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Journal articles on the topic 'Artificial fruits'
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1
Palakodati, Sai Sudha Sonali, Venkata RamiReddy Chirra, Yakobu Dasari, and Suneetha Bulla. "Fresh and Rotten Fruits Classification Using CNN and Transfer Learning." Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle 34, no. 5 (November 20, 2020): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ria.340512.
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Detecting the rotten fruits become significant in the agricultural industry. Usually, the classification of fresh and rotten fruits is carried by humans is not effectual for the fruit farmers. Human beings will become tired after doing the same task multiple times, but machines do not. Thus, the project proposes an approach to reduce human efforts, reduce the cost and time for production by identifying the defects in the fruits in the agricultural industry. If we do not detect those defects, those defected fruits may contaminate good fruits. Hence, we proposed a model to avoid the spread of rottenness. The proposed model classifies the fresh fruits and rotten fruits from the input fruit images. In this work, we have used three types of fruits, such as apple, banana, and oranges. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used for extracting the features from input fruit images, and Softmax is used to classify the images into fresh and rotten fruits. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated on a dataset that is downloaded from Kaggle and produces an accuracy of 97.82%. The results showed that the proposed CNN model can effectively classify the fresh fruits and rotten fruits. In the proposed work, we inspected the transfer learning methods in the classification of fresh and rotten fruits. The performance of the proposed CNN model outperforms the transfer learning models and the state of art methods.
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Pires, Luis Paulo, Vanessa Fonseca Gonçalves, Giancarlo Ângelo Ferreira, Flávio Roque Bernardes Camelo, and Celine de Melo. "Fruit colour and edge effects poorly explains frugivorous bird-plant interactions in disturbed semideciduous forests." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 40, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 40041. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v40i1.40041.
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Fruit colour is considered an important feature mediating interactions between plants and frugivorous birds. Despite that, colour mediated interactions are context-dependent, and habitat disturbances may affect how frugivorous birds perceive fruit colours. This study assessed the influence of fruit colour and edge effect on the consumption of artificial fruits by frugivorous birds in three disturbed semideciduous forests in southeastern Brazil. In each of those areas, we performed a field experiment in which we placed artificial fruits of three different colours on plants and recorded their consumption by birds. Red-coloured fruits were ingested more often than yellow, but neither of them was consumed differently from dark-blue. Edge effect only affected consumption of yellow fruits. Our data neither support the hypothesis of preferential consumption of the highest contrasting colours nor of increased fruit consumption in the forest interior. These findings indicate that colour and edge effects, as well as the interaction between them, may not be strong predictors of fruit choice by birds in disturbed environments, especially because generalist species, which are less sensitive to the physical alterations in forests, are favoured in these areas.
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Abbate, Anthony P., Joshua W. Campbell, Edgar L. Vinson, and Geoffrey R. Williams. "The Pollination and Fruit Quality of Two Kiwifruit Cultivars (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and ‘AU Gulf Coast Gold’) (Ericales: Actinidiaceae) Grown in the Southeastern United States." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 1234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab075.
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Abstract Kiwifruit is a new emerging crop for the southeastern United States that requires cross-pollination to set fruit. However, the pollination requirements for varieties grown in the southeastern United States are unknown. Through insect surveys and a bagging experiment, we assessed the pollination requirements of two female kiwifruit cultivars (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. chinensis var. chinensis ‘AU Gulf Coast Gold’). For each, fruit quantity (fruit set) and fruit quality (weight, size, seed count, firmness, soluble solid content, and dry matter) were compared among three pollination treatments (wind, insect, and artificial pollination). Low abundances of insects were observed visiting female flowers of both kiwifruit cultivars, and therefore likely minimally influenced kiwifruit pollination. Artificial pollination resulted in the greatest percentages of fruit set and marketable fruits, followed by insect and wind pollination. Artificial pollination resulted in fruits that were greater in weight, size, and contained more seeds, than insect- and wind-pollinated fruits. Firmness and soluble solid content did not vary greatly between pollination treatments, yet were greater in ‘AU Golden Sunshine’. Dry matter content did not vary greatly between pollination treatments or between each cultivar. To maximize yields and optimize fruit quality, these results suggest that kiwifruit producers should place more effort into artificial pollination compared to wind and insect pollination. Future research should explore the use of managed bees (e.g., honey bees and bumble bees) within kiwifruit orchards to determine ways to utilize them as a secondary source for pollination needs.
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Chu, Yu-Chun, Tzong-Shyan Lin, and Jer-Chia Chang. "Pollen Effects on Fruit Set, Seed Weight, and Shriveling of ‘73-S-20’ Litchi- with Special Reference to Artificial Induction of Parthenocarpy." HortScience 50, no. 3 (March 2015): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.3.369.
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In this study, we documented whether pollen parents are required for fruiting and their effects on fruit set and seed characteristics in field-grown ‘73-S-20’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). The effects of preventing female (F) flower pollination to induce parthenocarpy, selfing, and outcrossing with ‘Haak Yip’ and open-pollinated (OP) fruits derived from F flowers and the second wave of the male (M2) flowers of ‘Haak Yip’ blooming in synchrony were assessed. The correlation between the percentage of fruit set and shriveled seed/seed weight in self-crossed and outcrossed fruits was calculated. At harvest, the absence of pollination induced a high proportion of parthenocarpic fruit without seed, although the fruit weighed only 4.2 g. Fruit set with outcrossing was greater than that with selfing and the percentage of shriveled seed obtained in self-crossed fruits was much greater than that in outcrossed fruits but not different from that in OP fruits, suggesting that outcrossing increased but selfing decreased the cluster yield and seed weight. However, 33.3% and 23.0% of seed contained embryos in selfed and OP fruits, respectively. No positive correlation between the percentage of fruit set and shriveled seed/seed weight was found, indicating that seed abortion during development was not the key factor leading to low yield. We concluded that tiny parthenocarpic fruit could be obtained but that pollination is essential for the good yield of ‘73-S-20’. Outcrossing markedly increased fruit set and seed weight and decreased the percentage of shriveled seed. Factors other than the pollen parents may be involved in the seed development of ‘73-S-20’.
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Piffanelli, Pietro, Alberto D. Vilarinhos, Jan Safar, Xavier Sabau, and Jaroslav Dolezel. "Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries of banana (Musa acuminataandMusa balbisiana)." Fruits 63, no. 6 (November 2008): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2008037.
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Gregório, Patrícia L. F., Josué Sant'Ana, Luiza R. Redaelli, and Thiago D. N. Idalgo. "The influence of prior experience with artificial fruits on the ovipositioning behavior of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 102, no. 2 (June 2012): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212012000200004.
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The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera, Tephritidae), is a leading pest of Brazilian fruit crops. This study evaluated how prior experience with artificial fruits containing peach and/or guabiroba pulp influenced the ovipositing behavior of A. fraterculus. Insects 15-21 days old were exposed to four treatments: 1) experience with guabiroba, Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg (Myrtaceae); 2) experience with peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Chimarrita cultivar; Rosaceae); 3) experience with both fruits; and 4) no experience (naive). Naive females and females experienced with guabiroba pulp and with both fruits (peach and guabiroba) oviposited and showed dragging and puncturing behavior on substrates containing guabiroba, but females that were only exposed to peach pulp did not show a preference for any substrate. The study shows that prior experience with substrate influences ovipositing behavior in A. fraterculus.
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Pedryc, A., J. Korbuly, and Z. Szabó. "ARTIFICIAL FROST TREATMENT METHODS OF STONE FRUITS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 488 (May 1999): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.488.60.
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Borković, Boško, Đorđe Malenčić, Dejan Prvulović, Biljana Kiprovski, Vera Stojšin, and Renata Iličić. "Screening for Polyphenol Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Sweet Cherry Fruits Infected with Monilinia Laxa." Contemporary Agriculture 66, no. 3-4 (December 20, 2017): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/contagri-2017-0018.
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SummaryMonilinia laxa Aderh. and Ruhl. is the predominant causal agent of brown rot disease of stone fruit orchards, especially sweet cherries. The objective of this study was to identify reaction in response of nine genotypes cherry, with different pomological properties, against brown rot. These genotypes were harvested at commercial maturity from orchard in the Fruit Research Institute in Rimski Šančevi. The studied genotypes showed significant differences in terms of the occurrence of disease on fruits, both under artificial inoculation and infection in the field. Given the fact that sweet cherry fruits are prone to infection by a number of pathogens in the field, biochemical parameters were analysed on artificially inoculated fruits. Biochemical analysis of fruits determined significant differences in contents of total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, as well as in antioxidant activity. It was genotype specificities and intensity of infection, as well as the interaction of the two that induced differences in the secondary biomolecules content and antioxidant activity. The majority of the genotypes examined showed high polyphenolics content, while under the infection, the content was significantly lower. Based on the results obtained, the secondary metabolites content can be used as one of the parameters for evaluating the resistance of sweet cherry genotypes to brown rot.
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Jiang, Yi-Lu, Tzong-Shyan Lin, Ching-Lung Lee, Chung-Ruey Yen, and Wen-Ju Yang. "Phenology, Canopy Composition, and Fruit Quality of Yellow Pitaya in Tropical Taiwan." HortScience 46, no. 11 (November 2011): 1497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.11.1497.
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Yellow pitaya, Selenicereus megalanthus (Schum. ex. Vaupel) Moran, is a potential new fruit in Taiwan. It sprouts mostly in winter and flowers in late spring and fall. In this study, an average of 60% shoots within canopies flowered. Shoots sprouted in the current winter flowered in fall and produced winter fruits, and shoots sprouted earlier than the current winter flowered in late spring and produced summer fruits. Floral buds on most shoots appeared at the distal end. The weight, pulp percentage, and total soluble solids of winter fruits were significantly higher than those of summer fruits. The number of black seeds was positively correlated with pulp weight (R2 = 0.87). The total soluble solids in the core region of winter fruits reached 22.7 °Brix, higher than that in other regions. Future efforts to improve yellow pitaya production in Taiwan include increasing winter fruit production by enhancing growth of the current year's new shoots through proper canopy management and increasing the size of summer fruit by artificial pollination, fruit thinning, and other means.
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Alves-Costa, Cecília P., and Ariadna Valentina Lopes. "Using Artificial Fruits to Evaluate Fruit Selection by Birds in the Field1." BIOTROPICA 33, no. 4 (2001): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0713:uaftef]2.0.co;2.
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Alves-Costa, Cecilia P., and Ariadna Valentina Lopes. "Using Artificial Fruits to Evaluate Fruit Selection by Birds in the Field1." Biotropica 33, no. 4 (December 2001): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00230.x.
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Bomfim, Jamille de Assis, Roberta Mariano Silva, Virgínia de Fernandes Souza, Edyla Ribeiro de Andrade, and Eliana Cazetta. "Effects of shade cocoa plantation on artificial fruit consumption by birds in two contrasting landscapes in Southern Bahia, Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 4 (June 4, 2013): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000369.
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Abstract:To investigate the influence of forests and agroforestry systems on fruit consumption by birds, we studied two landscapes, one covered predominantly with forests and the other dominated by traditional shade cocoa plantations. In each landscape, we sampled three forest fragments and three shade cocoa plantations. We placed 15 artificial fruits in 25, 1–2-m-tall shrubs spaced every 50 m and evaluated the detection and consumption of fruits after 72 h. We used hemispherical photographs positioned above each fruit station to evaluate canopy openness. We found a statistically significant difference in fruit consumption between landscapes, which means that more fruits were detected and consumed in the forest-dominated landscape. However, forests and shade cocoa plantations within each landscape exhibited similar fruit consumption. Canopy openness was similar between the landscapes, however, the cocoa plantations exhibited greater canopy openness than forests. The results of this study reinforce the importance of the presence of forests in the agricultural landscape. Thus, to evaluate the capacity of agroforest to protect species and maintain ecological interactions it is also necessary to consider the landscape context.
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Arruda, Rafael, Domingos J. Rodrigues, and Thiago J. Izzo. "Rapid assessment of fruit-color selection by birds using artificial fruits at local scale in Central Amazonia." Acta Amazonica 38, no. 2 (2008): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672008000200011.
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Modeling clays have been used in several ecological experiments and have proved to be an important tool to variables control. The objective of our study was to determine if fruit color in isolated and grouped displays influences the fruit selection by birds in the field using artificial fruits. Data were collected in six plots distributed homogeneously in 3 km long trails with a minimum distance of 0.5 km. We used a paired experimental design to establish our experiments, so that all treatments were available to the local bird community in each plot. Overall, red was more pecked than brown and white. Isolated red and brown displays were significantly more pecked than others display. Even though our study was conducted in small spatial scales, artificial fruits appeared to be efficient in register fruit consumption attempts by bird. Although inconclusive about selective forces that sharp the dynamics of fruit color polymorphisms and choice by frugivorous birds, our findings corroborate recent studies wherein birds showed preferences by high- over low-contrast fruit signals.
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Przybył, Krzysztof, Adamina Duda, Krzysztof Koszela, Jerzy Stangierski, Mariusz Polarczyk, and Łukasz Gierz. "Classification of Dried Strawberry by the Analysis of the Acoustic Sound with Artificial Neural Networks." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020499.
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In this paper, the authors used an acoustic wave acting as a disturbance (acoustic vibration), which travelled in all directions on the whole surface of a dried strawberry fruit in its specified area. The area of space in which the acoustic wave occurs is defined as the acoustic field. When the vibrating surface—for example, the surface of the belt—becomes the source, then one can observe the travelling of surface waves. For any shape of the surface of the dried strawberry fruit, the signal of travelling waves takes the form that is imposed by this irregular surface. The aim of this work was to research the effectiveness of recognizing the two trials in the process of convection drying on the basis of the acoustic signal backed up by neural networks. The input variables determined descriptors such as frequency (Hz) and the level of luminosity (dB). During the research, the degree of crispiness relative to the degree of maturity was compared. The results showed that the optimal neural model in respect of the lowest value of the root mean square turned out to be the Multi-Layer Perceptron network with the technique of dropping single fruits into water (data included in the learning data set Z2). The results confirm that the choice of method can have an influence on the effectives of recognizing dried strawberry fruits, and also this can be a basis for creating an effective and fast analysis tool which is capable of analyzing the degree of ripeness of fruits including their crispness in the industrial process of drying fruits.
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Abadie, Catherine, Marie-Françoise Zapater, Luc Pignolet, Jean Carlier, and Xavier Mourichon. "Artificial inoculation on plants and banana leaf pieces withMycosphaerellaspp., responsible for Sigatoka leaf spot diseases." Fruits 63, no. 5 (September 2008): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2008030.
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Torkashvand, Ali Mohammadi, Afsoon Ahmadipour, and Amin Mousavi Khaneghah. "Estimation of kiwifruit yield by leaf nutrients concentration and artificial neural network." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 3 (April 2020): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185962000043x.
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AbstractThere is a fundamental concern regarding the prediction of kiwifruit yield based on the concentration of nutrients in the leaf (2–3 months before fruits harvesting). For this purpose, the current study was designed to employ an artificial neural network (ANN) to evaluate the kiwi yield of Hayward cultivar. In this regard, 31 kiwi orchards (6–7 years old) in different parts of Rudsar, Guilan Province, Iran, with 101 plots (three trees in every plot) were selected. The complete leaves of branches with fruits were harvested, and the concentration of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium measured. After fruit harvesting in late November, the fruit yield of each plot was evaluated along with the fresh and dry weights of the fruit. The ANN analyses were carried out using a multi-layer perceptron with the Langburge-Marquardt training algorithm. Using calcium (Ca) as input data (Ca-model) was more accurate than using nitrogen (N-model). The maximum R2 and the lowest root mean square error was obtained when all nutrients and related ratios were considered as input variables. Since the difference between the proposed model and the model fitted by the calcium variable (Ca-model) was only about 6%, the Ca-model is recommended.
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Goyal, Sumit. "Artificial Neural Networks in Fruits: A Comprehensive Review." International Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing 6, no. 5 (April 8, 2014): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijigsp.2014.05.07.
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Santos, Carlos Antonio Fernandes, José Mauro da Cunha e. Castro, Flavio de França Souza, Aloísio Alcântara Vilarinho, Francisco Ricardo Ferreira, Juliano Gomes Pádua, Rita Mércia Estigarribia Borges, Rosa Lia Barbieri, Aparecida das Graças Claret de Souza, and Marciene Amorim Rodrigues. "Preliminary characterization of Psidium germplasm in different Brazilian ecogeographic regions." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 43, no. 3 (March 2008): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2008000300020.
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The objective of this work was to characterize 119 accessions of guava and 40 accessions of "araçá" sampled in 35 Brazilian ecoregions, according to the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) descriptors. The majority of "araçá" accessions presented wide spacing of leaf veins, while guava accessions presented medium to close spacing. Most fruits of "araçá" accessions were classified as small, contrasting with medium to large fruits of guava accessions. Most of "araçá" accessions (91%) presented white flesh fruit color, while 58% of guava accessions presented pale pink, pink and dark pink colors. Fruit differences among wild and cultivated Psidium species indicate fruit as the most altered trait under artificial selection.
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Lepczyk, Christopher A., K. Greg Murray, Kathy Winnett-Murray, Paul Bartell, Eric Geyer, and Timothy Work. "Seasonal Fruit Preferences for Lipids and Sugars by American Robins." Auk 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.3.709.
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AbstractFruit preference by birds is a complex process based upon the morphology and spatial arrangement of fruits and on the physiological needs and capabilities of birds. In North America, most fruits can be divided into two groups based on nutritional content: those rich in sugars relative to lipids, and those rich in lipids relative to sugars. To investigate how fruit preference may change seasonally and to determine if it is correlated with physiological state, we designed a simple laboratory experiment using American Robins (Turdus migratorius) and artificial fruits. During summer and autumn, we offered eight robins a choice between synthetic sugar-rich and lipid-rich fruits of equal caloric value and then measured food intake and assimilation efficiency for each fruit type. Overall, robins preferred sugar-rich to lipid-rich fruits during both seasons. Robins had a higher assimilation efficiency for sugars than for lipids during both seasons, although assimilation efficiency of lipids increased significantly from summer to autumn. During experiments, robins consumed significantly more sugar-rich than lipid-rich fruits in summer but not in autumn. Coupling fruit intake with assimilation efficiency indicates that in summer, robins had a higher rate of energy gain from sugars than from lipids, but by autumn the rate of energy gain from lipids increased to nearly the same level as that from sugars. Our results suggest that robins prefer sugar-rich fruits because of their simple and fast rate of digestion, enabling higher rates of energy gain, but that lipid-rich fruits become important with the onset of autumn.
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Oladele, Oluwole. "Histopathology of Colletotrichum sp. in infected mango (Magnifera indica L.) fruits." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 65, no. 4 (2020): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas2004351o.
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Postharvest losses as a result of anthracnose infection remain a serious threat to mango producers. Hence, histopathology of mango fruits after being artificially infected with spores of Colletotrichum sp. was investigated. Fruits at the physiologically mature stage were wounded (cut) in the peels and inoculated with a spore suspension of Colletotrichum sp. (8.04 ? 103 conidia m1-1) and incubated at 28?2?C for five days to allow pathogen establishment. The infected peel was then carefully cut with a razor blade and dehydrated in series in different grades (50, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) of ethyl alcohol for 1? hours each. Histopathological studies were carried out on the infected peel tissue excised from inoculated fruits using standard procedures while unwounded peels of fruits that were not artificially inoculated served as control. Sections were examined by light microscopy to observe histopathological differences between the infected and non-infected fruits. Results from this study revealed that only the wounded peel showed symptoms of anthracnose infection as a result of the artificial inoculation, but the unwounded peel showed no disease symptoms. This showed that the fungus infected the mango fruits through the peel wounds. Besides, the disorganization of the cells and the rupture of the cell walls were observed microscopically, thus indicating disease establishment in the infected fruits. Therefore, mango producers should avoid mechanical damage to fruits during harvesting since this work confirms that the fungus infects mango fruits through wounds.
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Dubey, Shiv Ram, and Anand Singh Jalal. "Application of Image Processing in Fruit and Vegetable Analysis: A Review." Journal of Intelligent Systems 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2014-0079.
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AbstractImages are an important source of data and information in the agricultural sciences. The use of image-processing techniques has outstanding implications for the analysis of agricultural operations. Fruit and vegetable classification is one of the major applications that can be utilized in supermarkets to automatically detect the kinds of fruits or vegetables purchased by customers and to determine the appropriate price for the produce. Training on-site is the underlying prerequisite for this type of arrangement, which is generally caused by the users having little or no expert knowledge. We explored various methods used in addressing fruit and vegetable classification and in recognizing fruit disease problems. We surveyed image-processing approaches used for fruit disease detection, segmentation and classification. We also compared the performance of state-of-the-art methods under two scenarios, i.e., fruit and vegetable classification and fruit disease classification. The methods surveyed in this paper are able to distinguish among different kinds of fruits and their diseases that are very alike in color and texture.
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Gagetti, B. L., A. J. Piratelli, and F. C. M. Piña-Rodrigues. "Fruit color preference by birds and applications to ecological restoration." Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, no. 4 (May 6, 2016): 955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.05115.
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Abstract Ecological restoration aims to retrieve not only the structure but also the functionality of ecosystems. Frugivorous birds may play an important role in this process due to their efficiency in seed dispersal. Color perception in these animals is highly developed, and then the colors of fleshy fruits may provide important clues for choosing plant species for restoration plans. This study aims to integrate bird color preferences and restoration of degraded areas, with an objective to evaluate the potential attractiveness to birds by colored fruits. We carried out an experiment with 384 artificial fruits made of edible modeling clay with the following colors: black, blue, green and red, with 96 fruits of each color in six sites, including four restored areas and two second-growth forest fragments. We also tested the possible effect of light intensity on fruit consumption by color. A total of 120 (38.6%) were assumed to be consumed by birds, and the fruit consumption varied in response to the location and light incidence. Consumption of black and blue fruits was not related to site by chance. Notwithstanding, red and black fruits were consumed significantly more than any other colors, emphasizing bird preference to these colors, regardless of location. Enrichment with shade tolerant shrubs or forest species with black or red fruits may be an alternative way to manage established restorations. In recently established or new restorations, one may introduce pioneer shrubs or short-lived forest species which have blue fruits, but also those having black or red ones.
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Sajjad, Asif, Waseem Akram, Sajjad Ali, Muhammad Aslam Farooqi, Ghulam Mujtaba, Mudssar Ali, and Ammad Ahmad. "Pollination of Grewia asiatica (Malvaceae) by Megachile cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Male vs. Female Pollination." Sociobiology 66, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i3.4345.
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Phalsa, Grewia asiatica is a multi-purpose crop while cross-pollination can significantly improve its reproductive success. Megachile bees (Megachilidae) are the most important group of pollinators of G. asiatica. In this study we observed the foraging behavior of Megachile cephalotes and its ultimate impact on reproductive success of phalsa at Bahawalpur (Punjab), Pakistan. Although visitation rate and stay time were statistically similar in both the sexes but visitation frequency (2.06±0.14 individuals/120 seconds) and pollen deposition (39.35±3.17 pollen grains /stigma/visit) of females were significantly higher than that of males (0.44±0.06 individuals/120 seconds and 12.05±1.19 pollen grains/stigma/visit, respectively). The environmental factors (i.e. ambient temperature, relative humidity, sunlight intensity and wind speed) greatly influenced -either positively or negatively- both the sexes (Pearson’s correlation). Female pollinated fruits were significantly greater in weight (0.41±0.017 g) followed by open (0.31±0.012 g) and male (0.27±0.011 g) pollinated fruits. Percent weight loss remained significantly lower in female pollinated fruits than open and male pollinated fruits until12 hours after harvest. Fruit wrinkling significantly increased with the increase in post-harvest intervals in open, female and male pollinated fruits while fruit color changed only in female pollinated fruits. The results of present study suggest female M. cephalotes as the efficient pollinators of G. asiatica in terms of it reproductive success and post-harvest parameters. Future studies should focus biology and ecology of M. cephalotes with special focus on its artificial nesting.
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Meng, Jiajia, Wenbo Guo, Zhihui Zhao, Zhiqi Zhang, Dongxia Nie, Emmanuel K. Tangni, and Zheng Han. "Production of Alternaria Toxins in Yellow Peach (Amygdalus persica) upon Artificial Inoculation with Alternaria alternate." Toxins 13, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090656.
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The yellow peach (Amygdalus persica), an important fruit in China, is highly susceptible to infection by Alternaria sp., leading to potential health risks and economic losses. In the current study, firstly, yellow peaches were artificially inoculated with Alternaria alternate. Then, the fruits were stored at 4 °C and 28 °C to simulate the current storage conditions that consumers use, and the Alternaria toxins (ATs) contents from different parts of the fruits were analyzed via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the growth of A. alternate and the ATs production were dramatically affected by the storage temperature. At 28 °C, the fungi grew rapidly and the lesion diameter reached about 4.0 cm within 15 days of inoculation, while, at 4 °C, the fungal growth was noticeably inhibited, with no significant change in the lesion diameter. To our surprise, high contents of ATs were produced under both storage conditions even though the fungal growth was suppressed. With an increase in the incubation time, the amounts of ATs showed a steady tendency to increase in most cases. Remarkably, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were detected in the rotten tissue and also in the surrounding tissue, while a large amount of TeA could also be found in the healthy tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the production of ATs by the infection of Alternaria sp. in yellow peach fruits via artificial inoculation under regulated conditions, and, based on the evidence herein, it is recommended that ATs be included in monitoring and control programs of yellow peach management and food safety administration.
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Li, Jufen, Tao Lin, Dandan Ren, Tan Wang, Ying Tang, Yiwen Wang, Ling Xu, Pinkuan Zhu, and Guobin Ma. "Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies Reveal Mechanisms of Effects of CPPU-Mediated Fruit-Setting on Attenuating Volatile Attributes of Melon Fruit." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11051007.
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N1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N3-phenylurea (CPPU), a synthetic cytokinin-active compound, is widely applied to induce parthenocarpic fruit set and enhance melon fruit enlargement (Cucumis melo L.). CPPU may also influence fruit quality; however, the mechanisms through which this occurs remain unknown. We investigated the differences in volatile emissions between parthenocarpic fruit set by CPPU (C) and seeded fruit set by artificial pollination (P). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that six volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the P-group fruits were not detected in C-group fruits. The relative abundances of another 14 VOCs emitted by the CPPU-treated fruits were less than those in the P-group fruits. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that a total of 1027, 994, and 743 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the C20 (treatment with 20 mg·L–1 CPPU) vs. P, P-C20 (pollination followed by 20 mg·L−1 CPPU treatment) vs. P, and P-C20 vs. C20 treatments, respectively. Compared with the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, the DEGs related to fatty acid degradation and metabolism, which contribute to volatile production, were enriched. In particular, DEGs such as carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD)-, lipoxygenase (LOX)-, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-, and alcohol acyltransferase (ATT)-related genes were closely related to the formation of volatiles. In summary, our study provides a metabolic and transcriptomic atlas, reveals the impact of CPPU on VOCs, and enhances our understanding of the mechanisms of CPPU that contribute towards generally reducing the quality of melon fruit.
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Silva, A., C. A. Baronio, E. C. W. Galzer, M. S. Garcia, and M. Botton. "Development and reprotuction of Spodoptera eridania on natural hosts and artificial diet." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 1 (January 2019): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.177219.
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Abstract The development and reproductive potential of Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) was compared on natural and artificial diets. Its biology was determined under laboratory conditions, providing an artificial diet, leaves of white clover and the peach cultivar 'Chimarrita' and fruits and leaves of the apple cultivar 'Gala'. Larvae of S. eridania could not complete their biological cycle when fed on apple fruits or peach leaves. The artificial diet provided the shortest development time, with a cycle of 28.5±0.14 days from egg to adult and 37.3% total viability. Apple leaves led to a longer development time from egg to adult (62.8±1.22 days) and lower total viability (23%) and white clover provided the highest total viability (54.3%). The results showed that S. eridania can use white clover and apple leaves to develop normally in apple orchards. The reduction of food sources such as white clover used by the larvae results in infestation and damage to fruits from “test bites”.
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Argiris, Georgette, Raffaella I. Rumiati, and Davide Crepaldi. "No fruits without color: Cross-modal priming and EEG reveal different roles for different features across semantic categories." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): e0234219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234219.
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Category-specific impairments witnessed in patients with semantic deficits have broadly dissociated into natural and artificial kinds. However, how the category of food (more specifically, fruits and vegetables) fits into this distinction has been difficult to interpret, given a pattern of deficit that has inconsistently mapped onto either kind, despite its intuitive membership to the natural domain. The present study explores the effects of a manipulation of a visual sensory (i.e., color) or functional (i.e., orientation) feature on the consequential semantic processing of fruits and vegetables (and tools, by comparison), first at the behavioral and then at the neural level. The categorization of natural (i.e., fruits/vegetables) and artificial (i.e., utensils) entities was investigated via cross–modal priming. Reaction time analysis indicated a reduction in priming for color-modified natural entities and orientation-modified artificial entities. Standard event-related potentials (ERP) analysis was performed, in addition to linear classification. For natural entities, a N400 effect at central channel sites was observed for the color-modified condition compared relative to normal and orientation conditions, with this difference confirmed by classification analysis. Conversely, there was no significant difference between conditions for the artificial category in either analysis. These findings provide strong evidence that color is an integral property to the categorization of fruits/vegetables, thus substantiating the claim that feature-based processing guides as a function of semantic category.
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Chen, Xiaoxi, Qing Chen, Yaxin Liu, Bin Liu, Xubo Zhao, and Xuchang Duan. "Microbial community composition during artificial frosting of dried persimmon fruits." LWT 148 (August 2021): 111694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111694.
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Morrow, C., P. Heinemann, H. Sommer, R. Crassweller, R. Cole, Y. Tao, Z. Varghese, and S. Deck. "AUTOMATED INSPECTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 712B—712. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.712b.
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Research is described on the development of an automated inspection system which uses digital images and artificial intelligence techniques. Procedures have been developed for evaluating size, shape, and color of apples, potatoes, and mushrooms. Current emphasis is being placed on developing algorithms for detection of surface defects. A major effort will also be expended toward the development of an overall “quality” score for automated inspection of fruit and vegetables. The automated results are compared with those obtained using conventional manual inspection methods. Apples, potatoes, and mushrooms are the primary crops being inspected although the algorithms and techniques are applicable to many different fruits and vegetables. Color and monochromatic image processing components in “MS-DOS” and “Macintosh” computers are being used in this study.
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Freyre, Rosanna, Amy C. Douglas, and Michael O. Dillon. "Artificial Hybridizations in Five Species of Chilean Nolana (Solanaceae)." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.532.
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Reciprocal crosses, both intraspecific and interspecific, were made among five Chilean species of Nolana (Solanaceae), a genus native to western South America. With the exception of N. paradoxa, plants of all species used were grown from mericarps collected from wild populations. Self-pollinations were generally not successful, suggesting obligate allogamy. A total of 333 hybridizations were performed, of which 109 were intraspecific and 224 interspecific. Successful intraspecific hybridizations, as measured by formation of fruits, were produced for N. acuminata (83%), N. elegans (94%), N. paradoxa (82%), and N. rupicola (100%), however viable hybrids were only obtained for N. paradoxa. Interspecific combinations resulted in over 80% fruit set, however, viable hybrid success ranged from only 1% to 5%. Crosses included N. elegans × N. paradoxa with 20 viable hybrids, N. paradoxa × N. elegans with two hybrids, N. paradoxa × N. rupicola with seven hybrids, and N. rupicola × N. paradoxa with five hybrids. Exceptions included crosses involving N. aplocaryoides, with up to 20% fruit set. Also, the combination N. paradoxa × N. aplocaryoides with five hybrids, had a 26% success. All interspecific hybrids obtained had N. paradoxa as one of the parents, which could be related to artificial selection for high germination frequency.
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Ntagkas, Nikolaos, Ernst Woltering, Sofoklis Bouras, Ric CH de Vos, J. Anja Dieleman, Celine CS Nicole, Caroline Labrie, and Leo FM Marcelis. "Light-Induced Vitamin C Accumulation in Tomato Fruits is Independent of Carbohydrate Availability." Plants 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8040086.
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L-ascorbate (ASC) is essential for human health. Therefore, there is interest in increasing the ASC content of crops like tomato. High irradiance induces accumulation of ASC in green tomato fruits. The D-mannose/L-galactose biosynthetic pathway accounts for the most ASC in plants. The myo-inositol and galacturonate pathways have been proposed to exist but never identified in plants. The D-mannose/L-galactose starts from D-glucose. In a series of experiments, we tested the hypothesis that ASC levels depend on soluble carbohydrate content when tomato fruits ripen under irradiances that stimulate ASC biosynthesis. We show that ASC levels considerably increased when fruits ripened under light, but carbohydrate levels did not show a parallel increase. When carbohydrate levels in fruits were altered by flower pruning, no effects on ASC levels were observed at harvest or after ripening under irradiances that induce ASC accumulation. Artificial feeding of trusses with sucrose increased carbohydrate levels, but did not affect the light-induced ASC levels. We conclude that light-induced accumulation of ASC is independent of the carbohydrate content in tomato fruits. In tomato fruit treated with light, the increase in ASC was preceded by a concomitant increase in myo-inositol.
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Chen, Yulin, Hailing Sun, Guofu Zhou, and Bao Peng. "Fruit Classification Model Based on Residual Filtering Network for Smart Community Robot." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (March 27, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5541665.
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With the rapid development of computer vision and robot technology, smart community robots based on artificial intelligence technology have been widely used in smart cities. Considering the process of feature extraction in fruit classification is very complicated. And manual feature extraction has low reliability and high randomness. Therefore, a method of residual filtering network (RFN) and support vector machine (SVM) for fruit classification is proposed in this paper. The classification of fruits includes two stages. In the first stage, RFN is used to extract features. The network consists of Gabor filter and residual block. In the second stage, SVM is used to classify fruit features extracted by RFN. In addition, a performance estimate for the training process carried out by the K -fold cross-validation method. The performance of this method is assessed with the accuracy, recall, F1 score, and precision. The accuracy of this method on the Fruits-360 dataset is 99.955%. The experimental results and comparative analyses with similar methods testify the efficacy of the proposed method over existing systems on fruit classification.
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Agosteo, G. E. "First Report of Septoria Spot on Bergamot." Plant Disease 86, no. 1 (January 2002): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.1.71b.
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More than 95% of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit) essence production utilized in the international perfume industry comes from the coastal growing area in the Province of Reggio di Calabria in the Calabria Region of southern Italy. Fruit and leaf spots were observed on bergamot cv. Fantastico in some orchards during February and March 2001. Symptoms affected ≈20% of the fruits and resembled those caused by Septoria citri Pass. on lemon in the nearby Sicily Region (2). Symptoms on fruits were characterized by reddish-brown pits, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, often in proximity, and extending no deeper than the flavedo; or characterized by larger confluent brown spots, sunken and extending into the albedo. Leaf symptoms occurred on both sides of the blade and were characterized by irregular brown spots surrounded by a yellow halo. Spherical, dark-walled pycnidia were observed on brown spots on fruits. Pycnidia contained hyaline, nonseptate, or 1 to 3 septate, cylindrical conidia, rounded at the apex, measuring 8 to 18 × 1.5 to 2.0 μm (8 to 29 × 1.5 to 2.0 μm in pure culture), differing from the tapered conidia of S. citri. The fungus was subsequently identified as S. limonum Pass., a species first described in the 19th century on lemon in unheated glasshouses in northern Italy and later reported from other countries (3). It is still an open question whether S. limonum is distinct from S. citri. Previously, in fact, different species of Septoria from citrus have been considered synonyms of S. citri on the basis of isozyme electrophoretic phenotype (1). The fungus was isolated on artificial media from infected leaf and fruit tissues (pits and larger spots). Brown spot symptoms were reproduced by artificial inoculation of detached bergamot fruits. A spore suspension (1 × 106 spores per ml) of the fungus was sprayed on fruit wounded by a needle (1 mm in diameter) to a depth of 2 mm and washed in sterile water. After inoculation, the fruits were incubated 10 days at 22°C and 100% relative humidity. The fungus was reisolated from inoculated tissues. The damage caused by this disease appears to be more important on bergamot than on other citrus fruits since it affects oil-bearing tissue and consequently the production of essential oil. References: (1) M. R. Bonde et al. Phytopathology 81:517, 1991. (2) S. Grasso and R. La Rosa. Riv. Patol. Veg. 19:15, 1983. (3) L. J. Klotz. Color Handbook of Citrus Diseases, 4th ed. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Berkeley, 1973.
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Hidayat, Yusup, Rindy Friesca Ferera, Ahmad Faiq Ramadhan, Wawan Kurniawan, Endah Yulia, and Siska Rasiska. "Combination of edible vegetable oil and artificial fruit to reduce Bactrocera dorsalis oviposition in chilli fruits." Journal of Applied Entomology 143, no. 1-2 (October 17, 2018): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jen.12575.
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Shakya, Dr Subarna. "Analysis of Artificial Intelligence based Image Classification Techniques." Journal of Innovative Image Processing 2, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2020.1.005.
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Time is an essential resource for everyone wants to save in their life. The development of technology inventions made this possible up to certain limit. Due to life style changes people are purchasing most of their needs on a single shop called super market. As the purchasing item numbers are huge, it consumes lot of time for billing process. The existing billing systems made with bar code reading were able to read the details of certain manufacturing items only. The vegetables and fruits are not coming with a bar code most of the time. Sometimes the seller has to weight the items for fixing barcode before the billing process or the biller has to type the item name manually for billing process. This makes the work double and consumes lot of time. The proposed artificial intelligence based image classification system identifies the vegetables and fruits by seeing through a camera for fast billing process. The proposed system is validated with its accuracy over the existing classifiers Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF) and Discriminant Analysis (DA).
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López-Aguilar, Kelvin, Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza, Susana González-Morales, Antonio Juárez-Maldonado, Pamela Chiñas-Sánchez, and Alvaro Morelos-Moreno. "Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Greenhouse Tomato Yield and Aerial Dry Matter." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040097.
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Non-linear systems, such as biological systems, can be simulated by artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. This research aims to use ANN to simulate the accumulated aerial dry matter (leaf, stem, and fruit) and fresh fruit yield of a tomato crop. Two feed-forward backpropagation ANNs, with three hidden layers, were trained and validated by the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for weights and bias adjusted. The input layer consisted of the leaf area, plant height, fruit number, dry matter of leaves, stems and fruits, and the growth degree-days at 136 days after transplanting (DAT); these were obtained from a tomato crop, a hybrid, EL CID F1, with indeterminate growth habits, grown with a mixture of peat moss and perlite 1:1 (v/v) (substrate) and calcareous soil (soil). Based on the experimentation of the ANNs with one, two and three hidden layers, with MSE values less than 1.55, 0.94 and 0.49, respectively, the ANN with three hidden layers was chosen. The 7-10-7-5-2 and 7-10-8-5-2 topologies showed the best performance for the substrate (R = 0.97, MSE = 0.107, error = 12.06%) and soil (R = 0.94, MSE = 0.049, error = 13.65%), respectively. These topologies correctly simulated the aerial dry matter and the fresh fruit yield of the studied tomato crop.
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Ochandio Fernández, Olguín Pinatti, Masot Peris, and Laguarda-Miró. "Freeze-Damage Detection in Lemons Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 4051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19184051.
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Lemon is the most sensitive citrus fruit to cold. Therefore, it is of capital importance to detect and avoid temperatures that could damage the fruit both when it is still in the tree and in its subsequent commercialization. In order to rapidly identify frost damage in this fruit, a system based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique (EIS) was used. This system consists of a signal generator device associated with a personal computer (PC) to control the system and a double-needle stainless steel electrode. Tests with a set of fruits both natural and subsequently frozen-thawed allowed us to differentiate the behavior of the impedance value depending on whether the sample had been previously frozen or not by means of a single principal components analysis (PCA) and a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to generate a prediction model able to identify the damaged fruits just 24 hours after the cold phenomenon occurred, with sufficient robustness and reliability (CCR = 100%).
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Pramesti, Dias Idha. "IDENTIFIKASI FENOMENA SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY PADA Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L." Jurnal Biosilampari : Jurnal Biologi 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31540/biosilampari.v3i2.1270.
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Hybridization is one way to produce Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. which have various shape and colour of flowers. However, this is hampered by the possibility of self-incompatibility in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. To identify self-incompatibility in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. the simplest methods are used by observing the morphology and anatomy of fruit development, followed by a descriptive analysis of the data that has been obtained. The analysis results on crossing artificial pollination to 103 flowers of single pink Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. show that the fruits survive until day 7 after pollination. Furthermore, the data show that there is no fruit, seed, and embryo development. Indeed the fruit turns yellow and finally shed. But the self artificial pollination shows that 35 seeds develop from 96 pollinations. The longer seed, which 13 days after pollination, grew up. The globular embryo could find on 3 DAP (day after pollination) fruit set, and the 9 DAP fruit set shows the development of heart shape. The result suggests that the phenomenon of self-incompatibility on Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. predicts as postzygotic self-incompatibility.
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Pavlyuk, Raisa, Viktoriya Pogarska, Vadym Pavlyuk, Aleksey Pogarskiy, Iuliia Kakadii, Tetyana Stukonozhenko, and Oleksandr Telenkov. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF HEALTHY ICE-CREAM-SORBET OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES WITH A RECORD BAS CONTENT." EUREKA: Life Sciences 6 (November 30, 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2018.00805.
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The aim of the work is to develop a new type of producing healthy fruit-vegetable ice-cream-sorbet with the record BAS content using fresh vegetables and fruits as raw materials (especially, berries: blackberry, cherry, apricots, sea buckthorn, fruits – apples, lemons with zest, vegetables – spinach, olives, pumpkin) and innovative technological methods, such as cryogenic “shock freezing” and low temperature comminution. There was offered and developed a new way of preparing healthy fruit-vegetable ice-cream-sorbet, based on using cryogenic “shock” freezing and fine-dyspersated comminution of vegetables and fruits as an innovative method of structure creation and getting sorbets with the record BAS content. The complex effect of these methods results in activation and extraction of hidden BAS from fruits and vegetables in the free form, and also in pectin transformation from the inactive form into the active one. A peculiarity of producing sorbets is the use of only natural ingredients (fruits, berries, vegetables) and also the absence of artificial food supplements (stabilizers, stiffeners, emulsifiers, synthetic coloring agents and so on). The new method allows to preserve vitamins and other BAS of initial raw materials completely in sorbets. At the same time it gives a possibility to extract from raw materials hidden inactive BAS forms, bound in nanocomplexes with biopolymers and mineral substances, into the free, easily-assimilated nanoform. The mass share of BAS in sorbets is 2,5…3,5 times more that in fresh fruits and vegetables that is controlled by standard chemical methods. At the same time the new method allows to extract and transform into the soluble form pectin substances that are in fruits and vegetables in the inactive hidden form more completely (by 70 %). The mass share of soluble pectin in sorbets is 3,0…5,0 times more than in fresh raw materials. The following fruits and vegetables were chosen at preparing sorbets: apples, blackberry, cherry, apricots, sea buckthorn, pumpkin, spinach, olives, lemon with zest. They are known for their treating-prophylactic properties and first of all favor strengthening of the human organism’s immunity. The recipes of healthy sorbets were developed – 3 types of fruit-vegetable ice-cream with chlorophyll-containing, carotene-containing and anthocyan-containing fruits and vegetables. Natural fruit-vegetable raw materials at preparing ice-cream-sorbets act as five in one: a source of BAS, stiffeners, structure-creators, coloring agents and aromatizers. New types of sorbets are in the nanosize form and exceed analogues by BAS. Technological regimes of producing ice-cream-sorbets are developed at the stand semi-industrial equipment.
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Tsahar, Ella, Jacob Friedman, and Ido Izhaki. "Secondary Metabolite Emodin Increases Food Assimilation Efficiency of Yellow-Vented Bulbuls (Pycnonotus Xanthopygos)." Auk 120, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.2.411.
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Abstract We studied the effect of the secondary metabolite emodin on food intake, food assimilation mass coefficient (AMC), feeding bout rate, and defecation rate in a frugivorous bird, the Yellow-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos). Emodin is found in the ripe fruits of Mediterranean buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus), which is commonly eaten by P. xanthopygos. Emodin (0.005 and 0.01% wet mass) increased dry matter AMC by 8–10% after isolating the effect of food intake. At a concentration of 0.001%, emodin increased the AMC of nitrogen, fat, and organic remains (mainly carbohydrates and proteins). Apart from emodin, fruits of R. alaternus contain a variety of secondary metabolites that may interact with each other and influence bird digestion. Artificial food laced with crude Rhamnus fruit extract increased food intake and dry matter AMC. Emodin (0.01% wet mass) increased the average time between defecations, but did not affect the time interval between feeding bouts nor the average amount consumed per feeding bout. We speculate that emodin increases food retention time. Longer retention time may explain the observed increase in AMC. Our results suggest that sometimes secondary metabolites in ripe fruit may not be detrimental to frugivores and the presence of emodin in the pulp of ripe buckthorn fruits might be selectively adaptive to the plant.
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Priya, Punna Sai, Naga Jyoshna, Sireesha Amaraneni, and Jagannadha Swamy. "Real time fruits quality detection with the help of artificial intelligence." Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020): 4900–4906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.445.
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Fiona, Mrs Rex, Shreya Thomas, Isabel J. Maria, and B. Hannah. "Identification Of Ripe And Unripe Citrus Fruits Using Artificial Neural Network." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1362 (November 2019): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1362/1/012033.
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Bhole, Varsha, and Arun Kumar. "A Transfer Learning-based Approach to Predict the Shelf life of Fruit." Inteligencia Artificial 24, no. 67 (April 21, 2021): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol24iss67pp102-120.
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Shelf-life prediction for fruits based on the visual inspection and with RGB imaging through external features becomes more pervasive in agriculture and food business. In the proposed architecture, to enhance the accuracy with low computational costs we focus on two challenging tasks of shelf life (remaining useful life) prediction: 1) detecting the intrinsic features like internal defects, bruises, texture, and color of the fruits; and 2) classification of fruits according to their remaining useful life. To accomplish these tasks, we use the thermal imaging technique as a baseline which is used as non-destructive approach to find the intrinsic values of fruits in terms of temperature parameter. Further to improve the classification tasks, we combine it with a transfer learning approach to forecast the shelf life of fruits. For this study, we have chosen „Kesar? (Mangifera Indica Linn cv. Kesar) mangoes and for the purpose of classification, our designed dataset images are categorized into 19 classes viz. RUL-1 (Remaining Useful Life-1) to RUL-18 (Remaining Useful Life-18) and No-Life as after harvesting, the storage span of „Kesar? is near about 19 days. A comparative analysis using SqueezeNet, ShuffleNet, and MobileNetv2 (which are prominent CNN based lightweight models) has been performed in this study. The empirical results show a highest achievable accuracy of 98.15±0.44% with an almost a double speedup in training the entire process by using thermal images.
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Kaczmarski, Mikołaj, Piotr Tryjanowski, and Anna Maria Kubicka. "Urban plums and toads: do fleshy fruits affect the post-metamorphic growth of amphibians?" PeerJ 7 (January 30, 2019): e6337. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6337.
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Background The main aim of the study was to analyse the influence of fleshy fruits (plums) on the post-metamorphic growth and feeding behaviour of the green toad Bufotes viridis. We tested the following two hypotheses: (1) juveniles of the green toad are characterised by faster growth in conditions involving fallen plums Prunus cerasifera due to the associated presence of more varied food such as invertebrates; (2) green toads exhibit more active feeding behaviour in the presence of fleshy fruits. Methods A total of 120 fresh metamorphs of the green toad were randomly assigned to one of four groups: two experimental groups with fleshy plums and two other groups as controls (without fruits). Each group was kept in an enclosure to which wild invertebrates had free access. Each individual toad was measured for snout-vent length (mm) and body mass (g) every other day for 30 days. In order to determine whether fallen plums influence the feeding behaviour of toads, the number of active and hidden (under an artificial shelter) individuals was also noted. Results The results showed that green toads from both enclosures with plums were characterised by more rapid growth than individuals from the control treatments. Simultaneously, in the enclosure with fleshy fruits, greater species richness of wild invertebrates was observed. No differences in active feeding behaviour were noted between control groups and groups with plums. Discussion Fleshy fruits, upon falling, attract many types of invertebrates; thus they may represent good dietary supplements for fresh amphibian metamorphs. Therefore, the presence of fruit trees close to a breeding site might influences the post-metamorphic growth of amphibians, but not their feeding behaviour. The presence of insects associated with fallen fruit seems to favour the occurrence of amphibian populations, which is particularly important, since, due to political and social pressure, numbers of fruit trees are currently being reduced. To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the potential influence of the presence of fruit trees on the growth and behaviour of anurans.
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Kahn, B., J. A. Silander Jr., H. L. Reynolds, and M. L. Cain. "Genetic variability and tradeoffs among reproductive traits in white clover (Trifolium repens)." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-051.
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There is much spatial and temporal variation for reproductive output in white clover (Trifolium repens L.), yet little is known about the control of this variation or whether there exist tradeoffs among components of seed yield. To examine these issues, seed yield components and vegetative biomass were measured on replicates of seven white clover genotypes planted in a common garden plot. Significant genetic differences among clones were found for biomass and for five of seven reproductive characters, including number of inflorescences, number of florets per inflorescence, number of fruits per infructescence, number of (late-maturing) seed per fruit, and seed weight in early-maturing fruits. Thus, there is considerable potential for natural or artificial selection to act on vegetative and reproductive characters in white clover. In addition to these genetic effects, we observed temporal variation for number of florets per inflorescence, number of fruits per infructescence, and seed weight in late-maturing fruits. Finally, analyses of phenotypic, genetic, and microenvironmental correlation coefficients revealed few pairs of traits with significant negative correlations. This suggests that few tradeoffs in resource allocation patterns existed for the phenotypic characters examined. Key words: Trifolium repens, genetic variation, seed yield components, tradeoffs, phenotypic correlation, genetic correlation.
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Batista, Luana Nóbrega, Edivaldo Josué De Lima, Rayana Soares Ferreira, João Ferreira Neto, Dalany Menezes Oliveira, and Antonio Roberto Giriboni Monteiro. "Adição de polpa de maracujá na elaboração de balas comestíveis." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 37 (December 21, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n37p27-33.
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<em>Industries are technologically perfecting their products by adding new components, in order to meet the demands of consumers. The extraction of pulp from several tropical fruits for manufacture of bullets has been widely used, due to its nutritional and functional value. The aim this study was to develop an edible candy with the addition of passion fruit pulp adding nutritional value from natural ingredients. In order to carry out this study, fruits were purchased in the city of Sousa-PB, then sent to fruit processing sector located at IFPB Campus-Sousa, where the weighing process, sanitization in sodium hypochlorite solution was carried out 100ppm for 15 minutes, then the fruits were cut in half. The extraction was done manually, sieved for aryl separation. Soon after they were packed in plastic bags and sealed, a part sent to physicalchemical and microbiological analyzes and another frozen part to be used in elaboration of bullet. In process of bullet preparation (56.25%) of sucrose, (37.5%) glucose syrup and 6.25% of the passion fruit pulp were used. Microbiological and physical-chemical analyzes (moisture, ash, pH, acidity in citric acid, protein, soluble solids, flavonoids) were performed in the pulp and afterwards, hygroscopicity and color were only performed on bullet. According to results obtained, pulp and passion fruit bullet presented physical-chemical and microbiological results as established by legislation. The addition of concentrated passion fruit pulp extract may be an alternative, making a differentiated product with higher added value nutritionally, offering consumers health benefits without addition of dyes and artificial preservatives. </em>
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Kevan, Peter G., John D. Ambrose, and James R. Kemp. "Pollination in an understorey vine, Smilax rotundifolia, a threatened plant of the Carolinian forests in Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 11 (November 1, 1991): 2555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-318.
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Round-leaved greenbrier, Smilax rotundifolia L. (Liliaceae), is an insect-pollinated, dioecious, understorey vine. Its pollen is linked by viscin threads, effectively preventing wind dispersal. In most sites populations are not sexually reproductive, being unisexual, but do not spread vegetatively. Where both sexes occur, fruits and seeds are produced naturally. Artificial cross-pollinations can enhance the level of fruit and seed set. Understanding the biology of this threatened species is important for habitat management and conservation. Key words: dioecy, greenbrier, viscin, floral form, conservation, pollination.
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Piper, Jon K. "Effects of habitat and size of fruit display on removal of Smilacina stellata (Liliaceae) fruits." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1050–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-143.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of habitat and infructescence size on fruit removal by birds and grazing mammals from artificial infructescences of Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. were examined. The study site, a coniferous forest in the Blue Mountains of eastern Washington, differed from sites previously examined for bird – fruit interactions in North America in that autumnal censuses for 3 years indicated numbers of avian frugivores were lower. Removal of fruits from infructescences in light gaps was consistently faster than was removal from infructescences placed along forest edge or beneath dense canopy. Larger fruit displays influenced removal along forest edge only. The greatest percentage seed loss to grazing mammals occurred generally in the largest fruit displays and in those infructescences under a closed canopy. The results suggest that levels of seed dispersal and seed predation in understory plants differ in light gaps, forest edges, and habitats beneath forest canopy.
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Wang, Ruirui, Wei Shi, and Pinliang Dong. "Mapping Dragon Fruit Croplands from Space Using Remote Sensing of Artificial Light at Night." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 4139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244139.
Full textAbstract:
The nighttime light (NTL) on the surface of Earth is an important indicator for the human transformation of the world. NTL remotely sensed data have been widely used in urban development, population estimation, economic activity, resource development and other fields. With the increasing use of artificial lighting technology in agriculture, it has become possible to use NTL remote sensing data for monitoring agricultural activities. In this study, National Polar Partnership (NPP)-Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) NTL remote sensing data were used to observe the seasonal variation of artificial lighting in dragon fruit cropland in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam. Compared with the statistics of planted area, area having products and production of dragon fruit by district in the Statistical Yearbook of Binh Thuan Province 2018, values of the mean and standard deviation of NTL brightness have significant positive correlations with the statistical data. The results suggest that the NTL remotely sensed data could be used to reveal some agricultural productive activities such as dragon fruits production accurately by monitoring the seasonal artificial lighting. This research demonstrates the application potential of NTL remotely sensed data in agriculture.
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Velizhanov, Nizami Meylanovich. "The degree of dominance and heterosic effect in tomato hybrids on the main economic features." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 10 (October 27, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i10pp14-18.
Full textAbstract:
In Dagestan, like many southern subjects of the country, the environment of vegetable crops tomato is the most common crop. The basis for getting high tomato yields are heterosic hybrids. The research work was carried out during 2018-2019. on the experimental field of the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the Republic of Dagestan. The object of the study in 2018 were hybrids of tomato of the first generation of recyproccal interbreeding. In 2019, direct and reverse artificial crossings involved 11 pairs of initial forms of early-ripe and medium-ripened groups with higher productivity. Reciprocal hybrids with the participation of the variety Local in pair L 23/12, L 17/03, 23/04 and Spartacus on the grounds of "the number of fruit branches and the number of fruits" was high and, although the parents had the same indicators on these grounds (the number of fruit-bearing branches in the variety Local - 4.2 pieces, L 23/12 - 4.2 pieces, L 23/04 - 4.4 pieces and Spartacus - 4.0). In reverse combinations, heterosis was manifested, but the effect was lower compared to the indicators in direct combinations. The reciprocal hybrids of the pair of Varieties Spartacus and Local had a high heterosic effect in the reverse combination, when The Local acted as a maternal form (the degree of heterosis by the number of fruit-bearing branches 121% instead of 17% and the number of fruits on the first brush 124% instead of 22% in the direct combination of Spartacus x Local).Four reciprocal hybrid combinations with positive overdominance have been revealed. The degree of dominance in the "number of fruits on the first brush" ranged from - 0.4 to 104. The results of the study of the dominance and heterosis effect of the "number of fruits on the plant" indicate the high sectional value of the reciprocal hybrids studied.