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Journal articles on the topic 'Artificial water course'
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1
Celestino da Costa, P. "The Reintegration of Used Waters in the Environment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0229.
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For urban and industrial uses, water is collected in the natural environment and after being used is returned to the natural environment. The process of utilization is simultaneously a process of pollution that is transferred to the wastewater and from it to the water-course. More than 50 years were necessary after the introduction of the techniques of house plumbing to the appearance of artificial wastewater treatments. Since the beginning of this process, it has been necessary to count on the natural assimilative capacity of the waters to deal with the pollution. But artificial treatment and artificially enhanced natural treatment have considerably augmented the possibility that the return of used waters to the environment became a true integration in it, its quality not being changed, or being changed in a way that does not significantly affect water uses. Three main technical means are available to do this, only one being artificial treatment.
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Vopravil, J., T. Khel, K. Voplakal, and M. Čermáková. "The impact of artificial drainage on water quality in two model areas in the bohemian forest foothills." Soil and Water Research 3, No. 3 (October 31, 2008): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2008-swr.
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This contribution arises from a broader research assignment dealing with the changes in soil properties and characteristics which have occurred following the artificial drainage of some agricultural soils in the Czech Republic. The current state is statistically compared with the state before the drainage. Thanks to the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation database, extensive sets of historical data are available. To enable a more detailed evaluation of the changes discovered, we chose two smaller study areas with different soil use. In the first area (Haklovy Dvory – arable land) there is intensive use of the soil, while in the other area (Železná – pastures) the use is not intensive. Historical data from about 30 years ago on the quality of surface and ground (well) water in the Železná area were taken as a starting point. The same types of water quality analyses were then made with water samples taken semi-annually in the Železná area since 2004 and once only (in 2005) in the Haklovy Dvory area. That led to the creation of an extensive body of information of water quality in the study areas. Within the framework of this information, the recent data, being still constantly supplemented, and the historical data on tile drainage, surface (stream) and underground (well) water quality are compared. In the course of the monitoring we focused on the following chemical indicators in the water: pH, alkalinity-acidity, total hardness, the concentrations of selected cations (magnesium, calcium, potassium, ammonia) and most important anions (bicarbonates, nitrates, nitrites, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides) and the electrical conductivity of the water. Individual samplings of surface and tile drainage water were, on the basis of the above mentioned analytical data, assigned appropriate quality categories according to the five-level pollution classification system defined by surface water quality standard (ČSN 75 7221). In Železná, no pronounced water pollution was found during the entire course of the monitoring, with the exception of one sampling point in the vicinity of which there was once a farmyard manure heap. By contrast, in the intensively managed Haklovy Dvory study area there was evidence of significant pollution of all tile drainage water samples. This finding supports our hypothesis about a direct impact of the type of agriculture practised in the area on the quality of tile drainage water. Both the use of fertilizers for agricultural crops and the intensive tillage of the soil have a commensurately large negative impact on the quality of tile drainage water and, subsequently, on the quality of water in surface watercourses.
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Kozel, Tomas, and Milos Stary. "Adaptive stochastic management of the storage function for a large open reservoir using an artificial intelligence method." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 67, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2019-0021.
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Abstract The design and evaluation of algorithms for adaptive stochastic control of reservoir function of the water reservoir using artificial intelligence methods (learning fuzzy model and neural networks) are described in this article. This procedure was tested on an artificial reservoir. Reservoir parameters have been designed to cause critical disturbances during the control process, and therefore the influences of control algorithms can be demonstrated in the course of controlled outflow of water from the reservoir. The results of the stochastic adaptive models were compared. Further, stochastic model results were compared with a resultant course of management obtained using the method of classical optimisation (differential evolution), which used stochastic forecast data from real series (100% forecast). Finally, the results of the dispatcher graph and adaptive stochastic control were compared. Achieved results of adaptive stochastic management provide inspiration for continuing research in the field.
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Davis, Kristofer, Yaoguo Li, and Michael Batzle. "Time-lapse gravity monitoring: A systematic 4D approach with application to aquifer storage and recovery." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 6 (November 2008): WA61—WA69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2987376.
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We studied time-lapse gravity surveys applied to the monitoring of an artificial aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) system in Leyden, Colorado. An abandoned underground coal mine has been developed into a subsurface water reservoir. Water from surface sources is injected into the artificial aquifer during winter for retrieval and use in summer. As a key component in the geophysical monitoring of the artificial ASR system, three microgravity surveys were conducted over the course of ten months during the initial water-injection stage. The time-lapse microgravity surveys successfully detected the distribution of injected water as well as its general movement. Quantitative interpretation based on 3D inversions produced hydrologically meaningful density-contrast models and imaged major zones of water distribution. The site formed an ideal natural laboratory for investigating various aspects of time-lapse gravity methodology. Through this application, we have studied systematically all steps of the method, including survey design, data acquisition, processing, and quantitative interpretation.
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OLIVEIRA, M. A., L. C. TORGAN, E. A. LOBO, and A. SCHARZBOLD. "Association of periphytic diatom species of artificial substrate in lotic environments in the Arroio Sampaio Basin, RS, Brazil: relationships with abiotic variables." Brazilian Journal of Biology 61, no. 4 (November 2001): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842001000400002.
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Associations of diatom species were identified, in the Arroio Sampaio Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on monthly samplings over a year along Arroio Sampaio and its main tributaries, using polyamide thread as an artificial substrate. The species groupings showed four different environments: medium-lower course of Arroio Sampaio; and lower course of Arroio Teresinha; upper course of Arroio Sampaio; and lower course of Arroio Duvidosa. Among the physical and chemical variables measured, water pollution, particularly organic contamination and eutrophication, measured from BOD5 and total phosphate concentration, respectively, appeared to be one of the most important environmental factors determining the composition and structure of species associations in the area studied.
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Šálek, Jan, František Marcián, and Iman Elazizy. "Use of artificial wetland for the treatment of surface and wastewater." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0520.
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Vegetative root zone methods are based on self-purifying processes that take place in the soil, wetland and vegetation containing water media. Our studies are concentrated on the course of puryfying in relation with the length of the filtration bed and on the progress of eliminating the ammoniacal pollution. The research proved that the essential part of the puryfying process takes place within the inlet zone (Figs 1 and 2). The decomposition of ammonia proceeds very slowly. The process of nitrification is affected by the lack of oxygen in the filtration media. To improve the effectiveness of vegetative root zone methods we suggest specific steps: an adjustment of the inlet zone, a system of cascades, a water level pulsation system and combinations of different types and arrangements of vegetative root zones.
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Stamenković, Lidija J., Sanja Mrazovac Kurilić, and Vladanka Presburger Ulniković. "Prediction of nitrate concentration in Danube River water by using artificial neural networks." Water Supply 20, no. 6 (May 22, 2020): 2119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.104.
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Abstract This paper describes the development of a model based on artificial neural networks (ANN) which aims to predict the concentration of nitrates in river water. Another 26 water quality parameters were also monitored and used as input parameters. The models were trained and tested with data from ten monitoring stations on the Danube River, located in its course through Serbia, for the period from 2011 to 2016. Multilayer perceptron (MLP), standard three-layer network is used to develop models and two input variable selection techniques are used to reduce the number of input variables. The obtained results have shown the ability of ANN to predict the nitrate concentration in both developed models with a value of mean absolute error of 0.53 and 0.42 mg/L for the test data. Also, the application of IVS has contributed to reduce the number of input variables and to increase the performance of the model, especially in the case of variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis where the estimation of multicollinearity among variables and the elimination of excessive variables significantly influenced the prediction abilities of the ANN model, r – 0.91.
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Lee, J. V., S. R. Dawson, S. Ward, S. B. Surman, and K. R. Neal. "Bacteriophages are a better indicator of illness rates than bacteria amongst users of a white water course fed by a lowland river." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0728.
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An examination was made of the risk factors for gastrointestinal illness (GI) and other symptoms among canoeists and rafters using an artificial white-water canoe slalom course fed by a lowland river. The investigation was made by carrying out cohort studies of users on several days throughout one year. On each day water samples were collected for the determination of Escherichia coli, enterococci (faecal streptococci), F-specific RNA bacteriophage, sulphite reducing clostridia, culturable enteroviruses and turbidity. Of 755 questionnaires distributed, 473 (63%) were returned. The relative risks of GI and other symptoms were determined by logistic regression analyses. The variables associated with an increased risk of GI-illness were swallowing water, unintentional swimming in the course, eating and drinking before getting changed and the levels of F-specific RNA bacteriophages. Being a regular user was associated with a decreased risk of GI-illness. This study demonstrates the value of F-specific RNA bacteriophages as an index of risk from recreational use of a fresh water environment.
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Bashutska, U. B., and Ryszard Konieczny. "Determination of the environmental effect of the water pulverizing aerator in the conditions of Yavoriv artificial lake." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 30, no. 5 (November 3, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36930/40300507.
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The paper describes the experience of restoration of the lands disturbed by the mining industry by applying proper water management of worked-out quarries reclamation. The necessity of works on regular maintenance of the anthropogenic techno-ecosystem and artificial reservoirs is highlighted. Water quality is considered to be one of the most important characteristics of water resources that determine the possibility of their rational use. Most artificial lakes are characterized by high water content of sulfate ions. Oxygen is one of the most important dissolved in water gases. The dynamics of its content is determined by physicochemical and biological processes, and the uneven vertical distribution of oxygen in the lake is accompanied by the formation of products of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ammonia.The use of aeration systems in the world allows considering aeration as an effective tool in conditions that are critical for hydroecosystems. Aeration methods can enrich water with oxygen and improve the ecological condition of the artificial lake. The paper shows the environmental advantages of using wind energy compared to the energy generated by burning different types of fuel. In the course of research calculations were made for the operation of a water pulverizing aerator designed by Podsyadlovsky in the location of Yavoriv artificial lake (Western Ukraine). The location of the lake is favourable for tourism development as it can provide various types of recreation for both local and transit holidaymakers.The environmental advantages of the wind drive of the water pulverizing aerator designed by S. Podsiadlowski for reclamation of Yavoriv artificial lake are mathematically determined and analyzed. The environmental effect is related to the benefits of replacing the energy obtained by burning fossil fuels at a power plant with wind energy. The environmental effect, which is determined in the process of mathematical calculations and on the basis of regression equations, complements modern knowledge in the field of bottom water aeration with the use of a water pulverizing aerator based on the Podsiadlowskis concept.
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Rank, D., F. J. Maringer, W. Papesch, and V. Rajner. "Danube Field Excursion 1988: Tritium Content of River Water; Radioactivity of Danube Sediments." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0030.
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Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected during the Danube excursion 1988, within a coordinated sampling program of the Radiology Working Group of the “Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung ” (K.Hübel, Munich; I. Kurcz, Budapest; D.Rank, Vienna). The H-3 content of the river water and the radioactivity of the bottom sediments were measured at the BVFA Arsenal, Vienna. The determined H-3 content of the Danube water corresponds with the long-term trend in the H-3 content of the hydrosphere; the values lie in the range of 3 Bq/kg downstream from Belgrade, upstream from Belgrade they are about 4 Bq/kg. It was only in the waste water plume of the nuclear power station of Kozloduj that a slightly elevated H-3 value - 6 Bq/kg - was determined. The content of the sediments of artificial radionuclides was found, at the time of the Danube field excursion, to be almost exclusively due to the radioactive material released following the reactor accident at Chernobyl in April 1986 (mainly Cs-137 and Cs-134). As a consequence of the air currents and precipitation conditions prevailing at the time of the accident, the bottom sediments in the lower course of the Danube were less contaminated than those in the upper course. The fine sediments were found to contain over 3000 Bq/kg of Cs-137 in the upper course of the Danube.
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Kandelaki, Mikhail D., and Alexander G. Volkov. "The influence of dielectric permittivity of the nonaqueous phase on the photooxidation of water at the interface of two immiscible liquids in the presence of a hydrated oligomer of chlorophyll. The role of a proton acceptor." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-024.
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We have investigated polarographically the dependence of the dioxygen yield on the concentration of 2,4-dinitrophenol in photooxidation of water in an octane/water system containing hydrated oligomer of chlorophyll, a water-soluble electron acceptor ferricyanide and a buffer. A linear correlation between the rate of dioxygen evolution and the photopotential at the interface between the two liquid phases is observed. Investigation of the dependences of photopotential and rate of dioxygen evolution on the dielectric permittivity of the nonaqueous phase has shown that with increasing dielectric permittivity, one can observe a decrease in both the reaction rate and the potential difference. The lifetime of chlorophyll in the course of water photooxidation reaction has been measured. Key words: chlorophyll, oxygen, water photooxidation, oil/water interface, artificial photosynthesis.
12
Fuse, M., K. G. Davey, and R. I. Sommerville. "Water compartments and osmoregulation in the parasitic nematode Pseudoterranova decipiens." Journal of Experimental Biology 175, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.175.1.143.
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A study of the time course of penetration of 3H2O into whole worms suggests that worms immersed in a hypo-osmotic environment (15% artificial sea water) reach full exchange equilibrium more slowly than worms in an iso-osmotic environment (40% artificial sea water). The apparent water content, determined by dry mass, matches that determined by 3H2O exchange when worms are immersed for 24 h in 40% artificial sea water (ASW), but the water content measured by 3H2O exchange is lower when worms are kept in a hypo-osmotic environment for 24 h. These differences disappear after 48 h. No such differences are apparent when sacs, consisting of cylinders of body wall lacking their intestines and pseudocoelomic fluid and closed at both ends by ligatures, are immersed in either 40% or 15% ASW for 24 h. The placing of ligatures at the head, but not at the tail, results in a failure of worms immersed in 40% ASW or 15% ASW containing 3H2O to achieve full exchange equilibrium within 24 h. These results suggest that although worms immersed in an iso-osmotic environment drink, those immersed in a hypo-osmotic environment do not, a conclusion supported by studies involving the addition of [14C]inulin to the medium. The application of ligatures to the head and tail of worms immersed in 40% ASW results in a slower penetration of 3H2O into the pseudocoelomic fluid, whereas similar ligatures do not further retard the penetration in worms exposed to 15% ASW. The results are consistent with a model which sees the pseudocoelomic fluid as consisting of two compartments containing water, one of which exchanges more slowly than the other.
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Eglinton, T. I., C. D. Curtis, and S. J. Rowland. "Generation of water-soluble organic acids from kerogen during hydrous pyrolysis: implications for porosity development." Mineralogical Magazine 51, no. 362 (October 1987): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.362.04.
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AbstractConcentrations of organic acids ranging up to several thousand parts per million have previously been found in oil-field waters. These acids are of interest because of their potential to enhance porosity by the dissolution of carbonates and aluminosilicates. They are believed to be generated from organic geopolymers (kerogen) in the late-diagenetic-early-catagenetic stage of thermal maturation.During the course of artificial maturation experiments in which kerogens of varying type were heated in the presence of water (so-called ‘hydrous pyrolysis’) and different minerals, the distribution and abundance of low molecular weight water-soluble acids were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Preliminary results suggest that significant quantities of mono- and di-carboxylic acids are produced during hydrous pyrolysis. The amounts and types of acid appear to vary as a function of kerogen type, maturity and mineralogy. Implications of these findings regarding the development of secondary porosity are discussed.
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Sedova, Nelly, Viktor Sedov, Ruslan Bazhenov, and Sergey Bogatenkov. "Neural network classifier for automatic course-keeping based on fuzzy logic." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 4683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201495.
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The authors continued their research on the development of an intelligent automatic ships pilot containing a controller based on fuzzy logic. Its features are determined by the optimizer based on a genetic algorithm. It also contains a modular unit of neural network models of ship navigation paths, as well as a neural network classifier. This paper is devoted to the description of a neural network classifier designed to classify the movement patterns of marine vessels to identify the peculiarities of the ship depending on its type and sailing conditions. The introduction of such classifier to an autopilot allows for more precise consideration of multivariate and difficult to formalize factors affecting the vessel while operating, such as varying weather conditions, irregular waves, hydrodynamic characteristics of the vessel, draft, water under the keel, rate of the vessel sailing, etc. The article outlines the technique concerning the development of a neural network classifier and the results of its computer modelling on the example of a refrigerated transport vessel type. The authors used such methods for obtaining and processing findings as spectral estimation, machine learning methods, in particular, neural network technology and computer or simulation modelling.
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Yudina, Antonina, and Yana Kukushkina. "CONSTRUCTION OF LOW-RISE BUILDINGS IN THE COASTLAND AND WATER AREAS." Architecture and Engineering 6, no. 1 (2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-58-63.
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Introduction: Artificial islands for new construction and works in a dry environment are created in water areas by installing enclosures, which allow buildings to remain rigid and stable and withstand the influence of climatic factors. Purpose of the study: We aim to develop a method for the construction of low-rise buildings in the coastland and water areas with the least labor effort required to erect buildings and ensure their safe operation. Methods: In the course of the research, we have performed theoretical studies in the field of experimental construction and analyzed the results of Russian and foreign scientific research related to the construction of buildings in water areas. Results: We have examined methods for the construction of waterproof enclosures in water areas that make it possible to erect buildings in a dry environment in open water areas with unstable wave conditions. Such methods reduce labor efforts, decrease the term of construction, and improve performance indicators.
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Yudina, Antonina, and Yana Kukushkina. "CONSTRUCTION OF LOW-RISE BUILDINGS IN THE COASTLAND AND WATER AREAS." Architecture and Engineering 6, no. 1 (2021): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-48-53.
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Introduction: Artificial islands for new construction and works in a dry environment are created in water areas by installing enclosures, which allow buildings to remain rigid and stable and withstand the influence of climatic factors. Purpose of the study: We aim to develop a method for the construction of low-rise buildings in the coastland and water areas with the least labor effort required to erect buildings and ensure their safe operation. Methods: In the course of the research, we have performed theoretical studies in the field of experimental construction and analyzed the results of Russian and foreign scientific research related to the construction of buildings in water areas. Results: We have examined methods for the construction of waterproof enclosures in water areas that make it possible to erect buildings in a dry environment in open water areas with unstable wave conditions. Such methods reduce labor efforts, decrease the term of construction, and improve performance indicators.
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Hijazi, Ihab, Andreas Donaubauer, and Thomas Kolbe. "BIM-GIS Integration as Dedicated and Independent Course for Geoinformatics Students: Merits, Challenges, and Ways Forward." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080319.
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Information mined from building information models as well as associated geographical data and Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses can increase the success of construction processes and asset management, including buildings, roads, and public facilities. The integration of information from both domains requires high expertise in both spheres. The existing B.Sc and M.Sc. programs linked to the built environment at the Technical University of Munich offer courses for the Building Information Model (BIM) and GIS that are distributed among study programs in Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Geomatics. Students graduating as professionals in one of these domains rarely know how to solve pre-defined technical problems associated with the integration of information from BIM and GIS. Students in such programs seldom practice skills needed for the integration of information from BIM and GIS at a level that is needed in working life. Conversely, the technologies in both domains create artificial boundaries that do not exist in reality—for example, water and electricity would not be of use if the utilities terminated in front of buildings. To bring a change and bridge the gap between BIM and GIS, a change in the teaching methods of BIM/GIS needs to be considered. The Technical University of Munich (TUM) has developed a master’s course (M.Sc. course) for students in Geoinformatics which focuses on competencies required to achieve BIM/GIS integration. This paper describes the course development process and provides a unique perspective on the curriculum and subjects. It also presents the course objective, course development, the selection and development of learning materials, and the assessment of the intended learning outcome of the course. The developed course is validated through a questionnaire, and feedback is provided by participants of the BIM/GIS integration workshop representing a panel of experts in the domain.
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Ahmed Mohamed, Osama, Modafar Ati, and Waddah Al Hawat. "Implementation of Artificial Neural Networks for Prediction of Chloride Penetration in Concrete." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.28 (May 16, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.28.12880.
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Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) has received a great attention from researchers in previous decade to predict different aspect of engineering problems. The aim of this research is to present an implementation of ANN to predict the Chloride penetration of self-consolidating concrete (SCC), containing various amounts of cement replacement minerals including fly ash, silica fume, and slag. The ability of concrete to resist chloride penetration is measured using Rapid Chloride Penetration (RCP) test through an experimental program. One- and two-layer ANN models were developed by controlling the critical parameters affecting chloride penetration to predict the results of RCP test. The ANN models were developed using various parameters including ratio of water-to-binder (w/b), course aggregate, fine aggregate, fly ash, and silica fume. It was shown that the prediction accuracy of ANN models was sensitive to combinations of learning rate and momentum. Data used to train and test the ANN were obtained through an experimental program conducted by the authors.
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Zhukov, O., and K. Maslikova. "The dependence of the technosols models functional properties from the primary stratigraphy designs." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111864.
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In the present article the assumption that the design of the soil-like artificial body in zero-moment of existence determines the dynamics and trajectory of soilforming process was tasted. It was shown that an important aspect of the experiment is the search criteria that you can perform evaluation of the functional properties of the generated structures depending on their organization. The study of the water infiltration dynamics from the soil surface is highlyinformative non-destructive testing for evaluating the properties of the soil body. Studies showed that technosols as artificial creation have fundamental differences between the natural soils for which the classic Philip equitation was proposed. Technosoils are porous, but heterogeneous formations. The process of filtering in technosols is not laminar, periods of smooth water infiltration is outbreak by disastrous water absorption. To simulate this process it was showed that the better results may be obtained due to originally modified Philip equitation. Specific constant C describes the dynamics of the infiltration process the early stages of the experiment and is a specific indicator for technosols. In natural soils this constant is zero. The sorptivity of the pedozems was reveled to be depended from the underlying layer. Organic components contribute to the formation of aggregate most of which is water resistant. Such for- mations smooth density variation of clay soil resulting from swelling and shrinkage processes that can maintain stable structure of the pore space. As a result, the soil after phytomeliorative rotation gets such features as reduced infiltration rate, but increased level of filtration. The artificial mixture of clay has significant waterproof properties, which ultimately can lead to complete discontinuance of water absorption by technosols. Waterproof properties of soil may increase the risk of water erosion of technosols. For technosoils structural change of the pore space state are inherent in contact with water because hydrolabile units of their structure. Accordingly, during the infiltration process there are significant changes in the course of the rate of filtration of water.
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Ritter, A., C. M. Regalado, and G. Aschan. "Fog Water Collection in a Subtropical Elfin Laurel Forest of the Garajonay National Park (Canary Islands): A Combined Approach Using Artificial Fog Catchers and a Physically Based Impaction Model." Journal of Hydrometeorology 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2008): 920–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm992.1.
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Abstract Fog precipitation has long been assumed as an additional water source in the relic laurel ecosystems of the Canary Islands, located at 500–1400 m MSL. However, to what extent fog water can contribute to the laurel forest water balance is not yet clear. Combining data from artificial fog catchers and a physically based impaction model, the authors evaluated the potential contribution of fog water captured by needle-leafed Erica arborea L. trees in a selected watershed of the Garajonay National Park (La Gomera Island) for a 2-yr period (February 2003–January 2005). Fog water collection was measured with artificial catchers at four micrometeorological stations placed at 1145, 1185, 1230, and 1270 m MSL. Average fog water collection was only significant at the highest measurement site (one order of magnitude greater than at lower altitudes), totaling 496 L m−2 yr−1 during the 2-yr period. The average fog water yield in the first and second annual periods ranged between 0.2–5.0 and 0.1–2.1 L m−2 day−1, respectively. Rainfall exhibited seasonality, distinguishing between rainy and dry seasons, while fog water collection was distributed more evenly throughout the year. Regarding fog water captured by the vegetation, the impaction model predicted a significant amount of fog water potentially collected by a single E. arborea tree, on the order of 1810–2090 L yr−1. Taking tree population density into account, the yearly average water contribution to the soil surface by wind-driven fogs was 251–281 mm, whereas annual rainfall was 635 and 1088 mm, respectively. The hourly course of micrometeorological variables shows a 58% reduction in global radiation under foggy conditions and a concomitant 3°–6°C mean temperature decrease compared to fog-free periods. Thus, limiting evapotranspiration may also be a relevant effect of fog in this subtropical elfin cloud forest.
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Casadio, A., M. Maglionico, A. Bolognesi, and S. Artina. "Toxicity and pollutant impact analysis in an urban river due to combined sewer overflows loads." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.809.
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The Navile Channel (Bologna, Italy) is an ancient artificial water course derived from the Reno river. It is the main receiving water body for the urban catchment of Bologna sewer systems and also for the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) main outlet. The aim of this work is to evaluate the Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) impact on Navile Channel's water quality. In order to collect Navile flow and water quality data in both dry and wet weather conditions, two measuring and sampling stations were installed, right upstream and downstream the WWTP outflow. The study shows that even in case of low intensity rain events, CSOs have a significant effect on both water quantity and quality, spilling a considerable amount of pollutants into the Navile Channel and presenting also acute toxicity effects. The collected data shown a good correlations between the concentrations of TSS and of chemical compounds analyzed, suggesting that the most part of such substances is attached to suspended solids. Resulting toxicity values are fairly high in both measuring points and seem to confirm synergistic interactions between heavy metals.
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Zhao, Yao, Shuyu Zhou, Chen Zhao, and Caterina Valeo. "The Influence of Geotextile Type and Position in a Porous Asphalt Pavement System on Pb (II) Removal from Stormwater." Water 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091205.
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Porous asphalt (PA) pavement systems with and without a geotextile layer were investigated in laboratory experiments to determine the impacts of the geotextile layer on the processes leading to lead ion (Pb2+) removal from stormwater runoff. Two types of geotextile membranes that were placed separately at upper and lower levels within the PA systems were tested in an artificial rainfall experiment while using synthetic rainwater. The effect of storage capacity within the system on Pb2+ removal was also investigated. Results indicated that the use of a geotextile layer resulted in a longer delay to the onset of effluent. The non-woven geotextile membrane that was placed below the reservoir course improved the Pb2+ removal rate by 20% over the removal efficiency of the system while using a woven geotextile placed just below the surface but before the choker course. Pb2+ ions were reduced by over 98% in the effluent after being held for 24 h in reservoir storage. Results suggest that temporary storage of stormwater in the reservoir course of a PA system is essential to improving Pb2+ ion removal capability.
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Sherazi, Tatheer Zahra, Arif Khan, and Hashmat Ullah Khan. "Great Water Wall in South China Sea: Maritime Designs of China under Mahan’s Theory of Sea Power." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 278–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.22.
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Seas play a vital role in shaping and reshaping the course of global politics, from developing empires to new global orders. Virtually 80 percent of China’s trade resources passes through the Seas and mostly by South China Sea, so it has initiated developments in South China Sea, from building artificial island, light houses to air strips to secure its trade routes. The aim of the study is to clarify the assumptions that China is building a ‘sand wall’ or ‘water wall’ like great wall to secure its maritime trade. Descriptive, analytical approach has been adopted to study the marvel; Mahan’s theory of Sea power has been applied to quantify the developments made by China. It concludes that China is striving for naval supremacy as per Mahan’s theory along with synthesis of Mao’s ‘Active Defence’. Hence Peaceful and integrated strategies are required to minimize the implications of disruption of seaborne trade.
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Šavel, J., P. Košín, and A. Brož. "Anaerobic and aerobic beer aging." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 1 (February 18, 2010): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/161/2009-cjfs.
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Yellow, orange, red and brown pigments are formed by air oxidation of single polyphenols or by thermal degradation of sugars to caramels. Caramels increase their colours during anaerobic heating or decrease them by air oxidation. Epicatechin and caramel undergo reversible redox reaction followed by degradation and/or polymerisation at beer aging. That is why both of these colour compounds, besides acting as acid/alkali indicators, can also represent redox indicators that gradually become irreversible. These reactions are accelerated by transient metals or buffering solutions and are therefore more distinct in tap or brewing water than in deionised water. The kind of the brewing water then predetermines not only the beer attributes but also the course of beer aging. Coloured pigments can be partially bleached by reducting agents such as yeast oxidoreductase enzymes and the colour can be then recovered by oxidation; this depends on their polymerisation degree. Methylene blue and methyl red can be used as artificial oxidation-reduction indicators for the study of the redox potential changes because they act reversibly or irreversibly under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, respectively.
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Kockal, Niyazi, and Ibrahim Aydogdu. "Estimation of rigidity of concrete based on multi parameters using artificial bee colony optimization method with levy flight distribution." Filomat 34, no. 2 (2020): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2002583k.
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The rigidity of the materials used in the structures affects most deformation characteristics. Therefore, obtaining information about the rigidity of materials is essential for the behavior of the structures. In the study, 32 different equations were derived by usage of eight parameters in various combinations to estimate elastic modulus of concrete. These parameters are compressive strength, unit weight, water-cement ratio, consistency, cement amount, fine aggregate - course aggregate ratio and air content. Multidimensional nonlinear regression models were generated between equation models and test results. The optimization process is applied to solve regression models. An improved version of Artificial Bee Colony Optimization algorithm by adding levy flight distribution (ABC LF) is used as the optimization method. Estimated values are compared to test results to determine the goodness of the equations. The effectiveness of the parameters is investigated according to the comparison as well.
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Čákyová, Katarína, and Zuzana Vranayová. "Impact of blue space in architecture and possibilities of using." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817401037.
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Trends in contemporary architecture are design environmentally, economically and socially sustainable buildings. When possible, where space permits, buildings are designed in harmony and contact with nature, water. Human's relationship to water and nature in the course of history changed. Water has a very special quality as an element in landscape design. Over many centuries and in many countries it has in turn been acknowledged and exploited, and it has inspired. It has been a great provider not only in physical terms, but also in the many ways it has contributed to both natural and man-made environments through its aesthetic qualities. The presented paper shows the possibilities of using blue spaces in the urban environment but also in the indoor environment. It has been shown that these elements have a high impact on the quality of the environment, but also contribute to reducing the air temperature and thermal islands in cities. The presence of natural elements in an artificial environment is an important aspect of life quality and well-being. Use of water elements bring the opportunity how put piece of nature into the urban environment, but also inside the buildings.
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Pantalos, G. M., and M. K. Sharp. "Influence of Viscosity and Pressure on Prosthetic Valve Regurgitation." International Journal of Artificial Organs 16, no. 3 (March 1993): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889301600309.
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Blood viscosity varies during the course of artificial heart implants and is affected by pathological conditions. To gauge the potential effect of changing viscosity on valve performance, leakage rates were measured across a closed Medtronic-Hall valve with water, water/glycerol and fresh whole bovine blood for aortic and pulmonary pressure ranges. As might be expected from the low Reynolds numbers (< 140), losses across the valve were found to be primarily viscous. For the two Newtonian fluids, leakage was slightly less than linearly proportional to pressure. This is comparable with empirical data for orifice flow, which predicts three fifths power dependence on pressure. For blood, however, the greater than linear dependence on pressure found suggests that the pseudoplasticity (shear-thinning behavior) of blood is important. These data provide evidence that the viscous and non-Newtonian properties of blood must be taken into account in modelling prosthetic valve performance and may affect the test methods and flow regulation strategies for prosthetic blood pumps.
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Ingole, Nitin, and Mangesh Gulhane. "Community Wastewater Treatment with Attached Growth Assisted Constructed Wetland Reactor." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, no. 2 (S) (July 10, 2017): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.icsesd201731.
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Constructed wetlands are systems of artificial wastewater treatment which consists of shallow ponds or channels that have been planted with aquatic plants. The treatment is based on the natural, biological, physical and chemical treatment of wastewater. The technique is reported to be cost effective as compared to other methods. The constructed wetlands have impermeable clay or synthetic coatings and artificial structures for controlling the direction of flow, liquid retention time and the water level. However, there are certain limitations of constructed wetland system, which need improvement for its wide adoptability. As such the effort was made to assist the constructed wetland system with attached growth system with the aim to design an economical and user friendly waste water treatment option for the small community. The laboratory scale model was fabricated using GI sheet of thickness 0.5 mm. The overall capacity of the model was 275 L. The laboratory scale reactor model consisted of four compartments out of which first three compartments were based on attached growth system and the fourth compartment acted as constructed wetland reactor. All the three compartments were packed with different types of artificial, semi-artificial and natural media. The fourth compartment consisted of media packed from bottom as aerocon stone layers 03 in numbers followed by snail shell, followed by a soil layer of 80 mm thick which holds the plants in rows. The reactor was operated as continuous flow reactor with varying detention time and change of different type of media packed in the reactor. The performance of Customized Constructed Wetland reactor was observed under various operating conditions for removal of BOD, COD and TS parameters. The paper presents the details regarding the development of the reactor model, operation of the reactor model and results obtained during the course of study. The paper also cover the discussion regarding the improved performance of reactor noted during the study and adoptability of the developed reactor model for community waste treatment.
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Shi, L. B., and A. S. Verkman. "Very high water permeability in vasopressin-induced endocytic vesicles from toad urinary bladder." Journal of General Physiology 94, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 1101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.94.6.1101.
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The regulation of transepithelial water permeability in toad urinary bladder is believed to involve a cycling of endocytic vesicles containing water transporters between an intracellular compartment and the cell luminal membrane. Endocytic vesicles arising from luminal membrane were labeled selectively in the intact toad bladder with the impermeant fluid-phase markers 6-carboxyfluorescein (6CF) or fluorescein-dextran. A microsomal preparation containing labeled endocytic vesicles was prepared by cell scraping, homogenization, and differential centrifugation. Osmotic water permeability was measured by a stopped-flow fluorescence technique in which microsomes containing 50 mM mannitol, 5 mM K phosphate, pH 8.5 were subject to a 60-mM inwardly directed gradient of sucrose; the time course of endosome volume, representing osmotic water transport, was inferred from the time course of fluorescence self-quenching. Endocytic vesicles were prepared from toad bladders with hypoosmotic lumen solution treated with (group A) or without (group B) serosal vasopressin at 23 degrees C, and bladders in which endocytosis was inhibited by treatment with vasopressin at 0-2 degrees C (group C), or with vasopressin plus sodium azide at 23 degrees C (group D). Stopped-flow results in all four groups showed a slow rate of 6CF fluorescence decrease (time constants 1.0-1.7 s for exponential fit) indicating a component of nonendocytic 6CF entrapment into sealed vesicles. However, in vesicles from group A only, there was a very rapid 6CF fluorescence decrease (time constant 9.6 +/- 0.2 ms, SEM, 18 separate preparations) with an osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) of greater than 0.1 cm/s (18 degrees C) and activation energy of 3.9 +/- 0.8 kcal/mol (16 kJ/mol). Pf was inhibited reversibly by greater than 60% by 1 mM HgCl2. The rapid fluorescence decrease was absent in vesicles in groups B, C, and D. These results demonstrate the presence of functional water transporters in vasopressin-induced endocytic vesicles from toad bladder, supporting the hypothesis that water channels are cycled to and from the luminal membrane and providing a functional marker for the vasopressin-sensitive water channel. The calculated Pf in the vasopressin-induced endocytic vesicles is the highest Pf reported for any biological or artificial membrane.
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Abdrakova, F. Yu, M. I. Tulepov, D. A. Baiseitov*, Zh B. Beksultan, and M. Chihradze. "LOCALIZATION OF EXPLOSION PULSES IN A CLOSED SPACE IN COAL MINES." ГОРЕНИЕ И ПЛАЗМОХИМИЯ 19, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/cpc426.
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The data on the prospect of using an artificial high pressure water barrier as a method of localizing the explosion impulse in the confined space of tunnels and mines are presented. The explosion impulse and the process of its decay in interaction with water fog have been studied. In the course of field research, an explosion was simulated in the shock installation, and a method for its localization was developed using four water screens (barriers). The water screen was created using a system of ring-shaped water distribution headers with high pressure nozzles installed in a circle. Hexogen was used as an explosive. Experiments on localization of explosions were carried out on the base of the "Grigol Tsulukidze Mining Institute of Georgia" in Tbilisi, Georgia, together with the research group of the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of al Farabi Kazakh National University and the Institute of Combustion Problems. The influence of the water barrier on the process of shock wave attenuation at 3 points of overvoltage of the section is established. The test results showed that the average values of the overpressure in the three sections were reduced by 38.8%, 26.67% and 19.2%, respectively. The action of the shock wave occurs according to an exponential function, and all other wave changes along any other trajectory on the plane of h – t change are described by a single time dependence.
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Shesternev, D., and A. Verkhoturov. "INFLUENCE OF NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE TERRITORY ON FLOODING OF ARTIFICIAL COVERINGS OF THE AIRPORT OF CHITA." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 1 (2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-1-24-33.
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he study of flooding of engineering structures as a dangerous engineering and geological process and the prevention of emergencies and environmentally adverse consequences is an important task of national economic importance. The purpose of this work was to study the natural conditions of the area of the Kadala airport in Chita to identify the main causes of flooding of the artificial runway (IVPP). The object of research was the near-surface part of the geological environment, the subject-the factors of formation of hydrogeological, engineering-geological and geocryological conditions. In the course of the research, the following tasks were solved: 1) identification of factors that affect flooding; 2) assessment and proposal of acceptable protective measures. The research methodology included: collection and analysis of materials from previous engineering and geological studies; interpretation of satellite images; field survey of the artificial runway and adjacent territory; analysis of hydrometeorological conditions. As a result of the research, the factors that lead to flooding of the south-eastern section of the airport, and in winter to the formation of ice and deformations on this section of the airport’s artificial surfaces are determined. The identified factors are divided into regional and local. The hydrogeological and engineering-geological conditions of the territory and their dynamics over time are considered. It is determined that the main factors of flooding are the creation of barrages in the path of the movement of underground water and the intensive freezing of the soil on the section of the artificial runway. Recommendations for the stabilization of the ground base on this site and measures for the engineering protection of the airport territory are given. The implementation of the recommendations will ensure the accident-free operation of the artificial runway and improve the environmental condition of the settlement adjacent to the airport from the south-east
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Zhou, Ming Tao, and Ping Yang. "Study on Four Different Vegetation Types Treating the Sanitary Sewage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 1985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1985.
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The sanitary sewage is treated with four different vegetation types by means of artificial surface runoff. Results show soil+ Cynodon dactylon L. + Festuca arundinacea Schreb is the best vegetation type in treating the sanitary sewage, and the total removal of it is 80.24% TN, 62.99% TP, 74.85% BOD5, 39.73% COD and 58.64% TOC respectively in the course of trial, which indicates that the mixed vegetation type made up of plants and soil is better than the pure soil vegetation type, and the complementary collocation of complex plants is better than the single plant.Five water-quality indexes of the sanitary sewage removed by the single vegetation type are also studied, and it shows that there are some differences among them from high to low as follows: TN>BOD5>TP>TOC>COD.
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Moodie, Andrew J., and Jeffrey A. Nittrouer. "Optimized river diversion scenarios promote sustainability of urbanized deltas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 27 (June 28, 2021): e2101649118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101649118.
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Socioeconomic viability of fluvial-deltaic systems is limited by natural processes of these dynamic landforms. An especially impactful occurrence is avulsion, whereby channels unpredictably shift course. We construct a numerical model to simulate artificial diversions, which are engineered to prevent channel avulsion, and direct sediment-laden water to the coastline, thus mitigating land loss. We provide a framework that identifies the optimal balance between river diversion cost and civil disruption by flooding. Diversions near the river outlet are not sustainable, because they neither reduce avulsion frequency nor effectively deliver sediment to the coast; alternatively, diversions located halfway to the delta apex maximize landscape stability while minimizing costs. We determine that delta urbanization generates a positive feedback: infrastructure development justifies sustainability and enhanced landform preservation vis-à-vis diversions.
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Mirfenderesgi, Golnazalsadat, and S. Jamshid Mousavi. "Adaptive meta-modeling-based simulation optimization in basin-scale optimum water allocation: a comparative analysis of meta-models." Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, no. 3 (December 4, 2015): 446–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.157.
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Incorporating river basin simulation models in heuristic optimization algorithms can help modelers address complex, basin-scale water resource problems. We have developed a hybrid optimization-simulation model by linking a stretching particle swarm optimization (SPSO) algorithm and the MODSIM river basin decision support system (DSS), and have used the SPSO-MODSIM model to optimize water allocation at basin scale. Due to high computational cost of the SPSO-MODSIM model, we have, subsequently, used four meta-model types of artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), kriging and polynomial response functions, replacing the MODSIM DSS, in an adaptively learning meta-modeling approach. The performances of the meta-models are first compared in two Ackley and Dejong benchmark functions optimization problems, and the meta-models are then evaluated by solving the Atrak river basin water allocation optimization problem in Iran. The results demonstrate that independent of the meta-model type, the sequentially space-filling meta-modeling approach can improve the performance of meta-models in the course of optimization by adaptively locating the promising regions of the search space where more samples need to be generated. However, the ANN and SVM meta-models perform better than others in saving the number of costly, original objective function evaluations.
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Qiao, Pengshuai. "Experimental Study on CRI Technology in the Degradation of COD in Wastewater Reuse." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01407010135.
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With the improvement of the urbanization level, the mixed city water has surged and the traditional denitrogenating cost in the course of wastewater reuse has been unbearable. This experiment used the technology of the constructed rapid infiltration (CRI) and applied the soil column simulation method in the laboratory. The results show that nitrogen removal rates of two soil columns are 73.73% - 75.54%, 66.70% - 77.81% and 79.33% - 73.08% under three wet/ dry (3 h/9 h, 6h/18 h, 8 h/40 h) ratios conditions, individually. The same soil column with the same wet/ dry ratio has a higher ammonia nitrogen removal rate within a shorter operation time. The comparison result of experiments show that the artificial soil mixture ratio in column 2 is better than that of column 1, arriving at the optimum operation conditions of the system.
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Vasconcelos, Janiele França, José Etham de Lucena Barbosa, Evaldo de Lira Azevêdo, Daniele Jovem da Silva Azevêdo, and Maria José Pinheiro Anacleto. "Predation effects of Melanoides tuberculatus Müller 1774) on periphytic biofilm colonization: an experimental approach." Biota Neotropica 13, no. 2 (June 2013): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000200010.
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The present study evaluated the predation effects of the gastropod Melanoides tuberculatus on the taxa richness and density of the periphyton community. A laboratory experiment was conducted with two treatments: control (without M. tuberculatus) and with M. tuberculatus, each treatment being replicated four times. For periphyton colonization, glass slides were placed in 3.5 L of water from the environment of the gastropods. The analysis of species richness and density of the periphyton community on these artificial substrates showed significant differences (p <0.05) between treatments. In the treatment with M. tuberculatus, taxa richness and density were lower, with a predominance of Chantrasia macrospora in the last days of the experiment. It follows that predation by M. tuberculatus destabilizes the course of periphyton colonization, suggesting the possibility of disruption of natural food chains, however, more studies are needed in this perspectives.
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Chmyrev, I. V., and Ya L. Butrin. "Conservative treatment of facial burns." Medical Herald of the South of Russia 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2020-11-2-129-133.
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Objective: compare the effectiveness of using a moisturizer containing antibacterial drugs of plant origin with a water-soluble ointment that includes the antibiotic chloramphenicol in the treatment of victims with burns of the face II-IIIа degrees.Materials and methods: The results of treatment of 27 victims (12 men and 15 women) with burns of the face and other areas of the body of I – II degree with a total area of 1 to 6 % of the body surface at the age of 18 – 60 years were analyzed. In the main group (13 patients), a cream containing antibacterial drugs of plant origin was used. In the control group (14 patients), bandages with a water-soluble ointment containing an artificial synthesized antibiotic chloramphenicol were used. Visually evaluated the course of the wound process, the nature and volume of exudate, the healing time of burn wounds when using ointments. Seeding of the wound discharge was done on the day of admission, on the 5th and 10th day of treatment. The structure and number of microflora of burn wounds were studied.Results: in the third seeding of the main group, the concentration of bacteria was (2.4 ± 0.04) x103 CFU / g. in the third seeding of the control group, the concentration of microorganisms was (5.9 ± 0.03)×105 CFU / g. the duration of hospitalization in the main group was 18.1 ± 1.5 days, in the control group — 23.8 ± 1.9 days.Conclusions: cream containing antibacterial preparations of plant origin, in comparison with a water-soluble ointment that includes an artificial synthesized antibiotic chloramphenicol, reduces the bacterial contamination of wounds in victims with superficial burns of the face by 2×102 times, the duration of inpatient treatment for 5 days (p < 0.05).
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Wei, Wenhao, Rui Ma, Ziyong Sun, Aiguo Zhou, Jianwei Bu, Xiang Long, and Yunde Liu. "Effects of Mining Activities on the Release of Heavy Metals (HMs) in a Typical Mountain Headwater Region, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091987.
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Understanding the heavy metal (HM) contamination in alpine mountain headwaters regions is important to maintaining the ecosystem stability of the basin. A total of 119 water samples and 104 sediment samples were collected along tributaries and the main course of Heihe River. The concentrations of eight heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water and sediment were measured to describe their spatial variability and to assess water quality. To identify the origins and pathways of HMs, anions, cations, and trace elements, as well as δD/δ18O stable isotopes in water samples were also measured. The results of water quality assessment suggested that tributaries were affected by local mining activity. Factor analysis in sediments showed that all HMs in sediments were inherited from the parent bedrock. Both natural weathering and mining contribute HMs. Cr and Ni were homologous with a source from the weathering of basic gabbro and serpentine at Yushigou. Mn appeared to be influenced more by artificial activities such as agriculture and grazing. Depending on the mining technique involved, two pathways for the release of HMs were distinguished in this area. For open-pit mining, mining promoted the release of HMs primarily via enhanced weathering. For underground mining, HMs might have contributed to greater acid mine discharge at high elevations due to the weak weathering processes. As the elevation decreases, precipitation increases, and a series of complex hydrological factor significantly affect leaching and runoff. The study results can be applied to improve water management efficiency.
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Cromar, N. J., H. J. Fallowfield, and N. J. Martin. "Influence of environmental parameters on biomass production and nutrient removal in a high rate algal pond operated by continuous culture." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0272.
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High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs) are efficient treatment systems which minimise the effects of wastewater pollution by reduction of organic matter and inorganic nutrient content. The efficacy of these systems is well documented, however there remains little understanding of the mechanisms by which removal occurs or of the factors which may affect the efficiency of the removal process. This research attempts to elucidate the relationship between environmental parameters such as day length, pond temperature and incident surface irradiance and to relate these factors to the production of biomass and removal of nutrients within pond systems operated as continuous cultures and loaded with artificial sewage media. Complex interactions were noted between the concentration of algal biomass in the ponds, as approximated by chlorophyll a measurements, and the efficiency of nitrogen removal which may have important implications for the management of these systems. Clear evidence of the time course of nitrification was also obtained. Equations have been developed which correlate the environmental variables with changes in pond biomass and nutrient removal. These equations can be used as a tool to aid the effective management of HRAPs as wastewater treatment systems.
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Juras, Roman, Sebastian Würzer, Jirka Pavlásek, Tomáš Vitvar, and Tobias Jonas. "Rainwater propagation through snowpack during rain-on-snow sprinkling experiments under different snow conditions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 9 (September 29, 2017): 4973–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4973-2017.
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Abstract. The mechanisms of rainwater propagation and runoff generation during rain-on-snow (ROS) events are still insufficiently known. Understanding storage and transport of liquid water in natural snowpacks is crucial, especially for forecasting of natural hazards such as floods and wet snow avalanches. In this study, propagation of rainwater through snow was investigated by sprinkling experiments with deuterium-enriched water and applying an alternative hydrograph separation technique on samples collected from the snowpack runoff. This allowed us to quantify the contribution of rainwater, snowmelt and initial liquid water released from the snowpack. Four field experiments were carried out during winter 2015 in the vicinity of Davos, Switzerland. Blocks of natural snow were isolated from the surrounding snowpack to inhibit lateral exchange of water and were exposed to artificial rainfall using deuterium-enriched water. The experiments were composed of four 30 min periods of sprinkling, separated by three 30 min breaks. The snowpack runoff was continuously gauged and sampled periodically for the deuterium signature. At the onset of each experiment antecedent liquid water was first pushed out by the sprinkling water. Hydrographs showed four pronounced peaks corresponding to the four sprinkling bursts. The contribution of rainwater to snowpack runoff consistently increased over the course of the experiment but never exceeded 86 %. An experiment conducted on a non-ripe snowpack suggested the development of preferential flow paths that allowed rainwater to efficiently propagate through the snowpack limiting the time for mass exchange processes to take effect. In contrast, experiments conducted on ripe isothermal snowpack showed a slower response behaviour and resulted in a total runoff volume which consisted of less than 50 % of the rain input.
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Khani, David, Yeo Howe Lim, and Ahmad Malekpour. "Hydraulic Transient Analysis of Sewer Pipe Systems Using a Non-Oscillatory Two-Component Pressure Approach." Water 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 2896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102896.
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On the basis of the two-component pressure approach, we developed a numerical model to capture mixed transient flows in close conduit systems. To achieve this goal, an innovative Godunov finite-volume numerical scheme is proposed to suppress the spurious numerical oscillations occurring during rapid pipe pressurization. To dissipate the spurious numerical oscillations, we admit artificial numerical viscosity to the numerical scheme through applying a proposed Harten, Lax, and van Leer (HLL) Riemann solver for calculating the numerical fluxes at the computational cell interfaces. The proposed solver controls the magnitude of the numerical viscosity through adjusting the left and right wave velocities. A wave velocity calculator is proposed to optimally distribute the numerical viscosity over several computational cells around the computational cell in which the pressurization front is located. The proposed solver admits significant artificial numerical viscosity when the pipe pressurization is imminent and automatically reduces it in other places; in this way the numerical diffusion and data smearing is minimized. The validity of the proposed model is justified by the aid of several test cases in which the numerical results are compared with both experimental data and the results obtained from analytical methods. The results reveal that the proposed model succeeds in completely removing the spurious numerical oscillations, even when the pipe acoustic speed is over 1000 m/s. The numerical results also show that the model can successfully capture occurrence of negative pressures during the course of transient flow.
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Müller, M., R. Chotěborský, and P. Hrabě. "Degradation processes influencing bonded joins." Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 1 (February 11, 2009): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/17/2008-rae.
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Degradation processes cause huge material and economic losses all over the world. On one hand, in today’s globalised society, various climatic changes occur affecting products in different ways. On the other hand, different specific degradation media exist in specific branches of the human activity. Due to the influence of the degradation environment (media), destruction can set in. The aim of the laboratory experiments was to evaluate the influence of the degradation environment occurring mainly in agriculture. The adhesive bond strength properties as well as the influence on adhesive bonded materials were evaluated. For the degrading environment tested, a natural and an artificial fertilisers, machine oil, and water were selected. Also, the influence of corrosion was tested on the bonded material. The surfaces of adhesive materials debased by corrosion inevitably stop fulfilling their functions. The degree of the corrosion effect depends mainly on the type, the material structure, and of course, on the corrosion environment.
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Denisova, Svetlana Galimullovna, and Antonina Anatolyevna Reut. "Indicators of the water regime of some varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the South Ural." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101108.
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In introduction studies, it is of great importance to determine how favorable the water balance of the studied species is under given environmental conditions. The aim of the research was to study the water regime of some varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the Southern Ural. The study was conducted in 20182020 on the basis of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences. The objects of the study were 23 varieties of Chrysanthemum hortorum Bailey. In the course of the research, the total water content, water-holding capacity, the content of mobile moisture, water deficit, and sublethal water deficit were determined. The analysis of water regime indicators is based on the method of artificial wilting (V.N. Tarenkov, L.N. Ivanova) and the method of saturation of plant samples (V.P. Moiseev, N.P. Reshetsky). Sublethal water deficit was determined by the method of T.K. Goryshina, L.I. Samsonova, modified by N.I. Bobrovskaya. The calculations were carried out by standard methods using statistical packages of the Microsoft Excel 2003 and the Agros 2.13 program. The studies made it possible to determine the value of the sublethal water deficit (28,4%) for the varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the Bashkir Ural. It was found that the studied varieties during the growing season did not experience such a moisture deficit in the tissues that could lead to irreversible damage to the assimilating organs. Our experiments showed that chrysanthemum varieties in the Bashkir Cis-Ural under the same soil-climatic and agrotechnical conditions had the following range of indicators of total water content 70,090,4% and water-holding capacity 19,0064,6%. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between water-holding capacity and the content of mobile moisture by varieties, the share of influence was 27,8531,71%. As a result of the correlation-regression analysis, the authors revealed a direct dependence of the indicators of mobile moisture content on the total water content, and an inverse one on the indicators of the content of mobile moisture and water-holding capacity.
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Urich, C., R. Sitzenfrei, M. Möderl, and W. Rauch. "An agent-based approach for generating virtual sewer systems." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 1090–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.364.
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The application of artificial case studies is a well established technique in urban drainage to test measures, approaches or models. However, the preparation of a virtual case study for a sewer system is a tedious task. Several algorithms have been presented in the literature for an automatic generation of virtual sewer systems. Applying the approach of generating virtual cities by means of the software VIBe (Virtual Infrastructure Benchmarking) the urban structure (including elevation map, land use and population distribution) is generated firstly and the infrastructure is designed meeting the requirements of the urban structure. The aim of this paper is the development of an agent based approach for generating virtual sewer systems. This new algorithm functions as module of the software VIBe but can of course also be applied to a real city in order to get information on possible/optimal sewer placement. Here hundred virtual VIBe cities and for each twelve virtual sewer networks are generated and calibrated based on data of an alpine region. It is revealed that with the approach presented virtual sewer networks which are comparable with real world sewer networks can be generated. The agent based method provides data sets for benchmarking and allows case independent testing of new measures.
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Gładysz, Iwona, Agnieszka Sikora, Małgorzata Wójtowicz-Bobin, and Jan Karczewski. "Legionella spp. in Polish hospitals in 2009–2013 and 2014–2016: An epidemiological analysis." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 75 (February 5, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7249.
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Introduction: Bacteria of the genus Legionella cause Legionnaires’ disease (atypical pneumonia, often with a severe clinical course) and Pontiac fever (self-limiting infection with flu-like symptoms). Legionella spp. are commonly found in natural aquatic environments and artificial water distribution systems. Material&Methods: An epidemiological analysis of Legionella spp. in hospital water supply systems was based on the results obtained from Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations of Poland. The materials for this study were hot water samples collected from 346 hospitals in 2009–2013 and from 221 hospitals in 2014–2016. Results: Between 2014 and 2016, there was a decrease in the percentage of the number of water samples in Group A (<100 CFU/100 ml). In other groups: B (>100 CFU/100 ml), C (>1000 CFU/100 ml), D (>10 000 CFU/100 ml) was observed an increase in the percentage of the number of water samples, which was a negative phenomenon. The mean number of L. pneumophila colonies in analyzed periods 2009–2013 and 2014–2016 were different. In 2009–2013, the most virulent L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (SG 1) was detected in 3 hospitals (0.9%), and L. pneumophila SG 2-14 were isolated in 20 (5.5%). Between 2014 and 2016, L. pneumophila SG 1 and L. pneumophila SG 2-14 were found in 5 hospitals (2.2%) and 18 hospitals (8.1%), respectively. Disscusion: In this study a comparative epidemiological analysis was performed on the prevalence of L. pneumophila in hospital water supply systems in Poland in the following two periods: 2009 –2013 and 2014–2016. The study demonstrated that the water supply systems of Polish hospitals were colonized by L. pneumophila at different levels. However, between 2014 and 2016 an upward trend was observed in comparison with 2009–2013.
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Chávez-Mejía, Navarro-González, Magaña-López, Uscanga-Roldán, Zaragoza-Sánchez, and Jiménez-Cisneros. "Presence and Natural Treatment of Organic Micropollutants and their Risks after 100 Years of Incidental Water Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation." Water 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102148.
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The aim of the research was to show the presence of micropollutants contained in the wastewater of Mexico City within the distribution canals of the Mezquital Valley (MV), as well as their retention in agricultural soil and aquifers. This system constitutes the world's oldest and largest example of the use of untreated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. The artificial recharge associated with the MV aquifers, with groundwater extracted for human consumption showing its importance as a water resource for Mexico City. The results of sampling show the presence of 18 compounds, with 10 of these considered as endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). The concentration of these pollutants ranged from 2 ng/L for 17 β-estradiol to 99 ng/L for DEHP, with these values decreasing throughout the course of the canals due to the wastewater dilution factor, their retention in agricultural soil, and their accumulation in the local aquifer. The main mechanisms involved in natural attenuation are adsorption, filtration, and biodegradation. Drinking water equivalent levels (DWELs) were estimated for 11 compounds with regard to acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), by assuming local exposure parameters for a rural Mexican population. These were compared with the maximum groundwater concentrations (Cgw) to screen the potential risks. The very low ratios of Cgw to DWELs indicate no appreciable human health risk from the presence of trace concentrations of these compounds in the source of drinking water in the MV. Despite this, far from being exceeded after more than 100 years of irrigation with residual water, the natural soil attenuation seems to remain stable.
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Iurii, Morozov, Penkov Pavel, and Dmitriev Vladimir. "Investigating the method of improving technological parameters of centrifugal separation with pneumatic turbulization." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 4 (June 25, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-4-62-69.
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Research aim and subject. In the last few decades centrifugal separators have been widely used to extract gold. Large water consumption essential in the course of operation is the basic drawback of the method, which in its turn results in increased capital and operational expenditure. As soon as water is becoming increasingly more important resource, the study of centrifugal separation with air turbulization is of great practical significance. The aim of the present research is to study the method of improving technological parameters of centrifugal separation with the use of circulation concentration. Methodology. The proposed method of centrifugal separation has been realized in laboratory conditions at artificial quartz with grain size range of 0.1…+0.01 mm and tungsten powder with grain size range of 0.023…+0.02. Centrifugal separation has been carried out in a laboratory turbulization separator K-200VL equipped with a pneumatic mixing baffle for near-wall layer turbulization with compressed air streams delivered from inside the cone. On completion of each test, concentrate and tailings output has been determined as well as the mass fraction of tungsten within them; tungsten extraction to concentrate has been calculated. Summary. The obtained data prove high effectiveness of centrifugal separation in the mode of light fraction circulation. Centrifugal separation with the use of circulation concentration makes it possible to increase extraction of high-density particles to heavy fraction and increase the quality of heavy fraction, while the use of pneumatic turbulization leads to specific water consumption reduction.
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Sibilski, Krzysztof, Mirosław Nowakowski, Dariusz Rykaczewski, Paweł Szczepaniak, Andrzej Żyluk, Anna Sibilska-Mroziewicz, Michał Garbowski, and Wiesław Wróblewski. "Identification of Fixed-Wing Micro Aerial Vehicle Aerodynamic Derivatives from Dynamic Water Tunnel Tests." Aerospace 7, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7080116.
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A micro air vehicle (MAV) is a class of miniature unmanned aerial vehicles that has a size restriction and may be autonomous. Fixed-wing MAVs are very attractive for outdoor surveillance missions since they generally offer better payload and endurance capabilities than rotorcraft or flapping-wing vehicles of equal size. This research paper describes the methodology applying indicial function theory and artificial neural networks for identification of aerodynamic derivatives for fixed-wing MAV. The formulation herein proposed extends well- known aerodynamic theories, which are limited to thin aerofoils in incompressible flow, to strake wing planforms. Using results from dynamic water tunnel tests and indicial functions approach allowed to identify MAV aerodynamic derivatives. The experiments were conducted in a water tunnel in the course of dynamic tests of periodic oscillatory motion. The tests program range was set at high angles of attack and a wide scope of reduced frequencies of angular movements. Due to a built-in propeller, the model’s structure test program was repeated for a turned-on propelled drive system. As a result of these studies, unsteady aerodynamics characteristics and aerodynamic derivatives of the micro-aircraft were identified as functions of state parameters. At the Warsaw University of Technology and the Air Force Institute of Technology, a “Bee” fixed wings micro aerial vehicle with an innovative strake-wing outline and a propeller placed in the wing gap was worked. This article is devoted to the problems of identification of aerodynamic derivatives of this micro-aircraft. The result of this research was the identification of the aerodynamic derivatives of the fixed wing MAV “Bee” as non-linear functions of the angle of attack, and reduced frequency. The identification was carried out using the indicial function approach.
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Cardoso de Salis, Hugo Henrique, Adriana Monteiro da Costa, João Herbert Moreira Vianna, Marysol Azeneth Schuler, Annika Künne, Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes, and Fernando António Leal Pacheco. "Hydrologic Modeling for Sustainable Water Resources Management in Urbanized Karst Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142542.
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The potential of karst aquifers as a drinking water resource is substantial because of their large storage capacity gained in the course of carbonate dissolution. Carbonate dissolution and consequent development of preferential paths are also the reasons for the complex behavior of these aquifers as regards surface and underground flow. Hydrological modeling is therefore of paramount importance for an adequate assessment of flow components in catchments shaped on karsts. The cross tabulation of such components with geology, soils, and land use data in Geographic Information Systems helps decision makers to set up sustainable groundwater abstractions and allocate areas for storage of quality surface water, in the context of conjunctive water resources management. In the present study, a hydrologic modeling using the JAMS J2000 software was conducted in a karst area of Jequitiba River basin located near the Sete Lagoas town in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results revealed a very high surface water component explained by urbanization of Sete Lagoas, which hampers the recharge of 7.9 hm3 yr−1 of storm water. They also exposed a very large negative difference (−8.3 hm3 yr−1) between groundwater availability (6.3 hm3 yr−1) and current groundwater abstraction from the karst aquifer (14.6 hm3 yr−1), which is in keeping with previously reported water table declines around drilled wells that can reach 48 m in old wells used for public water supply. Artificial recharge of excess surface flow is not recommended within the urban areas, given the high risk of groundwater contamination with metals and hydrocarbons potentially transported in storm water, as well as development of suffosional sinkholes as a consequence of concentrated storm flow. The surface component could however be stored in small dams in forested areas from the catchment headwaters and diverted to the urban area to complement the drinking water supply. The percolation in soil was estimated to be high in areas used for agriculture and pastures. The implementation of correct fertilizing, management, and irrigation practices are considered crucial to attenuate potential contamination of groundwater and suffosional sinkhole development in these areas.
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Geyer, Robert P. "The Potential of Emulsified Fluorocarbon Blood Substitutes in Treating Disaster Victims." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 2 (1985): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065432.
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As with many manmade and natural disasters, those involving airports and aircraft give rise to a number of emergency medical situations that require prompt and sometimes drastic responses. The number of casualties can be very large and adequate hospital facilities can be quite distant from the disaster site, even when the latter is at an airport. Obviously, the situation is compounded when the accident has occurred at a remote place or involves a landing on water. Emergency measures are therefore of great importance to minimize loss of life and reduce exacerbations of initial injuries. Fortunately, major disasters are infrequent. This very fact, however, makes it even more impractical at most airports to have on hand at all times a large supply of blood and the facilities for typing and cross-matching rapidly and accurately. No supply of blood, of course, exists on any ordinary aircraft. There are therefore good reasons why artificial preparations capable of carrying oxygen and carbon dixoide and maintaining blood volume have potential usefulness in airport and airplane disasters.These disasters can involve one or more forms of bodily injury including physical trauma, burns, and asphyxiation (Table 1). All can lead to shock, and some form of emergency treatment is often required to restore blood volume and oxygenation levels. Since any delay in initiating treatment must be avoided, the required materials should be on hand and in a form which allows their being used without delay. Artifical blood replacement preparations (1-4) based on liquid perfluorochemicals have a number of desirable attributes in this regard.