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Journal articles on the topic 'Artificial turf'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Pine, Devera. "Artificial vs Natural Turf." Physician and Sportsmedicine 19, no. 8 (August 1991): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1991.11702235.

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2

Nunome, Hiroyuki, Koichiro Inoue, Kevin Ball, Shinya Sano, and Yasuo Ikegami. "High Load Stress-Strain Property of Natural Turf for Professional Use, Various Types of Natural, Hybrid and Artificial Turfs in Football." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049142.

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High load quasi stress-strain (qSS) properties of professionally maintained natural turf (N-pro) was compared with eight natural, hybrid or artificial turfs: one professionally maintained natural turf in a sub field and one grown in a test field without maintenance, two hybrid turfs (one in the sub field and one grown in the test field without maintenance), three new artificial turfs (sand, rubber and sand/rubber infill) and one aged artificial turf (eight years old with sand/rubber infill). N-pro was characterized with a distinctive magnitude of plastic deformation and hysteresis profile, indicating its more energy absorbable properties compared to the artificial turfs. Apparent differences exist between N-pro and other natural turfs, suggesting factors such as daily maintenance work and sod compositions are very influential. Clear differences were also observed when the hybrid turf was professionally maintained. The aged artificial turf becomes substantially stiffer indicating usage over years affects the stiffness.
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Nunome, Hiroyuki, Koichiro Inoue, Kevin Ball, Shinya Sano, and Yasuo Ikegami. "Comparison of high-impact load-absorbing property of natural turf for professional use with various types of natural and artificial turfs in football." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 233, no. 4 (July 23, 2019): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337119864235.

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The present study aimed to illustrate load stress-strain properties of various types of natural and artificial turfs. A modified high-loading test rig was used to measure shock absorbency and concurrent deformation of these surfaces in situ to calculate quasi stress-strain curves. A natural turf professionally maintained for top professional league soccer matches (N-stadium) was used as the reference surface. Other surfaces included two natural turfs without professional maintenance (one with and one without polyethylene pile reinforcement), four new artificial turfs (sand infill only, rubber infill only, both sand and rubber, and thermoplastic elastomer infill), and one aged artificial turf (8 years old with sand/rubber infill). All artificial turfs failed to mimic two properties of N-stadium, plastic deformation, and hysteresis profile, suggesting N-stadium has more energy absorbable properties than those of artificial turfs. The aged artificial turf with conventional infill was substantially stiffer than the new artificial turf with the same infill, indicating age affects the stiffness of these surfaces. Also, distinctive differences were detected between N-stadium and other natural turfs, suggesting factors such as daily maintenance work are very influential on their quasi stress-strain properties. Interestingly, no difference in the quasi stress-strain curve existed between the natural turf with and without polyethylene pile reinforcement. While artificial surfaces are improving, there is still a difference in properties between these surfaces and natural turf pitches.
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4

Naunheim, Rosanne, Heather Parrott, and John Standeven. "A Comparison of Artificial Turf." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 57, no. 6 (December 2004): 1311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000136154.36483.98.

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5

Luzer, Daniel. "Artificial Turf and Cancer Risk." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 108, no. 12 (December 2016): djw311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw311.

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6

Fleming, Paul, Charlie Watts, Jon Gunn, and Steph Forrester. "Hardness Safety Testing of Artificial Turf." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049130.

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This paper compares four sport surface hardness impact test devices, for use on artificial turf (AT) surfaces to control safety. Sports governing bodies require sport surfaces to be assessed with the “Advanced Artificial Athlete” (AAA) mechanical test. The AAA data presented here demonstrate that this high energy test causes compaction of the particulate rubber infill during testing, such that the derived “field test value” is less relevant to the initial state of the surface and arguably also to player comfort. This paper reports on alternative impact test methods and their correlation to the AAA, including a novel comparison to the more portable Fieldtester. The potential use of a lightweight 0.5 kg Clegg Hammer for assessing the change in state of the infill and monitoring the effectiveness of field maintenance is also reported. These results expand our understanding of factors influencing surface hardness and safety, with useful implications for practitioners.
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Kanaan, Ahmed, Elena Sevostianova, Bernd Leinauer, and Igor Sevostianov. "Water Requirements for Cooling Artificial Turf." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 146, no. 10 (October 2020): 05020004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001506.

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8

Sandkuehler, Peter, Enrique Torres, and Thomas Allgeuer. "Performance artificial turf components — fibrillated tape." Procedia Engineering 2, no. 2 (June 2010): 3367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.159.

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9

Webb, Carolyn, Steph Forrester, and Paul Fleming. "Rotational Traction Behaviour of Artificial Turf." Procedia Engineering 72 (2014): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.144.

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10

Fleming, Paul, and Steph Forrester. "Artificial Turf Research at Loughborough University." Procedia Engineering 72 (2014): 925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.147.

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11

Haugen, Kjetil K., and Knut P. Heen. "Artificial grass and genuine football: The evolution of artificial turf." Mathematics for Application 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/ma.2019.03.

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12

Calloway, Sean P., David M. Hardin, Matthew D. Crawford, J. Michael Hardin, Lawrence J. Lemak, Eric Giza, Brian Forsythe, et al. "Injury Surveillance in Major League Soccer: A 4-Year Comparison of Injury on Natural Grass Versus Artificial Turf Field." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 10 (July 15, 2019): 2279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519860522.

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Background: Artificial playing surfaces are becoming more common due to decreased cost of maintenance and increased field usability across different environmental conditions. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has approved newer generation artificial turf for soccer competition at the elite level, but many elite-level athletes prefer to play on natural grass surfaces due to a perceived increase in injury rate, discomfort, and fatigability on artificial turf. Hypothesis: Injury rates and rates of individually categorized types of injury experienced on artificial turf are noninferior to rates of injury on the standard comparator, natural grass, in elite-level Major League Soccer athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Over the course of 4 Major League Soccer seasons (2013-2016), athlete injury data were recorded electronically. Injury data recorded in matches between 2 Major League Soccer teams were then analyzed. Playing surface was known for each venue, and all artificial turf surfaces were rated as 2-star according to FIFA criteria. Incidence rate ratios (Artificial Turf ÷ Natural Grass) were calculated with a 95% CI (α = .05) for both overall injury incidence and individual injury subgroups. A noninferiority margin (δ) of 0.15 was used to determine noninferiority of injury incidence rates. Results: A total of 2174 in-game injuries were recorded during the study period, with 1.54 injuries per game on artificial turf and 1.49 injuries per game on natural grass (incidence rate ratio, 1.033; 95% CI, 0.937-1.139). Within injury subgroups, overall ankle injury, Achilles injury, and ankle fracture were found to have a statistically higher incidence on artificial turf. Artificial turf was found to be noninferior to natural grass for overall foot injury and forefoot injury. No statistically significant differences were found in knee injuries between the 2 surfaces. Conclusion: The overall rate of injury on artificial turf was noninferior to that on natural grass. Within individual injury categories, a higher rate of ankle injury was found on artificial turf. No other injury subgroup demonstrated statistically significant differences between surfaces. Clinical Relevance: FIFA 2-star rated artificial turf is a viable alternative to natural grass in elite-level soccer competition. Innovative research methods for comparing artificial turf versus natural grass may elucidate relative advantages with respect to player safety.
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Najefi, Ali-Asgar, Luckshmana Jeyaseelan, and Matthew Welck. "Turf toe." EFORT Open Reviews 3, no. 9 (September 2018): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.3.180012.

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Turf toe is a condition that describes injury to the plantar metatarsophalangeal-sesamoid complex of the great toe. It is a relatively rare and debilitating condition, particularly seen in American footballers after the introduction of harder, artificial ‘turf’ surfaces. Turf toe represents a significant injury to the hallux and requires a high index of suspicion. If unrecognized, it can lead to chronic problems including reduced push-off strength, persistent pain, progressive deformity and eventual joint degeneration. Patients with chronic injuries may have worse outcomes, and therefore early, accurate diagnosis and initiation of treatment play a vital role. A multidisciplinary team approach is key for successful return to sport.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:501-506. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180012
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Gustin, Matej, Paul R. Fleming, David Allinson, and Stephen Watson. "Modelling Surface Temperatures on 3G Artificial Turf." Proceedings 2, no. 6 (February 13, 2018): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060279.

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15

McCarthy, Paul. "Artificial Turf: Does It Cause More Injuries?" Physician and Sportsmedicine 17, no. 10 (October 1989): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1989.11709898.

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16

MAHONEY, DIANA. "Lead in Artificial Turf Brings CDC Advisory." Pediatric News 42, no. 7 (July 2008): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-398x(08)70293-5.

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17

Kaalund, Søren, and Pascal Madeleine. "Effects of Shock-Absorbing Insoles During Transition from Natural Grass to Artificial Turf in Young Soccer Players." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 104, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0003-0538-104.5.444.

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Background Playing soccer on artificial turf can provoke pain in young players. Using shock-absorbing insoles (SAIs) can result in decreased pain perception. We sought to investigate the pain and comfort intensity experienced during the switch from natural grass to third-generation artificial turf and with the use of SAIs on artificial turf during training in young soccer players. Methods In a prospective randomized controlled study, 75 players were included from the youth teams of U15, U17, and U19. Pain intensity and comfort were assessed after training on only grass turf for 3 months. Randomization stratified by team level and age was performed; the intervention group received SAIs, and the control group used their own insoles. Assessments were repeated after 3 weeks on artificial turf (baseline) and 3 more weeks (follow-up) on artificial turf with SAIs/usual insoles. Results Pain intensity increased and comfort decreased significantly after 3 weeks of training on artificial grass compared with natural grass (P < .05). The addition of SAIs resulted in significantly reduced pain intensity compared with the usual insoles (P < .05). Conclusions The switch to artificial turf is associated with less comfort and more pain during training in young soccer players. The use of SAIs led to lower pain intensity, highlighting a protective role of the insoles after 6 weeks of training on artificial turf.
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18

Chiou, Daniel, Kristen L. Stupay, and Gregory Waryasz. "Turf Toe Review." Foot & Ankle Specialist 13, no. 2 (June 22, 2019): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640019857794.

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Turf toe is a term used to describe myriad injuries to the metatarsophalangeal complex of the great toe, which have been associated with the introduction of artificial turf surfaces in sport. If not diagnosed early and treated properly, these injuries can result in chronic pain and loss of mobility. Accurate injury grading through physical exam and advanced imaging is essential to guide treatment, thereby minimizing long-term complications and maximizing an athlete’s recovery and return to play.Levels of Evidence: Level V
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19

Sanchez-Sanchez, Javier, Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez, Jose Luis Felipe, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Esther Ubago-Guisado, Jens Bangsbo, Leonor Gallardo, and Jorge Garcia-Unanue. "Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 9478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249478.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of natural turf, artificial turf, and sand on sprint performance in different sports and to determine how the sport surface affects sprint performance. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and SPORTDiscus databases. Out of 5644 studies, 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, as they examined different structural characteristics or quality parameters. The studies on natural turf and sand showed significant improvements on sprint speed during training. On the other hand, the analysis of fatigue did not reveal significant differences in the deterioration of sprint speed on both natural and artificial turf. Significance was set at p < 0.05. In conclusion, although lower performance in sprint was reported on sand, further studies are needed to explain the differences in sprint on natural and artificial turf.
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20

Villacañas, Víctor, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jorge García-Unanue, Jorge López, and Leonor Gallardo. "The influence of various types of artificial turfs on football fields and their effects on the thermal profile of surfaces." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337115624819.

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Surfaces of artificial turf have been continuously improved to resemble the characteristics and properties of natural grass. Nevertheless, these improvements are still unable to prevent the turf from reaching higher temperatures than natural grass. This situation results in customer dissatisfaction, decreased performance and the possibility of causing heat-related injuries. The aim of this study was to check how various structural components such as the type of fibre, the type of infill, the age of the turf and the hours of use influence the temperature (°C) of artificial turf football fields. In situ tests were performed using an infrared thermographic camera according to the standard ISO 18434-1:2005 and the normative standard of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association for the certification of artificial turf football fields. The results show higher temperatures in artificial turf fields built with styrene–butadiene rubber and fibrillated fibres. This shows that the type of infill and fibre affects the temperature of third-generation artificial turf fields, the thermoplastic rubber and the monofilament fibres being the components that contribute significantly to the reduction of the temperature.
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21

CHUNG, MYUNG-JIN, SEONG-GUK OH, and KI-WEON KANG. "A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION OF SHOCK ABSORBING PERFORMANCE FOR DOMESTIC ARTIFICIAL TURF GROUND." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210065271.

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This paper deals with a device and method for measuring the impact properties of artificial turf surface using the accelerometer. Recently, the number of artificial turf ground is increasing according to holding a variety of international games and change of school play ground to artificial turf from clay. Artificial turf ground is required to meet standard certification to play international game. This standard certification is given by shock performance test during the specified period. The automatic shock evaluation system for shock absorbing performance test of artificial turf ground is proposed. This system consisted of auto carriage moving module, auto shock performance testing module, and auto data acquisition. Experiment is conducted to verify the performance of developed automatic shock evaluation system for shock absorbing performance test of artificial turf ground. From the performance test, developed automatic shock evaluation system has drop height of 55mm with resolution of 0.5mm, resolution of ±1% for operating range, measuring acceleration of over 50g, sampling frequency of over 10kHz, image resolution of over 12bit.
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22

Loughran, Galvin J., Christian T. Vulpis, Jordan P. Murphy, David A. Weiner, Steven J. Svoboda, Richard Y. Hinton, and Dave P. Milzman. "Incidence of Knee Injuries on Artificial Turf Versus Natural Grass in National Collegiate Athletic Association American Football: 2004-2005 Through 2013-2014 Seasons." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 6 (April 17, 2019): 1294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519833925.

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Background: The use of artificial turf in American football continues to grow in popularity, and the effect of these playing surfaces on athletic injuries remains controversial. Knee injuries account for a significant portion of injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football league; however, the effect of artificial surfaces on knee injuries remains ill-defined. Hypothesis: There is no difference in the rate or mechanism of knee ligament and meniscal injuries during NCAA football events on natural grass and artificial turf playing surfaces. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The NCAA Injury Surveillance System Men’s Football Injury and Exposure Data Sets for the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 seasons were analyzed to determine the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), medial meniscus, and lateral meniscal tear injuries. Injury rates were calculated per 10,000 athlete exposures, and rate ratios (RRs) were used to compare injury rates during practices and competitions on natural grass and artificial turf in NCAA football as a whole and by competition level (Divisions I, Divisions II and III). Mechanisms of injury were calculated for each injury on natural grass and artificial turf surfaces. Results: A total of 3,009,205 athlete exposures and 2460 knee injuries were reported from 2004 to 2014: 1389 MCL, 522 ACL, 269 lateral meniscal, 164 medial meniscal, and 116 PCL. Athletes experienced all knee injuries at a significantly higher rate when participating in competitions as compared with practices. Athletes participating in competitions on artificial turf experienced PCL injuries at 2.94 times the rate as those playing on grass (RR = 2.94; 95% CI, 1.61-5.68). When stratified by competition level, Division I athletes participating in competitions on artificial turf experienced PCL injuries at 2.99 times the rate as those playing on grass (RR = 2.99; 95% CI, 1.39-6.99), and athletes in lower NCAA divisions (II and III) experienced ACL injuries at 1.63 times the rate (RR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10-2.45) and PCL injuries at 3.13 times the rate (RR = 3.13; 95% CI, 1.14-10.69) on artificial turf as compared with grass. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of MCL, medial meniscal, or lateral meniscal injuries on artificial turf versus grass when stratified by event type or level of NCAA competition. No difference was found in the mechanisms of knee injuries on natural grass and artificial turf. Conclusion: Artificial turf is an important risk factor for specific knee ligament injuries in NCAA football. Injury rates for PCL tears were significantly increased during competitions played on artificial turf as compared with natural grass. Lower NCAA divisions (II and III) also showed higher rates of ACL injuries during competitions on artificial turf versus natural grass.
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McKay, Carly, Matthew Cross, Simon Kemp, and Keith Stokes. "Strategies used by professional rugby union clubs to manage players for artificial turf exposure." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (October 8, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a8276.

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Background: The use of artificial turf on rugby pitches is increasingly commonplace but there is limited evidence around its effects on injury, recovery, and performance. It is unclear whether this uncertainty influences player management strategies in professional clubs. Objectives: To understand how professional rugby union clubs in England approach player management for artificial turf, to explore how the beliefs of medical and strength/conditioning staff influence these decisions, and to determine whether differences exist between clubs with different levels of exposure to artificial surfaces. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional mixed methods study. Twenty-three medical and strength/conditioning staff members from 12 English Premiership Rugby Union clubs completed two bespoke questionnaires and participated in a semi-structured interview. Results: Two-thirds of the participants described formal club-level approaches to artificial turf. All participants from low- exposure clubs (<50% training and match time on artificial pitches) reported adjusting player recovery strategies following games on artificial turf to mitigate elevated muscle soreness and fatigue. Clubs with artificial surfaces at their home venues were less likely to adapt recovery than clubs with natural turf pitches. Regardless of exposure participants believed switching between surface types was a risk factor for injury. Medics reported that acute injuries associated with artificial turf exposure typically occurred at the foot or ankle, whereas abrasions and overuse injuries were more common and often affected the knees, hips and lower back. Players with compromised joints were less likely to be selected for matches on artificial surfaces. Conclusion: Player management around artificial turf is a focus for staff at professional rugby union clubs. Club practices vary by exposure and may consequently influence injury risk estimates.
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Xiao, Yong Qiang, and Ying Xue Cao. "Study on Thermal Environment of Sports Field in Different Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.538.

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Natural lawn and artificial turf, which have a great difference on practical function and thermal environment characteristics, are widely used in sports field. In order to obtain the quantitative differences on thermal environment in summer, instrumental measurement and questionnaires are used in this paper to investigate the thermal environmental characteristics of natural lawn and artificial turf, respectively. Meanwhile human thermal sensation in the two lawns was also evaluated. The results show that the foliar surface temperature and mean air temperature in artificial turf is significantly higher than that of natural lawn in early summer. Due to thermal discomfort and the potential hurt for athletes on artificial turf field, cooling methods such as sprinkle are recommended.
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Choi, Siu Ming, Kim Wai Raymond Sum, and Fung Lin Elean Leung. "Comparison between Natural Turf and Artificial Turf on Agility Performance of Rugby Union Players." Advances in Physical Education 05, no. 04 (2015): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ape.2015.54032.

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26

Kanter, Mark F. "The Effects of Playing Football on Artificial Turf." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 6 (September 1986): 535–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000606.

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A greater number of professional football based injuries have been reported when playing on artificial turf surfaces. This study investigated whether artificial turf or natural grass causes more professional football related injuries. Data were collected from a random sample of videotapes of the 1985 National Football League (NFL) season and by performing a literature search of all severe injuries of the 1984 season. There were no significant differences between the amount of severe injuries occurring on artificial and natural grass surfaces. A major cause of football injuries resulting in severe injuries is that football is inherently a violent sport and those same injuries seem to occur against a few teams.
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Golden, Leslie M. "The Contribution of Artificial Turf to Global Warming." Sustainability and Climate Change 14, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 436–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scc.2021.0038.

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28

Tay, Sock Peng, Paul Fleming, Xiao Hu, and Steph Forrester. "Skin friction related behaviour of artificial turf systems." Journal of Sports Sciences 35, no. 15 (August 25, 2016): 1500–1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1223330.

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29

MAHONEY, DIANA. "Lead in Artificial Turf Leads to CDC Advisory." Internal Medicine News 41, no. 14 (July 2008): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(08)70750-9.

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30

Leffingwell, James W. "Unitary shock‐absorbing polymeric pad for artificial turf." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, no. 6 (June 1986): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393141.

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Fleming, Paul, Mike Ferrandino, and Steph Forrester. "Artificial Turf Field – A New Build Case Study." Procedia Engineering 147 (2016): 836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.294.

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Sharma, Prateek, Paul Fleming, Steph Forrester, and Jon Gunn. "Maintenance of Artificial Turf – Putting Research into Practice." Procedia Engineering 147 (2016): 830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.298.

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33

Twomey, Dara M., Lauren A. Petrass, Paul Fleming, and Kurt Lenehan. "Abrasion injuries on artificial turf: A systematic review." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22, no. 5 (May 2019): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.005.

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Twomey, D. "Injuries on artificial turf: What do players thinks?" Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22 (October 2019): S110—S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.152.

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35

Fleming, P., and S. Forrester. "Artificial turf—Surface properties and player–surface interaction." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 16 (December 2013): e17-e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.043.

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Schilirò, Tiziana, Deborah Traversi, Raffaella Degan, Cristina Pignata, Luca Alessandria, Dario Scozia, Roberto Bono, and Giorgio Gilli. "Artificial Turf Football Fields: Environmental and Mutagenicity Assessment." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 64, no. 1 (September 25, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9792-1.

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NUNOME, Hiroyuki, Yasuo IKEGAMI, Tomoyuki NISHIKAWA, and Takashi HORIO. "B42 Shock Absorbency of Long Pile Artificial Turf." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2010 (2010): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2010.398.

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38

Zanetti, Elisabetta M. "Amateur football game on artificial turf: Players’ perceptions." Applied Ergonomics 40, no. 3 (May 2009): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2008.09.007.

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39

Nunome, H., Y. Ikegami, T. Nishikawa, and T. Horio. "A VALID SHOCK ABSORBENCY TEST FOR ARTIFICIAL TURF." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70728-5.

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40

DOĞAR, Yahya, and Fethi AYDINOĞLU. "An Evaluation on the Lightings of Artificial Turf Football Fields Owned by Official Organizations and Private Enterprises." International Education Studies 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n3p45.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the lighting systems of artificial turf football fields of public and private sectors and to reveal and compare the current situation with the ideal one that it should be. 21 artificial football fields, 6 artificial turf football fields out of 9 from public sector and 15 artificial turf football fields out of 85 from privately owned organizations, have been examined in five province of Turkey. The general standards and the compliance to these standards by the present artificial turf football fields in terms of lighting of the place were studied. Data were evaluated with using descriptive analysis technic. Artificial football fields taken into consideration by researchers and experts were subjected to observation along with measurement. It was confirmed that out of 6 public and 15 private, totally out of 21 artificial turf football fields, 38% (8 of them) were below the minimum lighting level, 19% (4 of them) were at minimum lighting level and 43% (9 of them) were below average lighting level. As a result, for a competition to be played, brightness level should be at least 150 lx < E < 500 lx. It was found out that, out of 6 public sector and 15 privately owned artificial football fields, 62% was on the minimum brightness level and the other 38% was even under minimum brightness level. It was confirmed that 4 out of 6 (67%) officially owned artificial turf football fields and 9 out of 15 (60%), privately owned artificial football fields were on minimum brightness level. It was also determined that 1 out of 6 (17%) officially owned Astroturf Football Fields and 5 out of 15 (33%) privately owned Astroturf Football Fields were between minimum and average brightness levels.
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41

Sun, Dong, Yao Dong Gu, Gusztáv Fekete, and Justin Fernandez. "Effects of Different Soccer Boots on Biomechanical Characteristics of Cutting Movement on Artificial Turf." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 27 (May 2016): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.27.24.

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The purpose of this study was to testing for difference in performance and injury risks between three different outsole configuration soccer boots on artificial turf. Fourteen experienced soccer players performed 45° cut test. They selected soccer boots with artificial ground design (AG), turf cleats boots (TF) and indoor boots (IN) randomly. A Vicon three dimension motion analysis system was used to capture kinematic data and Kistler force platform was used to record the ground reaction force. Novel Pedar-X insole plantar pressure measurement system was utilized to collect the plantar pressure synchronized. During 45° cut, artificial ground design (AG) showed significantly smaller peak knee flexion (p<0.001) and greater abduction angles (p<0.001) than indoor boots (IN). AG showed significantly greater vertical average loading rate (VALR) compared with TF (p=0.005) and IN (p=0.003). The results of plantar pressure found that AG showed the highest peak pressure and force-time integral in the heel (H) and medial forefoot (MFF). Artificial ground design (AG) and turf cleats (TF) may offer a performance benefit on artificial turf compared to IN. In summary, AG may enhance athletic performance on artificial turf, but also may undertake higher risks of non-contact injuries compared with TF and IN.
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42

McGhie, David, and Gertjan Ettema. "Biomechanical Analysis of Surface-Athlete Impacts on Third-Generation Artificial Turf." American Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 1 (November 13, 2012): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546512464697.

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Background: Excessive repetitive loads are widely believed to be the cause of overload or overuse injuries. On third-generation artificial turf, impacts have been found to vary with surface and shoe properties. Mechanical devices are considered not representative for measuring impact absorption during athletic movements, and pressure insoles have been shown as inaccurate with regard to magnitude of force. Purpose: To compare impact properties between different third-generation artificial turf systems in combination with various cleat configurations in vivo using force plate technology. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twenty-two male soccer players (mean ± SD: age, 23.1 ± 2.8 y; height, 1.81 ± 0.1 m; body mass, 77.5 ± 6.0 kg) performed 10 short sprints, 5 straight with a sudden stop and 5 with a 90° cut, over a force plate covered with artificial turf for each combination of 3 turf systems and 3 cleat configurations. Results: During stop sprints, peak impact was significantly higher on a recreational-level turf system than professional-level turf systems with and without an underlying shock pad (3.12 body weight [ W] vs 3.01 W and 3.02 W, respectively). During cut sprints, peak impact was significantly higher with traditional round cleats than with turf cleats and bladed cleats (2.99 W vs 2.84 W and 2.87 W, respectively). Conclusion: The results indicate that both an increase in assumed impact-absorbing surface properties and a larger distribution of shorter cleats produced lower impacts during standardized athletic movements. Regardless, none of the shoe-surface combinations yielded peak impacts of an assumed hazardous magnitude. Clinical Relevance: The study provides information on the extent to which various third-generation artificial turf systems and cleat configurations affect impact force, widely believed to be a causative factor for overload and overuse injuries.
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Lozano-Berges, Gabriel, Ángel Matute-Llorente, Alejandro Gómez-Bruton, Alex González-Agüero, Germán Vicente-Rodríguez, and José A. Casajús. "Influence of different playing surfaces on bone mass accretion in male adolescent football players: A one-season study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 233, no. 4 (July 23, 2019): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337119864245.

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There are different surfaces on which football is played, but their influence on bone mass accretion still remains unknown. The aims of this study were to compare bone mass accretion between football players and controls, and evaluate the influence of two different playing surfaces on bone accretion. A total of 27 male football players (13.2 ± 0.5 years) and 15 controls (12.6 ± 1.1 years) participated in this study. Football players were classified into two groups according to the surface they trained on: 14 on third-generation artificial turf with elastic layer and 13 on third-generation artificial turf without elastic layer. Bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone mineral apparent density variables were calculated. Bone geometry and strength of the non-dominant tibia were assessed with peripheral quantitative computed tomography. For both football players and controls, bone variables measured at subtotal body, lumbar spine, legs and tibia ( p < 0.05) significantly increased. Based on the time spent practicing football, the increase in areal bone mineral density for the legs ( p < 0.05) was higher in football players than controls. Moreover, lumbar spine bone mineral apparent density increased more in third-generation artificial turf without elastic layer players in comparison with third-generation artificial turf with elastic layer players ( p < 0.05). Playing football on third-generation artificial turf with elastic layer and third-generation artificial turf without elastic layer seems to positively affect bone mass during growth. After playing for one season on these playing surfaces, football practice on third-generation artificial turf without elastic layer with the lower shock absorption seems to have produced the highest increment in areal bone mineral density at lumbar spine. Thus, football practice on surfaces with lower shock absorption could provide an extra benefit on bone health.
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44

Alipour Ataabadi, Yasamin, Heydar Sadeghi, Mohammad Hosein Alizadeh, and Mehdi Khaleghi. "Comparing Biomechanical Risk Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury of Elite Female Soccer Players During the Shearing Maneuver and Header on the Natural Grass and Artificial Turf." Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jesm.11.1.7.

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Introduction: Nowadays, the use of artificial turf fields has become widespread. Given the high prevalence of noncontact injuries among female soccer players and high contribution of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury, this research was conducted to compare biomechanical risk factors in the incidence of ACL injury for elite female soccer players during shearing maneuver and header on the natural grass and artificial turf fields. Methods: Sixteen players were selected from U-14 women’s national team by the convenience sampling method and started to perform the skills. Knee joint information was calculated by a 3D imaging system and a force plate. Statistical differences were reported using the dependent t-test at a significant level of 0.05. Results: The findings showed that the biomechanical behavior of the lower extremity while performing soccer skills on the natural grass was affected differently from that on the artificial turf. Results also demonstrated that the torque applied to the knee joint on the natural grass was higher than that on the artificial turf (P=0.039). Angular velocity on the artificial turf was also higher than that on the natural grass (P=0.006). Conclusion: The higher knee joint torque and the lower angular velocity on natural grass may result in a higher risk of ACL injury on the natural grass than on the artificial turf. Therefore, the use of prevention programs for ACL injury is crucial to minimize the incidence of lower extremity injuries.
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45

Twomey, Dara M., Lauren A. Petrass, and Paul R. Fleming. "Abrasion injuries on artificial turf: A real risk or not?" South African Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 3 (September 29, 2014): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2014/v26i3a105.

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Abrasion injuries result in damage only to the surface layer of skin and can result in player discomfort and changes in performance. The perceived fear of abrasion injuries on artificial turf playing surfaces has significantly affected the adoption of these surfaces, particularly in sports that involve frequent player-surface interactions. The underreporting of abrasion injuries due to how time-loss injuries are defined and the lack of validity of the current abrasion measurement device highlight the need for more research to understand fully the incidence and nature of abrasions on artificial turf playing surfaces and the effect of these injuries on playing behaviour. Improved reporting of abrasion injuries and a more biofidelic test device could assist in both the development of abrasion-related injury prevention strategies and in dispelling players’ negative perceptions of abrasions on artificial turf.
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46

Cole, David, Paul Fleming, Steph Forrester, and Kelly Morrison. "Spatial Measurements for Artificial Turf Systems Using Hall Effect Sensors." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049160.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate a bespoke spatial measurement methodology using Hall Effect Sensors (HES), i.e., utilizing inductance between a permanent magnet and sensor to indirectly measure the magnet position. The aim is to embed the magnet in a boot’s stud and use an array of sensors in the artificial turf. To evaluate the accuracy and applicability of a HES system in sports turf, two studies were carried out. To measure the spatial position vertically, a standard mechanical dynamic impact testing with the magnet embedded, and the sensors below the turf carpet, was compared to the gold standard optical reference measurement system (GOM UK Ltd.: Coventry, UK) . A second study evaluated the horizontal spatial accuracy for sensors in a variable array with a controlled incremental step movement of the magnet on a precise engineering workshop table.
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47

Lee, Hyun-Been, and Bee-Oh Lim. "The influence of soccer field ground types on lower extremity muscle activation during forward side step." Korean Journal of Sport Science 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2019.30.2.251.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower extremity muscles activity during forward side step by soccer field ground types. Methods Fifteen elite high school soccer players participated in this study. Muscle activation patterns were recorded at 2000 Hz during forward side step task. Surface EMG of the tibialis anterior(TA), soleus(SOL), medial gastrocnemius(MG), lateral gastrocnemius(LG), peroneus brevis(PB) muscle was recorded, and the root mean square of the EMG was normalized, using a maximum voluntary isometric contraction(%MVIC). One-way repeated ANOVA was used for comparison among three soccer field ground types(natural grass, artificial turf, hard ground). Results Artificial turf displayed greater soleus and peroneus brevis activities compare to natural grass during forward side step task. Conclusions The relationship between increased soleus and peroneus brevis activation and greater incidence of injury in artificial turf versus natural grass requires further study. Soccer players routinely training on artificial turf for prolonged periods should be carefully monitored.
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48

Wannop, John, Shaylyn Kowalchuk, Michael Esposito, and Darren Stefanyshyn. "Influence of Artificial Turf Surface Stiffness on Athlete Performance." Life 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10120340.

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Properties of conventional playing surfaces have been investigated for many years and the stiffness of the surface has potential to influence athletic performance. However, despite the proliferation of different infilled artificial turfs with varying properties, the effect of surface stiffness of these types of surfaces on athlete performance remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to determine the influence of surface stiffness of artificial turf systems on athlete performance. Seventeen male athletes performed four movements (running, 5-10-5 agility, vertical jumping and sprinting) on five surfaces of varying stiffness: Softest (−50%), Softer (−34%), Soft (−16%), Control, Stiff (+17%). Performance metrics (running economy, jump height, sprint/agility time) and kinematic data were recorded during each movement and participants performed a subjective evaluation of the surface. When compared to the Control surface, performance was significantly improved during running (Softer, Soft), the agility drill (Softest) and vertical jumping (Soft). Subjectively, participants could not discern between any of the softer surfaces in terms of surface cushioning, however, the stiffer surface was rated as harder and less comfortable. Overall, changes in surface stiffness altered athletic performance and, to a lesser extent, subjective assessments of performance, with changes in performance being surface and movement specific.
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49

Hung, Chin-Hwai. "Constructing of Management Indicators for Artificial Turf Football Fields." Sports & Exercise Research 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5297/ser.1901.003.

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50

Tay, Sock Peng, Xiao Hu, Paul Fleming, and Steph Forrester. "Tribological investigation into achieving skin-friendly artificial turf surfaces." Materials & Design 89 (January 2016): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.033.

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