Relevant bibliographies by topics / Artiodactyla, Fossil

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Artiodactyla, Fossil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Artiodactyla, Fossil"

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O'Leary, Maureen A., Biren A. Patel, and Mark N. Coleman. "Endocranial petrosal anatomy of Bothriogenys (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae), and petrosal volume and density comparisons among aquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls and outgroups." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 1 (January 2012): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-091.1.

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We provide the first detailed endocranial description of the petrosal bone of the ear region of the anthracotheriid artiodactyl Bothriogenys, based on two new specimens from the early Oligocene of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. The new fossils have petrosals with a hyperinflated (pachyostotic) tegmen tympani (the roof over the middle ear), resembling the condition in certain cetancodontans such as hippopotamids and basal cetaceamorphans (fossil stem taxa to extant Cetacea).The morphology of the petrosal, particularly its relative size and density, has been considered an important indicator of the ability of a marine mammal to localize sound transmitted in water, yet petrosal size (pachyostosis) and density (osteosclerosis) have not previously been quantified independent of each other. We examine the new fossils in the context of a preliminary CT-based study of petrosal density (extant taxa only) and petrosal volume (extant and extinct taxa) in a sample of artiodactyls and outgroups. In our extant comparative sample, the petrosals of cetaceans are both dense and voluminous as has been previously stated. We find, however, that the tegmen tympani is relatively voluminous (pachyostotic) without being particularly dense (osteosclerotic) in Hippopotamus amphibius, an extant taxon that has been documented to show some aquatic hearing behaviors, albeit less derived ones than those seen in cetaceans. A voluminous tegmen tympani, which is present in Bothriogenys, may have specific implications for behavior that are distinct from increases in petrosal density.
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Thenius, E. "Das Okapi (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) von Zaire - „lebendes Fossil” oder sekundärer Urwaldbewohner?" Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 30, no. 3 (September 1992): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1992.tb00166.x.

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Prothero, Donald R., Brian L. Beatty, and Richard M. Stucky. "Simojovelhyus is a peccary, not a helohyid (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 5 (September 2013): 930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-084.

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Simojovelhyus pocitosense is based on a lower jaw fragment with three molars from the late Oligocene amber mine deposits near the village of Simojovel, Chiapas Province, Mexico. It is the oldest fossil mammal known from Central America. It was described by Ferrusquia-Villafranca in 2006 as a helohyid, a group of primitive artiodactyls known from the Bridgerian and Uintan (older than 49–42 Ma), yet it comes from early Arikareean deposits about 25–27 Ma, suggesting that it was a very late helohyid living more than 10 m.y. after their apparent Uintan extinction. We re-examined the specimen, and compared it to the large collection of recently described peccaries from the Chadronian (Perchoerus minor) and Orellan (Perchoerus nanus) and Bridgerian helohyids (Helohyus sp.). Once the range of variation of characters in helohyids and peccaries is accounted for, Simojovelhyus shows derived similarities to early peccaries, especially in the bunodont molars with inflated cusps and the configuration of cristids and accessory cuspulids, and none of the incipient lophodonty and primitive morphology seen in helohyids. In fact, the only real similarity other than symplesiomorphies between Simojovelhyus and helohyids is its small size, but it is close to the size range of the tiny Chadronian peccary P. minor. Thus, based on both derived tooth characters and its age, it is much more parsimonious to regard Simojovelhyus as a tiny Mexican peccary from the Arikareean, not a very late helohyid. This removes the anomalously late occurrence of helohyids from the mammalian fossil record, and forces a re-examination of our view of mammalian evolution in Central America.
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Xafis, Alexandros, Serdar Mayda, Friðgeir Grímsson, Doris Nagel, Tanju Kaya, and Kazım Halaçlar. "Fossil Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Turolian of Kavakdere (Central Anatolia, Turkey)." Comptes Rendus Palevol 18, no. 6 (September 2019): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2019.04.010.

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Krakhmalnaya, T. V., and O. M. Kovalchuk. "Fossil Ovibos Moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) from Buryn, with Reference to Muskox Dispersal in the Late Pleistocene of Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 52, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2018-0048.

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Abstract The skull fragment of muskox Ovibos moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) obtained from Chasha River bed alluvium near the Buryn (Sumy Region, North-Eastern Ukraine) is described here in detail. It belongs to a young male, and presumably dates back to Late Pleistocene. This new find slightly extends the known Ukrainian range of the species to the east. Taxonomic attribution of extinct muskox and dispersal of Ovibos moschatus within the territory of Ukraine during the Late Pleistocene are also discussed in the paper.
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Nishioka, Yuichiro, and Chavalit Vidthayanon. "First occurrence of <i>Duboisia</i> (Bovidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Thailand." Fossil Record 21, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-291-2018.

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Abstract. The first fossil record of Duboisia (Boselaphini, Bovidae) from Thailand confirms that this genus is no longer endemic to Java, Indonesia. The new fossil material is a calvarium with horn cores (older than the Middle Pleistocene) collected from a sandpit at Tha Chang, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, north-eastern Thailand. The present specimen is provisionally allocated to a species of Duboisia aff. D. santeng, which has weaker precornual ridges and anterior keels on the horn cores than D. santeng from Early and Middle Pleistocene deposits of Java, but these species share basic characteristics of horn cores as follows: the lower half inclined backwards; the upper half curved upwards; cross section rounded triangular, antero-posteriorly compressed, and with medial and lateral keels. Morphological similarities between D. aff. santeng and D. santeng support a strong faunal interchange between continental South East Asia and Java before the Middle Pleistocene, and suggest that the genus Duboisia diverged from the other genera of Boselaphini in the “Siva-Malayan” region.
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Croft, Darin A., Lawrence R. Heaney, John J. Flynn, and Angel P. Bautista. "FOSSIL REMAINS OF A NEW, DIMINUTIVE BUBALUS (ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE: BOVINI) FROM CEBU ISLAND, PHILIPPINES." Journal of Mammalogy 87, no. 5 (October 2006): 1037–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/06-mamm-a-018r.1.

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Reed, Kaye E., and Faysal Bibi. "Fossil Tragelaphini (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from the Late Pliocene Hadar Formation, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18, no. 1 (October 5, 2010): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-010-9146-6.

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Kostopoulos, Dimitris S., Ayla Sevim Erol, Alper Yener Yavuz, and Serdar Mayda. "A new late Miocene bovid (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from Çorakyerler (Turkey)." Fossil Record 24, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-9-2021.

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Abstract. We describe here five new bovid crania from the Çorakyerler fossil site (Tüglu Formation, Çankırı Basin, north-central Anatolia, Turkey), the fauna of which is dated by magneto- and biostratigraphy to the late Miocene, around the Vallesian–Turolian boundary. The material is assigned to a new bovid taxon of medium-to-large size, Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., characterized by horn cores that are long, keelless, compressed, obliquely inserted on the frontals, transversally ridged, moderately diverging from each other, slightly twisted homonymously, and sigmoidally curved in lateral view with long, fairly straight tips. The horn core features, along with the presence of a single large sinus occupying the pedicle and the base of the horn core, a strong cranial flexion, a short braincase, the presence of a distinct dorsal parietal boss, wide-apart temporal crests, and a widened anteriorly basioccipital, indicate a mixture of caprine-like and alcelaphine-like features that relate Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. to the Alcelaphini–Caprini–Hippotragini clade.
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Jaeggi, A. V., M. I. Miles, M. Festa-Bianchet, C. Schradin, and L. D. Hayes. "Variable social organization is ubiquitous in Artiodactyla and probably evolved from pair-living ancestors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1926 (May 6, 2020): 20200035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0035.

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Previous studies to understand the evolution of inter specific variation in mammalian social organization (SO; composition of social units) produced inconsistent results, possibly by ignoring intra specific variation. Here we present systematic data on SO in artiodactyl populations, coding SO as solitary, pair-living, group-living, sex-specific or variable (different kinds of SOs in the same population). We found that 62% of 245 populations and 83% of species (83/100) exhibited variable SO. Using Bayesian phylogenetic mixed-effects models, we simultaneously tested whether research effort, habitat, sexual dimorphism, breeding seasonality or body size predicted the likelihood of different SOs and inferred the ancestral SO. Body size and sexual dimorphism were strongly associated with different SOs. Contingent on the small body size (737 g) and putative sexual monomorphism of the earliest fossil artiodactyl, the ancestral SO was most likely to be pair-living (probability = 0.76, 95% CI = 0–1), followed by variable ( p = 0.19, 95% CI = 0–0.99). However, at body size values typical of extant species, variable SO becomes the dominant form ( p = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.18–1.00). Distinguishing different kinds of ‘variable’ highlights transitions from SOs involving pair-living to SOs involving solitary and/or group-living with increasing body size and dimorphism. Our results support the assumption that ancestral artiodactyl was pair-living and highlight the ubiquity of intraspecific variation in SO.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Artiodactyla, Fossil"

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Doughty, Evan M. "Peccaries (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) from the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Gray Fossil Site: Regional Implications with a Review of Tayassuinae." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3053.

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Analysis of the Gray Fossil Site peccary material indicates the presence of up to three species. Comparisons with the tayassuid material known from the Tyner Farm and Bone Valley Formation of Florida allows the identification of Mylohyus elmorei and at the GFS. Within the GFS material, Prosthennops cf. P. serus and cf. Catagonus sp. are also tentatively recognized but further verification is required. The known range for Prosthennops is expanded into the Appalachian region. Presence of M. elmorei at the Gray Fossil Site provides the first known occurrence of this species outside of the Palmetto fauna of Florida, indicating that the species once exhibited a larger range within the southeastern United States than previously known. Overall, the presence of M. elmorei.indicates another parallel to the Palmetto Fauna of the Bone Valley Formation whereas Prosthennops cf. P. serus may indicate a connection to the Hemphillian of the western United States.
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Iliopoulos, George. "The Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and the study of the histology and chemistry of fossil mammal bone from the Late Miocene of Kerassia (Euboea Island, Greece)." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35044.

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A taphonomic investigation of Late Miocene mammal bones and teeth and a taxonomic study of the abundant and diverse giraffid material from Kerassia, Greece, were undertaken. The material was collected from seven different sites near Kerassia, where at least two fossiliferous horizons occur. Microbial action caused extensive destruction in almost all the examined specimens of bone and teeth tissues from both horizons. Despite this, and contrary to the established ideas, bioeroded tissues survived to become fossils, preserving their histological and bioerosion features. The diameters of the microtunnels (150-600 nm) in the destructive foci indicate that the invading microorganisms were bacteria. Recrystallization of the apatite crystallites in the foci of damaged tissues occurred immediately after the end of bacterial activity, restraining later diagenetic recrystallization. This process is responsible for differences in the chemistry of the three structural areas of the bioeroded tissues, the undamaged areas, the foci and the rims of the foci. X-ray diffraction mineralogical analyses showed that fossil bone and dentine consist of carbonate fluorapatite and enamel consists of carbonate hydroxyapatite. The crystallinity of the fossil tissues is not age dependent but rather reflects the type of the hard tissue and the conditions of the local burial environment. To date, five different species of giraffes have been determined in Kerassia. Four species were found in the lower horizon, Palaeotragus rouenii, Palaeotragus sp., Samotherium major and Helladotherium duvernoyi and four species were found in the upper horizon Palaeotragus rouenii, Samotherium major, Helladotherium duvernoyi and Bohlinia attica. Finally, this study shows that a seasonal Mediterranean type, relatively temperate to warm and moist climate, can be inferred for the MN12 (Middle Turolian) of the Kerassia region.
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Duvernois, Marie-Pascale. "Les Leptobos (mammalia, artiodactyla) du villafranchien d'Europe occidentale : systématique - Evolution - Biostratigraphie - Paléoécologie." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10195.

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Le genre villafranchien leptobos est represente en asie par l. Falconeri (espece-type du genre) et en europe occidentale par plusieurs especes qui ont ete tres souvent confondues. Un bref historique retrace les diverses synonymies. Dans le present travail, leptobos a valeur de gendre et est considere comme appartenant a la sous-famille des bovinae en raison de ces caracteres craniens relativement evolues. Les especes europeennes sontau nombre de quatre, reparties en deux sous-genres representant deux lignees: 1) le sous-genre leptobos avec: leptobos elatus qui compte deux sous-especes, l. Elatus elatus et l. Elatus merlai, dont l. Stenometopon est un synonyme recent. Et qui contribue a caracteriser les biozones mnq 16 et 17; leptobos furtivus, qui remplace l. Elatus merlai des le debut de la zone 18; 2) le sous-genre smertiobos avec: leptobos bravardi qui est connu pendant une partie de la zone 16; leptobos etruscus dont l'extensin dans le temps va de la fin de la zone 16 au debut de la zone 20. L'apparition du genre leptobos coincide avec le debut du villafranchien. La repartition spatiotemporelle des especes eurpeennes contribue a confirmer l'unite faunique de l'europe occidentale durant le villafranchien. L'etude des faunes et des flores associees revele, pour les deux sous-genres, un environnement assez ouvert ou les zones a graminees et forestieres se juxtaposent. Leptobos est compare a des genres pliocenes: proleptobos, alephis et proamphibos, et a des genres pleistocenes: epileptobos, bibos, bos et bison. Proamphibos apparait comme un ancetre possible de leptobos l. L. Falconeri serait apparente a bibos et a epileptobos; le sous-genre leptobos pourrait etre lie avec bison (eobison); le sous-genre smertiobos n'aurait pas donne de descendant
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Berthet, Didier. "Le genre Cainotherium (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) : étude morphométrique, révision systématique, implications évolutives et paléobiogéographiques, extinction." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10067.

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Le Cainotherium, artiodactyle endémique de l'Europe occidentale, est fréquemment trouvé dans les gisements de l'Oligocène supérieur (MP28) au Miocène moyen (MN6). Ses restes, souvent peu abondants, rendent alors la détermination difficile, car les nombreuses espèces décrites sont très mal caractérisées. L'étude morphométrique dentaire de populations abondantes récemment récoltées a permis de cerner le polymorphisme intraspécifique et d'aborder la définition des espèces. La grande monotonie des caractères dentaires de celles-ci au cours du temps est confirmée : la distinction des espèces se fait principalement sur des critères de taille et de rapports inter-dentaires. Un schéma phylogénétique, utilisant la distribution géographique et temporelle, est proposé ; il met en évidence une relation entre spéciation et crise. Des renseignements sur les traits de vie de Cainotherium sont fournis par le matériel post-crânien et les causes possibles de leur extinction sont passées en revue.
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Crégut-Bonnoure, Evelyne. "Les ovibovini, caprini et ovini (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae, Caprinae) du plio-pléistocène d'Europe occidentale : systématique, évolution et biochronologie." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10001.

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Une analyse des caractères morphologiques et biométriques des Caprinae actuels (tribus des Ovibovini et des Caprini) et du Plio-Pléistocène d'Europe occidentale débouche sur de nouvelles interprétations et propositions taxonomiques et phylogénétiques. Pour les Ovibovini actuels, qui comprennent dans la plupart des classifications zoologiques les genres Ovibos et Budorcas, l'analyse des caractères permet d'exclure ce dernier de la tribu. Des analogies sont relevées entre les deux genres et Ovis, ce qui suggère une origine commune pour ces trois taxons. Le regroupement de Budorcas et d'Ovis dans la nouvelle tribu des Ovini est proposé. Pour Ammotragus et les Caprini actuels représentés par les genres Hemitragus, Pseudois et Capra, les caractères morphologiques et biométriques montrent que les trois premiers sont apparentés, Ammotragus étant toutefois plus à part. De nombreuses similitudes entre Hemitragus et Capra sont aussi décelables. Chez ce dernier, la quasi-identité de proportions et le peu de différences anatomiques entre C. Nubiana et C. Walie indiquent que le bouquetin d'Abyssinie ne constitue qu'une sous-espèce de celui de Nubie, et qu'il convient donc de la nommer C. Nubiana walie. La monophylie de C. Pyrenaica et C. Ibex, suggérée récemment par des analyses moléculaires, n'est confirmée ni par l'anatomie externe et interne, ni par la parasitologie qui distinguent à un niveau spécifique les deux taxons et montrent une certaine proximité entre C. Pyrenaica et C. Caucasica. La révision et l'étude des Ovibovini, Caprini et Ovini provenant d'environ 200 gisements compris entre la fin du Pliocène et le début de l'Holocène permettent de préciser les modalités de leur mise en place, leur origine et leur évolution. Sept genres (Megalovis, Soergelia, Praeovibos, Ovibos, Ovis, Hemitragus, Capra) et seize espèces sont reconnues (M. Latifrons, S. Minor, S. Brigittae, S. Elisabethae, P. Mediterraneus, P. Cedrensis, C. Ibex, C. Caucasica, C. Pyrenaica). Des néodiagnoses sont proposées et des rectifications de déterminations sont apportées, notamment pour les taxons du Pliocène et du Pléistocène inférieur attribués jusqu'ici à Capra. De nouvelles formes sont définies (P. Priscus delumleyi, C. Caucasica praepyrenaica) ainsi qu'un nouveau genre (Pseudocapra). Pour Capra, en France, le rôle de barrière filtrante joué au Pléistocène par le Rhône et la Durance est clairement montré. La présence de C. Caucasica est aussi confirmée, ainsi que sa nature d'ancêtre de C. Pyrenaica. L'influence de la loi de Bergmann chez Praeovibos et Hemitragus est visible, comme le sont les modifications engendrées par les isolats géographiques chez Capra. Deux phases principales d'immigration des Caprinae sont mises en évidence au début du Pliocène final et au début du Pléistocène moyen, ainsi qu'un appauvrissement progressif de la diversité des taxons. La durée de vie de chaque espèce peut être précisée et une nouvelle répartition chronologique et géographique en découle
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Emery, Meaghan. "Assessment of Character Variation in the Crania and Teeth of Modern Artiodactyls for Better Species Diagnosis in the Fossil Record." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20726.

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Accurately distinguishing species in the fossil record is difficult when the extent of osteological variation in many modern animals is unknown. Research into intraspecific variation has been conducted in a number of groups, but has not been conducted for systematics use in most modern artiodactyls. In this dissertation I quantify intraspecific variation of teeth in 14 species of modern artiodactyl, then test how accurately cranial characters diagnose modern, sympatric species of duikers, and use this information to reassess the artiodactyl diversity of a fossil group: the superfamily Merycoidodontoidea in the John Day Fossil Beds. Ultimately, variation is not constant between orders or different size classes, is influenced by morphology, size, and dimorphism, and this variation should be incorporated into fossil diagnoses to avoid both overconfidence of diagnosis and under-recognition of possible intraspecific variation.
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Gerwitz, Andrew. "Evaluating potential growth strategies using bone histology in Pleistocene-Holocene Odocoileus virginianus (Mammalia) from Florida." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1470322817.

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Douzery, Emmanuel. "Phylogénie moléculaire des mammifères ongulés : hybridation ADN/ADN sur le génome nucléaire et évolution du génome mitochondrial." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20248.

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L'etude de la phylogenie moleculaire des mammiferes ongules (artiodactyla, cetacea, perissodactyla, proboscidea, sirenia et hyracoidea) est envisagee par deux approches complementaires: les hybridations adn/adn sur la fraction non repetee du genome nucleaire, et le sequencage de deux genes mitochondriaux, le cytochrome b et l'arnr 12s. Dans un premier temps, les taux d'evolution des genomes nucleaires (fraction non repetee) d'une part et mitochondriaux (cytochrome b) d'autre part sont compares. L'hypothese du temps de generation comme mecanisme explicatif de differences de taux d'evolution entre lignees est alors testee dans le cadre du modele bovidae/cervidae. Dans un second temps, les relations evolutives entre artiodactyles et cetaces sont apprehendees par hybridation adn/adn et comparaison de sequences d'arnr 12s. Le manque de fiabilite des phylogenies a quatre especes pour reconstruire l'histoire des ruminantia, suiformes et cetacea est souligne, pour les methodes de distance et de parcimonie. Dans un troisieme temps, la phylogenie interordinale des ongules est abordee. La necessite d'employer de nombreuses sequences homologues pour resoudre le probleme des liens entre ruminantia, tylopoda, suiformes et cetacea est de nouveau mise en evidence. Le seul arnr 12s ne suffit cependant pas a donner une image robuste, et ce gene est alors combine au cytochrome b. La tendance generale indique enfin qu'il faudra se tourner vers le sequencage de genomes mitochondriaux complets chez de nombreuses especes, afin d'esperer resoudre la phylogenie des mammiferes ongules
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Cuddahee, Rebecca E. "East African hominin and suid environments in the Turkana Basin an analysis of fossil Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) mandibular ecomorphology /." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594497901&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 16, 2009) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Bobe, Rene Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "Artiodactyla, Fossil"

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Asensio, Beatriz Azanza. Los cervidae (artiodactyla, mammalia) del mioceno de las cuencas del Duero, Tajo, Calatayud-Teruel y Levante. Zaragoza: Gobierno de Aragón, Departamento de Cultura y Turismo, 2000.

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Asensio, Beatriz Azanza. Los cervidae (artiodactyla, mammalia) del mioceno de las cuencas del Duero, Tajo, Calatayud-Teruel y Levante. Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 2000.

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B, Schaller George, Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies., and Wildlife Conservation Society (New York, N.Y.), eds. Antelopes, deer, and relatives: Fossil record, behavioral ecology, systematics, and conservation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.

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(Editor), Elizabeth S. Vrba, and George B. Schaller (Editor), eds. Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives: Fossil Record, Behavioral Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation. Yale University Press, 2000.

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(Editor), Donald R. Prothero, and Scott E. Foss (Editor), eds. The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

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R, Prothero Donald, and Foss Scott E. 1968-, eds. The evolution of artiodactyls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

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Russell, Loris S. Tertiary Mammals Saskatchewan (History, Technology and Art: Monograph). Royal Ontario Museum, 1990.

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Michael, Harris John, ed. The fossil ungulates: Geology, fossil artiodactyls, and palaeoenvironments. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Artiodactyla, Fossil"

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Kemp, T. S. "Living and fossil placentals." In The Origin and Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198507604.003.0010.

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The vast majority of living and fossil mammals are placentals. Today there are about 4,400 species, which are traditionally organised into 18 Orders, with an extra one if the Pinnipedia are separated from the Carnivora, and a twentieth if the recently extinct Malagasy order Bibymalagasia is recognised as such. There have been many attempts to discover supraordinal groupings from amongst these Orders based on morphological characters, though few proposals have been universally accepted. It is only with the advent of increasingly large sets of molecular sequence data in the last few years that a reasonably robust resolution looks imminent, although these contemporary analyses are remarkably and controversially at odds with the traditional ones. Novacek et al. (1988) summarised the then current situation regarding supraordinal classification of placentals, a time at which morphology was still dominant but molecular data was at the threshold of significance. They accepted a basal group Edentata that combined the Xenarthra of the New World with the Pholidota of the Old, based on a few cranial characters, loss of the anterior teeth, and reduction of the enamel of the remaining ones. This left the rest of the living placentals as a monophyletic group Epitheria, sharing such apparently minor characters as the shape of the stapes bone in the ear. They found very little resolution within the Epitheria, and concluded that there was a polychotomy of no less than nine lineages arranged as a ‘star’ phylogeny. No remnant of the previously recognised taxon Ferungulata, created by Simpson (1945) for the Carnivora plus the ungulate orders Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Sirenia, and Tubulidentata remained. On the other hand, three supra ordinal taxa of earlier authors did survive. One was Gregory’s (1910) Archonta, consisting of generally conservative forms and by now composed of the Primates, Dermoptera, Scandentia, and Chiroptera, but excluding the Lipotyphla. The second was Glires, originating with Linnaeus (1758) and widely accepted ever since, for the Rodentia and Lagomorpha; Novacek et al. (1988) tentatively placed the Macroscelidea as the sister-group of the Glires. The third supraordinal taxon recognised was, like Glires, well-established if not universally accepted.
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2

Mitchell, Graham. "The Antecedents." In How Giraffes Work, 55–75. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197571194.003.0004.

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Giraffes are ruminant artiodactyls and their evolutionary origin can be traced back to the origin of the first artiodactyls about 55 million years ago. Their link to the first artiodactyls depended on the discovery and study of giraffe fossils. The first of those were uncovered in India and, later, in North Africa, the latter bringing recognition that the evolution of modern giraffes had occurred in Africa. The study of fossils was supplemented by simultaneous biological and biochemical studies of giraffes. The combination has allowed the creation of lineage of antecedents starting with a Dichobunid that lived in the Eocene era 55 million years ago, through Hypertragulids and Leptomerycidsof the Eocene, to the Gelocids of the Oligocene and early Miocene. The Gelocids can be regarded as the key ancestral family of all ruminant artiodactyls. From Gelocids arose the sister group of giraffes, the Climacoceratids, and also the Canthumerycids from which giraffes evolved.
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