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Academic literature on the topic 'Artificial satellites in navigation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Artificial satellites in navigation"

1

Yifei, Xie. "Research on the development of artificial satellites." Theoretical and Natural Science 30, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/30/20241136.

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This paper aims to systematically explore the development history, current situation, and future trends of artificial satellites, and to comprehensively analyze the important role of artificial satellites in national science and technology, national defense, and economic construction. Firstly, the paper outlines the extensive applications of artificial satellites as an important component of modern aerospace technology in fields such as communication, navigation, meteorology, and earth observation, as well as their significant importance for national security and economic development. Secondly, this paper adopts the research methods of literature review and case analysis to systematically study the latest progress and achievements in artificial satellite technology in various countries around the world and deeply analyzes the key technological breakthroughs and current development status of China in remote sensing, navigation, communication and other fields. Finally, through an in-depth analysis of the development trends and challenges faced by artificial satellite technology, combined with the current development status of Chinas aerospace industry, strategies and suggestions for the future development of artificial satellite technology in China are proposed. This study can provide theoretical support for the research and application of artificial satellite technology in China, and help promote the sustained and healthy development of Chinas aerospace industry.

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Myszona-Kostrzewa, Katarzyna. "SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY MALFUNCTIONING OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS." Studia Iuridica, no. 97 (September 20, 2023): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2023-97.3.

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International liability is one of the most difficult legal issues related to satellite navigation applications. The 1972 Liability Convention provides that a launching State shall be absolutely liable to pay compensation for damage caused by its space objects on the surface of the Earth or to aircraft flight, and liable for damage due to its fault in space. The legal situation of artificial satellites, including navigation satellites, is determined by their assignment to space objects. Unfortunately, the term “space object” is also not specifically defined in international space law. The main purpose of this article is to determine whether damage caused by satellite navigation systems can be covered by the Liability Convention, whether the Convention refers only to direct physical damage resulting from the fall or collision of space objects or whether it also encompasses damage resulting from the malfunctioning of a navigation space object and intangible electromagnetic waves. It seems that the present regulations of the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention do not apply to satellite navigation and do not cover the damage caused by navigation’s intangible signals. Unfortunately, it is rather clear that the international community is unlikely to adopt uniform rules on liability for satellite navigation signals in the near future. However, the United Nations and its Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space remain to be the best platform to work on establishing the principles governing the issue of liability for damage caused by malfunctioning of satellite navigation systems and their signals.

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Zhang, Pengfei. "Research on satellite selection algorithm in ship positioning based on both geometry and geometric dilution of precision contribution." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 172988141983024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419830246.

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With the networking of four Global Navigation Satellite Systems, the combination of multi-constellation applications has become an inevitable trend, and there will be more and more visible satellites that can be participated in ship positioning. However, the computational complexity increases sharply, which greatly improves the load capacity of the receiver’s data processor and reduces the output frequency of the positioning result. To achieve the balance between positioning accuracy and computational complexity, a new fast satellite selection algorithm based on both of geometry and geometric dilution of precision contribution is proposed. Firstly, this article analyzes the geometry characteristics of the least visible satellites has minimum geometric dilution of precision that meet the positioning requirements and makes clear the layout of their elevation angles and azimuth angles. In addition, it derives the relationship of geometric dilution of precision and the visible satellites layout and gets geometric dilution of precision contribution of each satellite. Finally, based on the observation data of JFNG tracking station of the Multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Experiment trial network, the positioning error and the elapsed time of GPS/Beidou Satellite Navigation System and GPS/Beidou Satellite Navigation System/Russian Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLOANSS) are compared. Simulation results show that the algorithm solves the problem that there are a lot of matrix multiplications and matrix inversions in the traditional satellite selection algorithm, and the new algorithm can reduce computational complexity and increase receiver processing speed.

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Krzykowska, Karolina, and Michał Krzykowski. "Forecasting Parameters of Satellite Navigation Signal through Artificial Neural Networks for the Purpose of Civil Aviation." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019 (April 30, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7632958.

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Navigation is a key element influencing fluent, rapid, and safe transport of people and goods. During the last years, special attention was paid to satellite navigation, which is a part of radionavigation where positioning is done thanks to artificial satellites. Issues of application and development of satellite navigation systems in civil aviation are the subject of numerous research and scientific studies in the world. The quality of satellite signal determined by parameters such as accuracy, continuity, availability, and integrity determines possibility of its operational use. Particular attention of scientific research is therefore devoted to the requirements and limitations imposed on satellite systems prior to their implementation in aviation. This extremely important aspect justified undertaking of the aforementioned problem in this article. The paper attempts to answer the question on how to facilitate selection of navigation techniques for the aircraft operator, taking into account factors determining the accuracy, continuity, availability, and integrity of the satellite signal. As a result, the purpose of the work was defined as development of a method for forecasting the values of satellite navigation signal parameters used in air transport by artificial neural networks, taking into account selected atmospheric conditions. Results included in the work indicate further directions of satellite navigation system development. Due to authors’ opinion, the researches should focus especially on the analysis of real-time satellite signal parameter performance or creating applications for UAVs automatically deciding about used techniques of navigation.

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Maciuk, Kamil. "DOP coefficients in GNSS observations." Budownictwo i Architektura 14, no. 1 (March 10, 2015): 065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1668.

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Integrated GNSS (GPS+GLONASS) satellite measurements carry a number of benefits. The main advantages are especially possibilities of conducting measurements in areas where use of a single satellite system was not impossible so far. In this paper number of visible satellites and DOP coefficients values in terms artificial horizon obstacles were analysed. Paper also discusses benefits of including additional observations from other navigation satellite systems.

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6

Neiman, Yu M., and L. S. Sugaipova. "GNSS orbit approximation by means of artificial neural networks." Geodesy and Cartography 1007, no. 5 (June 20, 2024): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2024-1007-5-11-23.

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The possibilities of using artificial neural networks (ANN) to approximate and extrapolate the orbits of GNSS satellites (global navigation satellite systems) are explored. Numerical experiments are performed using radial basis function networks (RBFN), as they are trained quickly enough and convenient for working with a small amount of data. The results show that RBFN successfully handle both interpolation and short-term satellite orbit prediction (extrapolation) and have notable advantages over traditionally used polynomial methods both in terms of accuracy achieved, and the speed of calculations. In particular, it is possible to use a single neural network to interpolate (extrapolate) all components of the location, while the standard approach requires a separate polynomial for each satellite coordinate

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7

Grace Mercy, M., A. Kamala Kumari, A. Bhujangarao, and V. Nooka Raju. "Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm GPS Clustering Approach." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2040, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2040/1/012011.

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Abstract The geometry of the GPS satellite recipient (s), which reflects the recipient (s) of the satellites, has a major influence on the total positioning precision. The more precise the position, the stronger the geometry of the satellite. This article provides the geometry of satellite clustering for the selection of suitable satellite navigation subsets. This technique is based on the GDOP (Geometric Precision Dilution) satellite factor cluster with the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm that has been created by simulating real and artificial ways to locate the quickest route between nesting resources and food. Pheromones are utilised in the suggested technique to assess the iterative outcome of single colonies. The ACO method can measure all subsets of satellites while reducing computer load by eliminating the need for a matrix inversion. Based on the simulation results, the GPS GDOP clustering technique is more efficient at achieving its optimum value.

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Sibilev, Vadim A., Sergey V. Kozik, and Gleb O. Alcybeev. "TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTING MEANS FOR CELESTIAL NAVIGATION." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, no. 4 (September 13, 2022): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-4-535-545.

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The basis for ensuring the navigational safety of a ship is knowing the coordinates of its location at a given point in time. In modern conditions, the coordinates of the ship position in most cases are obtained using the global navigation satellite systems. However, there is a problem when using these systems, namely, failures in receiving navigation information from satellites. The causes of failures are interference to the radio signal of both natural origin and artificial (destructive) origin, caused by the interference of radio suppression equipment. A solution to the problem of detection of destructive interference in the radio channel of the satellite-receiver by using navigation on celestial bodies is proposed. The possibility of using navigation on celestial bodies in modern conditions implies efforts to improve this method and includes a set of measures. Among the set of measures, two directions are distinguished. The first direction is the improvement of the means for measuring the navigation parameters. The second direction is the improvement of the computing tools necessary for calculating the coordinates of the ship position, as well as solving navigational problems of ensuring navigation safety, namely, determining instrument corrections, providing time service on the ship, determining illumination and selection of luminaries for observation. The second direction of improving the navigation of the celestial bodies, namely, the identification of the trend in the development of computing means of navigation on the celestial bodies is considered in the paper. As a result of the work, the general trend of the global market which can be used to judge the growth and popularization of the maritime industry, is presented; the uneven development of the functionality of the presented programs is revealed; the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon are described. As confirmation of the growing relevance, reports of the international analytical organizations indicating the growth of the marine radio electronics market by 8.1 % per year until 2025 are cited.

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Romashkina, Nataliya. "US Satellites during the Crisis: Outer Space Cyber Threats." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 17, no. 1 (2024): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2024.104.

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Against the background of significant dynamic changes in the use of outer space by mankind, the transformation of outer space into a sphere of military confrontation becomes not a danger of the distant future, but a real urgent threat. Important characteristics of the current stage are the ubiquity and significant growth in the number of artificial Earth satellites, which solve more and more research and applied tasks, as well as the steady increase in the importance of applied satellites used for military purposes. The most important role among them is played by communication satellites, navigation, remote sensing of the Earth (remote sensing), as well as satellites of the Early warning system. In the course of military operations, artificial Earth satellites serve to ensure combat operations and the combat use of various means of armed struggle. The United States has the largest satellite grouping. The analysis presented in the article of the capabilities of modern US artificial satellite systems, as well as their destructive use during a military conflict, allows us to conclude that the risk of threats to international security is increasing. In addition, the facts of the destabilizing use of artificial satellites by the United States of America and other NATO countries to achieve their military and political goals increase the likelihood of an escalation of the conflict and are associated at the current stage with threats to Russia and strategic stability. Against the background of other urgent challenges and threats, this poses a number of global problems posed in this study as acutely as possible. The article presents the characteristics of the current stage of space use; the possibilities of the US ISP during the crisis, which serve to provide various means of armed struggle, are identified; the problems of using the US ISP in the current situation are posed. Proposals have been developed to minimize threats and reduce the likelihood of escalation of the conflict.

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Kamiński, K., C. Weber, A. Marciniak, M. Żołnowski, and M. Gędek. "Reaching Submillisecond Accuracy in Stellar Occultations and Artificial Satellite Tracking." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 135, no. 1044 (February 1, 2023): 025001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/acacc8.

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Abstract In recent years, there appeared a need for astronomical observations timed with submillisecond accuracy. These include, e.g., timing stellar occultations by small, subkilometer, or fast near-Earth asteroids and tracking artificial satellites in low-Earth orbit using optical sensors. Precise astrometry of fast-moving satellites and accurate timing of stellar occultations have parallel needs, requiring a reliable time source and good knowledge of camera delays. Thus, there is a need for an external device that would enable equipment and camera testing to check if they reach the required accuracy in time. We designed, constructed, and thoroughly tested a New EXposure Timing Analyser (NEXTA), a Global Navigation Satellite System–based precise timer allowing us to reach an accuracy of 0.1 ms, which is an order of magnitude better than in previously available tools. The device is a simple strip of blinking diodes to be imaged with a camera and compare the imaged time with the internal camera time stamp. Our tests spanned a range of scientific cameras widely used for stellar occultations and ground-based satellite tracking. The results revealed high reliability of both NEXTA and most of the tested cameras but also pointed out that practically all cameras had internal time biases of various levels. NEXTA can serve the community, being easily reproducible with inexpensive components. We provide all the necessary schemes and usage instructions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Artificial satellites in navigation"

1

Andrade, Alessandra Arrojado Lisbôa de. "Navigating into the new millennium : the global navigation satellite system regulatory framework." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64258.pdf.

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Lakshmanan, Prem Kumar. "A near optimum strategy for semipassive attitude control of large communications satellites." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25107.

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Effectiveness of solar radiation pressure in the three-axis attitude control of present day and next generation of large communications satellites is investigated. A simple two-flap configuration is used with optimization of the direction of the applied control moment rather than the magnitude of the weak solar radiation pressure. Simulations were carried out in the presence of varying orbital eccentricity and inclination, solar aspect angle and controller dynamics parameters. Time histories of librational response against orbital position are presented for controlled and uncontrolled conditions. The results suggest the semipassive controller to be quite effective over a wide range of system parameters and it can meet the exacting pointing accuracy demanded by large communications satellites.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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3

Tetewsky, Avram Ross Jeff Soltz Arnold Vaughn Norman Anszperger Jan O'Brien Chris Graham Dave Craig Doug Lozow Jeff. "Making sense of inter-signal corrections : accounting for GPS satellite calibration parameters in legacy and modernized ionosphere correction algorithms /." [Eugene, Ore. : Gibbons Media & Research], 2009. http://www.insidegnss.com/auto/julyaug09-tetewsky-final.pdf.

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"Author biographies are available in the expanded on-line version of this article [http://www.insidegnss.com/auto/julyaug09-tetewsky-final.pdf]"
"July/August 2009." Web site title: Making Sense of GPS Inter-Signal Corrections : Satellite Calibration Parameters in Legacy and Modernized Ionosphere Correction Algorithms.

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Jaugey, Delphine. "The use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for air navigation purposes : benefits, vulnerabilities of the systems and legal issues." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99141.

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The existing air navigation services have many shortcomings and a reform was necessary. The new systems (CNS/ATM systems) will be largely dependent on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) which can bring significant benefits to air navigation in terms of safety, efficiency, capacity, and economy. However, GNSS have weaknesses which can be reduced but will never be fully eliminated. Depending solely on a system that can be disrupted is not acceptable for safety of life applications, such as aviation. The implementation of GNSS also raises unique legal issues and ICAO has been working on the establishment of a legal framework for GNSS since 1992. Nevertheless, disagreement between states on the need for an international convention remains significant. Legal discussions should not slow down the implementation of GNSS which, when used in conjunction with terrestrial navigation aids, have the potential to revolutionize air navigation.

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5

Tabatabaei, Balaei Asghar Surveying &amp Spatial Information Systems Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Detection, characterization and mitigation of interference in receivers for global navigation satellite systems." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40545.

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GPS has become very popular in recent years. It is used in wide range of applications including aircraft navigation, search and rescue, space borne attitude and position determination and cellular network synchronization. Each application places demands on GPS for various levels of accuracy, integrity, system availability and continuity of service. Radio frequency interference (RFI) which results from many sources such as TV/FM harmonics, radar or mobile satellite systems, presents a challenge to the use of GPS. It can affect all the service performance indices mentioned above. To improve the accuracy of GPS positioning, a continuously operating reference station (CORS) network can be used. A CORS network provides all the enabled GPS users in an area with corrections to the fundamental measurements, producing more precise positioning. A threat to these networks is a threat to all high-accuracy GPS users. It is therefore necessary to monitor the quality of the received signal with the objective of promptly detecting the presence of RFI and providing a timely warning of the degradation of system accuracy, thereby boosting the integrity of GPS. This research was focused on four main tasks: a) Detection. The focus here is on a power spectral density fluctuation detection technique, in which statistical inference is used to detect narrowband continuous-wave (CW) interference in the GPS signal band after being captured by the RF front-end. An optimal detector algorithm is proposed. At this optimal point, for a fixed Detection Threshold (DT), probability of false alarm becomes minimal and for a fixed probability of false alarm, we can achieve the minimum value for the detection threshold. Experiments show that at this point we have the minimum computational load. This theoretical result is supported by real experiments. Finally this algorithm is employed to detect a real GPS interference signal generated by a TV transmitter in Sydney. b) Characterization. In the characterization section, using the GNSS signal structure and the baseband signal processing inside the GNSS receiver, a closed formula is derived for the received signal quality in terms of effective carrier to noise ratio ( ). This formula is tested and proved by calculating the C/No using the I and Q data from a software GPS receiver. For pulsed CW, a similar analysis is done to characterize the effect of parameters such as pulse repetition period (PRP) and also duty cycle on the received signal quality. Considering this characterization and the commonality between the GPS C/A code and Galileo signal as a basis to build up a common term for satellite availability, the probability of satellite availability in the presence of CW interference is defined and for the two currently available satellite navigation systems (GPS L1 signal and Galileo signal (GIOVE-A BOC(1, 1) in the E1/L1 band)) it is shown that they can be considered as alternatives to each other in the presence of different RFI frequencies as their availability in the presence of CW RFI is different in terms of RFI frequency. c) Mitigation. The last section of the research presents a new concept of ?Satellite Exclusion Zone?. In this technique, using our previously developed characterization techniques, and considering the fact that RFI has different effects on different satellite signals at different times depending on satellite Doppler frequency, the idea of excluding the most vulnerable satellite signal from positioning calculations is proposed. Using real data and real interference, the effectiveness of this technique is proven and its performance analyzed. d) Hardware implementation. The above detection technique is implemented using the UNSW FPGA receiver board called NAMURU.

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Ely, William Stewart Surveying &amp Spatial Information Systems Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Gras development, approval and implementation in Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24225.

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This Thesis covers the development of an alternative Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) augmentation technology that has become known as the Ground-based Regional Augmentation System (GRAS). GNSS augmentation technologies in support of aviation have largely been developed by countries with large economies such as the USA and members of the European Union. These technologies have focussed on solutions to the specific problems of the host nations, based on the demographics, political and economic factors relevant to them. Outside these countries, the role of GNSS augmentation has largely been ignored, specifically when considering wide area augmentation utilising Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS). SBAS technologies are expensive, and cannot be justified for nations like Australia with a relatively small number of aircraft, operated in a focussed geographic area. Utilising SBAS services provided by another country introduces cultural, legal and institutional issues that are not always easily addressed. GRAS was derived to provide a cost-effective wide area augmentation capability to nations that lacked the economic ability to field SBAS technologies. This work covers the evolution of the GRAS concept, the construction and testing of the GRAS test bed and its associated test avionics, as well as the development of standards needed to support GRAS as an internationally accepted aviation standard. The major outcome from this work was the confirmation that GRAS could meet the Required Navigation Performance (RNP) standards for Approaches with Vertical Guidance Level 2 (APV-II) as well as all less demanding modes of flight. Results from numerous ground and flight tests conducted under this research program have been reviewed by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) GNSS Panel (GNSSP), and been instrumental in the development and validation of Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) which promulgate how ICAO standardised systems should perform. The final component of this work describes the project management and technology approval processes needed to get an internationally standardised system into operational use, and the particular problems that a small country like Australia has in progressing these tasks on the World stage.

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Andries, Stephanie. "The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and the European Galileo program /." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30283.

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The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the main element of the CNS/ATM system elaborated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
The US GPS and Russian GLONASS are the two existing systems. Both of them were created by the military.
Europe is currently developing a civil navigation satellite system: Galileo.
This thesis will present some legal issues of the GNSS discussed in the framework of ICAO: sovereignty of States, universal accessibility, continuity and quality of the service, cost recovery and financing, certification and liability.
It will also present some legal issues due to the creation of the European Galileo program. The financing, organizational framework, certification and liability will be examined. Finally, ICAO's Charter on the Rights and Obligations of States Relating to GNSS Services will be considered.

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Bensoussan, Denis. "GNSS and Galileo Liability Aspects." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=93845.

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In the next coming years global satellite navigation systems (GNSS) will make part of our daily life, as the world is becoming "GNSS-dependant in the same way that it has become Internet-dependant". Indeed, more than ten years folowing the opening up to civilians of satellite-based navigation systems initially designed for military purposes, civil satellite navigation applications are becoming more and more numerous. The potential benefits have proven enormous in terms of transport safety and efficiency as well as for non-transport-related industries.
Dans les toutes prochaines années, les systèmes globaux de navigation par satellite (GNSS) feront partie intégrante de notre vie quotidienne. En effet, un peu plus de dix ans après la libéralisation de l'accès des civils aux systèmes de navigation par satellite initialement conçus à des fins militaires, les applications civiles permises par la navigation par satellite sont de plus en plus nombreuses et les bénéfices potentiels sont énormes en matière de sécurité et d'efficacité des transports comme pour d'autres secteurs et industries. fr

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Mukka, Nagaraju. "Simulink Based Modeling of a Multi Global Navigation Satellite System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955011/.

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The objective of this thesis is to design a model for a multi global navigation satellite system using Simulink. It explains a design procedure which includes the models for transmitter and receiver for two different navigation systems. To overcome the problem, where less number of satellites are visible to determine location degrades the performance of any positioning system significantly, this research has done to make use of multi GNSS satellite signals in one navigation receiver.

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Hörl, Kay-Uwe. "Legal aspects of risks involved in commercial space activities." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19485.

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Deregulation, globalization, and commercialization are drastically changing the space industry. But commercial space activities entail considerable risks. This thesis is primarily an analysis of the risks that private entities in the space industry need to manage in order to be commercially successful. Due to the trend towards a buyer's market, satellite manufacturers increasingly have been forced to accept risks that do not fall within their traditional core business. Consequently, manufacturing companies become risk managers for a variety of legal space risks. Therefore, the legal framework for the commercial management of legal risks is analyzed and solutions to identified problems are offered. This thesis studies trends in contemporary risk management practices in the private sector, which is dominated by market forces. It is argued that risk management of legal issues should form an integral part of overall space project management, the rationale being that losses in any phase of space activities, while certain to occur, are uncertain in time and scale. This thesis, therefore, scrutinizes legal risk management throughout the life cycle of space projects. Few space applications have become commercially viable. Today, satellite navigation provided by the U.S. GPS is widely used, especially because it is free of direct charges. In Europe, a competing system, Galileo, is being developed. It will provide users with different service levels, ranging from free services to more reliable and accurate navigation services. As this system has both, public and commercial benefits, the industry is expected to participate in a Public Private Partnership for the Galileo satellite constellation. This thesis makes specific proposals to manage the legal risks of the Galileo project. At the same time, the allocation of legal space risks between the various parties is studied. The thesis of the author is that the management process, which is used to control technical space risks, can provide satellite manufacturers with a supportive analogy for dealing with legal space risks. Risks will be studied for all project phases of Galileo, i.e., the feasibility study, the establishment of specifications, development, manufacturing, the launch, operations, replenishment, and the final disposition of satellites.

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Books on the topic "Artificial satellites in navigation"

1

Muriel, Simon, Wilson A. 1956-, European Space Agency, and European Commission, eds. Galileo: The European programme for global navigation services. 2nd ed. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 2005.

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Agency, European Space, Galileo Joint Undertaking, and European Commission. Directorate-General for Energy and Transport. Unit E.4 Satellite Navigation System (Galileo), Intelligent Transport, eds. Galileo: The European programme for global navigation services. Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division, 2002.

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European "International Space Year" Conference (1992 Munich, Germany). Navigation & mobile communications image processing, GIS & space-assisted mapping. Paris, France: European Space Agency, 1992.

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François, Barlier, ed. Galileo: Un enjeu stratégique, scientifique et technique. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.

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François, Barlier, ed. Galileo: Un enjeu stratégique, scientifique et technique. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.

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Mireille, Couston, Ravillon Laurence, and Université de Bourgogne. Centre de recherche sur le droit des marchés et des investissements internationaux, eds. Galileo: Chronique d'une politique spatiale européenne annoncée. Paris: Litec, 2009.

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European "International Space Year" Conference (1992 Munich). Navigation & mobile communications image processing, GIS & space-assisted mapping. Paris, France: European Space Agency, 1992.

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Andrade, Alessandra A. L. The global navigation satellite system: Navigating into the new millennium. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.

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European "International Space Year" Conference (1992 Munich). Remote sensing for environmental monitoring and resource management: European "International Space Year" Conference, Munich, Germany, 30 March-4 April 1992. Paris, France: European Space Agency, 1992.

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Blair, S. Birth of the European satellite navigation constellation: Galileo In-Orbit Validation. [Noordwijk, The Netherlands]: [ESA Scientific & Technical Publications Branch], 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Artificial satellites in navigation"

1

Li, Jing, Hong-jun Hu, Pei-jun Yu, and Jun Zhu. "Analysis of Requirement and Constrained Model of Inter-Satellite-Link TT&C Scheduling Problem on Navigation Constellation." In Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence, 160–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33478-8_21.

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Hebbar, Anish Arvind, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs, and Serdar Yildiz. "Vessel Traffic Management in the Era of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships and Digitalization: Experiences in European Waters." In Area-Based Management of Shipping, 185–205. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60053-1_8.

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AbstractThe safety of navigation in approaches to harbours and along coasts has been a concern since the beginning of maritime trade approximately 2000 years ago. The ways and means for facilitating the safety and efficiency of maritime navigation have undergone a remarkable transformation from lighthouses, first established in 300–280 BC in Alexandria, Egypt, combined with the use of flag signals by ships to announce their arrival when approaching a harbour, through the use of radars for electronic monitoring combined with radio communications by ships, to the use of satellite-based automatic identification systems combined with automated digital information exchange between maritime autonomous surface ships and geographically distant shore control centres.This chapter examines vessel traffic management from an interwoven, regulatory, and technological perspective. It attempts to trace the evolution of international and European Union regulatory and organizational frameworks in response to the emerging needs of navigational safety and efficiency. In this context, essential technical jargon as key to an understanding of the topic of vessel traffic management is unpacked. Relevant work of the International Maritime Organization, International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities, European Commission, and European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) is discussed. The transformative role of the European Maritime Single Window environment stands out while traversing the contribution of technological advancements in the maritime domain leading to the development of vessel traffic management system architecture and capabilities. Digitalization and automation in maritime infrastructure are explored for their influence and significance of contribution to navigational safety. The ensuing discussion highlights the role of maritime single windows and the EMSA’s SafeSeaNet as key pillars for enhanced situational awareness in European waters together with the cutting-edge approach of sea traffic management. The chapter concludes with a fascinating outlook on the vessel traffic management system of the future in the emerging context of the fourth industrial revolution driven by artificial intelligence, machine learning, and maritime autonomous surface ships.

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Chen, Lingling, Zhimei Yang, and Wenwen Zhao. "Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Planning of Navigation Satellite in Orbit Reconstruction Tasks." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 212–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90196-7_19.

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Jacewicz, Mariusz, and Robert Głębocki. "Navigation for Satellites." In Challenges in Automation, Robotics and Measurement Techniques, 647–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29357-8_56.

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Lin, Su, and Zhao Ying. "Fault Diagnosis of Navigation Satellite Attitude Control System Based on Data-Driven Combined with Artificial Intelligence." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 123–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29193-7_11.

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Miles, Howard. "Artificial Satellites." In The Observational Amateur Astronomer, 253–69. London: Springer London, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0389-9_17.

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Bertotti, Bruno, Paolo Farinella, and David Vokrouhlický. "Artificial Satellites." In Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 587–620. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0233-2_18.

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Bertotti, Bruno, and Paolo Farinella. "Artificial Satellites." In Physics of the Earth and the Solar System, 391–417. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1916-7_18.

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Hartl, Philipp. "High Precision Navigation with Satellites." In High Precision Navigation, 3–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74585-0_1.

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Beutler, Gerhard. "Artificial Earth Satellites." In Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, 123–210. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26512-0_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Artificial satellites in navigation"

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Degnan, John J. "An Introduction to Subcentimeter Satellite Laser Ranging: Hardware and Applications." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1998.tut4.

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Satellite laser ranging (SLR) to an artificial satellite equipped with a passive retroreflector array was first demonstrated by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 1964. Over the past three decades, the range precision has improved by roughly three orders of magnitude - from a few meters to a few millimeters - and over 50 satellites have been tracked by laser. Today, an international network of over 40 stations routinely track a constellation of over 20 artificial satellites and the Moon in support of a wide range of applications. Science applications include a a geocentric global reference frame accurate to a centimeter, the monitoring of tectonic plate motion, regional crustal deformation near plate boundaries, the static and time varying components of the Earth’s gravity field, motion of the Earth’s spin axis, variations in the Earth rotation rate (Length of Day), surface topography (oceans, land, and ice), monitoring of large mass movements within the atmosphere and oceans and providing constraints to global circulation models, lunar physics, general relativity, and the measurement of fundamental physical constants. Engineering applications include precise orbit prediction, the measurement of nonconservative forces in space, subnanosecond global time transfer between atomic clocks and the calibration and testing of groundbased microwave radars as well as new spacebased navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS).

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Zyśk, Krystian, Michał Hałoń, Kacper Kaczmarek, Marcin Kasprzyk, Piotr Rodo, Olgierd Skromak, and Mateusz Sochacki. "Generation of Artificial Infrared Camera Images for Visual Navigation Simulation." In ESA 12th International Conference on Guidance Navigation and Control and 9th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques. ESA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa-gnc-icatt-2023-091.

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Visual navigation is a cornerstone of many modern navigation systems, from computer mice sensors through cars, guided missiles, spacecraft proximity operations and landers. Since 2017 the Students’ Space Association at Warsaw University of Technology has been developing the FOK rocket - a guidance, navigation and control research and development platform. The rocket is aerodynamically controlled using canards and is capable of reaching an apogee of about 1700 metres, a speed of Mach 0.6. It is fully reusable thanks to a parachute recovery system. Currently, the team is developing a vision-based navigation system composed of visible-light and infrared seekers. The goal of the mission is to guide the rocket towards ground-based visible or infrared markers. As part of the project, the team works on software-in-the-loop testing of developed GNC algorithms. The tests are conducted within the SKA RFS software - an in-house developed tool for simulating a variety of sounding rockets. It is a 6DOF flight simulation tool able to simulate multi-staged rockets, equipped with multiple engines, multiple parachutes, and aerodynamic control systems. It also allows conducting simulations of a stream from the rocket-mounted camera. As the next iteration of the FOK project aims to use an infrared camera, the team faced the challenge of simulating infrared camera images within the RFS software to test the developed vision navigation algorithms. This paper will present techniques for generating artificial infrared images for visual navigation simulation. Artificial images will be generated based on source images taken in the visible-light spectrum. Two methods for artificial image generation will be investigated: the first using a simple correlation between the visible and infrared images and the second utilising neural networks. The correlation method compares a set of reference infrared and visible-light spectrum images of the same scene to determine a correlation between red, green and blue channels and an infrared channel. Several correlation functions are used: simple linear correlation between single visible and infrared pixel intensities and linear correlations of pixel grids of various sizes. The correlation functions will be determined using the least square method. The neural network method will use a generative adversarial network (GAN) to generate artificial infrared images based on provided visible spectrum images. The same set of source materials will be used for training as in the correlation method. Two sets of training images are considered: images acquired using an integrated infrared-visible spectrum camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and additionally images from Earth observation satellites (namely the data from the European Copernicus system). Images from the integrated infrared-visible camera will be acquired over relevant scenes - fields, forests, heath - landscapes usually encountered during the prospective flight of the FOK rocket. The paper will conclude with a detailed comparison of the developed methods both in terms of quantitative metrics describing the similarity of artificially generated images and original infrared images, speed of execution and required memory, as well as in terms of subjective perception of the generated images. Examples of generated artificial imagery will be presented based on simulated FOK rocket flights as well as recording from relevant drone flight.

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Afonso, Bruno Klaus de Aquino, Willian Dihanster Gomes de Oliveira, Jéssica Domingues Lamosa, and Lilian Berton. "Position Estimation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contested Environments using Dense Matching Networks." In Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2023.234283.

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This paper presents an approach to predicting the trajectory and the position of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in contested global navigation satellite system (GNSS) environments. Our approach utilizes dense matching networks to analyze and predict patterns in UAV movement and then effectively recovers temporal trajectory information and accurately predicts UAV position changes using images and altitude data. This problem was part of the KDDBR 2022 Kaggle Competition, where we obtained a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.29603, which made it the runner-up solution. This could have significant implications for the future of UAV navigation, potentially leading to safer and more efficient operations in various applications.

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Zuo, Shenzheng, Yibo Guo, Yan Wang, Renjie Cai, Enrui Hu, and Lingzhi Liu. "Predicting Atmospheric Humidity Using Artificial Neural Networks and BeiDou Satellite Navigation Data." In 2022 2nd International Signal Processing, Communications and Engineering Management Conference (ISPCEM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispcem57418.2022.00013.

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Cetin, Omer, and Guray Yilmaz. "Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles: Artificial potential field based autonomous guidance & navigation for a planar constellation of satellites." In 2015 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rast.2015.7208321.

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Liu, Zhi. "Optimization for Satellite Navigation System Level Parameter Modelling Based on Artificial Neural Network." In 2021 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Image Processing, Electronics and Computers (IPEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipec51340.2021.9421088.

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Xia, Jiechen, Yansong Wang, and Yibing Li. "A Navigation Satellite Selection Method Based on Tabu Search Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm." In 2020 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Technology (ICEICT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceict51264.2020.9334301.

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Koganti, Preethi, Kalyana Srinivas K, Anudeep P, Sravanth Kumar R, P. Kishore, and S. Rajendra Prasad. "Satellite based Road Tagger GPS Radio-Navigation system with Integration of Artificial Intelligence." In 2021 4th International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation & Power Engineering (RDCAPE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rdcape52977.2021.9633626.

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Li, Ruini, Yuanhua Liu, and Xinliang Niu. "Research on pointing alignment system based on satellite navigation difference positioning." In AIPR 2023: 2023 6th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3641584.3641757.

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Navarro, Vicente, and Javier Ventura-Traveset. "A DATA-INTENSIVE APPROACH TO EXPLOIT NEW GNSS SCIENCE OPPORTUNITIES." In 3rd Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2021.2021.12740.

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With the current GNSS infrastructure development plans, over 120 GNSS satellites (including European Galileo satellites)will provide, already this decade, continuous data, in several frequencies, without interruption and on a permanent basis.This global and permanent GNSS infrastructure constitutes a major opportunity for GNSS science applications. In themeantime, recent advances in technology have contributed "de-facto" to the deployment of a large GNSS receiver arraybased on Internet of Things (IoT), affordable smart devices easy to find in everybody’s pockets. These devices – evolvingfast at each new generation – feature an increasing number of capabilities and sensors able to collect a variety ofmeasurements, improving GNSS performance. Among these capabilities, Galileo dual band smartphones receivers andAndroid’s support for raw GNSS data recording represent major steps forward for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)data processing improvements. Information gathering from these devices, commonly referred as crowdsourcing, opensthe door to new data-intensive analysis techniques in many science domains. At this point, collaboration between variousresearch groups is essential to harness the potential hidden behind the large volumes of data generated by thiscyberinfrastructure. Cloud Computing technologies extend traditional computational boundaries, enabling execution ofprocessing components close to the data. This paradigm shift offers seamless execution of interactive algorithms andanalytics, skipping lengthy downloads and setups. The resulting scenario, defined by a GNSS Big Data repository with colocatedprocessing capabilities, sets an excellent basis for the application of Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (ML)technologies in the context of GNSS. This unique opportunity for science has been recognized by the European SpaceAgency (ESA) with the creation of the Navigation Scientific Office, which leverages on GNSS infrastructure to deliverinnovative solutions across multiple scientific domains.

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Reports on the topic "Artificial satellites in navigation"

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Hwang, Tim, and Emily Weinstein. Decoupling in Strategic Technologies: From Satellites to Artificial Intelligence. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200085.

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Geopolitical tensions between the United States and China have sparked an ongoing dialogue in Washington about the phenomenon of “decoupling”—the use of public policy tools to separate the multifaceted economic ties that connect the two powers. This issue brief provides a historical lens on the efficacy of one specific aspect of this broader decoupling phenomenon: using export controls and related trade policies to prevent a rival from acquiring the equipment and know-how to catch up to the United States in cutting-edge, strategically important technologies.

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Lane, M. T. On Analytic Modeling of Lunar Perturbations of Artificial Satellites of the Earth. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada210440.

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Eberle, Caitlyn, and Zita Sebesvari. Technical Report: Space debris. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/yiku7602.

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At present, there are approximately 8,300 satellites actively orbiting the Earth, gathering and distributing vital data for space science, Earth observation, meteorology, disaster early warning systems, telecommunication, and navigation. Satellites make our lives safer, more convenient and connected, and represent critical infrastructure that is now essential for a functioning society. However, as the number of satellites increases, so does the problem of space debris, posing a threat to both functioning satellites and the future of our orbit. This technical background report for the 2023 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the space debris risk tipping point our world is facing through an analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.

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Temple, Dorota S., Jason S. Polly, Meghan Hegarty-Craver, James I. Rineer, Daniel Lapidus, Kemen Austin, Katherine P. Woodward, and Robert H. Beach III. The View From Above: Satellites Inform Decision-Making for Food Security. RTI Press, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.rb.0021.1908.

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Despite notable progress in reducing global poverty and hunger in recent decades, about one out of nine people in the world suffers from hunger and malnutrition. Stakeholders charged with making decisions pertaining to agricultural production, development priorities, and policies at a region-to-country scale require quantitative and up-to-date information on the types of crops being cultivated, the acreage under cultivation, and crop yields. However, many low- and middle-income countries lack the infrastructure and resources for frequent and extensive agricultural field surveys to obtain this information. Technology supports a change of paradigm. Traditional methods of obtaining agricultural information through field surveys are increasingly being augmented by images of the Earth acquired through sensors placed on satellites. The continued improvement in the resolution of satellite images, the establishment of open-access infrastructure for processing of the images, and the recent revolutionary progress in artificial intelligence make it feasible to obtain the information at low cost and in near-to-real time. In this brief, we discuss the use of satellite images to provide information about agricultural production in low-income countries, and we comment on research challenges and opportunities. We highlight the near-term potential of the methodology in the context of Rwanda, a country in sub-Saharan Africa whose government has recognized early the value of information technology in its strategic planning for food security and sustainability.

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Portela, Clara, and Raúl González Muñoz. The EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence: Towards Strategic Autonomy? Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lhsq8207.

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Satellite navigation, communications and imagery are critical to military doctrine. They provide the capability and functionalities required to operate increasingly complex military assets with unprecedented precision. On account of their growing importance, there is a need for EU member states to develop their own satellite infrastructure, and to ensure control over and superiority in the space landscape in which satellites operate in order to protect their security. This paper analyses the EU Space Strategy, which is the first of its kind, identifying its strengths and areas where there is room for improvement, as well as the challenges facing the project to establish a common European space defence policy, in terms of both institutional and industrial collaboration.

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Miller, Kyle, and Andrew Lohn. Onboard AI: Constraints and Limitations. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/2022ca008.

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Artificial intelligence that makes news headlines, such as ChatGPT, typically runs in well-maintained data centers with an abundant supply of compute and power. However, these resources are more limited on many systems in the real world, such as drones, satellites, or ground vehicles. As a result, the AI that can run onboard these devices will often be inferior to state of the art models. That can affect their usability and the need for additional safeguards in high-risk contexts. This issue brief contextualizes these challenges and provides policymakers with recommendations on how to engage with these technologies.

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Habib, Ayman, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin, Raja Manish, and Radhika Ravi. Field Test Bed for Evaluating Embedded Vehicle Sensors with Indiana Companies. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317385.

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With the advent of modern sensing technology, mapping products have begun to achieve an unprecedented precision of measurement. Considering their diverse use cases, several factors play a role in what would make the resulting measurements accurate. For light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and photogrammetry-based mapping solutions that implement vehicles outfitted with laser ranging devices, RGB cameras, and global navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system (GNSS/INS) georeferencing units, the quality of the derived mapping products is governed by the combined accuracy of the various sensors. While ranging errors associated with LiDAR systems or the imaging quality of RGB cameras are sensor-dependent and are mostly constant, the accuracy of a georeferencing unit depends on a variety of extrinsic factors, including but not limited to, availability of clear line-of-path to GNSS satellites and presence of radio interferences. The quality of the GNSS signal, in turn, is affected by the grade of hardware components used and, to a great extent, obstructions to signal reception. This document reports some of the major challenges of vehicle-based mobile mapping with regards to GNSS/INS navigation. The background of GNSS/INS positioning is discussed to build a framework for trajectory enhancement as well as improvement of LiDAR mapping products. The focus is put on using available sensor data from LiDAR and/or cameras to enhance their position/orientation quality. Some best practices in light of potential trajectory deterioration are also recommended.

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Deschamps, Henschel, and Robert. PR-420-123712-R01 Lateral Ground Movement Detection Capabilities Derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010831.

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The objective of this research was to quantify long-term ground deformation at the Belridge Oil Field, in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California using operational Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) monitoring techniques. A high spatial and temporal resolution, millimeter-precision time-series of ground deformation measurements was produced for the entire oil field from 2000 to 2012 using imagery from multiple satellites and beam modes. Trihedral Corner Reflectors (CRs) with co-located Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) units were used to validate the wide-area measurements along a section of Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) Line 7056. The GNSS measurements were also used to validate the precision of the InSAR measurements, and to determine what component of the overall motion was lateral motion. Deformation profiles over Lines 1203 were analyzed to identify periods of rapid deformation related to known pipeline incidents. Finally, we also investigated the use Multiple Aperture Interferometry (MAI) for measuring horizontal motion in the alongtrack (north-south) direction. The result is a detailed, seamless, long-term, validated time-series of ground change observations that could prove useful for further analysis of reservoir changes. Combined with injection and production data, the results may be used to extend an understanding of the geomechanics of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) fields. This work reinforces the operational capability of InSAR for monitoring both EOR reservoir dynamics and deformation over buried pipelines.

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Reine, Kevin. A literature review of beach nourishment impacts on marine turtles. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43829.

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This Technical Report was developed by the U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Environmental Laboratory (ERDC-EL), to summarize the known impacts to nesting sea turtles along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts resulting from beach nourishment. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is responsible for maintaining the nation’s infrastructure to include ports and harbors through dredging of Federal navigation channels as well as shoreline stabilization. Shoreline stabilization through beach nourishment activities can provide opportunities for reductions in storm surge, flood control, and provide opportunities for residential growth, recreational activities, and coastal habitat restoration (Guilfoyle et al. 2019). Beach nourishment is an effective method for protection and enhancement of coastal development projects but may have detrimental impacts on marine life (e.g., nesting sea turtles and shorebirds). The objective of this Technical Report is to examine all elements of the beach nourishment process to include, active beach construction, entrainment of marine turtles in hopper dredges, beach protection and hard structures, beach profile features, compaction and shear resistance, artificial lighting, marine turtle nest relocation, and nesting habitat factors. Recommendations for mitigating and minimizing these impacts are provided.

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Khan, Samir. Redefining Space Commerce: The Move Toward Servitization. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2024002.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">“New Space" is reshaping the economic landscape of the space industry and has far-reaching implications for technological innovation, business models, and market dynamics. This change, aligned with the digitalization in the world economy, has given rise to innovations in the downstream space segment. This “servitization” of the space industry, essentially, has led to the transition from selling products like satellites or spacecraft, to selling the services these products provide. This also connects to applications of various technologies, like cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and virtualization.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Redefining Space Commerce: The Move Toward Servitization</b> discusses the advantages of this shift (e.g., cost reduction, increased access to space for smaller organizations and countries), as well as the challenges, such as maintaining safety and security, establishing standardization and regulation, and managing risks. The implications of this may be far-reaching, affecting not only the space industry but also related fields, such as defense, telecommunications, and activity monitoring. This report also explores the transformative changes happening in the space sector and their impact on economic evaluation and space policy.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>

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