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Journal articles on the topic 'Artiodactyla, Fossil'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

O'Leary, Maureen A., Biren A. Patel, and Mark N. Coleman. "Endocranial petrosal anatomy of Bothriogenys (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae), and petrosal volume and density comparisons among aquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls and outgroups." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 1 (January 2012): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-091.1.

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We provide the first detailed endocranial description of the petrosal bone of the ear region of the anthracotheriid artiodactyl Bothriogenys, based on two new specimens from the early Oligocene of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. The new fossils have petrosals with a hyperinflated (pachyostotic) tegmen tympani (the roof over the middle ear), resembling the condition in certain cetancodontans such as hippopotamids and basal cetaceamorphans (fossil stem taxa to extant Cetacea).The morphology of the petrosal, particularly its relative size and density, has been considered an important indicator of the ability of a marine mammal to localize sound transmitted in water, yet petrosal size (pachyostosis) and density (osteosclerosis) have not previously been quantified independent of each other. We examine the new fossils in the context of a preliminary CT-based study of petrosal density (extant taxa only) and petrosal volume (extant and extinct taxa) in a sample of artiodactyls and outgroups. In our extant comparative sample, the petrosals of cetaceans are both dense and voluminous as has been previously stated. We find, however, that the tegmen tympani is relatively voluminous (pachyostotic) without being particularly dense (osteosclerotic) in Hippopotamus amphibius, an extant taxon that has been documented to show some aquatic hearing behaviors, albeit less derived ones than those seen in cetaceans. A voluminous tegmen tympani, which is present in Bothriogenys, may have specific implications for behavior that are distinct from increases in petrosal density.

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2

Thenius, E. "Das Okapi (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) von Zaire - „lebendes Fossil” oder sekundärer Urwaldbewohner?" Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 30, no. 3 (September 1992): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1992.tb00166.x.

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3

Prothero, Donald R., Brian L. Beatty, and Richard M. Stucky. "Simojovelhyus is a peccary, not a helohyid (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 5 (September 2013): 930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-084.

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Simojovelhyus pocitosense is based on a lower jaw fragment with three molars from the late Oligocene amber mine deposits near the village of Simojovel, Chiapas Province, Mexico. It is the oldest fossil mammal known from Central America. It was described by Ferrusquia-Villafranca in 2006 as a helohyid, a group of primitive artiodactyls known from the Bridgerian and Uintan (older than 49–42 Ma), yet it comes from early Arikareean deposits about 25–27 Ma, suggesting that it was a very late helohyid living more than 10 m.y. after their apparent Uintan extinction. We re-examined the specimen, and compared it to the large collection of recently described peccaries from the Chadronian (Perchoerus minor) and Orellan (Perchoerus nanus) and Bridgerian helohyids (Helohyus sp.). Once the range of variation of characters in helohyids and peccaries is accounted for, Simojovelhyus shows derived similarities to early peccaries, especially in the bunodont molars with inflated cusps and the configuration of cristids and accessory cuspulids, and none of the incipient lophodonty and primitive morphology seen in helohyids. In fact, the only real similarity other than symplesiomorphies between Simojovelhyus and helohyids is its small size, but it is close to the size range of the tiny Chadronian peccary P. minor. Thus, based on both derived tooth characters and its age, it is much more parsimonious to regard Simojovelhyus as a tiny Mexican peccary from the Arikareean, not a very late helohyid. This removes the anomalously late occurrence of helohyids from the mammalian fossil record, and forces a re-examination of our view of mammalian evolution in Central America.

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4

Xafis, Alexandros, Serdar Mayda, Friðgeir Grímsson, Doris Nagel, Tanju Kaya, and Kazım Halaçlar. "Fossil Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Turolian of Kavakdere (Central Anatolia, Turkey)." Comptes Rendus Palevol 18, no. 6 (September 2019): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2019.04.010.

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5

Krakhmalnaya, T. V., and O. M. Kovalchuk. "Fossil Ovibos Moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) from Buryn, with Reference to Muskox Dispersal in the Late Pleistocene of Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 52, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2018-0048.

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Abstract The skull fragment of muskox Ovibos moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) obtained from Chasha River bed alluvium near the Buryn (Sumy Region, North-Eastern Ukraine) is described here in detail. It belongs to a young male, and presumably dates back to Late Pleistocene. This new find slightly extends the known Ukrainian range of the species to the east. Taxonomic attribution of extinct muskox and dispersal of Ovibos moschatus within the territory of Ukraine during the Late Pleistocene are also discussed in the paper.

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6

Nishioka, Yuichiro, and Chavalit Vidthayanon. "First occurrence of <i>Duboisia</i> (Bovidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Thailand." Fossil Record 21, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-291-2018.

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Abstract. The first fossil record of Duboisia (Boselaphini, Bovidae) from Thailand confirms that this genus is no longer endemic to Java, Indonesia. The new fossil material is a calvarium with horn cores (older than the Middle Pleistocene) collected from a sandpit at Tha Chang, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, north-eastern Thailand. The present specimen is provisionally allocated to a species of Duboisia aff. D. santeng, which has weaker precornual ridges and anterior keels on the horn cores than D. santeng from Early and Middle Pleistocene deposits of Java, but these species share basic characteristics of horn cores as follows: the lower half inclined backwards; the upper half curved upwards; cross section rounded triangular, antero-posteriorly compressed, and with medial and lateral keels. Morphological similarities between D. aff. santeng and D. santeng support a strong faunal interchange between continental South East Asia and Java before the Middle Pleistocene, and suggest that the genus Duboisia diverged from the other genera of Boselaphini in the “Siva-Malayan” region.

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7

Croft, Darin A., Lawrence R. Heaney, John J. Flynn, and Angel P. Bautista. "FOSSIL REMAINS OF A NEW, DIMINUTIVE BUBALUS (ARTIODACTYLA: BOVIDAE: BOVINI) FROM CEBU ISLAND, PHILIPPINES." Journal of Mammalogy 87, no. 5 (October 2006): 1037–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/06-mamm-a-018r.1.

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8

Reed, Kaye E., and Faysal Bibi. "Fossil Tragelaphini (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from the Late Pliocene Hadar Formation, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18, no. 1 (October 5, 2010): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-010-9146-6.

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9

Kostopoulos, Dimitris S., Ayla Sevim Erol, Alper Yener Yavuz, and Serdar Mayda. "A new late Miocene bovid (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from Çorakyerler (Turkey)." Fossil Record 24, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-9-2021.

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Abstract. We describe here five new bovid crania from the Çorakyerler fossil site (Tüglu Formation, Çankırı Basin, north-central Anatolia, Turkey), the fauna of which is dated by magneto- and biostratigraphy to the late Miocene, around the Vallesian–Turolian boundary. The material is assigned to a new bovid taxon of medium-to-large size, Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., characterized by horn cores that are long, keelless, compressed, obliquely inserted on the frontals, transversally ridged, moderately diverging from each other, slightly twisted homonymously, and sigmoidally curved in lateral view with long, fairly straight tips. The horn core features, along with the presence of a single large sinus occupying the pedicle and the base of the horn core, a strong cranial flexion, a short braincase, the presence of a distinct dorsal parietal boss, wide-apart temporal crests, and a widened anteriorly basioccipital, indicate a mixture of caprine-like and alcelaphine-like features that relate Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. to the Alcelaphini–Caprini–Hippotragini clade.

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10

Jaeggi, A. V., M. I. Miles, M. Festa-Bianchet, C. Schradin, and L. D. Hayes. "Variable social organization is ubiquitous in Artiodactyla and probably evolved from pair-living ancestors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1926 (May 6, 2020): 20200035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0035.

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Previous studies to understand the evolution of inter specific variation in mammalian social organization (SO; composition of social units) produced inconsistent results, possibly by ignoring intra specific variation. Here we present systematic data on SO in artiodactyl populations, coding SO as solitary, pair-living, group-living, sex-specific or variable (different kinds of SOs in the same population). We found that 62% of 245 populations and 83% of species (83/100) exhibited variable SO. Using Bayesian phylogenetic mixed-effects models, we simultaneously tested whether research effort, habitat, sexual dimorphism, breeding seasonality or body size predicted the likelihood of different SOs and inferred the ancestral SO. Body size and sexual dimorphism were strongly associated with different SOs. Contingent on the small body size (737 g) and putative sexual monomorphism of the earliest fossil artiodactyl, the ancestral SO was most likely to be pair-living (probability = 0.76, 95% CI = 0–1), followed by variable ( p = 0.19, 95% CI = 0–0.99). However, at body size values typical of extant species, variable SO becomes the dominant form ( p = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.18–1.00). Distinguishing different kinds of ‘variable’ highlights transitions from SOs involving pair-living to SOs involving solitary and/or group-living with increasing body size and dimorphism. Our results support the assumption that ancestral artiodactyl was pair-living and highlight the ubiquity of intraspecific variation in SO.

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11

Boisserie, Jean-Renaud. "A new species of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Sagantole Formation, Middle Awash, Ethiopia." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 175, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/175.5.525.

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Abstract A new species of Hippopotamidae, Hexaprotodon dulu nov. sp., was discovered in the Middle Awash valley, Afar, Ethiopia. It was found in the Sagantole Formation, within volcaniclastic beds aged between 5.2 Ma and 4.9 Ma (40Ar/39Ar). It is therefore the oldest hippo species described as yet from Ethiopia. This hexaprotodont hippo exhibits a general morphology that is primitive, close in that respect to other Mio-Pliocene forms. However, its cranium and dentition display a distinctive association of measurements and features. This new species increases the hippo fossil record in East Africa. It also reinforces the hypothesis of hippo endemism in each African basin as early as the basal Pliocene.

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12

Pickford, Martin, Tanju Kaya, Erhan Tarhan, Derya Erylmaz, and Serdar Mayda. "Small early Miocene listriodont suid (Artiodactyla: Mammalia) from Sabuncubeli (Manisa, SW Anatolia), Turkey." Fossil Imprint 76, no. 2 (2020): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/fi.2020.026.

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Turkey is known for the wealth of fossil suids found in deposits of middle Miocene, late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene levels but material of this family from early Miocene and Palaeogene deposits is rare in the country, one of the few published occurrences being from Şemsettin (Kumartaş Formation, MN 4, Çankiri-Çorum Basin). For this reason, it is interesting to record the presence of small suid remains in the Soma Formation at Sabuncubeli (Manisa, SW Anatolia) in deposits correlated to MN 3 (early Miocene) and thus the earliest known Turkish members of the family. The upper and lower teeth are herein attributed to a new genus and species (Prolistriodon smyrnensis) of Listriodontinae because, in a nascent way, they show a suite of derived morphological features such as upper central incisors with apical sulci, and upper molars with lingual precrista, found in listriodonts but not in Kubanochoerinae, Palaeochoerinae, Tetracondontinae, Hyotheriinae, Namachoerinae, Cainochoerinae or Suinae.

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13

Boeskorov, G. G. "New data on the distribution and taxonomy of fossil Soergel’s ox (Soergelia sp., Bovidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) in Yakutia." Doklady Biological Sciences 469, no. 1 (July 2016): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496616040116.

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14

Gonzalez, Erwin, Rafael Labarca, Martin Chavez-Hoffmeister, and Mario Pino. "First fossil record of the smallest deer cf.PuduMolina, 1782 (Artiodactyla, Cervidae), in the late Pleistocene of South America." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34, no. 2 (March 2014): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.809357.

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15

Jurestovsky, Derek, and T. Andrew Joyner. "Applications of species distribution modeling for palaeontological fossil detection: late Pleistocene models of Saiga (Artiodactyla: Bovidae, Saiga tatarica)." Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 98, no. 2 (August 25, 2017): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12549-017-0298-8.

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16

BOVER, PERE, and JOSEP ANTONI ALCOVER. "The evolution and ontogeny of the dentition of Myotragus balearicus Bate, 1909 (Artiodactyla, Caprinae): evidence from new fossil data." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 68, no. 3 (November 1999): 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01178.x.

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17

Bibi, Faysal. "A multi-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny of extant Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and the importance of the fossil record to systematics." BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, no. 1 (2013): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-166.

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18

Martínez-Navarro, Bienvenido, and Rivka Rabinovich. "The fossil Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel: Out of Africa during the Early–Middle Pleistocene transition☆." Journal of Human Evolution 60, no. 4 (April 2011): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.012.

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19

Lazagabaster, Ignacio A., Antoine Souron, John Rowan, Joshua R. Robinson, Christopher J. Campisano, and Kaye E. Reed. "Fossil Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Lee Adoyta, Ledi-Geraru, lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia: Implications for late Pliocene turnover and paleoecology." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 504 (September 2018): 186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.05.029.

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20

Pasini, Giovanni, Simone Maganuco, and Ausonio Ronchi. "Subfossil tooth of a dwarf Hippopotamus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Holocene of the Berivotra ouctrops (Mahajanga Basin, NW Madagascar), with remarks on the distribution of the genus in the island." Natural History Sciences 152, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2011.3.

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We report the presence of subfossil dwarf hippopotamuses from the neighbourhood of Berivotra (Mahajanga Basin, NW Madagascar), based on an isolated premolar of Hippopotamus, tentatively referred to <em>H. madagascariensis</em> Guldberg, 1882 or<em> H. lemerlei</em> Grandidier, 1868, two of the three species of the genus known in the Malagasy fossil record. Dwarf hippopotamuses from Madagascar are Holocenic, concentrated on the central upland and near the SW coast, with the exception of a single site on the East coast. Their presence and distribution in the N is poorly documented. The new finding, in a locality about 50 km E-SE to the city of Mahajanga, represents the innermost fossil site respect to the present coast line from the NW of the island, and increases the areal distribution of the genus in the Mahajanga Province.

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Kovarovic, Kris, J. Tyler Faith, Kirsten E. Jenkins, Christian A. Tryon, and Daniel J. Peppe. "Ecomorphology and ecology of the grassland specialist, Rusingoryx atopocranion (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), from the late Pleistocene of western Kenya." Quaternary Research 101 (January 19, 2021): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.102.

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AbstractRusingoryx atopocranion is an extinct alcelaphin bovid from the late Pleistocene of Kenya, known for its distinctive hollow nasal crest. A bonebed of R. atopocranion from the Lake Victoria Basin provides a unique opportunity to examine the nearly complete postcranial ecomorphology of an extinct species, and yields data that are important to studying paleoenvironments and human-environment interaction. With a comparative sample of extant African bovids, we used discriminant function analyses to develop statistical ecomorphological models for 18 skeletal elements and element portions. Forelimb and hindlimb element models overwhelmingly predict that R. atopocranion was an open-adapted taxon. However, the phalanges of Rusingoryx are remarkably short relative to their breadth, a morphology outside the range of extant African bovids, which we interpret as an extreme open-habitat adaptation. It follows that even recently extinct fossil bovids can differ in important morphological ways relative to their extant counterparts, particularly if they have novel adaptations for past environments. This unusual phalanx morphology (in combination with other skeletal indications), mesowear, and dental enamel stable isotopes, demonstrate that Rusingoryx was a grassland specialist. Together, these data are consistent with independent geological and paleontological evidence for increased aridity and expanded grassland habitats across the Lake Victoria Basin.

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22

Woodruff, Aaron L., and Blaine W. Schubert. "Seasonal denning behavior and population dynamics of the late Pleistocene peccary Platygonus compressus (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) from Bat Cave, Missouri." PeerJ 7 (July 4, 2019): e7161. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7161.

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The late Pleistocene faunal assemblage from Bat Cave, central Ozarks, Missouri provides an opportunity to assess specific aspects of behavior, ecology, and ontogeny of the Rancholabrean species Platygonus compressus. All identifiable elements referable to this taxon were catalogued and examined, and a minimum number of individuals of 73 was determined for the sample. Evidence of seasonal behavioral patterns are reported for the first time in a fossil peccary. Maturation of individuals was assessed using the tooth eruption sequence and occlusal wear patterns for all tooth-bearing mandibular elements and isolated lower dentition. Approximate ages were established through comparison with the extant collared peccary. The presence of distinct, developmentally non-overlapping age groups suggests that P. compressus was seasonally present at the Bat Cave locality, with the cave functioning as seasonal shelter in which individuals would occasionally die. The study also suggests the peccaries engaged in synchronous, seasonal breeding behaviors. Demographic assessment of the Bat Cave peccary population suggests that younger individuals formed the bulk of the population at a given time with progressively older individuals becoming scarcer until the age of about 10 years, which matches the typical demographic patterns and life expectancy of extant peccaries.

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23

Rowan, John, Ellis M. Locke, Joshua R. Robinson, Christopher J. Campisano, Jonathan G. Wynn, and Kaye E. Reed. "Fossil Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Lee Adoyta, Ledi-Geraru, and Late Pliocene Dietary Evolution in Giraffids from the Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-016-9343-z.

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BOVER, PERE, JOSEP QUINTANA, and JOSEP ANTONI ALCOVER. "A new species of Myotragus Bate, 1909 (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) from the Early Pliocene of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)." Geological Magazine 147, no. 6 (April 23, 2010): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000336.

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AbstractMyotragus palomboi n.sp. (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) is described from the Early Pliocene of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). This species is the earliest representative of the Myotragus lineage known to date in the Balearic Islands. A metatarsal, and several teeth and postcranial remains were found in a karstic deposit located on the east coast of the island, near Caló den Rafelino (Manacor), together with remains of Hypolagus, two rodent species, an insectivore and several reptiles. The metatarsal and phalanges of the new bovid are short and robust and display a combination of characters only observed in Myotragus. The presence of a larger p2, a metatarsal robustness index lower than in M. pepgonellae (the earliest known species to date), together with the morphology of the incisors, all suggest that M. palomboi should be considered as the ancestor of M. pepgonellae. Short metapodials and the reduction of p2 displayed by M. palomboi could be linked to a first stage of evolution in insular conditions. The arrival of this bovid to the island of Mallorca probably took place during the Mediterranean Messinian Salinity Crisis (Late Miocene, 5.6–5.32 Ma ago). Although the relationship of the new taxon to other fossil caprines cannot be definitively established, it could be phylogenetically close to the Late Miocene European species Aragoral mudejar and Norbertia hellenica.

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Weppe, R., M. J. Orliac, G. Guinot, and F. L. Condamine. "Evolutionary drivers, morphological evolution and diversity dynamics of a surviving mammal clade: cainotherioids at the Eocene–Oligocene transition." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1952 (June 2, 2021): 20210173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0173.

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The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) represents a period of global environmental changes particularly marked in Europe and coincides with a dramatic biotic turnover. Here, using an exceptional fossil preservation, we document and analyse the diversity dynamics of a mammal clade, Cainotherioidea (Artiodactyla), that survived the EOT and radiated rapidly immediately after. We infer their diversification history from Quercy Konzentrat–Lagerstätte (south-west France) at the species level using Bayesian birth–death models. We show that cainotherioid diversity fluctuated through time, with extinction events at the EOT and in the late Oligocene, and a major speciation burst in the early Oligocene. The latter is in line with our finding that cainotherioids had a high morphological adaptability following environmental changes throughout the EOT, which probably played a key role in the survival and evolutionary success of this clade in the aftermath. Speciation is positively associated with temperature and continental fragmentation in a time-continuous way, while extinction seems to synchronize with environmental change in a punctuated way. Within-clade interactions negatively affected the cainotherioid diversification, while inter-clade competition might explain their final decline during the late Oligocene. Our results provide a detailed dynamic picture of the evolutionary history of a mammal clade in a context of global change.

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Carrillo, Juan D., Søren Faurby, Daniele Silvestro, Alexander Zizka, Carlos Jaramillo, Christine D. Bacon, and Alexandre Antonelli. "Disproportionate extinction of South American mammals drove the asymmetry of the Great American Biotic Interchange." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 42 (October 5, 2020): 26281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009397117.

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The interchange between the previously disconnected faunas of North and South America was a massive experiment in biological invasion. A major gap in our understanding of this invasion is why there was a drastic increase in the proportion of mammals of North American origin found in South America. Four nonmutually exclusive mechanisms may explain this asymmetry: 1) Higher dispersal rate of North American mammals toward the south, 2) higher origination of North American immigrants in South America, 3) higher extinction of mammals with South American origin, and 4) similar dispersal rate but a larger pool of native taxa in North versus South America. We test among these mechanisms by analyzing ∼20,000 fossil occurrences with Bayesian methods to infer dispersal and diversification rates and taxonomic selectivity of immigrants. We find no differences in the dispersal and origination rates of immigrants. In contrast, native South American mammals show higher extinction. We also find that two clades with North American origin (Carnivora and Artiodactyla) had significantly more immigrants in South America than other clades. Altogether, the asymmetry of the interchange was not due to higher origination of immigrants in South America as previously suggested, but resulted from higher extinction of native taxa in southern South America. These results from one of the greatest biological invasions highlight how biogeographic processes and biotic interactions can shape continental diversity.

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Azanza, Beatriz, Gertrud E. Rössner, and Edgardo Ortiz-Jaureguizar. "The early Turolian (late Miocene) Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the fossil site of Dorn-Dürkheim 1 (Germany) and implications on the origin of crown cervids." Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 93, no. 2 (May 14, 2013): 217–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12549-013-0118-8.

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Rivera, Leidy, Elena Baraza, Josep A. Alcover, Pere Bover, Carla M. Rovira, and Jordi Bartolomé. "Stomatal density and stomatal index of fossil Buxus from coprolites of extinct Myotragus balearicus Bate (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) as evidence of increased CO2 concentration during the late Holocene." Holocene 24, no. 7 (May 6, 2014): 876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683614530445.

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Zazzo, Antoine, Hervé Bocherens, Daniel Billiou, André Mariotti, Michel Brunet, Patrick Vignaud, Alain Beauvilain, and Hassane Taisso Mackaye. "Herbivore paleodiet and paleoenvironmental changes in Chad during the Pliocene using stable isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate." Paleobiology 26, no. 2 (2000): 294–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0294:hpapci>2.0.co;2.

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Chad is a key region for understanding early hominid geographic expansion in relation to late Miocene and Pliocene environmental changes, owing to its location 2500 km west from the Rift Valley and to the occurrence of sites ranging in age from about 6 to 3 Ma, some of which yield fossil hominids. To reconstruct changes in herbivore paleodiet and therefore changes in the paleoenvironment, we measured the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of 80 tooth-enamel samples from three time horizons for nine families of Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, and Artiodactyla. The absence of significant alteration of in vivo isotopic signatures can be determined for carbon, thus allowing paleodietary and paleoenvironmental interpretations to be made.While the results generally confirm previous dietary hypotheses, mostly based on relative crown height, there are some notable surprises. The main discrepancies are found among low-crowned proboscideans (e.g., Anancus) and high-crowned rhinocerotids (Ceratotherium). Both species were more opportunistic feeders than it is usually believed. This result confirms that ancient feeding ecology cannot always be inferred from dental morphology or extant relatives.There is an increase in the average carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel from the oldest unit to the youngest, suggesting that the environment became richer in C4 plants with time. In turn, more C4 plants indicate an opening of the plant cover during this period. This increase in carbon isotope composition is also recorded within genera such as Nyanzachoerus, Ceratotherium, and Hexaprotodon, indicating a change from a C3-dominated to a C4-dominated diet over time. It appears that, unlike other middle Pliocene hominid sites in eastern and southern Africa, this part of Chad was characterized by very open conditions and that savanna-like grasslands were already dominant when hominids were present in the area.

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Rowan, John, J. Tyler Faith, Yemane Gebru, and John G. Fleagle. "Taxonomy and paleoecology of fossil Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Kibish Formation, southern Ethiopia: Implications for dietary change, biogeography, and the structure of the living bovid faunas of East Africa." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 420 (February 2015): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.12.017.

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Flynn, Lawrence J., John C. Barry, Michele E. Morgan, David Pilbeam, Louis L. Jacobs, and Everett H. Lindsay. "Neogene Siwalik mammalian lineages: species longevities, rates of change, and modes of speciation." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006614.

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The Siwalik sequence, particularly the interval from 18 to 7 Ma, provides one of the few terrestrial data sets that allows direct measurement of temporal durations of mammalian species. Its data are drawn from a single biogeographic subprovince and superposed collections likely represent successive samples of single lineages. Observed temporal ranges underestimate total species longevities if (1) species existed in other biogeographic provinces before or after the temporal ranges recorded in the Siwaliks, or (2) the fossil record inadequately samples species durations in the Siwalik subprovince. Some data, notably from Afghanistan, China, and Thailand, bear on the first variable. The second can be controlled by considering data quality, in this case the temporal distribution of good data sets, to assess the scale of accuracy available for defining range endpoints. In general, range endpoints can be estimated to the nearest 0.1 million years.The diverse Rodentia give a mean species longevity of 2.2 million years for the Miocene Siwaliks. This includes single records, but of course ignores unretrieved rare or short-lived taxa. The diverse Artiodactyla yield 3.1 million years. The difference may reflect greater body size and longer generation time; large Perissodactyla and Proboscidea have longer temporal ranges. Carnivorous mammals also show about 3 million year durations. Given these data, the average longevity for Sivapithecus species (1.6 million years) is modest. The deposits of the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming, offer a Paleogene data set comparable to that of the Neogene Siwaliks. Paleocene-Eocene mammals of North America yield shorter longevities (most less than one million years).Extinction is the dominant mode of species termination for Siwalik mammals. Most taxa originated by immigration (as at about 13.5 Ma) or abrupt speciation. There are some cases for insitu transformation of lineages, for example in the genera Punjabemys, Antemus, Percrocuta, Dorcatherium, Giraffokeryx, and Selenoportax. The rodent Kanisamys shows a rate of increase in tooth size of 0.5 darwins. This overall rate is moderate by Paleogene standards, but includes an interval of more rapid change between 9.0 and 8.5 Ma.

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O’Leary, Maureen A. "“Artiodactylans”: Phylogeny and the Fossil Record." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 16, no. 1 (May 23, 2008): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-008-9088-4.

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Guérin, Claude. "Koobi fora research project volume 3. The fossil ungulates: Geology, fossil artiodactyls, and palaeoenvironments." Geobios 25, no. 3 (1992): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6995(92)80016-7.

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Yohe, Laurel R., and Nikos Solounias. "The five digits of the giraffe metatarsal." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa136.

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Abstract Evolution has shaped the limbs of hoofed animals in specific ways. In artiodactyls, it is the common assumption that the metatarsal is composed of the fusion of digits III and IV, whereas the other three digits have been lost or are highly reduced. However, evidence from the fossil record and internal morphology of the metatarsal challenges these assumptions. Furthermore, only a few taxonomic groups have been analysed. In giraffes, we discovered that all five digits are present in the adult metatarsal and are highly fused and modified rather than lost. We examined high-resolution micro-computed tomography scans of the metatarsals of two mid and late Miocene giraffid fossils and the extant giraffe and okapi. In all the Giraffidae analysed, we found a combination of four morphologies: (1) four articular facets; (2) four or, in most cases, five separate medullary cavities internally; (3) a clear, small digit I; and (4) in the two fossil taxa of unknown genus, the presence of external elongated grooves where the fusions of digits II and V have taken place. Giraffa and Okapia, the extant Giraffidae, show a difference from all the extinct taxa in having more flattened digits tightly packed together, suggesting convergent highly fused digits despite divergent ecologies and locomotion. These discoveries provide evidence that enhances our understanding of how bones fuse and call into question current hypotheses of digit loss.

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FERREIRA, THAIS M. F., ADRIANA ITATI OLIVARES, LEONARDO KERBER, RODRIGO P. DUTRA, and LEONARDO S. AVILLA. "Late Pleistocene echimyid rodents (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from northern Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88, no. 2 (June 7, 2016): 829–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150288.

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ABSTRACT Echimyidae (spiny rats, tree rats and the coypu) is the most diverse family of extant South American hystricognath rodents (caviomorphs). Today, they live in tropical forests (Amazonian, coastal and Andean forests), occasionally in more open xeric habitats in the Cerrado and Caatinga of northern South America, and open areas across the southern portion of the continent (Myocastor). The Quaternary fossil record of this family remains poorly studied. Here, we describe the fossil echimyids found in karst deposits from southern Tocantins, northern Brazil. The analyzed specimens are assigned to Thrichomys sp., Makalata cf. didelphoides and Proechimys sp. This is the first time that a fossil of Makalata is reported. The Pleistocene record of echimyids from this area is represented by fragmentary remains, which hinders their determination at specific levels. The data reported here contributes to the understanding of the ancient diversity of rodents of this region, evidenced until now in other groups, such as the artiodactyls, cingulates, carnivores, marsupials, and squamate reptiles.

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Barry, John C., Michèle E. Morgan, Lawrence J. Flynn, Louis L. Jacobs, and Everett H. Lindsay. "Patterns of faunal turnover and diversity in the Siwalik Neogene record in relation to regional and global events." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200005785.

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The fluvial Neogene Siwalik formations of northern Pakistan contain one of the longest and richest sequences of terrestrial vertebrate faunas known. The complete sequence extends from ca. 18 Ma to 1 Ma, with the interval between 18 and 7 Ma being best sampled. Throughout this best known interval vertebrate remains are frequently abundant in channel fills and less common in large channel sands, levees, and paleosols. Although the abundance and quality of fossil preservation varies, all stratigraphic levels have some fossils and the record of most subintervals is good to excellent. As a consequence the patterns of faunal turnover and changes in diversity can be documented and analyzed for 0.5 my long subintervals.Thirteen orders of Siwalik mammals have been identified, with well sampled subintervals typically having 50 or more species. Despite the ordinal diversity, however, most Siwalik mammal species belong to just three orders: rodents, artiodactyls, and perissodactyls. Among the larger mammals, the bovids and equids are the most common and have the most species, while the murid and cricetid rodents dominate the small mammal assemblages. These Siwalik abundance and diversity patterns differ markedly from those of the Paleogene and are a result of Neogene radiations in these four families and extinction of Paleogene groups.Between 18 and 7 Ma species diversity varies considerably. Among artiodactyls and rodents the number of species first increases between 15 and 13 Ma and then falls after 12 Ma. Significant changes in relative abundance are also known, including an increase in the abundance of bovids between 16.5 and 15 Ma and a very abrupt increase of murids at 12 Ma.Data on stratigraphic ranges of rodents and artiodactyls show that faunal change in the Siwaliks was episodic, occurring as short intervals with high turnover, followed by longer periods with considerably less change. Maxima of first appearances occur at approximately 13.5 and 8.5 Ma, while maxima of last appearances come at 12.0, 9.5, and 8.0 Ma. It is thus apparent that in the Siwaliks increased extinction did not accompany or closely follow maxima of first appearances.Correlations of these faunal events to global climatic trends are ambiguous. However, it is apparent that the middle Miocene diversification of Siwalik faunas occurred during a period of global cooling, while the late Miocene decline in diversity preceded a second episode of cooling and increasing aridity.

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Al-Kindi, Mohammed, Martin Pickford, Yusouf Al-Sinani, Ibrahim Al-Ismaili, Axel Hartman, and Alan Heward. "Large Mammals from the Rupelian of Oman – Recent Finds." Fossil Imprint 73, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2017): 300–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2017-0017.

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Abstract The 2017 field survey of the Ashawq Formation, Dhofar, Oman, resulted in the collection of large mammal remains, most of which belong to Afrotheria, but with one artiodactyl lineage indicating the possibility of dispersal links with Eurasia. The new fossil remains increase our knowledge about the dental anatomy of the endemic lophodont proboscidean genus Omanitherium, revealing, in particular, that it possessed two pairs of lower incisors. For the first time, a palaeomastodont is recorded from the Arabian Peninsula. Additional remains of Arsinoitherium, a hyracoid and an anthracothere from the formation are described.

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Orliac, Maeva Judith, and Guillaume Billet. "Fallen in a dead ear: intralabyrinthine preservation of stapes in fossil artiodactyls." Palaeovertebrata 40, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18563/pv.40.1.e3.

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Bernor, Raymond L. "J. M. Harris (ed.): Koobi Fora Research Project. Volume 3. The Fossil Ungulates: Geology, Fossil Artiodactyls, and Palaeoenvironments." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13, no. 1 (March 18, 1993): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1993.10011494.

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MacFadden, Bruce J. "Three-toed browsing horse Anchitherium (Equidae) from the Miocene of Panama." Journal of Paleontology 83, no. 3 (May 2009): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/08-155.1.

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During the Cenozoic, the New World tropics supported a rich biodiversity of mammals. However, because of the dense vegetative ground cover, today relatively little is known about extinct mammals from this region (MacFadden, 2006a). in an exception to this generalization, fossil vertebrates have been collected since the second half of the twentieth century from Neogene exposures along the Panama Canal. Whitmore and Stewart (1965) briefly reported on the extinct land mammals collected from the Miocene Cucaracha Formation that crops out in the Gaillard Cut along the southern reaches of the Canal. MacFadden (2006b) formally described this assemblage, referred to as the Gaillard Cut Local Fauna (L.F., e.g., Tedford et al., 2004), which consists of at least 10 species of carnivores, artiodactyls (also see recent addition of peccary in Kirby et al., 2008), perissodactyls, and as described by Slaughter (1981), rodents. Prior to the current report, the horses (Family Equidae) from the Gaillard Cut L.F. consisted of only four fragmentary specimens including: two isolated teeth, i.e., one each of Archaeohippus sp. Gidley, 1906 and Anchitherium clarencei Simpson, 1932; a heavily worn partial dentition with p2-p4 of A. clarenci; and a partial calcaneum of Archaeohippus. Although meager, these fossils appear to represent two distinct taxa of three-toed horses otherwise know from the middle Miocene of North America, i.e., the dwarf-horse Archaeohippus sp. and the larger Anchitherium clarencei.

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Jiménez-Hidalgo, E., O. Carranza-Castañeda, and M. Montellano-Ballesteros. "A Pliocene record of Capromeryx (Mammalia: Antilocapridae) in México." Journal of Paleontology 78, no. 6 (November 2004): 1179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000043985.

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The Antilocapridae was a diverse artiodactyl family present in some late Tertiary faunas of North America. In México, its Tertiary fossil record is poorly known. The antilocaprid material described in this paper was collected from the early Blancan fluvial deposits of the San Miguel de Allende Area, state of Guanajuato, México. It includes isolated upper and lower premolars and molars, dental series, and some rami fragments. The material is assigned to Capromeryx tauntonensis. The presence of this species in the early Pliocene of central México represents the oldest record in North America and extends its known geographic distribution from the northwestern United States to central México.

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Tong, Hao-Wen, and Bei Zhang. "New fossils of Eucladoceros boulei (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Early Pleistocene Nihewan Beds, China." Palaeoworld 28, no. 3 (September 2019): 403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2019.05.003.

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43

Choe, Rye Sun, Kum Sik Han, Se Chan Kim, Chol U, Chol Ung Ho, and Il Kang. "Late Pleistocene fauna from Chongphadae Cave, Hwangju County, Democratic People's Republic of Korea." Quaternary Research 97 (April 28, 2020): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.9.

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AbstractWe report on a diverse and abundant mammal fauna from Chongphadae Cave—Hwangju region in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). The cave sediments include many mammal fossils and consist of fluvial, cave clay, and calcareous deposits. During our field excavation 33 species were encountered: 9 species of rodents, 1 species of lagomorph, 1 species of insectivore, 8 species of carnivores, 4 species of perissodactyls, 9 species of artiodactyls, and 1 species of primates. Of these, perissodactyls and artiodactyls dominate the fauna in terms of diversity. The cave sediments include 15 layers. Radiocarbon dating showed that Layers 12 and 13 were formed from 34,770 to 27,800 cal yr BP and from 24,980 to 21,340 cal yr BP, respectively. Additional identification of various palyno-botanical remains including 25 families and genera of trees, 19 families and genera of grasses and herbs, and 10 families and genera of ferns provides a wealth of information on the past ecology of the Chongphadae Cave Site area. During the Late Pleistocene, the Chongphadae area was surrounded by luxuriant forests associated with hills and grasslands in a cool and humid temperate climatic environment.

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Lucas, Spencer G. "The first Oligocene mammal from New Mexico." Journal of Paleontology 60, no. 6 (November 1986): 1274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000003000.

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Oligocene landscapes of New Mexico were dominated by andesite stratovolcanoes and resurgent domes of ash-flow tuff (ignimbrite) cauldrons (Smith et al., 1985). This pervasive volcanism produced volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks that have been neglected by vertebrate paleontologists, so that, until now, no Oligocene vertebrate fossils have been discovered in New Mexico. This documents the initial results of vertebrate paleontological investigations of Oligocene rocks in New Mexico, a lower jaw of the oromerycid artiodactyl Montanatylopus matthewi, the first Oligocene mammal from the state. In this paper, CM = Carnegie Museum of Natural History and UNM = University of New Mexico.

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Gunnell, Gregg F., John-Paul Zonneveld, and William S. Bartels. "Stratigraphy, mammalian paleontology, paleoecology, and age correlation of the Wasatch Formation, Fossil Butte National Monument, Wyoming." Journal of Paleontology 90, no. 5 (September 2016): 981–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.100.

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AbstractFieldwork conducted in the Wasatch Formation in and around Fossil Butte has yielded a diverse assemblage of early Eocene vertebrates. Fossil vertebrates are distributed through three discrete stratigraphic intervals within the uppermost 180 m of the main body of the Wasatch Formation underlying the Green River Formation. These assemblages were derived primarily from fluvial overbank mudstone units overprinted with variably well-developed paleosols. The lowest (20 m) and highest (60 m) sections are characterized by less mature and more hydromorphic paleosols, whereas the middle section (100 m) is typified by more mature paleosols and more abundant channel sandstones.The combined assemblages contain at least 46 species of mammals. Faunal characteristics include high abundances of equid perissodactyls and a relatively high abundance and diversity of notharctines primates, an apparent absence of omomyid primates, relatively high rodent diversity, and relatively diverse and abundant artiodactyls. One new genus (Eoictopsnew genus) and three new species (Eoictops novacekinew species,Palaeosinopa lacusnew species, and ?Notoparamys blochinew species) are included in the Fossil Butte assemblage. Also recorded are late occurrences of two hyopsodontid condylarths and an early occurrence of a rare phenacodontid condylarth. The relatively high abundances of equids and notharctines suggest that vertebrate samples were derived from relatively open paleohabitats that included forested areas along water courses.All three assemblages contain characteristic Lysitean (Wasatchian biochron Wa-6) elements, but the occurrence of the palaeotheriid perissodactylLambdotheriumin the uppermost horizon indicates a Lostcabinian (Wa-7) age for at least the top of the Wasatch Formation. The overlying predominantly fish-bearing Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation also containsLambdotheriumand is therefore Wa-7 in age as well.

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Zougrou, I. M., M. Katsikini, F. Pinakidou, E. C. Paloura, L. Papadopoulou, and E. Tsoukala. "Study of fossil bones by synchrotron radiation micro-spectroscopic techniques and scanning electron microscopy." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 1 (November 2, 2013): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577513025228.

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Earlymost Villafranchian fossil bones of an artiodactyl and a perissodactyl from the Milia excavation site in Grevena, Greece, were studied in order to evaluate diagenetic effects. Optical microscopy revealed the different bone types (fibro-lamellar and Haversian, respectively) of the two fragments and their good preservation state. The spatial distribution of bone apatite and soil-originating elements was studied using micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping and scanning electron microscopy. The approximate value of the Ca/P ratio was 2.2, as determined from scanning electron microscopy measurements. Bacterial boring was detected close to the periosteal region and Fe bearing oxides were found to fill bone cavities,e.g.Haversian canals and osteocyte lacunae. In the perissodactyl bone considerable amounts of Mn were detected close to cracks (the Mn/Fe weight ratio takes values up to 3.5). Goethite and pyrite were detected in both samples by means of metallographic microscopy. The local Ca/P ratio determined with µ-XRF varied significantly in metal-poor spots indicating spatial inhomogeneities in the ionic substitutions. XRF line scans that span the bone cross sections revealed that Fe and Mn contaminate the bones from both the periosteum and medullar cavity and aggregate around local maxima. The formation of goethite, irrespective of the local Fe concentration, was verified by the FeK-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. Finally, SrK-edge extended XAFS (EXAFS) revealed that Sr substitutes for Ca in bone apatite without obvious preference to the Ca1or Ca2unit-cell site occupation.

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DE CARVALHO, CARLOS NETO, FERNANDO MUÑIZ, ZAIN BELAÚSTEGUI, JOÃO BELO, PAULA GÓMEZ, ANTONIO TOSCANO, MÁRIO CACHÃO, et al. "PALEOECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF LARGE-SIZED WILD BOAR TRACKS RECORDED DURING THE LAST INTERGLACIAL (MIS 5) AT HUELVA (SW SPAIN)." PALAIOS 35, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2020.058.

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ABSTRACT Well-preserved tracks of the wild boar Sus scrofa are described from the Matalascañas Trampled Surface (MTS) in the upper Pleistocene aeolian basal unit of the El Asperillo Cliff, Huelva (southwestern Spain). These are the first published tracks of suid pigs in the fossil record, here formally described as Suidichnus galani igen. and isp. nov. A revision of valid artiodactyl ichnogenera is provided for comparison. The large size of wild boar found in the Late Pleistocene of Spain contradicts the general trend towards smaller size known for the evolution of the species and the Bergmann's ecogeographical rule for the extant subspecies. In the present case, the remarkable large size that can be reached by these tracks is discussed as an ecomorphological adaptation of wild boars to either resource bonanza, and/or predation pressure during the Last Interglacial. The large S. scrofa scrofa identified in MTS corresponds to some of the earliest evidences known to this subspecies in Iberia.

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Spaulding, Michelle, Maureen A. O'Leary, and John Gatesy. "Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution." PLoS ONE 4, no. 9 (September 23, 2009): e7062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007062.

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Dawson, Mary R., and C. R. Harington. "Boreameryx, an unusual new artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Arctic Canada and endemism in Arctic fossil mammals." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-111.

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Boreameryx braskerudi, gen. et sp. nov., from Early Pliocene (about 5–4 Ma) deposits of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, is represented by the posterior portion of a dentary with three molars, a partial calcaneum, unciform, and fragments of long bones and ribs. The incompletely known structure of Boreameryx must leave open the questions of its relationships within the pecoran ruminants. Even its possible affinities with early cervoids and the North American blastomerycines are speculative. We favour the tentative association of Boreameryx within the Cervoidea. Rather than evolving hypsodonty to deal with abrasive northern foods, Boreameryx apparently retained plesiomorphic dental structures—even augmenting those structures in a unique morphological development. We hypothesize, based on recorded relationships and ranges (both geological and geographical) of several Beaver Pond site mammals, including Boreameryx, that they indicate a significant interval of endemic development in a high northern biotic province prior to 5 Ma.

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Tong, Hao-Wen, Xi Chen, and Bei Zhang. "New fossils of Bison palaeosinensis (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the steppe mammoth site of Early Pleistocene in Nihewan Basin, China." Quaternary International 445 (July 2017): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.033.

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