilateral posterior mordida (dimensiones transversales), desviación de línea media y las relaciones sagitales entre incisivos, molares y caninos. Asimismo, los padres o responsables de cada niño fueron invitados a responder cuestionarios relacionados a hábitos orales. Para el análisis estadístico en relación a la asociación entre los hábitos de succión y el desarrollo de la maloclusión fueron utilizados los Test de Chi-cuadrado y el Test exacto de Fisher. El análisis de los datos también incluyó la estadística descriptiva (distribución de frecuencias). El nivel de significancia fue del 5%. Se realizó el análisis de regresión logística múltiple ajustada a las variables de confusión (hábitos de succión no nutritivos) para determinar la significancia estadística. Los cálculos de odds ratio (OR) fueron realizados para las comparaciones entre los grupos. El control de los factores de confusión fue ajustado mediante la exclusión de los niños con hábitos de succión no nutritiva. RESULTADOS: La presencia de hábitos de succión no-nutritivos fue observado en 224 niños (81.5%) y la presencia de maloclusión fue observada en 152 niños (55.2%). Los resultados demostraron que existió una relación significativa entre el uso del chupete, alteraciones en la relación transversal (OR= 3.29; IC95%: 0.97-11.17, p=0.044) y desviación de la línea media (OR= 3.00, IC95%:1.22-7.38, p=0.013). Niños con antecedentes de succión digital tienen 4.25 veces mayor riesgo de desarrollar una maloclusión (95%IC: 0.92-19.58; p = 0.044). Existió relación significativa entre la succión digital y la mordida abierta anterior (dimensión vertical) (OR = 8.25, 95%IC: 2.50- 27.25; p = 0.001). Los niños con hábitos de succión no nutritivos tuvieron 2.55 veces mayor riesgo de desarrollar maloclusiones en comparación con los que no tienen hábitos de succión no nutritiva (p = 0.004). Los resultados también indicaron que no hubo relación significativa entre la lactancia materna exclusiva o el uso del biberón y la presencia de algún tipo de maloclusión (p > 0.05). Del mismo modo, no hubo asociación significativa entre la lactancia materna, duración del uso del biberón y las maloclusiones (p>0.05). Además, se observó que la lactancia materna exclusiva posee un efector protector disminuyendo el riesgo de adquirir hábitos de succión no-nutritivos (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIÓN: No hubo asociación entre los hábitos alimenticios y las maloclusiones en la dentición decidua de los niños que participaron de este estudio. La lactancia materna exclusiva disminuyó el riesgo de adquirir hábitos de succión no nutritivos. Los hábitos de succión no nutritivos y el desarrollo de maloclusiones tuvieron un impacto en los niños que participaron de este estudio. Los niños que usaban chupete presentaron alteraciones significativas en la dimensión transversal y la succión digital aumentó el riesgo de maloclusión vertical.
AIM: To explore the association between feeding habits, non-nutritive sucking habits and malocclusions in deciduous dentition and to determine the presence of non-nutritive sucking habit and and their effects on the occlusion in the deciduos dentition in Spanish children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study design is cross-sectional survey. A clinical examination was performed by an examiner in 275 children aged 3 to 6 years and the collected included clinical evaluations of malocclusions. In addition, the parents of each child completed a structured interview about oral habits. Statistical significance for the association between feeding habits and development of maloclusion was determined using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Data analysis included descriptive statistics (frequency distribution). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used. In addition, odds (OR) calculations were used for intergroup comparisons. RESULTS: Non-nutritive sucking habit was observed in 224 children (81.5%) and malocclusions were presented in 152 children (55.2%). There were significant relationships between pacifier sucking habit and transverse dimension alteration (OR= 3.29, CI: 0.97-11.17, p=0.044), midline deviation (OR= 3.00, CI: 1.22-7.38, p=0.013). Children with a history of finger sucking (or thumb sucking) had 4.25 an increased risk of malocclusion (CI: 0.92-19.58, p=0.044) and there was significant relationship between finger sucking and vertical relationship (OR= 8.25, CI: 2.50-27.25, p=0.001). Children with non-nutritive sucking habits had 2.55 an increased risk of malocclusion compared to those without non-nutritive sucking habits (p=0.004). The results also indicated that there were not significant relationships between exclusive breastfeeding or bottle feeding and the presence of any type of malocclusion (p>0.05). In addition, it was observed that exclusive breastfeeding had protective effect and diminished the risk of acquiring non-nutritive sucking habits (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was not association between feeding habits and malocclusions in the deciduous dentition in this sample of children. Exclusive breastfeeding reduced the risk of acquiring non-nutritive sucking habits. There was an impact of non-nutritive sucking habit and development of maloclusions in this sample of children. Children using pacifiers showed significant alterations in the transverse dimension and digital suction increased the risk of vertical malocclusion.

It is now after leaving the hospital breast-fed infants and 4.5% only 34% of infants are breastfed for longer than six months. If the mother is unable or unwilling to breastfeed her child, comes the work of children's nurses, which should comprehensively educate mothers on the artificial feeding. This work focuses on the problem of feeding the newborn. Its task is to map the role of pediatric nurses in the education of artificial infant feeding, as well as identify the reasons for mothers to stop lactation and the transfer of their children - infants to artificial feeding. We tried to find out what are the errors in the application of artificial infant feeding, which is committed by mothers, and whether it is possible to eliminate these errors led education process of children's nurses. The research part of our work was the method of quantitative-qualitative research. For qualitative research, data collection technique was used semistructured interview. The interview was anonymous. Quantitative research was conducted through interviews. The questionnaire was anonymous. It contained 23 questions. Research files of qualitative research, mothers are mothers who use feeding their newborn infants artificial nutrition products. This set of nine respondents were selected in the Region. The research sample consisted of quantitative research for pediatric nurses, working in the department of physiological neonatal hospital South Bohemia. The results of our work we want to move the broader public, mothers who have decided, at its discretion, that are unwilling or unable to breast-feed. We created educational material to make the children's nurses working at the department of physiological and pathological newborn, as well as nurses in primary care.

Although breastfeeding is the gold standard not all mothers are able or willing to breastfeed their infants. This chapter endeavours to take a balanced view of the issues associated with artificially feeding an infant. It details the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes with which health professionals should comply. It considers suppression of lactation and the nutritional requirements of formula-fed babies. It provides guidelines for the selecting of an appropriate substitute and identifies the types of cow’s milk infant formulas available and their alternatives, including the use of goat milk. The management of formula feeding is detailed, with special attention given to the making up of feeds. Problems and disadvantages associated with formula feeding are explored, as well as the health risks associated with formula feeding.

This chapter collects information on artificial infant feeding published before 1860, the date when commercial formula became available. There is extensive artefactual evidence from thousands of feeding vessels since the Bronze Age. Literature on the use of animal milk for infant feeding begins with Soranus in the 2nd century c.e. Literature evidence from the very first printed books in the 15th century proves that physicians, surgeons, midwives, and the laity were aware of the opportunities and risks of artificial infant feeding. Most 17th- to 19th-century books on infant care contained detailed recipes for one or several of the following infant foods: pap, a semi-solid food made of flour or breadcrumbs cooked in water with or without milk; gruel, a thin porridge resulting from boiling cereal in water or milk; and panada, a preparation of various cereals or bread cooked in broth. During the 18th century, the published opinion on artificial feeding evolved from health concern to moral ideology. This view ignored the social and economic pressures which forced many mothers to forego or shorten breastfeeding. Bottle feeding was common practice throughout history.

Before safe artificial nutrition, refrigeration, and microorganisms became known, thrush was a severe and frequently lethal disease in foundling hospitals. Overcrowded and understaffed, these institutions were the ideal breeding ground for this disease. Malnutrition, especially when breastfeeding was denied, contributed to the fatal course. Nosocomial infections and high mortality led to a prejudice against infant hospitals in the late 19th century. Candida albicans was discovered in 1840 when cooperation at the Paris Foundling Hospital between the Hungarian emigrant David Gruby and the Swede Frederik Berg led to this organism being the first pathogen to be identified. After World War II, Candida infections increased with the use of antibiotics. The disease became less threatening after the development of nystatin, the result of interdisciplinary cooperation in New York between the microbiologist Elizabeth Hazen and the biochemist Rachel Brown.

This chapter traces the decline of milk from a heavenly elixir to a tradeable food. Early cultures regarded milk not as a simple nutrient, but a living fluid. Heroes and gods were believed to have been nurtured by animals after being abandoned. Character traits were assumed to be transmitted by milk, infantile diseases were attributed to ‘bad milk’, whereas ‘good milk’ was used as a remedy. With chemical methods developed at the end of the 18th century, it became known that human milk was higher in sugar and lower in protein than cow’s milk. During the 19th century, ‘scientific’ feeding emerged which meant modifying cow’s milk to imitate the proportion of nutrients in human milk. In Paris from 1894, Budin sterilized bottled infant milk. In Berlin in 1898, Rubner measured oxygen and energy uptake by calorimetry. These activities ignored the emotional dimension of infant nutrition and the anti-infective properties of human milk and may have enhanced the decline in breastfeeding, which reached an all-time low in 1971. Milk’s demystification made artificial nutrition safer, but paved the way for commercially produced infant formula.