Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Arts, Ethiopian'

With a tremendous demographic boom and the high importance of the youth population, Ethiopia is currently dealing with critical challenges to ensure sustainable development within the country. The recent appointment of Abiy Ahmed as prime minister has brought new hope for Ethiopian liberalisation and the improvement of former political systems. Positively impacting the non-governmental sector, concrete measures taken by the federal government are still lacking whereas time is running on the youth generation. Quality education and enrolment rates in schools remain low which has high consequences on the participation of youths in the labour market. Lacking basic skills, youth are not provided with opportunities and trust that are essential for favouring their self-development. Conducted in parts of Ethiopia’s rural areas, this research aims to understand, discuss and elaborate on different youth empowerment methods for educational incentives to contribute to the overall improvement of youth conditions. In collaboration with local and international stakeholders working on policy and field level in the country, this research provides the reader with a clear understanding of the Ethiopian youth sector situation and the need for improvement in order to ensure meaningful youth participation and empowerment towards inclusive sustainable change. The role of the government has been discussed in extent in order to provide the reader with concrete recommendations for policy-making and other issues related to skills-mismatching, access to resources, training, and data, as well as cross-collaboration between youth and other stakeholders to increase awareness about challenges faced. The study concludes with giving clear guidance on youth empowerment in Ethiopia and future research on the overall topic.

The Islamic movement study mostly focused on radical, extremist, violent, or military aspects. The current research was carried out to examine the nonviolent elements of the Islamic movement. Based on the ethnographic photo research conducted in the Ethiopian Muslims Protest, the Islamic movements nonviolent aspect investigated. The Ethiopian Muslims were organized social media-led protests called Let Our Voices be Heard for their religious rights between 2011 and 2015. The study first examined where this Let Our Voices be Heard protest fits in civil resistance studies. Second, it investigated Facebook's role in initiating, organizing, and sustaining the nonviolent Islamic movement in Ethiopia. Using Johnston's defining terms of social movement theory, the Let Our Voices be Heard protest tested. The result shows that the protest well fit with the dimensions and components of social movement theory. The result indicates that the Let Our Voices be Heard protest exemplifies nonviolent Islamic movement in the Eastern Africa region, Ethiopia. The study further shows that Facebook, when used for a common goal, is a robust platform for successfully mobilizing nonviolent Islamic movements.

Migration and re-migration of economically and socially marginalized Ethiopian women and girls has become a phenomenon. Based on interviews with 12 Ethiopian migrant women returned from the Middle East and the Gulf States, the primary aim of this thesis is to describe and study Ethiopian women migrants’ circular migration to the Middle East. I will mainly focus on how social dynamics in the family, gender relations and economic circumstances are intricate. The process of women’s migration and how the expectations of the family can be gender differentiated are discussed. Further, the migrant women’s power relation when class and ethnicity determine their position is discussed. Relations with the sending family and the issues related to the women who return, as well as problems affecting them at home and in the destination countries, are looked at. Various and complex issues of migration and the women’s roles are discussed with reference to the women’s experiences. Migration provides women with opportunities for social and economic mobility but can also subject them to ethnic discrimination, exploitation, and abuse. The movement is generally seen as voluntary labor migration and it has placed them in a vulnerable position both at home and abroad. Their migration is interconnected to the economic need but also the responsibilities they have towards their family and kin.

ABSTRACT The sedimentary deposits of the Hadar Formation at Dikika and the Mount Galili Formation at Galili preserve a wealth of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic records spanning the last 5.29 Ma. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of herbivore tooth enamel were analyzed for more than 600 specimens of 15 different taxa from 10 stratigraphic intervals. The application of carbon and oxygen isotopes here aims principally at reconstructing shifts in the relative abundance of C4 grasses, and its implications for climate indicators including temperature, aridity, and seasonality. The full range of δ13Cenamel values throughout the Plio-Pleistocene signifies a wide range of foraging strategies by the fauna, which in turn reflects the mosaic of vegetation at Dikika and Galili. Estimates of ecosystem carbon isotope composition (δ13Cecosystem , which is given by average δ13Cenamel of each large vertebrate taxon weighted by the respective faunal abundance and the estimated daily biomass consumption) is used to asses shifts in the ecosystem-scale proportion of C3 and C4 vegetation. In the Plio-Pleistocene, the general paleoenvironmental conditions varied from wooded grassland to grasslands with the total amount of C4 grass cover on the landscape varying between 35% and 91%. Likewise, the paleohabitat reconstructions indicate the presence of grassland, wooded grassland, woodland habitats throughout the Pliocene and in Middle Pleistocene but the relative proportion of the habitats has changed substantially with time. Although this result agrees with the general trend towards more open grassland since the Late Miocene, a rebound of closed habitats and C3 resources from closed canopy woodlands or forests is evident in the middle Pliocene between 3.42 Ma and 3.24 Ma. These changes in the proportion of habitats could have affected the distribution and availability of preferred food resources and has an implication on the interaction of the animals on the paleolandscape and competition for resources. 18Oenamel values also show a wide range of variation within each stratigraphic member and through time. Temporal variation of δ13Cenamel values within a given taxon, as well as differences among sympatric taxa, document different aspects of the environment and climate, including changes in drinking water source, seasonality, and periods of strong evaporation. Estimated δ13Cmeteoric water based on the most 18O-depleted hippo tooth enamel, displays values of -1.94 / (VSMOW) and -5.24 / (VSMOW) in the Middle Pleistocene of Asbole and middle Pliocene of Galili, respectively. A major shift in the isotopic composition of water at ~ 3.0 Ma was accompanied by a 6.0 / increase from middle Pliocene to the present. While a +3.8 / shift from early to middle Pliocene was documented. The isotopic composition of meteoric water between 4.6 Ma and 4.38 Ma was most 18O-enriched compared to the rest of the Pliocene estimates. Likewise, an increase in the estimated δ13Cmeteoric water values was documented in the Awash Valley and elsewhere in East Africa, which indicate a regional climate change since the early Pliocene. An increase in the aridity, which is expressed as mean annual water deficit (i.e., the difference between potential evapotranspiration and mean annual precipitation) is also evident since the early Pliocene. These changes during the Pliocene in the region may in part be attributed to a regional decrease in the amount of precipitation and changes in the moisture source superimposed on global climate changes.

The management of international waterways presents riparian nations with a challenging set of political, economic, environmental, and geographic difficulties. Historically, the Nile Basin has exemplified many of these problems as witnessed by inter-basin conflict, devastating floods, crippling drought, and unstable political and economic development. Despite their tumultuous past the ten riparian nations of the Nile Basin established a supranational water management institution in 1999, the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), in order to develop collective solutions to their common water related problems. However, serious challenges to the cooperative process threaten to derail the NBI and enflame underlying causes of conflict. This thesis seeks to determine how the NBI has affected water related decision making in the Nile Basin. This will be achieved by examining patterns of decision-making before and after the establishment of the NBI. Specifically, the impact of the NBI will be tested by examining patterns of decision-making within three measures of conflict, namely the allocation of water resources, the sharing of technical data and expertise, and the financing of water related projects and programs.

La recherche présentée dans cette thèse a pour objet les producteurs d'images dans l'Éthiopie chrétienne orthodoxe contemporaine et la manière dont ils sont perçus. Ce travail s'inscrit à la croisée de l'anthropologie de la religion, de l'image et de la morale. J'argumenterai que les images servent d'articulation à un réseau de rapports sociaux complexes et qu'elles deviennent en retour les objets d'un discours moral ambivalent. Leur dimension spirituelle place leurs producteurs au cœur d'un tissu d'interactions avec le visible, l'invisible, le matériel et l'immatériel. L'étude des images et de leur production nécessite ainsi un examen du contexte social qui- nous le verrons- à la fois les condamne, les dissimule et leur donne leur sens. Le terrain de cette recherche est réduit à deux types de producteurs d'image : le peintre de l'EOTC (l'Église chrétienne orthodoxe éthiopienne) et le créateur d'images talismaniques appelé debtera. Je soutiendrai que si ce dernier est particulièrement l'objet d'un discours moral ambivalent, c'est avant tout que les images qu'il produit entrent en relation avec le domaine du spirituel dans le but de traiter les souffrances physiques et les problèmes liés à des affects comme la jalousie, la haine et certains désirs. Les affects dont il est question ici ont en commun d'être moralement condamnés et exclus du domaine de l'Église. Je soutiendrai que ces affects particuliers nécessitent un objet- ici, le talisman- pour pouvoir être exprimés. Enfin, dans cette recherche, l'étude des rapports complexes entretenus avec l'objet-médiateur, d'une part, et son producteur, d'autre part, se fera à travers l'examen d'une donnée particulière : le « gossip », c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des discussions informelles, ragots, opinions partagés et exprimés spontanément<br>This dissertation is a study of Orthodox image-producers and how they are perceived in Ethiopia today. Its central thesis is that the image-producer creates objects that not only mediate relationships and exercise social power or agency, but also have the capacity to incite a moral discourse. Images in this context can have a spiritual impact that entangles their producers in a web of relationships with the visible, invisible; the material and immaterial: they necessitate an examination of the social agency that defines and obscures them. The focus of this study is restricted to two types of image-producer: the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church painter and the creator of talismanic images (known as a debtera). I argue that the debtera is perceived to be more morally problematic than the church painter because his images are intended to interact in the spiritual realm to treat certain forms of physical and emotional suffering. The kinds of emotions that a talismanic image treats however are "socially reprehensible" (eschewed by official Church doctrine, and as such condemned morally) as are those who interact with these emotions through image production- the debtera. I situate this thesis at the crossroads of the anthropology of religion, imagery and morality. Here, personhood, relationships and the dialogue between materiality and immateriality must be taken into account. This dissertation's intent is to articulate some of the nuances in object-mediated social relations that are made apparent through gossip. I stipulate that, in this culture, certain officially proscribed emotions require objects (such as the talismanic images) to be expressed. As a consequence of this proscription, the image-producer responsible for the creation of that object is subject to moral opprobrium. In a sense, given the full range of human conduct and emotions, the strict limits that the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church places on what is acceptable in these realms creates a vacuum in which the proscribed conduct and emotions must be expressed in the shadows of the Church. And because of the particular importance this culture places on the image as the instrument that acts in these domains, the debtera and the talisman achieve a centrality that rivals that of the Church-sanctioned image producers

Dans ce travail, la production artistique en Éthiopie aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles est étudiée sous l'angle des relations entre les souverains et les moines, plus particulièrement dans les églises du lac Tana. L'étude des oeuvres anciennes conservées sur le lac définit tout d'abord l'héritage culturel des moines au XVII siècle. L'analyse des interventions des souverains dans la vie interne des monastères et de la commande artistique conduit à poser quelques jalons pour mieux comprendre la peinture au XVIe siècle et l'évolution fondamentale de l'art au cours du XVIIe siècle. La politique du roi Iyasu I marque ensuite un tournant dans les relations des souverains de Gondar avec les monastères du lac Tana. A travers les travaux et des oeuvres qu'il a patronné se dégagent les traits particuliers de la commande royale et la part assumée par les religieux proches des souverains dans la conception de nouvelles images. L 'histoire des textes amène à définir en parallèle les intérêts en jeu dans la constitution de la mémoire officielle ou monastique et la place que prend l'image dans ce processus. L'analyse des différentes composantes d'une fondation royale au XVIIIe siècle en plein centre du lac Tana montre la position que prend alors la reine Mentewwab vis à vis des monastères du lac, quelles sont sa politique et ses pratiques de manière plus globale pour asseoir son pouvoir. Dans ce contexte, le chantier de construction et de peintures de l'église permet de distinguer les différentes facettes d'une commande royale, les moyens qu'elle met à disposition des peintres, comme la collection des manuscrits royaux enluminés et les recueils de gravures occidentales

Le "Futuh al-Habasa", récit en arabe de différentes guerres menées par l'imam Ahmad depuis le sultanat du "Bar Sa'ad ad-din" contre le royaume chrétien d'Ethiopie entre les années 1520 et 1535/1537, relate notamment comment l'essentiel des territoires chrétiens est passé provisoirement sous domination musulmane au cours de la « conquête de l'Abyssinie » (1531-1543). En analysant cette source endogène unique en son genre, cette thèse vise à proposer un changement de perspective dans la manière dont est abordée l'histoire de l'Ethiopie, an accordant sa pleine place à l'islam éthiopien, au carrefour entre les études éthiopiennes et celles sur l'islam médiéval.L'analyse littéraire du "Futuh al-Habasa" révèle que son auteur, Arab Faqih, rédigea cet ouvrage après l'échec de la « conquête de l'Abyssinie », probablement en vue de convaincre les élites du "Bar Sa'ad ad-din" de repartir à la conquête du royaume chrétien. En faisant appel à la littérature des premiers siècles de l'islam mais aussi à des références plus contemporaines, Arab Faqih réalise ainsi une apologie du "gihad" en présentant l'imam Ahmad comme le modèle du parfait "mugahid".D'autre part l'étude de l'histoire du "Bar Sa'ad ad-din" (1415-1583), des rapports de pouvoir au sein du sultanat et des relations que ce dernier entretenait avec le royaume chrétien voisin, révèle les facteurs internes à cette société qui ont conduit l'imam Ahmad à entreprendre une telle guerre. Le Futuh al-Habasa montre enfin que cette conquête vit l'émergence de nouvelles pratiques de guerre et de nouvelles manières de la penser, et détaille le projet d'une « grande Ethiopie musulmane » qui ne survécut pas à la mort de l'imam en 1543<br>The Futuh al-Habasa is an Arabic language account of a number of wars initiated by the imam Ahmad from the Bar Sa'ad ad-din sultanate against the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia between the years 1520 and 1535/1537 ; of particular interest is its narrative of the temporary Muslim domination of the majority of the Christian territories during the conquest of Abyssinia (1531-1543). Through analysis of this unique endogenous source this PhD aims to propose a new way to approach th history of Ethiopia by considering the Ethiopian Islam as a full-fledged topic, at the crossroads between the studies on Ethiopia and those on Medieval Islam.The literary analysis of the Futuh al-Habasa reveals that its author, Arab Faqih, wrote this account after the failure of the « conquest of Abyssinia », probably with a view to convince the elites of the Bar Sa'ad ad-din to march on the Christian kingdom once again. Drawing on literature from the first centuries of Islam as well as on more contemporary references, Arab Faqih thus writes an apology of gihad, presenting the imam Ahmad as being an example of the perfect mugahid.On the other hand, studying the history of the Bar Sa'ad ad-din (1415-1583), the power relationships inside the sultanate and its links with the neighbouring Christian kingdom, reveals the factors internal to this society that pushed the imam Ahmad to undertake such a war. The Futuh al-Habasa shows finally that during this conquest, new practices of war and new ways of conceiving it emerged. It also details the project of a « great Muslim Ethiopia » that didn't survive the death of the imam in 1543

This study attempted to identify personal (patient-related) factors influencing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical design was used. Structured interviews were conducted with 355 ART patients. The findings revealed that stigma, discrimination, depression and alcohol use negatively affected patients’ ART adherence levels. However, patients’ knowledge levels had no influence on their ART adherence levels, contrary to other researchers’ reports. Addressing stigma and discrimination at community levels might enhance patients’ abilities to take their medications in the presence of others. Healthcare professionals should be enabled to diagnose and treat depression among ART patients during the early stages. Non-adherent ART patients should be counseled about possible alcohol abuse.<br>Health Studies<br>M.A. (Public Health with specialisation in Medical Informatics)

This study focused on independent EFL reading among Grade 11 students across public and non-public schools in Ethiopia. Students who practice independent reading develop a love for reading and ultimately become life-long self-initiated readers. Therefore, independent reading should be considered as a vital goal of instruction and research. The issues of focus in this study were students’ reading comprehension ability levels, attitude towards learning English as a school subject and reading its literature, reading motivation, reading strategy use, persistence in independent reading and access to reading resources along with inclusion of independent reading in classroom instruction and in English textbooks. To this end, the study used quantitative data (collected through reading comprehension test, structured questionnaire and independent reading follow-up checklist) and qualitative data (gathered via classroom observation and content analysis).The findings revealed lower predisposition towards and practice of independent EFL reading among public school students (n = 375). A statistically significant difference, in favour of non-public schools (n = 181), was also found between the two groups of students in scores pertaining to most of the variables investigated. Enhanced scaffolding of independent reading through improved instruction and resource provision, regular short refresher courses for teachers of English and further studies have been recommended to improve public school students’ involvement in independent EFL reading.<br>English Studies<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (English Studies)

This study was conducted to determine retention rate and factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) of adult pre-ART patients in St. Luke hospital, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study with quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques was used. Review of patient records, focus group discussions and review of program guidelines was conducted to determine level of adherence among pre-ART patients. In addition, pre-ART service quality and perceived reasons for discontinuation was explored. The study revealed that only 38.2% of the 335 patients enrolled in the pre-ART care were retained after 12 months of follow-up in the program. More than half (55.6%), of the LTFU occurred during the first 6 months of follow-up. Fear of discrimination, high transportation cost and mistrust in the pre-ART service were perceived reasons for LTFU. Absences of clear pre-ART service package and implementation guideline were also identified as important factors that may be related to LTFU. The findings call for improved quality of care and a better pre-ART service packaging that will address the gaps identified in order to increase patient retention.<br>Health Studies<br>MA (Public Health)

Health Management Information System (HMIS) in developing countries lags seriously behind as compared to the developed countries; and the existing HMIS in many countries is insufficient to support health management functions. The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) pharmacy management information system in public health facilities. Quantitative, descriptive research was conducted at 38 public health facilities. The participants of the study were Pharmacists and Druggists those are working at ART Pharmacy. Data collection was done by using structure questionnaire. 76 respondents were recruited to participate in the study. The participants ages ranged from 26-50 years and all had more than 2 years’ work experience. The study indicated that even if there is a system at most health facilities their utilization of information technology (IT) for pharmacy practice were not appreciated. The findings indicated that the need for creating awareness among professionals in giving more skill oriented and also a formal in-service information technology related trainings for the professionals. To achieve better utilization of information technology at health care delivery system particularly pharmacy practice, government and stakeholder should consider capacity building activities through proper training and it should also viewed as a long term socio-cultural and technical development process.<br>Health Studies<br>M.A. (Public Health with specialization in Medical Informatics)

This study aimed to identify factors affecting women’s utilisation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, evaluate the quality of PMTCT services, describe health outcomes of mothers and infants and to identify factors that influence mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Structured interviews were conducted with 384 women who had utilised PMTCT services. Information was also obtained from the health records of these women and of their infants. Better educated women, who had male partners and were self-employed were more likely to use PMTCT services. Being unmarried, poor and feeling stigmatised made it difficult for women to use these services. Respondents were satisfied with PMTCT services except that clinics sometimes had no medications. The health care workers followed the Ethiopian guidelines during HIV testing and counseling but not when prescribing treatment. Although the respondents’ CD4 cell counts improved, their clinical conditions did not improve. The MTCT rate was significantly higher if infants did not receive ARVs, had APGAR scores below seven, weighed less than 2.5kg at birth, were born prematurely, and if their mothers had nipple fissures. PMTCT services could be improved if more women used these services, health care workers followed the national guidelines when prescribing ARVs, clinics had adequate supplies of medicines, all infants received ARVs, and mothers’ nipple fissures could be prevented. Antenatal care should help to avoid premature births of infants weighing less than 2.5kg and having APGAR scores below 7. Future research should compare formula feeding versus breastfeeding of infants with HIV-positive mothers<br>Health Studies<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the IMB skills model for its relevance to the Ethiopian context. According to the model, adherence-related information and motivation work through adherence-related behavioural skills to affect adherence to ART. Quantitative, analytical, observational, cross-sectional, institution-based study was conducted to evaluate the model by assessing those patients who have and do not have the right information, motivation, and behavioural skills whether they have or do not have good adherence to ART. Data was collected using structured questionnaires where a total of 400 randomly selected participants provided data on adherence-related information, motivation and behavioral skills as well as adherence behavior per se. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Both descriptive and inferential statistics used in the study. Only 90.75 % of the total sample population reported ART adherence rate of more than or equal to 95% in this study. Free and restricted model tests, through bivariate and multivariate analyses, used to assess the propositions of the IMB model of ART adherence and provided support for the interrelations between the elements proposed by the model. The study has supported the applicability of the IMB model of adherence to the Ethiopian context highlighting its application in adherence-promotion intervention efforts. The findings revealed the need for on-going educational, informational and other interventions to address the knowledge, motivation and adherence behavioural skills of patients in order to improve the current levels of ART adherence behaviour.<br>Health Studies<br>D. Litt. et. Phil. (Health Studies)

Purpose of the study - Identify predictors of mortality and develop a related care plan for patients who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Gondar, Ethiopia. Design - A quantitative, retrospective cohort study was conducted analysing medical records of HIV patients who presented to Gondar University Hospital (GUH), Gondar, and started ART between 1 January 2007 and 30 June 2010. Results - In defining the predictors of mortality, the findings in bivariate analysis revealed: female sex, CD4 cell count ≤ 50/μl, CD4 cell count 51-199/μl, a haemoglobin concentration ≤8g/dl, a history of oral candidiasis, tuberculosis and Cryptococcus meningitis were all statistically significant. A female sex, CD4 cell count ≤ 50/μl and CD4 cell count 51-199/μl maintain their significance level in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions - The study therefore recommends that clinicians and case managers be vigilant of these predictors of mortality while managing HIV patients who are on ART. Key Concepts- ART, AIDS, HIV, predictors of mortality<br>Health Studies<br>(M.A. (Public Health))

M.A. (Public Health)<br>Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) adherence is a crucial component of the patient management framework for people living with Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV). Trait emotional intelligence is “the constellation of behavioural-dispositions and self-perceived abilities to recognise, process, and utilise emotion-laden information”. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there was a correlation between ART adherence behaviour and behavioural-dispositions related to trait emotional intelligence among HIV/AIDS infected people receiving ART at the regional public hospitals in Addis Ababa. The study used observational, analytical, and cross-sectional research design. The participants were selected through a proportionally stratified systematic random sampling method. Data collection was through a structured self-report questionnaire format. The findings showed that 79.1% had optimal ART adherence behaviour; 84.4% had average trait emotional intelligence. The research finding showed a statistically significant positive correlation between ART adherence behaviour and behavioural-dispositions related to trait emotional intelligence at (r =0.417, n=392, P<0.001).<br>Health Studies