Academic literature on the topic 'Artificial water course'
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Journal articles on the topic "Artificial water course"
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Celestino da Costa, P. "The Reintegration of Used Waters in the Environment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0229.
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For urban and industrial uses, water is collected in the natural environment and after being used is returned to the natural environment. The process of utilization is simultaneously a process of pollution that is transferred to the wastewater and from it to the water-course. More than 50 years were necessary after the introduction of the techniques of house plumbing to the appearance of artificial wastewater treatments. Since the beginning of this process, it has been necessary to count on the natural assimilative capacity of the waters to deal with the pollution. But artificial treatment and artificially enhanced natural treatment have considerably augmented the possibility that the return of used waters to the environment became a true integration in it, its quality not being changed, or being changed in a way that does not significantly affect water uses. Three main technical means are available to do this, only one being artificial treatment.
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Vopravil, J., T. Khel, K. Voplakal, and M. Čermáková. "The impact of artificial drainage on water quality in two model areas in the bohemian forest foothills." Soil and Water Research 3, No. 3 (October 31, 2008): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2008-swr.
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This contribution arises from a broader research assignment dealing with the changes in soil properties and characteristics which have occurred following the artificial drainage of some agricultural soils in the Czech Republic. The current state is statistically compared with the state before the drainage. Thanks to the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation database, extensive sets of historical data are available. To enable a more detailed evaluation of the changes discovered, we chose two smaller study areas with different soil use. In the first area (Haklovy Dvory – arable land) there is intensive use of the soil, while in the other area (Železná – pastures) the use is not intensive. Historical data from about 30 years ago on the quality of surface and ground (well) water in the Železná area were taken as a starting point. The same types of water quality analyses were then made with water samples taken semi-annually in the Železná area since 2004 and once only (in 2005) in the Haklovy Dvory area. That led to the creation of an extensive body of information of water quality in the study areas. Within the framework of this information, the recent data, being still constantly supplemented, and the historical data on tile drainage, surface (stream) and underground (well) water quality are compared. In the course of the monitoring we focused on the following chemical indicators in the water: pH, alkalinity-acidity, total hardness, the concentrations of selected cations (magnesium, calcium, potassium, ammonia) and most important anions (bicarbonates, nitrates, nitrites, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides) and the electrical conductivity of the water. Individual samplings of surface and tile drainage water were, on the basis of the above mentioned analytical data, assigned appropriate quality categories according to the five-level pollution classification system defined by surface water quality standard (ČSN 75 7221). In Železná, no pronounced water pollution was found during the entire course of the monitoring, with the exception of one sampling point in the vicinity of which there was once a farmyard manure heap. By contrast, in the intensively managed Haklovy Dvory study area there was evidence of significant pollution of all tile drainage water samples. This finding supports our hypothesis about a direct impact of the type of agriculture practised in the area on the quality of tile drainage water. Both the use of fertilizers for agricultural crops and the intensive tillage of the soil have a commensurately large negative impact on the quality of tile drainage water and, subsequently, on the quality of water in surface watercourses.
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Kozel, Tomas, and Milos Stary. "Adaptive stochastic management of the storage function for a large open reservoir using an artificial intelligence method." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 67, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2019-0021.
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Abstract The design and evaluation of algorithms for adaptive stochastic control of reservoir function of the water reservoir using artificial intelligence methods (learning fuzzy model and neural networks) are described in this article. This procedure was tested on an artificial reservoir. Reservoir parameters have been designed to cause critical disturbances during the control process, and therefore the influences of control algorithms can be demonstrated in the course of controlled outflow of water from the reservoir. The results of the stochastic adaptive models were compared. Further, stochastic model results were compared with a resultant course of management obtained using the method of classical optimisation (differential evolution), which used stochastic forecast data from real series (100% forecast). Finally, the results of the dispatcher graph and adaptive stochastic control were compared. Achieved results of adaptive stochastic management provide inspiration for continuing research in the field.
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Davis, Kristofer, Yaoguo Li, and Michael Batzle. "Time-lapse gravity monitoring: A systematic 4D approach with application to aquifer storage and recovery." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 6 (November 2008): WA61—WA69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2987376.
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We studied time-lapse gravity surveys applied to the monitoring of an artificial aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) system in Leyden, Colorado. An abandoned underground coal mine has been developed into a subsurface water reservoir. Water from surface sources is injected into the artificial aquifer during winter for retrieval and use in summer. As a key component in the geophysical monitoring of the artificial ASR system, three microgravity surveys were conducted over the course of ten months during the initial water-injection stage. The time-lapse microgravity surveys successfully detected the distribution of injected water as well as its general movement. Quantitative interpretation based on 3D inversions produced hydrologically meaningful density-contrast models and imaged major zones of water distribution. The site formed an ideal natural laboratory for investigating various aspects of time-lapse gravity methodology. Through this application, we have studied systematically all steps of the method, including survey design, data acquisition, processing, and quantitative interpretation.
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OLIVEIRA, M. A., L. C. TORGAN, E. A. LOBO, and A. SCHARZBOLD. "Association of periphytic diatom species of artificial substrate in lotic environments in the Arroio Sampaio Basin, RS, Brazil: relationships with abiotic variables." Brazilian Journal of Biology 61, no. 4 (November 2001): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842001000400002.
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Associations of diatom species were identified, in the Arroio Sampaio Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on monthly samplings over a year along Arroio Sampaio and its main tributaries, using polyamide thread as an artificial substrate. The species groupings showed four different environments: medium-lower course of Arroio Sampaio; and lower course of Arroio Teresinha; upper course of Arroio Sampaio; and lower course of Arroio Duvidosa. Among the physical and chemical variables measured, water pollution, particularly organic contamination and eutrophication, measured from BOD5 and total phosphate concentration, respectively, appeared to be one of the most important environmental factors determining the composition and structure of species associations in the area studied.
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Šálek, Jan, František Marcián, and Iman Elazizy. "Use of artificial wetland for the treatment of surface and wastewater." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0520.
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Vegetative root zone methods are based on self-purifying processes that take place in the soil, wetland and vegetation containing water media. Our studies are concentrated on the course of puryfying in relation with the length of the filtration bed and on the progress of eliminating the ammoniacal pollution. The research proved that the essential part of the puryfying process takes place within the inlet zone (Figs 1 and 2). The decomposition of ammonia proceeds very slowly. The process of nitrification is affected by the lack of oxygen in the filtration media. To improve the effectiveness of vegetative root zone methods we suggest specific steps: an adjustment of the inlet zone, a system of cascades, a water level pulsation system and combinations of different types and arrangements of vegetative root zones.
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Stamenković, Lidija J., Sanja Mrazovac Kurilić, and Vladanka Presburger Ulniković. "Prediction of nitrate concentration in Danube River water by using artificial neural networks." Water Supply 20, no. 6 (May 22, 2020): 2119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.104.
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Abstract This paper describes the development of a model based on artificial neural networks (ANN) which aims to predict the concentration of nitrates in river water. Another 26 water quality parameters were also monitored and used as input parameters. The models were trained and tested with data from ten monitoring stations on the Danube River, located in its course through Serbia, for the period from 2011 to 2016. Multilayer perceptron (MLP), standard three-layer network is used to develop models and two input variable selection techniques are used to reduce the number of input variables. The obtained results have shown the ability of ANN to predict the nitrate concentration in both developed models with a value of mean absolute error of 0.53 and 0.42 mg/L for the test data. Also, the application of IVS has contributed to reduce the number of input variables and to increase the performance of the model, especially in the case of variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis where the estimation of multicollinearity among variables and the elimination of excessive variables significantly influenced the prediction abilities of the ANN model, r – 0.91.
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Lee, J. V., S. R. Dawson, S. Ward, S. B. Surman, and K. R. Neal. "Bacteriophages are a better indicator of illness rates than bacteria amongst users of a white water course fed by a lowland river." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0728.
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An examination was made of the risk factors for gastrointestinal illness (GI) and other symptoms among canoeists and rafters using an artificial white-water canoe slalom course fed by a lowland river. The investigation was made by carrying out cohort studies of users on several days throughout one year. On each day water samples were collected for the determination of Escherichia coli, enterococci (faecal streptococci), F-specific RNA bacteriophage, sulphite reducing clostridia, culturable enteroviruses and turbidity. Of 755 questionnaires distributed, 473 (63%) were returned. The relative risks of GI and other symptoms were determined by logistic regression analyses. The variables associated with an increased risk of GI-illness were swallowing water, unintentional swimming in the course, eating and drinking before getting changed and the levels of F-specific RNA bacteriophages. Being a regular user was associated with a decreased risk of GI-illness. This study demonstrates the value of F-specific RNA bacteriophages as an index of risk from recreational use of a fresh water environment.
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Bashutska, U. B., and Ryszard Konieczny. "Determination of the environmental effect of the water pulverizing aerator in the conditions of Yavoriv artificial lake." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 30, no. 5 (November 3, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36930/40300507.
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The paper describes the experience of restoration of the lands disturbed by the mining industry by applying proper water management of worked-out quarries reclamation. The necessity of works on regular maintenance of the anthropogenic techno-ecosystem and artificial reservoirs is highlighted. Water quality is considered to be one of the most important characteristics of water resources that determine the possibility of their rational use. Most artificial lakes are characterized by high water content of sulfate ions. Oxygen is one of the most important dissolved in water gases. The dynamics of its content is determined by physicochemical and biological processes, and the uneven vertical distribution of oxygen in the lake is accompanied by the formation of products of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ammonia.The use of aeration systems in the world allows considering aeration as an effective tool in conditions that are critical for hydroecosystems. Aeration methods can enrich water with oxygen and improve the ecological condition of the artificial lake. The paper shows the environmental advantages of using wind energy compared to the energy generated by burning different types of fuel. In the course of research calculations were made for the operation of a water pulverizing aerator designed by Podsyadlovsky in the location of Yavoriv artificial lake (Western Ukraine). The location of the lake is favourable for tourism development as it can provide various types of recreation for both local and transit holidaymakers.The environmental advantages of the wind drive of the water pulverizing aerator designed by S. Podsiadlowski for reclamation of Yavoriv artificial lake are mathematically determined and analyzed. The environmental effect is related to the benefits of replacing the energy obtained by burning fossil fuels at a power plant with wind energy. The environmental effect, which is determined in the process of mathematical calculations and on the basis of regression equations, complements modern knowledge in the field of bottom water aeration with the use of a water pulverizing aerator based on the Podsiadlowskis concept.
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Rank, D., F. J. Maringer, W. Papesch, and V. Rajner. "Danube Field Excursion 1988: Tritium Content of River Water; Radioactivity of Danube Sediments." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0030.
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Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected during the Danube excursion 1988, within a coordinated sampling program of the Radiology Working Group of the “Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung ” (K.Hübel, Munich; I. Kurcz, Budapest; D.Rank, Vienna). The H-3 content of the river water and the radioactivity of the bottom sediments were measured at the BVFA Arsenal, Vienna. The determined H-3 content of the Danube water corresponds with the long-term trend in the H-3 content of the hydrosphere; the values lie in the range of 3 Bq/kg downstream from Belgrade, upstream from Belgrade they are about 4 Bq/kg. It was only in the waste water plume of the nuclear power station of Kozloduj that a slightly elevated H-3 value - 6 Bq/kg - was determined. The content of the sediments of artificial radionuclides was found, at the time of the Danube field excursion, to be almost exclusively due to the radioactive material released following the reactor accident at Chernobyl in April 1986 (mainly Cs-137 and Cs-134). As a consequence of the air currents and precipitation conditions prevailing at the time of the accident, the bottom sediments in the lower course of the Danube were less contaminated than those in the upper course. The fine sediments were found to contain over 3000 Bq/kg of Cs-137 in the upper course of the Danube.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Artificial water course"
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Juhna, Talis. "Sorption of humic substances and microbial activity in the course of artificial recharge of groundwater." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17644.
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Sorption of humic subtances and metal-humate complexes on aquifer material taken from basins used for artificial recharge of groundwater was studied in batch scale experiments. Distribution of bacteria attached to the material from uppermost layer and from the horizons below the infiltration basin were measured in the field studies. Sorption of aquifer material was heterogeneous in respect to the different position and depth in the infiltration basin. Sorption depended on the numerous factors including composition of the filter sand and properties of humic matter. The heavy metals retarded during artificial groundwater recharge was in the form of metal-humate complexes, dominantly in anionic form or as particulate matter. Sorption of humic substances on the aquifer material was substantially enhanced due to the forming of complexes with heavy metals. Total bacterial number was greatest on the upper most layer of infiltration basin. Slight decreases of bacterial number was observed down to the depth of two meters. There were no significant differences in ratio among major physiological groups of heterotrophic bacteria between layer investigated. The smallest seasonal variation of bacteria was found in the deeper layer below infiltration basin.Godkänd; 1999; 20070403 (ysko)
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Ležatka, Lukáš. "Význam a úloha umělých vodních toků v soudobém městě." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233221.
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The objective of this dissertation is resolving the issues of both form and function of water courses in a present-day city. The dissertation focuses primarily on water courses which may be described as man-made, i.e. those resembling a canal, and addresses their prospective revitalization within the context of urban renewal and development in the present-day post-industrial era. The introduction includes a comprehensive analysis of the historical and typological development of artificial water courses, essential for grasping the connections as well as the current overall state of water courses in an urbanized setting. Detailed attention is devoted in particular to the most frequently occurring artificial water course - i.e. the race. The dissertation strives to defend the irreplaceable role of the water course as a public space in the urban landscape and - consequently - also its prospective essential revitalization. Examples, especially from throughout Western Europe, are used to demonstrate particular solutions, approaches and strategies to predominantly artificial water course renewal within the urban environment. The dissertation also devotes attention to the tools used in reaching relevant solutions.
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Garnier, Philippe. "Le Cher, étude hydrologique." Angers, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ANGE0016.
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Le bassin du Cher est constitué de régions aux caractéristiques hydrologiques tranchées dont les besoins en eau diffèrent fortement. Après avoir analysé un certain nombre d'outils autorisant une première approche du fonctionnement de l'hydrosystème, une prospection systématique des formes de l'écoulement fut menée. Cette seconde partie examine plus particulièrement différentes méthodes de prédétermination des crues, ainsi que les sorties d'étiage. Ces analyses ont permis, en troisième partie, l'établissement de bilans hydrologiques autorisant une vision globale des flux. L'objectif, à ce niveau, était de lire les circulations visibles ou occultes et d'estimer les potentialités de chaque région ou pays. Au bout de compte, il s'agit de disposer d'éléments permettant d'apprécier la pertinence du projet de barrage à Chambonchard. Il s'agit aussi de nourrir une réflexion quant au dimensionnement de l'ouvrage.
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OHEROVÁ, Martina. "Koupání dětí v krytých bazénech." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-252004.
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This diploma thesis deals with bathing children, especially infants and toddlers, in indoor swimming pools. It focuses primarily on the potential health and hygiene risks of this activity. It is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part provides a deeper insight into the field of artificial swimming pools, is dedicated to current as well as first ever legislation, in more detail is dedicated to the hygienic requirements for swimming pools according to Decree no. 238/2011, as amended; describes the process of pool water treatment, provides an overview of possible types of disinfecting pool water treatment and comparison within the advantages and disadvantages, describes indicators of water quality and their importance, and mostly focuses on hygienic and health risks in connection with the visit of indoor pools. Gives examples from practice (epidemic), mentions the most common sources of pollution including the most common violations of visitors. The theme of hygienic and health risks is then divided according to the origin of risk to the microbiological part (dedicated to infectious agents), to chemical part (disinfection by products) and to the part of accident risks and risks associated with the water temperature. The thesis is also keenly interested in the views of experts for bathing children, especially infants and toddlers, in indoor artificial pools. Research in the practical part was made by a qualitative method using secondary data analysis (operational and guest regulations, operational logbooks for 2015, the results of laboratory analysis of pool water for the 2015, laws and decrees), participant observation and interviews. The research was conducted in indoor swimming pools in towns Jihlava and Prachatice, which run swimming courses for infants and toddlers as well as for older children. For research, I set the following goals: C1: To monitor the microbiological and the physical-chemical indicators of the pool water quality in relation to Decree no. 238/2011 Coll., as amended, in pre-selected artificial indoor pools during annual operation. C2: To focus on the health status of children (infants and toddlers) in swimming classes. C3: To find out the knowledge and attitudes of visitors (parents) and trainers in the field of hygiene principles for swimming in artificial pools and risks arising from them. Based on the targets I have set the following research questions: V1: Are the monitored microbiological and physico-chemical water quality limits exceeded, and if so, which and under what circumstances? V2: What health problems, if they occured, did infants and toddlers after regular visits of indoor pools have ? V3: Are these children suffering from allergic diseases, and if so, from what type? V4: What knowledge and attitudes do visitors (parents) and lecturers in the field of hygienic principles for swimming in artificial pools and potential risks have? This thesis may serve the general public to extend the knowledge in the field of bathing (not only the children) in artificial pools and to give a view on this subject from different perspectives, as well as operators of swimming pools as an information material.
Book chapters on the topic "Artificial water course"
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"Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment." In Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment, edited by Bror Jonsson and Nina Jonsson. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874080.ch32.
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<em>Abstract</em>.-Populations of Atlantic salmon <em>Salmo salar </em>can be restored and enhanced through planting of green or eyed eggs (embryos) in rivers and by releasing fry, parr, smolts, or postsmolts. The success of the releases varies with time and site of release, broodstock origin, size and age of the fish, and rearing and release techniques applied. However, egg, fry or parr releases cannot be used for augmenting populations above the carrying capacity of the water course. To surpass the carrying capacity, the fish should be released as smolts or postsmolts. Smolts released in rivers during spring migrate to sea for feeding but return to the river of release for spawning. Atlantic salmon released at the postsmolt stage may return to the release site when adult, but thereafter, they may stray to any of a number of rivers for spawning. As a result of ecological interactions, released juvenile hatchery fish may partly displace, increase the mortality, and decrease the growth rate, adult size, reproductive output, biomass, and production of wild conspecifics through density-dependent mechanisms working in freshwater. Hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon are usually competitively inferior to wild conspecifics both during feeding and spawning in rivers, due to environmental impacts and genetic changes that occur during the juvenile rearing. Habitat restoration is preferred when restoring endangered, threatened, or weak populations. Degraded spawning habitats can be reconstructed, and poor freshwater quality can be mitigated. In regulated rivers, rapid fluctuations in water level should be avoided, and the migratory activity of the fish can be stimulated by increased water flow. Populations can also be enhanced by expanding the accessible nursery habitat by use of artificial fishways through human induced or natural migration hindrances. Adaptive management practice is useful when restoring and rehabilitating populations and habitats. More knowledge is needed about environmental and genetic influences on the phenotype of hatchery fish and how habitats constrain salmon production in rivers.
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Kose, Utku, and Ahmet Arslan. "A Web-Based Intelligent Educational Laboratory System for Forecasting Chaotic Time Series." In Artificial Intelligence Applications in Distance Education, 110–35. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6276-6.ch007.
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In the context of Chaos Theory and its applications, forecasting time series of a chaotic system is an attractive work area for the current literature. Many different approaches and the related scientific studies have been introduced and done by researchers since the inception of this working area. Newer studies are also performed in order to provide more effective and efficient approaches and improve the related literature in this way. On the other hand, it is another important research point to ensure effective educational approaches for teaching Chaos Theory and chaotic systems within the associated courses. In this sense, this chapter introduces a Web-based, intelligent, educational laboratory system for forecasting chaotic time series. Briefly, the system aims to enable students to experience their own learning process over the Web by using a simple interface. The laboratory system employs an Artificial Intelligence-based approach including a Single Multiplicative Neuron System trained by Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm in order to forecast time series of chaotic systems. It is possible to adjust parameters of the related Artificial Intelligence techniques, so it may possible for students to have some knowledge about Artificial Intelligence and intelligent systems.
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Epstein, Irving R., and John A. Pojman. "Polymer Systems." In An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096705.003.0017.
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In the classic 1967 film “The Graduate” the protagonist, Benjamin (Dustin Hoffman), is attempting to plan his postcollege path. His neighbor provides one word of advice, “Plastics.” This counsel has become part of American culture and is often parodied. But, it is good advice, because not since the transformations from stone to bronze and then to iron have new materials so completely transformed a society. Plastics made from synthetic polymers are ubiquitous, from Tupperware to artificial hearts. About half the world’s chemists work in polymer-related industries. In this chapter, we will survey some of the work that has been done in applying nonlinear dynamics to polymerization processes. These systems differ from those we have considered so far because they do not involve redox reactions. We will consider polymerization reactions in a CSTR that exhibit oscillations through the coupling of temperature-dependent viscosity and viscosity-dependent rate constants. Emulsion polymerization, which produces small polymer particles dispersed in water, can also oscillate in a CSTR. Both types of systems are important industrially, and their stabilities have been studied by engineers with the goal of eliminating their time-dependent behavior. Our favorite oscillating system, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, can be used to create an isothermal periodic polymerization reaction in either a batch or continuous system. This, however, is not a practical system because of the cost of the reagents. In most industrial processes, nonlinear behavior is seen not as an advantage but as something to be avoided. However, we will look at several reaction-diffusion systems that have desirable properties precisely because of their nonlinear behavior. Replication of RNA is autocatalytic and can occur as a traveling front. Since not all RNA molecules replicate equally well, faster mutants gradually take over. At each mutation, the front propagates faster. Evolution can be directly observed in a test tube. Propagating polymerization fronts of synthetic polymers may be useful for making new materials, and they are interesting because of the rich array of nonlinear phenomena they show, with pulsations, convection, and spinning fronts. Finally, we will consider photopolymerization systems that exhibit spatial pattern formation on the micron scale, which can be used to control the macroscopic properties.
Conference papers on the topic "Artificial water course"
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Zhang, Wei, and Jialing Hao. "Human Impacts on the Hydrology in Pearl River Delta, China." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57122.
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The Pearl River Delta (PRD) lies in the south of GuangDong province in China. It is the river networks area of the lower reaches of MaKou of West River, Sanshui of North River and ShiLong of Dongjiang River. Over the last 20 years, in order to keep sustainable development of economy, many regulations engineering to improve grade of channel from river networks to estuary was implemented in 1990’s. At the same time, artificial sand excavation reached the peak level. These human activities impacted the hydrodynamic greatly than natural evolution. As a result, the morphology and hydrology of the PRD water system has been predominantly dictated by those human activities. In this paper, based on the Saint-Venant equations, a numerical model of junction-river course for the whole PRD was established by using the junction-control methods for water level. First, the river networks in the PRD are schematized as 340 main river courses, 216 nodes and 1850 cross sections. The areas of this river networks are approximately 2000km2, and the total river length is more than 1600km., second, utilizing the transforms of the single river finite-difference equations and the mass and energy conservation at the river junction, the control equations for all junctions’ water level can be written in matrix notation. The water level at all junctions are obtained by solving the irregular spare matrix equations, finally, the water level at all single river sections are gotten by the solution algorithm for the single river unsteady flow. After calibration, simulation under different topographical condition in 1990 and in 2005 respectively was made. This paper put much emphasis on comparison changes of the hydrodynamic condition in PRD in recent 20 years by numerical model and observation data. Research result shows that frequent human activities caused the change of topographical; which result in changes of the hydrodynamic, such as the tide range in PRD shows abrupt shift and the divided flow ratio between various water courses change. More specifically, the average annual tide range at Makou was 0.32m in 1990, however; it was 0.55m in 2005. Meanwhile, the dramatic change of hydrodynamic in PRD directly results in stronger saline intrusion in recent years.
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GRECO, MICHELE, NICOLA UNGARO, GAETANO CARICATO, GIOVANNI MARTINO, LORENA DI GIUSEPPE, GIUSEPPE GIMBATTI, PATRIZIA MAURO, et al. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE DELIMITATION OF “NO BATHING AREAS” IN MARINE COASTAL ZONES CLOSE TO THE OUTLETS OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL WATER COURSES IN BASILICATA REGION, ITALY." In WATER POLLUTION 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp200091.
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Wuttipittayamongkol, Weeraya, Pannapon Trinavarat, Warisa Nuntaprayoon, Monrawee Pancharoen, and Rapheephan Laochamroonvorapongse. "Design and Execution of the First Large-Scale Polymer Injection Pilot in Sirikit Oil Field." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21475-ms.
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Abstract Becoming more mature with field-wide water flooding implementation for more than 30 years, Sirikit Oil Field (S1) is going forward to the next rejuvenating step of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Generally, the field contains light oil (40° API) in highly stratified sand-shale sequences with low net-to-gross ratios. High reservoir temperature, low permeability, and high water cut observed from production make it even more challenging for polymer injection projects. Nonetheless, the success from a small-scale field trial has shown a promising future of EOR application in the field and brought an execution of the first large-scale polymer injection pilot. Polymer screening laboratory tests, a reservoir simulation study, data acquisition program and techniques, injectivity tests, polymer injection unit design, and risk assessment were parts of the pilot preparation, in which the key learnings from the previous pilot have been incorporated. The gathering and determination of baseline parameters including production performance, injection profiles, reservoir fluid saturation profiles, etc., were registered for ultimate evaluation. Then, the continuous polymer injection has been started since October 2019 in two separated fault blocks where 12 injectors and 20 producers are located in different injection patterns. During several months of polymer injection, both foreseen and unforeseen changes have enlivened the pilot management. Although the injectivity test with polymer solution prior to the pilot demonstrated no injection difficulty, several wells have shown injectivity deterioration with time. Mechanical degradation is induced in these wells by the installation of flow restriction devices to lessen solution viscosity and, hence, prolong polymer injectivity. Well integrity issues and artificial lift breakdown negatively affect field production and close-in wells make it harder for voidage replacement control. Immediate troubleshooting and close monitoring have been placed and eventually leads to the recognition of encouraging results. Polymer helps improve vertical injection profiles as seen from injection logging. Saturation logging presents a sign of oil saturation decrease around the wellbore area. Reduction of water cut and rise of oil production have pleasantly come after a few months from the start. Intensive surveillance program will be continued over the course of pilot injection. The critical success of the EOR pilot execution depends on the detailed planning, prudent surveillance and comprehensive evaluation. Sirikit oil field is moving to a turning point and the pilot outcome would lead the way to a further milestone, so as to avoid premature end of the field's production.
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Vandergraaf, Tjalle T., Gudrat G. Mamedov, Mahammadali A. Ramazanov, Jalal A. Naghiyev, Afat A. Mehdiyeva, and Nazim A. Huseynov. "Determination of the Radionuclide Contamination on the Absheron Peninsula in Azerbaijan." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59177.
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Much of Azerbaijan’s Absheron Peninsula is contaminated by natural U-series and Th-series radionuclides, released in the production of oil and gas and, to a lesser extent, by anthropogenic radionuclides, including Sr-90 and Cs-137, from local industrial activities and trans-border transport. The region contains a large number of pipelines and artificial lagoons that have been used to retain excess groundwater and oil residues. In spite of the long history of the oil and gas industry, radioecological investigations have not been carried out until recently. The purpose of this project is to determine the extent of radionuclide contamination in the Absheron Peninsula using a combination of radiation field measurements and laboratory analyses of selected samples, focusing on ten routes in the vicinity of Baku. The routes were selected as most likely to have become contaminated over time. Soil samples, taken from surface and to a depth of 1 m, aqueous samples from surface waters and marshes, and aqueous and sediment lagoons that showed elevated dosimetry readings, were prepared for gamma spectrometric analysis. Control samples were taken from non-contaminated areas. Samples of air and surface waters were analyzed for Rn-220 and Rn-222. The data will then be used to assess the potential impact of the contamination on the local population. A total slightly 4000 dosimetric readings were taken during the course of this investigation. Of these, 1366 (34%) exceeded 5.4 μR/h. This level is two standard deviations above the mean of the least contaminated route, the 79-km Baku-Guba route. Along the routes Baku-Shemakha and Baku-Guba where no oil and gas activity had taken place, radiation levels of 5.1 ± 1.5 and 4.2 ± 0.6 μR/h, respectively, were obtained. The readings for the route Baku-Guba were then used as representing negligible contamination to which the readings of the other sites were compared. In contrast, along the routes Baku-Lokbatan and Baku-Surakhani, that have seen oil- and gas-related activity, radiation levels were sometimes two or three orders of magnitude higher. The most highly contaminated sites were those of two abandoned iodine recovery facilities along the route Baku-Surakhani, the Ramani and Surakhani sites where readings up to 1450 μR/h were obtained. The contamination is due mainly to uranium and thorium in the formation water associated with the oil and gas. Radon measurements did not exceed 20 Bq/m3.
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Sheng, Chenguang, George Nnanna, and Chandramouli Viswanathan. "Lake Michigan Water Resources Study." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38369.
Full textAbstract:
This paper contains an analysis of withdrawal data for North West Indiana to compute consumptive-use coefficients and to describe monthly variability of withdrawals and consumptive use. Concurrent data were available for most water-use categories from 1990 through 2008. Average monthly water withdrawals are discussed for a variety of water-use categories, and average water use per month is depicted graphically. Water quality analysis is presented and historic water quality data of Northwest Indiana, (Lake, Porter and LaPort Counties) were downloaded from USEPA website and they were examined for the trends in different water quality constituents. Individual station based analysis and regional analysis were conducted using MK Test. Water quality data indicated an improvement trend. Water withdrawals data were analyzed using regression and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. The ANN model performed a better forecasting while compared to a linear regression model. For most water-use categories, the summer months were those of highest withdrawal and highest consumptive use. For public supply, average monthly withdrawals ranged from 2,193 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) (February) to 3,092 Mgal/d (July). North West Indiana energy production had large increases in average monthly withdrawals in the summer months (17,551 Mgal/d in February to 26,236 Mgal/d in July, possibly because of increased electricity production in the summer, a need for additional cooling-water withdrawals when intake-water temperature is high, or use of different types of cooling methods during different times of the year. Average industrial withdrawals ranged from 31,553 Mgal/d (February) to 36,934 Mgal/d (August). The North West Indiana irrigation data showed that most withdrawals were in May through October for golf courses, nurseries, and crop irrigation. Miscellaneous water withdrawals ranged from 12.2 Mgal/d (January) to 416.3 Mgal/d (October), commercial facilities that have high water demand in Indiana are medical facilities, schools, amusement facilities, wildlife facilities, large stores, colleges, correctional institutions, and national security facilities. Consumptive use and consumptive-use coefficients were computed by two principal methods in this study: the return-flow and withdrawal method and the winter-base-rate method (WBR). The WBR method was not suitable for the industrial and miscellaneous water-use categories. The RW method was not used for public-supply facilities. The public-supply annual average consumptive-use coefficient derived by use of the WBR methods is 8 percent from 1990 to 2008 for North West Indiana; the summer average consumptive-use coefficient was considerably higher with the amount of 20 percent. The energy production annual consumptive-use coefficient was 13 percent by the WBR method, which increased to 28 percent for summer. In terms of maximum accuracy and minimal uncertainty, use of available withdrawal, return-flow, and consumptive-use data reported by facilities and data estimated from similar facilities are preferable over estimates based on data for a particular water-use category or groups of water-use categories. If monthly withdrawal, return flow, and consumptive use data are few and limited, monthly patterns described in this report may be used as a basis of estimation, but the level of uncertainty may be a greater than for the other estimation methods.
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De Giorgi, M. G., D. Bello, and A. Ficarella. "A Neural Network Approach to Analyse Cavitating Flow Regime in an Internal Orifice." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82205.
Full textAbstract:
The identification of the water cavitation regime is an important issue in a wide range of machines, as hydraulic machines and internal combustion engine. In the present work several experiments on a water cavitating flow were conducted in order to investigate the influence of pressures and temperature on flow regime transition. In some cases, as the injection of hot fluid or the cryogenic cavitation, the thermal effects could be important. The cavitating flow pattern was analyzed by the images acquired by the high-speed camera and by the pressure signals. Four water cavitation regimes were individuated by the visualizations: no-cavitation, developing, super and jet cavitation. As by image analysis, also by the frequency analysis of the pressure signals, different flow behaviours were identified at the different operating conditions. A useful approach to predict and on-line monitoring the cavitating flow and to investigate the influence of the different parameters on the phenomenon is the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). In the present study a three-layer Elman neural network was designed, using as inputs the power spectral density distributions of dynamic differential pressure fluctuations, recorded downstream and upstream the restricted area of the orifice. Results show that the designed neural networks predict the cavitation patterns successfully comparing with the cavitation pattern by visual observation. The Artificial Neural Network underlines also the impact that each input has in the training process, so it is possible to identify the frequency ranges that more influence the different cavitation regimes and the impact of the temperature. A theoretical analysis has been also performed to justify the results of the experimental observations. In this approach the nonlinear dynamics of the bubbles growth have been used on an homogenous vapor-liquid mixture model, so to couple the effects of the internal dynamic bubble with the other flow parameters.
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Powell, J. "Future of Shipping." In International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. London: IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.029.
Full textAbstract:
Technology is changing and rapidly evolving many industries including shipping. Advances in information, telecommunication, computer, robotic, Artificial Intelligence, machine/deep learning technologies together with cutting edge automation are proliferating every facet of maritime industry and changes are expected to accelerate. However, challenges of new technologies, pace of change and wide spread automation have taken many by surprise. In maritime, the regulatory framework which has often been the cornerstone and by and large the driving force for change, albeit in response to an event or market forces or political pressure, is conspicuously missing and currently engaged in a race against time to catch up and rework the applicable Conventions. Despite early success, there are indeed numerous challenges for the new technologies to bed in and gain wider acceptance and recognition before being considered as a worthy and viable replacement for tried and tested designs on a global scale. Various projects developed thus far or undergoing development, are exclusively intended for coastal waters and therefore, subject to class and Flag national requirements and in the circumstance, rules and regulatory requirements are devised and enforced at national level, as deemed fit. Successful and historical Rolls Royce-Finferries autonomous operation of car ferry Falcon, underlined the arrival of new technologies and demonstrated that it is no longer a question of if but when, wide spread use of automation and autonomous systems are implemented on board. There are of course many hurdles to overcome but with the buzz, energy and willingness of stakeholders in maritime nations and scales of investment in research and development, it is only a matter of time before unmanned, semi-autonomous, autonomous vessels join the world fleet in numbers and set the trend for a new era in shipping. With steady and continuous growth in world trade and world fleet, indications are that current shortfall for officers will be multiplied by 2025. Although, there are no reliable records for total number of qualified seafarers worldwide and perhaps seafarers available for work, there will reportedly be a substantial shortfall in the number of officers by 2025, as per (BIMCO-ICS 2015) Manpower Report. This paper attempts to examine underlying reasons for introduction of new and viable technologies for potentially unmanned, semi and fully autonomous operations and its socioeconomic impact on seafarers and affiliated workforce.
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Kuswanto, Kuswanto, Oka Fabian, Orient B Samuel, Mohd Yuzmanizeil B Yaakub, Chua Hing Leong, Yap Yin Ho, Muhammad Fadzli Abdul Rahim, and Rafael Zhafrael. "Cable Thru Downhole Insert Safety Valve: A New Paradigm." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21238-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The B Field is located in the South China Sea, about 45 KM offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, in a water depth approximately 230 ft. Its structure is generally regarded as a gentle rollover anticline with collapsed crest resulting from growth faulting. The reservoirs were deposited in a coastal to shallow marine with some channels observed. Multiple stacked reservoirs consist of a series of very thick stacked alternating sandstone and minor shale layers with differing reservoir properties. The shallow zones are unconsolidated, and the wells were completed with internal gravel packs. Wells in B Field mostly were completed in multi-layered reservoirs as dual strings with SSDs and meant to produce as a commingled production. The well BX is located within B Field and designed as oil producer well with a conventional tubing jointedElectrical Submersible Pump (ESP) system which was installed back in 2008. Refer to figure 1, the initial completion schematic is 3-1/2″ single string that consist of the single production packer, gas lift mandrel, tubing retrievable Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV) and ESP. The production packers equipped with the feed thru design to accommodate the ESP cable and the gas vent valve as part of the ESP completion design. The gas lift mandrel was installed in the completion string as a backup artificial lift method to receive the gas lift and orifice valve in the event of the conventional ESP failed. Hence the well still able to produce by introducing the gas thru the annulus to activate the gas lift valve. Eventually throughout the end of the the field life, the well would depend on the ESP system for the primary lifting method due to gas lift depth limitation and the gas supply. The conventional ESP failed after seven years of operation which is above the average ESP lifetime. The well last produced at a flow rate with 28 % water cut, however the well is not at the end of the field life. Based on the economical study with the right technology and cost efficient approach, the well still economicaly profitable. The Thru Tubing (TT) ESP technology is approached as cost effective solution compare to fully well workover. Despite a couple of operational challenges, for example, setting the cable hanger, maintaining downhole barrier requirement, the Thru Tubing Electrical Submersible Pump Cable Deployed (TTESP CD) and Cable Thru Insert Safety Valve (CT-ISV) was successfully installed. Several post-installation findings have uncovered some problems which are requiring some additional technical and operation improvement for future similar applications. This paper will highlight the deployment of the Cable Thru Insert Safety Valve (CT-ISV) that was successfully installed as pilot, which is the first application in the world, and also highlights the success, lesson learnt and improvement for future requirement for the CT-ISV application as one of the solution for retrofitting completion application without jeopardizing the well integrity. This achievement is collaboration between Company and service partner as the technology and deployment under the proprietary scope. Further technology application, the replication of this insert safety valve was conducted and successfully deployed on other three wells.