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Lindquist, Tua. "Köpenhamnsdilemmat : En debattanalys av EU:s normativa konflikt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-306120.
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Europeiska Unionens arbete är mångsidigt, och innefattar även normativa delar. Principer om demokrati, rättssäkerhet och mänskliga rättigheter finns exempelvis fördragsstadgade i Artikel 2 i Lissabonfördraget. Trots EU:s normativa värderingar har vi de senaste åren sett hur situationer utvecklats i ett flertal medlemsländer där dessa värderingar på olika sätt kränkts, exempelvis i Ungern, Rumänien och Polen. Utvecklingen kan få stora konsekvenser dels inom unionen men också för EU:s legitimitet som en normativ internationell aktör. Det är oklart hur dessa situationer kan hanteras av EU, och problemet som uppkommit har kommit att kallas Köpenhamnsdilemmat. Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa den debatt som pågår kring Köpenhamnsdilemmat, genom att urskilja, beskriva och analysera debattens huvudståndpunkter och de argument som först fram. Uppsatsen urskiljer 4 huvudståndpunkter i debatten: EU bör ej ingripa, EU bör ingripa genom juridiska institutioner, EU bör ingripa genom politiska institutioner, och EU bör ingripa genom oberoende institutioner. Ståndpunkterna och deras argument utkristalliseras och beskrivs genom en beskrivande idéanalys samt undersökts närmare i en jämförande analys. Undersökningen har funnit att de tre ståndpunkter som anser att EU bör ingripa har en liknande problembeskrivning. EU anses först och främst ha en normativ sida, där principer om rättsäkerhet, demokrati och mänskliga rättigheter bör upprätthållas i samtliga medlemsländer. Aktörerna pekar dessutom ut en bristande efterlevnad av dessa principer, vilket anses vara ett problem för både EU och unionens medlemsländer. EU bör således ingripa när medlemsländer bryter mot principerna, men saknar idag effektiva mekanismer för att göra så. Aktörerna föreslår därför en rad olika lösningar, som utgör grunden för indelningen av de tre ståndpunkterna. Bland de aktörer som anser att EU inte bör ingripa återfanns ett flertal argument: att EU inte har mandat att intervenera, att ingripanden kränker medlemsländernas suveränitet, och att EU har hanterat processerna felaktigt då deras kritik är politiskt motiverad, debatten elitistisk eller anklagelserna orättvisa och felaktiga. Dessa aktörers lösningsförslag blir följaktligen att EU inte bör ingripa, antingen gällande samtliga eller enbart specifika situationer, när medlemsländer anses bryta mot principerna om rättsäkerhet, demokrati och mänskliga rättigheter. Den jämförande analysen fann att aktörernas lösningsförslag väl följer deras problembeskrivning. En bild av problemet som övergripande följs exempelvis av ett lösningsförslag bestående av en bred mekanism, medan en mer specifik bild av problemet återföljs av en snävare fokuserad mekanism. Analysen fann även att debattens aktörer vanligtvis har en antingen pragmatisk eller idealistisk utgångspunkt, och att deras problembeskrivning, argumentation och därmed även lösningsförslag påverkas av denna utgångspunkt.
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Rosenqvist, Anna. "Ändringen av artikel 7 i OECD:s modellavtal : En komparativ studie." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12564.
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States have sovereignty in deciding how to tax business profits. If two states wish to tax the same profit that belongs to the same taxpayer, double taxation will arise. The increasing number of multinational companies gives rise to double taxation problems and the states have to co-operate to find out how to avoid such problems. The OECD Model Tax Convention includes an article in how to determine the rights to tax business profits. This article has been a subject of discussion and a committee of the OECD has been working to develop a new article 7.
The work in proposing this new article has had as its aim to reassure that the interpretations of this regulation is made in the same way. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the current article 7 in the Model Tax Convention as well as the revised discussion draft of the new article 7. This will be done through a comparison of the articles and it will also investigate the reasons for and the consequences of the proposed new article.
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Aschauer, Michael. "Zur Vertonung des Artikel 7 aus dem Österreichischen Staatsvertrag von 1955." Bärenreiter Verlag, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71979.
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Zackrisson, Moa, and Ylberina Mujaj. "BEPS åtgärdspunkt 7 : Krävs en förändring av OECD:s modellavtal enligt åtgärdspunkt 7 i BEPS åtgärdsplan, för att undvika erodering av länders skattebaser?" Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27096.
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Svensson, Dunberg Paula. "Har EU det som krävs för att skydda de mänskliga rättigheterna? : En studie om artikel 7 i Fördraget om den Europeiska Unionen." Thesis, Enskilda Högskolan Stockholm, Högskolan för mänskliga rättigheter, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ths:diva-250.
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The European Union (EU) is based on the inclusive core values of democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights enshrined in article 2 of the Treaty of the European Union. If there is a risk that these values are systematically threatened within a member state or when breaches are a fact, the EU may act by applying legal and political mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the problem with EU member states abandoning the democratic principles in favor of the illiberal, as exemplified by a case study on Hungary whose constitution and national identity are based on exclusionary values, which consequently has implications for human rights. The main focus of the thesis is the article 7 procedure which has a sanctioning mechanism that may result in the member state concerned being wholly or partly deprived of its voting rights in the Council of the European Union. Article 7 has been criticized for being ineffective and too political. In September 2018, the European Parliament adopted a resolution which activated the preventive mechanism of the procedure against Hungary which is about deciding whether there is a risk of breaches of article 2. The main ambition of the study is to discuss to what extent article 7 can protect the EU's core values. For these purposes, a jurisprudence method that examines EU law has been applied and, through a political science approach, the application of article 7 against Hungary has been investigated. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the procedure, a field study trip was made to the European Parliament in Brussels, where interviews were conducted with people with insight into the work of Parliament and the Council. I was also given the opportunity to attend a meeting of the Committee of Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs of the European Parliament, in which representatives of the European Commission and the European Union Council also participated. The theme for the discussion was the article 7 procedure against Hungary. The findings of the survey show that, due to the political nature, article 7 is not sufficiently capable of protecting the fundamental values of the EU. What is needed is a new independent mechanism to review all member states' compliance with democracy, the rule of law and human rights.
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Hartman, Simon. "Sui generis-skydd för databaser : En studie av rekvisitet "väsentlig investering" enligt artikel 7 (1) databasdirektivet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-273536.
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Genom art. 7 i databasdirektivet, 96/9/EG, introducerades det så kallade sui generis-skyddet för icke-originella databaser. Skyddet infördes i syfte att skapa incitament till investeringar i databaser genom att erbjuda ensamrätt för sådana databaser vilka på grund av sin icke-originella karaktär inte kunde skyddas av upphovsrätt. Enligt Direktivets art. 7 (1) ska medlemsstaterna tillerkänna databaser vilka är resultatet av väsentliga investeringar i anskaffning granskning och presentation visst skydd. Denna uppsats utreder vad rekvisitet "väsentlig investering" enligt art. 7 (1) Direktivet innebär. I uppsatsen utreds vilka sammanställningar som omfattas av Direktivets definition av databas, vem ensamrätten tillfaller, vilka investeringar som är hänförliga till anskaffning, granskning och presentation samt vilka investeringar som ska anses vara väsentliga.
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Grägg, Alexander. "Internationell behörighet i avtalsrättsliga tvister : Särskilt om avtalsbegreppet i artikel 7(1) i Bryssel Ia-förordningen." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-191168.
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This thesis examines the special head of jurisdiction for contractual matters in Article 7(1) of the Brussels Ibis Regulation. Particularly, the thesis aims to establish how the concept ‘matters relating to a contract’ is understood for the purposes of Article 7(1). In applying Article 7(1), the seized court must first determine whether the contract is one for the sale of goods or for the provision of services, for which the rule provides autonomously defined places of performance in subparagraph (b). If not, the court has to identify the obligation forming the basis of the legal proceedings for the purposes of subparagraph (a). Subsequently, the court has to apply its rules of conflict of laws rules and determine the place of performance for that obligation in accordance with the designated law. As regards ‘matters relating to a contract’, this expression is the point of departure for the application of Article 7(1) and has an autonomous definition. Essentially, ‘contract’ refers to a situation in which there is an obligation freely assumed by one party towards another. The thesis examines how this definition operates to characterize claims or rights arising out of representation, assignments, pre-contractual dealings and company law. Furthermore, the thesis examines the requirement that the matter must be one ‘relating to’ a contract, with special notice to two recent CJEU cases concerning the identity of the parties to the contract vis-à-vis the parties to the dispute. In conclusion, it is submitted that the CJEU’s expansion and application of the autonomous concept of contract do not necessarily serve the objective of predictability, which ultimately risks impeding the facilitation of the sound administration of justice.
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Fick, Carme Nicolize. "Artikel 7(3) van die Wet op Egskeiding 70 van 1979 en die verdeling van trustbates / deur C.N. Fick." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/75.
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Bornman, Christine. "Die herverdeling van trustbates in terme van artikel 7(3) van die Wet op egskeiding 70 van 1979 / Christine Bornman." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/707.
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Ring, Broman Isak. "Definitionen av insiderinformation : En utredning av den legala definitionen av begreppet ”insiderinformation” i artikel 7 MAR i ljuset av dess dubbla användningsområde." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351200.
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Aziz, Diden. "Rätten till naturaprestation : Bortfaller rätten efter det att ett långvarigt embargo har lyfts?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21613.
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Export is a top priority for Sweden's economy but for Swedish companies it may involve uncomfortable risks of exporting without sincere consideration. When the United Nations Security Council puts an embargo against a country, this often mean an import and export restriction. The thought is to push undemocratic regimes into respecting human rights. When the embargo is in force, however, the parties are not able to fulfill their contractual obligations, which practically means that the agreement will be suspended. The problem is what happens when an embargo is in force for a longer period of time. After the embargo is withdrawn, the price on the market may have changed significantly, which indicates a financial sacrifice for a seller if he has to provide specific performance to the buyer. The question thus is whether the seller, after a prolonged economic sanctions is withdrawn, still is obliged to provide specific performance? The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is applicable where both parties are signatories to CISG or by rules of international private law. To require performance as a buyer is a general right in Article 46 CISG, but there are exceptions to this rule in Article 28 CISG. Article 28 CISG states that if one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgment for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention. Since CISG advocates a harmonized application of international trade, the right to specific performance cannot be waived just on the basis of Article 28 CISG alone. With regard to good faith in international trade in Article 7 (1) CISG, the principle of reasonableness, which is a general principle that the CISG is based upon in accordance with Article 7 (2) CISG and 7.2.2 (b) UPICC, and with the support of international usage regularity observed in the trade concerned in Article 9 CISG, the right to specific performance does not exist anymore after a prolonged embargo has been withdrawn.Export är högprioriterat för Sveriges ekonomi men för svenska företag kan det inne-bära obekväma risker med att exportera utan eftertanke. När Förenta Nationernas säkerhetsråd går in och lägger ett embargo mot en stat innebär detta ofta en import- och export restriktion. Tanken är att pressa odemokratiska regimer att respektera mänskliga rättigheter. När embargot är i kraft kan dock parterna inte uppfylla sina avtalsförpliktelser vilket innebär att avtalet blir suspenderat. Det problematiska är vad som händer då ett embargo är i kraft under en längre tid. Efter det att ett embargo lyfts kan priset på marknaden ändrats avsevärt vilket innebär en ekonomisk uppoffring för en säljare att tvingas fullgöra i natura. Frågan blir då om säljare efter det att en långvarig ekonomisk sanktion lyfts, fortfarande är tvingen att fullgöra i natura? Lag (1987:822) om internationella köp(CISG) blir tillämplig i det fall då båda parters stater är signatärer eller genom privaträttsliga regler. Att kräva fullgörelse som köpare är en generell rätt i artikel 46 CISG men det finns ett explicit undantag till denna regel i artikel 28 CISG. Artikel 28 CISG stadgar att domstol som ska lösa tvisten, inte är skyldig att meddela dom på fullgörelse om domstol enligt egen forumlandets egen lagstiftning inte skulle ha gjort detta. Skulle tvisten lösas i Svensk domstol blir 23 § köplag (1990:931) tillämplig. Eftersom CISG förespråkar en harmoniserad tillämpning inom internationell handel är det inte tillförlitligt att mena på att rätten till fullgörelse bortfaller med stöd av endast artikel 28 CISG. Med beaktande av god sed i internationell handel i artikel 7(1) CISG, principen om rimlighet/förnuftig person som är en generell princip som CISG är baserat på i enlighet med artikel 7(2) CISG och 7.2.2 (b) UPICC, samt med stöd av handelsbruk i artikel 9 CISG, bortfaller rätten till fullgörelse i natura efter det att ett långvarigt embargo har lyfts.
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Stock, Niclas [Verfasser]. "Staatliche Aufsicht über Ersatzschulen. : Möglichkeiten und Grenzen staatlichen Einflusses auf private Schulen als Ersatz für öffentliche Schulen nach Artikel 7 des Grundgesetzes. / Niclas Stock." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238493432/34.
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Nääf, Jacob. "Hotad av en tandlös tiger : En argumentationsanalys av debatterna om de polska domstolsreformerna i LIBE utskottet 2018-2020." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97830.
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This study examines the debates that were held in the LIBE committee between 2018 - 2020 in relation to Polands judicial reforms. EU claims that the reforms are incompliant with the treaty of the european union but Poland have so far not backed down. The situation have exposed problems in how the EU should act when a member state won’t act according to the treaty. And also exposed problems with the practical implementation of article 7. The study utilizes an inductive argumentation analysis and seeks to weigh the evidence, sustainability and relevence of the arguments made by the participants in those debates. The results from this initial analysis will then be analysed from two theoretical standpoints. On Arguments put forward from the EU:s standpoint the theory of normative power will be used. The theory has its focus on EU as a normative power who spreads their values by other means than force or threat of military force. Rather through trade and legally binding agreements that often include human rights commitments. The arguments from Polands standpoint will be analysed using the theory of neoclassical realism. Which goes beyond traditional realism by seeking to explain irrational behavior that don’t correlate with simple utility maximizing theories. The analysis shows that both standpoints of the debate corralates to a large degree with the theories used to analyse them. In doing so it pinpoints a growing problem inside the EU when the big bang expansion of 2004 together with the growing presence of populist opinion makes for a more diversified union compared to the earlier more homogenous one deeply roted in liberal values.
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Herrault, Joel. "Refuge from Climate Change? : The Principle of Non-Refoulement under the ICCPR and the ECHR in the Context of Climate Change." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-438698.
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In the early 1990s the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that the gravest effects of climate change could be on human migration, as millions would be displaced by coastal erosion, flooding, and drought. Today, this is considered a reality that is coming ever closer. Yet, there are currently no binding international frameworks dedicated to the issue of climate induced migration. In addition, the current regime of international refugee law is woefully inadequate at responding to the issue. Individuals that do not fall under the refugee definition are thus commonly left with the general scope of international human rights law standards, so-called complementary protection. On these premises, this thesis sets out to examine the circumstances under which the non-refoulement principle in international human rights law could be applied in the context of climate change effects and especially slow onset processes, and how the principle could potentially be developed. Principally through examining jurisprudence concerning the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, this thesis finds that while there is a possibility for non-refoulement obligations to arise due to the effects of climate change, the precise scope of such protection is unclear. Although case law has emerged and continues to do so, the complex nature of climate induced migration and the undeveloped jurisprudence on this issue leaves important questions unanswered. This thesis finds that there seems to be no obvious response to the question whether climate change is a relevant factor in the legal analysis of non-refoulement claims, and whether it should be. Furthermore, there are great challenges in discerning the required intensity of harm for the threshold to be met and protection to be granted. In addition, this thesis finds that applying the non-refoulement principle in the context of slow onset processes entails several difficulties, particularly concerning the timing and prediction of the harm. It is therefore concluded that, as long as there is no framework dedicated to the issue of climate induced migration, clarity will be much needed in case law as to the scope of non-refoulement obligations in the context of, especially, slow onset processes due to climate change.
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Lindahl, Helena. "Jurisdiktion vid gränsöverskridande rena förmögenhetsskador i utomobligatoriska förhållanden : särskilt om skadelokalisering av rena förmögenhetsskador uppkomna i samband med en kapitalplacering grundad på vilseledande rådgivning enligt artikel 7(2) i Bryssel Ia-förordningen." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-115625.
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Staal, Claudia Johanna. "De vaststelling van de reikwijdte van de rechten van de mens een bespreking aan de hand van de rechterlijke praktijk naar aanleiding van de artikelen 8 lid 1 en 6 lid 1 (eerste zin) ECRM en de artikelen 1, 6 lid 1, 7 leden 1 en 3 en artikel 9 lid 1 Grondwet /." Nijmegen : Maastricht : Ars Aequi Libri ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1995. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6678.
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Shaw, Yung-Djong. "Gefährdung der Verfassungsordnung im Kontext der Regionalen Integration." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18134.
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Im Idealfall bilden die Kopenhagener Kriterien zusammen mit dem Art.-7-Verfahren EUV einen lückenlosen Schutzmechanismus der EU-Werte. Die Verfassungskrisen in Ungarn und Polen haben allerdings nicht nur die Schwächen des Art.-7-Verfahren aufgedeckt, sondern auch die Frage aufgeworfen, ob die gegenwärtige Anwendungsweise des Kopenhagener Mechanismus ausreichend ist.
Da das Beitrittsverfahren an sich Regierung-zentrisch ist, ist es offenkundig, dass dieses Verfahren nicht viel dazu beiträgt, die Bürger in den politischen Prozess ihres Landes einzubinden und die Zivilgesellschaft zu stärken. Es dauert eine gewisse Zeit, bis die konstitutionelle Grundwerte in die Herzen der Bürger eines neulich demokratisierten Landes gebracht werden. Die EU wurde allerdings dadurch unter Zeitdruck gesetzt, dass sie die Osterweiterung in einem relativ kurzen Zeitraum vollenden musste, um die Gunst der Stunde für ein vereintes Europa nutzen können.
Der aktuellen Zustand der EU entspricht dem echten Bund im Schmittschen Sinn. Die Substanz der Homogenität in einem echten Bund ist das Produkt des Zusammenspiels der Verfassungsordnung des Bundes und seiner Mitglieder. Daraus ergibt sich, dass mit jedem Beitritt eines neuen Mitgliedstaats die Verfassungsidentität der EU mit einer neuen Verfassungsidentität angereichert und wesentlich geändert wird. Wenn man die Eingriffskapazität der EU in die innerstaatlichen Verfassungsordnungen über die heutige Intensität hinaus noch verstärken will, darf man die politische Natur der Werte-Frage in einem echten Bund nicht außer Acht lassen.
Der Priorisierung der politischen Kriterien vor den wirtschaftlichen Kriterien, mit der die EU die Beitrittsverhandlungen durchgeführt hat, ist für Taiwans China-Politik ebenso wichtig. Eine entscheidende Aufgabe für Taiwan ist, klar zu machen, dass Taiwan politische Verhandlungen nur mit einem Ansprechpartner führen wird, der die gleichen politischen Werte einhält.In the course of developing a general theory aiming at reversing and preventing the deterioration of political values in the European and East-Asian context, this study answered two sets of questions. First, on the empirical level, how reasonable and effective are the current pre-accession evaluations? Regarding the existing deterioration in the post-accession context, does it reflect any short coming in the way the EU implements the Copenhagen Criteria? Since Taiwan has not established such monitoring mechanism yet, what are the damages already done to Taiwan’s constitutional values? Second, on the normative level, this study followed two very different approaches. On the one hand, it clarified where the limits of judicial solution to this problem are. The fact that the sanction procedures prescribed in the current Art. 7 TEU take the form of collective actions revealed that what is at stake here is a shared value system. On the other hand, this study took into account the interaction between law and politics. The accession of new member states, as well the sanction against member states which failed to respect the political values of the Union, are in essence political decisions of the European Union. Since Taiwan needs to set up political conditions for it negotiations with China, the task is highly political, too. By identifying elements that caused or prevented the deterioration of political values, this study proposed suggestions for correcting and preventing deterioration by understanding its operation. A protective mechanism for Taiwan’s political values can create a reverse “lock-in effect.” By enunciating stringent negotiation guidelines and a code of conduct for Taiwanese government that requires cautiousness and vigilance, this mechanism will place the cross-strait negotiations under a legal framework which ensures that any given Taiwanese government could not sacrifice Taiwan’s constitutional values in exchange for advancing its political agenda.
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Jin, Victoria Aurélie. "Forum Loci Solutionis for Software Contracts : a Technology Neutral Application of Article 7 (1) of the Brussels Ibis Regulation in Light of the Digitalization of Goods and Services." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433186.
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This thesis aims to analyze whether the alternative EU forum loci solutionis of Article 7 (1) of the Brussel Ibis Regulation is applicable to Software Contracts. This is done by analyzing and accounting for the structure, purpose and problems of the application of BIbis Article 7 (1) to Software Contracts, by using a fictive case to highlight the particular problems regarding these types of contracts. Since two types of contracts are specifically stated in Article 7 (1) (b): sale of goods and provision of services, the thesis finds that Software Contracts may be characterized as either of these with the autonomous criteria established by CJEU case-law, or as another type of contract under Article 7 (1) (a). In the second step of localization in the method established by CJEU case-law, the four identified places of performance for Software Contracts are: (i) the place of the upload; (ii) the place of the download; (iii) the place to which the service provider has a special connection; and (iv) the place to which the buyer has a special connection. By approaching this issue de lege ferenda, a technology neutral method is first proposed for resolving the issue of characterization. This technology neutral method is further proposed for the following localization issue of identifying the place of performance for Software Contracts under the forum loci solutionis provision in BIbis Article 7 (1), where the place of performance for Software Contracts characterized as sale of goods is the place of download. Respectively, the place of performance for Software Contracts for provision of services under BIbis Article 7 (1) (b) is the domicile of the service provider.
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Dethlefsen, Mads Schou. "Article 7: Why the 'Nuclear Option' turned out to be a dud." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23181.
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The aim of this thesis is to find an explanation of the obstacles to deploying Article 7 TEU measures as we see it today. This explanation will be sought in the events in this field starting from the formation of the provision, all the way up to this writing moment. The explanation will be searched for by using the research question: What in the process offorming and amending Article 7 TEU can explain the hesitancy and hardship to deploy the article today? Four hypotheses for explanations are identified; 1) Article 7 TEU is a political rather than legal provision, and is thus infiltrated with political subjectiveness rather than legal objective- ness, 2) lessons from the Haider affair have caused hesitancy, 3) adding intermediate steps and alternative procedures have weakened the nature of the provision, and 4) the nuclear notion has falsely created hesitancy to take action and oblivion of the softer mechanisms of the provision. This study concludes, that to fully understand the Article 7 TEU struggles as of today, both political implications, intermediate steps, alternative mechanisms and lessons from the Haider affair has to be taken into account. This com- plexity does then confirm the sufficiency of the explanation: Many factors has played a role in forming the hesitancy and hardship to deploy Article 7 TEU, but the intergovernmental and political nature of the provision explains why it still have not been fully implemented. This is although the scope and appli- cation of the provision fully fits the problems of democratic backsliding, that permeates some of the member states of the EU.
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Nilsson, Christine. "Article 7 TEU : A Human Rights Defender or a Political Blind Alley?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-200435.
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Felemegas, John. "The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods : Article 7 and uniform interpretation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11055/.
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The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 1980 ("CISG") creates a uniform law for the international sale of goods. However, textual uniformity is a necessary but insufficient step towards achieving substantive legal uniformity, since the formulation and enactment of a uniform legal text carries no guarantee of its subsequent uniform application in practice. This thesis therefore considers different approaches to the interpretation of CISG and evaluates their appropriateness for uniform international trade law, before advancing an interpretative approach based on the concept of internationality and generally acknowledged principles of commercial law, such as the UNIDROIT Principles. The analysis offered by the present writer is based on the examination of the nature, scope and function of Article 7 CISG, which expressly prescribes the direction that CISG's interpretation and application should follow and whose own interpretation will determine, to a large degree, the ultimate fate of CISG as a truly uniform code. Owing to its unique nature and limitations, it is necessary that CISG exist on top of a legal order that can provide doctrinal support and solutions to practical problems - such as gap-filling - in order to guarantee CISG's functional continuity and development without offending its values of internationality, uniformity and good faith, as expressed in Article 7(1) CISG and analysed in this thesis. It is the opinion of the present writer that CISG is, and must remain, a self-contained body of rules, independent of and distinct from the different domestic laws. Supported by analysis of the existing doctrine, as well as by case law, this thesis argues that the necessary legal backdrop for CISG's existence and application can be provided by general principles of international commercial law, such as those exemplified by the UNIDROIT Principles, which will, if adopted, render the textual reference in Article 7(2) CISG to private international law redundant - a positive step towards uniformity. The recourse to rules of private international law in the interpretation of CISG, even as a last resort, would represent regression into doctrinal fragmentation and practical uncertainty. The relevant textual reference in Article 7(2) CISG to such a method is the regrettable result of diplomatic drafting compromises and should remain inactive, since its activation would reverse the progress achieved by the world wide adoption of CISG as a uniform body of international sales law.
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Naumann, Claudia. "Die Behandlung dinglicher Kreditsicherheiten und Eigentumsvorbehalte nach den Artikeln 5 und 7 EuInsVO sowie nach autonomem deutschen Insolvenzkollisionsrecht : zugleich ein Beitrag zur Auslegungstechnik des EuGH /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/39464199X.pdf.
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Masose, Tariro Veronica P. "The Prosecution of Sexual Violence Crimes under Article 7 And 8 Of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Reason for Optimism?" The University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5788.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe Rome Statute gave birth to the International Criminal Court (ICC) on 17 July 1998. Its mandate is to assist the international community in the arduous task of closing the gap of impunity for the most heinous crimes, namely war crimes, crimes of aggression, genocide and crimes against humanity. For the first time in the history of humankind, States accepted the jurisdiction of a permanent international criminal court, for the prosecution of the perpetrators of the most serious crimes committed within their territories or by nationals after the entry into force of the Rome Statute on 1 July 2002.
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Masose, Tariro Veronica P. "The Prosecution of sexual violence crimes under article 7 and 8 of the rome statue of the international criminal court: A reason for optimism?'." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5831.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence)The Rome Statute gave birth to the International Criminal Court (ICC) on 17 July 1998. Its mandate is to assist the international community in the arduous task of closing the gap of impunity for the most heinous crimes, namely war crimes, crimes of aggression, genocide and crimes against humanity. For the first time in the history of humankind, States accepted the jurisdiction of a permanent international criminal court, for the prosecution of the perpetrators of the most serious crimes committed within their territories or by nationals after the entry into force of the Rome Statute on 1 July 2002. The ICC is an international organization, with distinct legal capacity. It is independent of the United Nations although it does act in close association with it. The ICC is not a substitute for national courts. The Rome Statute provides that it is still very much the duty of the State to exercise its jurisdiction over those responsible for international crimes. The ICC can only intervene as a court of last resort where a State is unwilling or unable to carry out the investigation and prosecute the perpetrators within its own domestic courts and laws. It may only exercise jurisdiction over crimes committed on the territory of a State party or a national of such, the only exception to this is that the United Security Council can use its powers under the UN Charter to refer situations to the Prosecutor of the ICC. The ICC is therefore meant to compliment and support domestic criminal justice; this was reflected even in the drafting stages of the Statute whereby integration of a variety of national perspectives and judicial cultures from different countries was considered in order to ensure that the ICC did not depart from what is considered just within the domestic sphere. It may well be argued that the Rome Statute provides an opportunity to reinvigorate and reform criminal codes which may in the long term globally strengthen the rule of law, peace and security.
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Dolan, Tom. "Water Framework Directive Article 7, The Drinking Water Directive and European Pesticide Regulation : impacts on diffuse pesticide pollution, potable water decision making and catchment management strategy." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8401.
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The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) promotes increased awareness of catchment processes and challenges the established dependence on a ‘treatment-led approach’ for the supply of European Drinking Water Directive (DWD) compliant potable water. In particular, WFD Article 7 promotes a ‘prevention-led approach’ to DWD compliance, based on pollution prevention at source to reduce investment in new treatment. In this context the challenge of preventing diffuse pesticide pollution from agricultural sources is significant because metaldehyde (a molluscide) and to a lesser extent the herbicide clopyralid are, despite current treatment, causing DWD non compliance for drinking water in a number of English catchments. Analysis presented here identifies that a successful transition from a ‘treatment-led’ to a ‘prevention-led’ approach will require collective action from, and shared mutual understanding between, a number of stakeholder groups. However, each of these groups has a unique perspective on WFD Article 7 and other elements of the currently uncoordinated legal and voluntary framework for diffuse pesticide pollution prevention. A toolbox of intervention options and a set of criteria to evaluate current catchment management actions are proposed to help the WFD competent authority facilitate WFD Article 7 compliance. Water suppliers need to improve their understanding of the reasons for pesticide use. Through consultation with pesticide agronomists, important drivers of pesticide use, a hierarchy of adaptation options available if a particular pesticide is restricted and key messages for catchment managers and regulators were identified. Based on this foundation a classification system to inform and prioritise water sector decision making for investment in catchment management was developed. Additionally, analysis presented here demonstrates that the DWD standard for pesticides, which determines the level of catchment management required for WFD Article 7 compliance, is not itself consistent with European environmental policy principles, particularly the precautionary principle, and needs to be reviewed.
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Wittich, Knut [Verfasser]. "Neue Untersuchungen zur Synthese und Charakterisierung von Phosphaten mit ReO3-artiger Kristallstruktur mit einem Beitrag zu Silver-vanadyl(IV)-phosphat Ag6(VO)2(P2O7)(PO4)2 / Knut Wittich." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/120641796X/34.
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Bosch, Marcia Helena. "Crimes contra as relações de consumo: uma teoria a partir da jurisprudência." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7092.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-16This work, which bends on the subject of the crimes against consumer relations, through an analysis of the jurisprudence related to crimes inserted in the Consumer Protection Code (CDC) and that of the Article 7, IX, of Law 8137/90 (which have as good legally protected the consumer relation) aims to strengthen the defined thesis that the crimes specified in the CDC does not have effectiveness in the political environment , social , economic and legal Brazilians, however paradoxical it may be, because we live in a consumer society (over-indebtedness) even after twenty-four years of validity of this law. With the methodological support of the bibliographic research and examination of judgments delivered in superior courts and in eight state courts, the effort concentrates (i) in the study of the construction of consumers rights faced to his vulnerability in a dynamic and innovative mass market, (ii) the crimes defined by the legislator, that using originality elected to consumer relations as well to be protected by the state, anchored in principles, and in the general theory of criminal law that supports it, (iii) in effecting the criminal protection in jurisprudential seating extracted of selected cases. Regarding to the crime of the Article 7, IX, of Law 8.137/90 (sell, have on deposit, expose for sale or delivery of raw materials or goods unfit for consumption), based on the examined cases, it is apparent that the recognition of the crime has been systematically denied inasmuch as, through misinterpretation of the crime theory, and even faced with the dimension of new rights (third generation rights), it is required for the configuration of these crimes, effective harm to legally protected good (production of naturalistic results), despising up the doctrinal classification of this crime, which is crime of danger (presumed)
O presente trabalho, que se debruça sobre o tema dos crimes contra as relações de consumo, mediante a análise da jurisprudência relacionada com os crimes inseridos no Código de Defesa do Consumidor (CDC) e no inciso IX do artigo 7º da Lei n. 8.137/1990 (os quais têm como bem juridicamente protegido a relação de consumo), objetiva fortalecer a tese definida de que os crimes previstos no CDC, por mais paradoxal que seja, pois vivemos em uma sociedade de consumo (inclusive superendividada), mesmo depois de 24 anos de vigência do código, não têm efetividade no cenário político, social, econômico e jurídico brasileiros. Com o apoio metodológico da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica e da análise de julgamentos proferidos nas Cortes Superiores (STF e STJ) e oito tribunais estaduais, o esforço se concentra (i) no estudo da construção dos direitos do consumidor diante da sua vulnerabilidade em um mercado de massa dinâmico e inovador, (ii) nos crimes definidos pelo legislador, que usando de ineditismo, elegeu a relação de consumo como bem juridicamente protegido pelo Estado, ancorado na principiologia e na teoria de direito penal que lhe dá sustentação; e (iii) na efetivação da tutela penal do consumidor em sede jurisprudencial, extraída da casuística selecionada. Como conclusão, pode-se dizer que o número de precedentes jurisprudenciais envolvendo tipos penais próprios das relações de consumo é insignificante. Quanto ao crime do art. 7º, inc. IX, da Lei n. 8.137/1990 (vender, ter em depósito, expor a venda ou entregar matéria prima ou mercadoria imprópria para o consumo), com base nos julgados analisados, verifica-se que o reconhecimento deste delito vem sendo sistematicamente negado na medida em que, por meio de uma interpretação equivocada da teoria do crime e mesmo diante da dimensão dos novos direitos (direitos de terceira geração), exige-se, para a configuração destes crimes, efetivo dano ao bem juridicamente protegido (produção de resultado naturalístico), desprezando-se a classificação doutrinária deste crime, que é de crime de perigo (presumido)
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Ntovas, Alexandros. "Compulsory settlement of compatibility fishery disputes : the theory of embedded clauses in article 7 of the agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345561/.
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The 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement established the principle of compatibility envisaging that conservation and management measures adopted within national Exclusive Economic Zones and those adopted on the adjacent high seas should be compatible. However, the aforementioned principle has been regarded as representing one of the most contentious elements in the new law of the sea régime. The ambiguity lies in the existent legal uncertainty about the measures which shall be regarded as the referential basis for international regulatory schemes. The above controversy becomes more acute in the shade of the doubtful application that the available disputes settlement provisions under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea might have on this kind of disputes. The present disquisition studies the rationale behind an obscure system of clausal construction which was conceived by, and for first time emerged from the drafts of, the UN International Law Commission in early 1950s. This clausal construction refers to the peculiar pattern of legal drafting wherein procedural clauses are amalgamated into articles of substantive law. It is argued that treaty articles containing such clauses are predisposed to establish an inextricable connection between the substantive provisions and the provisions of procedure for the settlement of disputes. This kind of blended provisions represents a sui generis law, the peculiarity of which derives from its own insusceptibility to State auto-interpretation. The purpose of this analysis is to argue in favour of the compulsory application of the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement's settlement procedures on compatibility disputes in remaining unaffected by the operation of the procedural limitation. In advancing this argument the present thesis aims at developing a theory over the functional role of the procedural clauses which initially seem that for no obvious reason have been extracted from Part VIII of the Agreement and been embedded into the substantive article of compatibility. By analysing thus the textual formation of embedded clauses the present thesis constructs its argument upon – and further advances – an existing proposition in the literature that views compulsory dispute settlement procedures as indispensable element of the substantive principle insofar as compatibility is vaguely construed in neutral terms; i.e., without a predetermined orientation in its geographical scope.
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Tebaldi, Eliegi. "A duração do trabalho dos altos empregados e a inconstitucionalidade do artigo 62, inciso II, da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-16112017-183105/.
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Este estudo é dedicado à análise da duração do trabalho dos altos empregados. Para tanto, inicia-se conceituando os termos duração do trabalho, jornada de trabalho e horário de trabalho; e analisando as jornadas especiais de certas categorias profissionais que têm duração do trabalho diferenciada por força de circunstâncias particulares do tipo de atividade. Posteriormente, estuda-se a conceituação de altos empregados, seus elementos identificadores, a distinção entre eles e empregados ocupantes de cargo de confiança. Pesquisam-se o trabalho remoto, com ênfase no trabalho remoto dos altos empregados, e a violação de direitos trabalhistas dos altos empregados. Em seguida, examina-se o controle de constitucionalidade de lei, com destaque para o controle concentrado de constitucionalidade. Analisa-se o artigo 62, inciso II, da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho à luz do artigo 7º, incisos XIII e XVI, da Constituição da República de 1988. Tais incisos dispõem, respectivamente, sobre o limite da duração do trabalho e as horas extraordinárias. Estudam-se o artigo 6º, caput, da Constituição da República de 1988, que versa sobre o direito ao lazer e à saúde; o artigo 5º, caput, da Constituição da República de 1988 que trata do princípio isonômico e do direito à vida; e, finalmente, o artigo 1º, inciso III, da Carta Constitucional que dispõe sobre o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Chega-se à conclusão da tese com os argumentos finais e o posicionamento de que a limitação da duração do trabalho trata-se de um direito constitucional que objetiva tutelar a vida, a saúde, o lazer, assim como proteger a dignidade dos empregados. A duração do trabalho dos altos empregados, ante os princípios da isonomia, da proibição do retrocesso social e da dignidade da pessoa humana, e ante os direitos constitucionais ao lazer, à vida e à saúde, também sofre limite constitucional. O artigo 62, inciso II, da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho viola os artigos: 1º, inciso III; 5º, caput; 6º, caput; e 7º, incisos XIII e XVI, da Carta Fundamental, sendo, portanto, inconstitucional.This study is dedicated to the analysis of hours of work of high employees. Therefore, it starts conceptualizing the terms hours of work, working hours and work schedule; and analyzing the special professional categories that have different duration of work. Then, it analyzes the concept of high employees, their identifying elements, the distinction between them and employees in positions of trust. Moreover, it studies the teleworking, with emphasis on high employees teleworking, and labour rights violation of high employees. It examines the constitutional control. It analyzes the article 62, II, of the Labour Legislation and the article 7, XIII and XVI of the Constitution of the Republic of 1988. Then, it analyses the article 6, caput, of the Constitution of the Republic of 1988, which deals with the right to leisure and health; article 5, caput, of the Constitution of the Republic of 1988, which deals with principle of isonomy (equality of law) and the right to life; and, finally, article 1, III, of the Constitutional, which provides for the principle of human dignity. Reach the conclusion of the thesis with the closing arguments and the position that the hours of work it is a constitutional right which aims to protect life, health, leisure, as well as protect the dignity of employees. The hours of work of high employees also suffers constitutional limit especially against the principle of isonomy, the principle of prohibition of retrogression, the dignity of the human person, and the constitutional rights: leisure, life and health. The article 62, II, of the Labour Legislation, hurts the articles: 1º, III; 5º, caput; 6º, caput; e 7º, XIII e XVI, of the Constitution of the Republic of 1988, and therefore, is unconstitutional.
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Strindberg, Mona. "Protection of Personal Data, a Power Struggle between the EU and the US: What implications might be facing the transfer of personal data from the EU to the US after the CJEU’s Safe Harbour ruling?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-294790.
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Since the US National Security Agency’s former contractor Edward Snowden exposed the Agency’s mass surveillance, the EU has been making a series of attempts toward a more safeguarded and stricter path concerning its data privacy protection. On 8 April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU) invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC on the basis of incompatibility with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter). After this judgment, the CJEU examined the legality of the Safe Harbour Agreement, which had been the main legal basis for transfers of personal data from the EU to the US under Decision 2000/520/EC. Subsequently, on 6 October 2015, in the case of Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, the CJEU declared the Safe Harbour Decision invalid. The ground for the Court’s judgment was the fact that the Decision enabled interference, by US public authorities, with the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection under Article 7 and 8 of the Charter, when processing the personal data of EU citizens. According to the judgment, this interference has been beyond what is strictly necessary and proportionate to the protection of national security and the persons concerned were not offered any administrative or judicial means of redress enabling the data relating to them to be accessed, rectified or erased. The Court’s analysis of the Safe Harbour was borne out of the EU Commission’s own previous assessments. Consequently, since the transfers of personal data between the EU and the US can no longer be carried out through the Safe Harbour, the EU legislature is left with the task to create a safer option, which will guarantee that the fundamental rights to privacy and protection of personal data of the EU citizens will be respected. However, although the EU is the party dictating the terms for these transatlantic transfers of personal data, the current provisions of the US law are able to provide for derogations from every possible renewed agreement unless they become compatible with the EU data privacy law. Moreover, as much business is at stake and prominent US companies are involved in this battle, the pressure toward the US is not only coming from the EU, but some American companies are also taking the fight for EU citizens’ right to privacy and protection of their personal data.
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Du, Plessis Jan Abraham. "Artikel 2(3) van die Wet op Testamente 7 van 1953." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16693.
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Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and EnglishTitle page in Afrikaans and English
Die verhandeling handel oor die howe se hantering van testamentere geskrifte wat nie aan die testamentsformaliteite voldoen nie. Die posisie voor die inwerkingtreding van artikel 2(3) word eerste bespreek. Daarna bespreek ek die wysigings wat aanbeveel is deur die regskommissie. Vervolgens bespreek ek die inwerkingtreding van artikel 2(3) wat aan die howe die bevoegdheid gee om 'n testamentere geskrif wat nie aan die formaliteite voldoen nie tot geldige testament te verhef. Die spesifieke probleemareas met die interpretasie van artikel 2(3) word uitgelig en in detail bespreek. Daarna maak ek 'n aanbeveling dat 'n handtekening of merk op 'n testamentere geskrif 'n drempelvereiste moet wees alvorens 'n hof dit kan kondoneer. Ek sluit af met 'n opinie oor hoe die artikel in die toekoms geinterpreteer behoort te word.
The dissertation is about the way in which the courts handle testamentary writings which do not comply with the formalities of a will. Firstly I discuss the position before the implementation of section 2(3). Thereafter I discuss the recommendations of the law commission. Then I discuss the implementation of section 2(3) which empowers the court to legalise a document which does not comply with the formal requirements of a will. The specific problem areas with regard to the interpretation of section 2(3) are highlighted and discussed in detail. Thereafter a recommendation is made that a signature or a mark on a testamentary writing must be a prerequisite before a court can consider condoning it. I conclude my dissertation with an opinion on how this section should be interpreted in the future.
Jurisprudence
LL. M. (Legum)
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Bornman, Christine. "Die herverdeling van trustbates in terme van artikel 7(3) van die Wet op egskeiding 70 van 1979 / deur C. Bornman." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/707.
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HUANG, CHENG-JHH, and 黃丞志. "A Content Analysis Study of the Taxpayers Rights Act Article 7." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6gjr87.
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碩士東海大學
會計學系
107
This paper focus on the applicability of the Taxpayers Rights Act, and mainly discusses the differences in the amount of litigation involved in dministrative litigation under Article 7 . The research use the contents of the judgment of the senior administrative of Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung before the end of 107, and classified the type of plaintiff and case related variables into real estate transaction (EST), stock exchanges (STK), invoicing transactions (INV),intangibles asset transfer (IAT) and labor supply (LS) of five transaction types, separately analyze the change in the amount of litigation. The results display that there is a significant difference in the amount of litigation involved in Article 7 of real estate transaction (EST), and no in the type of intangibles asset transfer (IAT). The research further use other variables such as litigation agent, judge gender and other variables for analysis . The result also display that the amount of litigation in (EST) is the most significant. This research follow whether there is a significant change the type of litigation agent in different court. Result display that there is a significant difference in the Taichung High Administrative court. In Summary, the different types of transactions an d variables have an impact on the change in the amount of litigation. However , in terms of the amount of litigation, result display that the majority of the cases are between 1 million and 10 million.
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Tzu-Wei, Lin, and 林慈偉. "The Article 6 and 7 of ICCPR Concerning Right to Life Implement in the Criminal Justice Practice." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e644at.
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碩士國立中正大學
法律學研究所
102
To trace the article 6 and 7 of ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) concerning Right to life implement in the criminal justice practice and the trend of Taiwanese criminal procedure, the concept of “Right to life” and the practical cases made by Taiwan Supreme Court (TSC) during the past five years (2009-2014) will be examined in this paper. Through the examination of TSC’s judgments towards some significant issues, such as right to life (article 6), capital punishment, “the most serious crimes”, procedural guarantees, etc., the following facts are discovered. First, to show the application of the Convention, TSC always cite the Article of the ICCPR in the TSC criminal judgments, but there is no further specific standards and interpretation when dealing with individual cases. And in some cases, there is some misunderstanding of the interpretation in ICCPR. Second, the different opinions from separate courts in TSC are often against each other. As a result, the predictability of sentence and people’s rights are sacrificed. Therefore, not only the violation of the ICCPR in criminal judgment is increasing, but TSC also has to face the profound distrust of the people. As a solution, the author gives his point of view: It is particularly necessary for TSC to reconsider its long-term neglect of the correct interpretation in ICCPR, especially in the human rights standards of death penalty and related cases. Besides, to reduce these negative impacts, a system inside TSC, which can standardize the currently inconsistent views of its separate courts, must soon be accurately established by the legislative authority.
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Hsieh, Hsin-Chieh, and 謝忻頡. "Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that implement in the military: With Article 44 ill-treatment crime of the Armed Forces Criminal Act." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/av7d8r.
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碩士國立東華大學
財經法律研究所
104
Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights stipulated expressly that everyone have the rights to be free from torture. It is also non-derogation right of jus cogens of the International Law. Human rights is inherent dignity in the world. The Republic of China formulate Act to Implement the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2009. This thesis aims to analyze the Article 44(3) of the Armed Forces Criminal Act：“The torture mean refers beyond education, training, service, fighting or other military necessary to make acts of inhuman treatment by the military.” In order to know that Article 44(3) is reflected Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or not. The research focuses on everyone has the rights to be free from torture on the scope of protection of the international human rights conventions and related instruments.And discuss the "Human Rights Committee,HRC", "Committee against Torture,CAT" and " European Court of Human Rights,ECHR" decision or judgment to realize the scope of torture, then for country practice. Finally, the results indicate that from the legislative policy and implementation practices, providing the army recommendations. We look forward to providing more rigorous safeguards against the military for human rights.
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Frantzen, Erinda. "The powers and authority of directors to act on behalf of a company under South African law." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25735.
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As a company is a juristic person it can only act through human agency. A question that arises because of this fact is under what circumstances a company can be held to a contract by a third party where its representative was unauthorised to enter into such contract. There should be a careful weighing and balancing of the interests of the shareholders and the company on the one hand and the contracting third party on the other. It is further important to have legal certainty on the validity and enforceability of contracts concluded by and with companies as the absence of certainty can hamper business dealings with companies which would have an impact on the economy.
The common-law principles of agency form the foundation upon which representation within the context of company law takes place. The law of agency has been adapted in the context of company law to satisfy the unique needs that have originated in this regard. One such adaptation is the creation of the Turquand rule by the English courts which rule was taken over by the South African courts. One of the primary reasons for creating the Turquand rule was due to the harsh effect that the common-law doctrine of constructive notice had on third parties dealing with a company.
In this study an examination of the current legal position regarding representation of a company in South Africa was undertaken. The history and development of the common-law principles of agency and doctrines that are unique to representation in a company law context are analysed and the relevant sections of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 are discussed. The integration of the common-law principles with the relevant provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is considered and recommendations are made in respect thereof.
In support of the analysis, a comparative study was undertaken of the history and development of this subject matter in England. It was concluded that South African company law, with all its shortcomings and uncertainties is still to be preferred above the position in England.Aangesien ‘n maatskappy ‘n regspersoon is, kan dit slegs deur middel van natuurlike persone as agente optree. ‘n Vraag wat as gevolg van hierdie feit ontstaan is onder watter omstandighede ‘n maatskappy deur ‘n derde party gebonde gehou kan word aan ‘n kontrak waar die maatskappy se verteenwoordiger nie gemagtig was om die kontrak aan te gaan nie. Daar behoort ‘n versigtige afweging te wees tussen die belange van die maatskappy en sy aandeelhouers aan die een kant en ‘n derde party wat met die maatskappy kontrakteer aan die ander kant. Dit is verder belangrik om regsekerheid te hê oor die geldigheid en afdwingbaarheid van kontrakte wat met maatskappye aangegaan word aangesien die afwesigheid daarvan besigheidsverkeer met maatskappye kan kortwiek wat ‘n impak op die ekonomie tot gevolg sal hê. Die gemeenregtelike beginsels van verteenwoordiging vorm die basis waarop verteenwoordiging binne die konteks van maatskappyereg plaasvind. Verteenwoordigingsreg is aangepas binne die konteks van maatskappye om voorsiening te maak vir die unieke behoeftes wat in hierdie verband ontstaan het. Een sodanige aanpassing is die skepping van die Turquand reël deur die Engelse howe, welke reël deur die Suid-Afrikaanse howe oorgeneem is. Een van die hoofredes vir die skepping van die Turquand reël is die onregverdige uitwerking wat die gemeenregtelike leerstuk van toegerekende kennis op derde partye gehad het wat met ‘n maatskappy onderhandel. ‘n Studie van die huidige regsposisie rakende verteenwoordiging van ‘n maatskappy in Suid-Afrika is hierin gedoen. Die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van die gemeenregtelike beginsels van verteenwoordiging en leerstukke eie aan verteenwoordiging in die konteks van maatskappyereg is geanaliseer. Die betrokke artikels van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word bespreek. Die integrasie van hierdie gemeenregtelike beginsels met die betrokke bepalings van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 is oorweeg en aanbevelings in verband daarmee gemaak. Ter ondersteuning van die analise is ‘n vergelykende studie van die gekiedenis en ontwikkeling van hierdie onderwerp in Engeland onderneem. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg, met al sy tekortkominge en onsekerhede nogsteeds bo die posisie in Engeland te verkies is.
Mercantile Law
LL. M.
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Chiang, Hsin-Yeh, and 江欣曄. "Analysis of the Glass Ceiling Effect on Female Managers—a Focus on Article 7 of Act of Gender Equality in Employment." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7bqdh7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
105
Act of Gender Equality in Employment has been made for more than 10 years. Especially, Article 7 prohibits discrimination against applicants and employers because of gender in the course of promotion. Despite the crackdowns, the statistics show that the glass ceiling effect still exists and the number of litigations remains low. To tackle the challenges, the article focus on female manager with regard to legislative protection in Act of Gender Equality in Employment and related employment law issues. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is also introduced as a comparative method. With all these efforts, the article looks forward to making progress on gender equality in legal field. In chapter III, domestic/international data and 57 questionnaires are used to demonstrate the existence of the glass ceiling effect. It further indicates 8 deficiencies in Act of Gender Equality in Employment. With regard to employment law issues, two topics are mentioned -- whether a manager can be recognized as a worker in Labor Standard Act and whether manager contract can substitute for employment contract in the course of promotion. An empirical study of 121 cases is used as illustrations. In conclusion, the article has approved that the structure of a labor contract can be in a various from. In chapter IV, the article introduces the allocation of burden of proof in disparate treatment, systemic disparate treatment and disparate impact at first, and then provides cases about objective standards, subjective criteria, occupational sex segregation and gender stereotypes in response to the above-mentioned deficiencies. In the final chapter, the article has proposed 6 solutions to advance theory and practice of Article 7 of Act of Gender Equality in Employment based on the above analysis (3 for legislative advice, 3 for judicial practice). It is believed that hard work makes the invisible barrier broken.
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Shie, Yifen, and 謝易芬. "The Right to A Speedy Criminal Trial and Its Remedies ─ A Study Focusing on Article 7 of The Criminal Speedy Trial Act." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43rumt.
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Madden, Michael. "THE EXCLUSION OF IMPROPERLY OBTAINED EVIDENCE AT THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A PRINCIPLED APPROACH TO INTERPRETING ARTICLE 69(7) OF THE ROME STATUTE." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/50199.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines article 69(7) of the Rome Statute, which creates an
exclusionary rule for improperly obtained evidence at the International Criminal Court
(ICC). Ultimately, the thesis proposes how the ICC should interpret its exclusionary rule.
The thesis discusses the theory underlying exclusionary rules, the evidence law and
remedial law contexts within which exclusionary rules operate, and numerous
comparative examples of exclusionary doctrine from within national criminal justice
systems. Finally, some unique aspects of international criminal procedure are described
in order to demonstrate how an international exclusionary rule might need to differ from
a domestic rule, and previous jurisprudence relating to exclusionary rules at other
international criminal tribunals is surveyed. The thesis ends by articulating what a basic
test for exclusion at the ICC should look like, and examines how such a rule would
operate in respect of all of the different exclusionary doctrines discussed earlier in the
thesis.