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1

Aguirre González, Medardo, Claudio Candia Campano, and Lilliam Antón López. "A Gravity Model of Trade for Nicaraguan Agricultural Exports." Cuadernos de Economía 37, no. 74 (July 1, 2018): 391–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v37n74.55016.

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This research aims to find the determining factors of Nicaraguan agricultural exports. To carry out this study, the author formulated a Gravity Model of Trade (GMT) and then made an estimation using a version of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) that incorporates a consistent covariance matrix estimator to correct the heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation effects. The data considered observations over twenty years and for twelve countries: eight have signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Nicaragua and four have not. The variables that significantly increased the flow of Nicaraguan agricultural exports are the following: Nicaragua’s trading partners’ population, Nicaragua’s Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP pc), the Real Exchange Rate (RER), and Nicaragua’s trading partners’ GDP pc; however, the distance variable turned out to be significantly trade-inhibiting. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) predominantly have significant effects.
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2

Gould, Jeffrey L. "‘For an Organized Nicaragua’: Somoza and the Labour Movement, 1944–1948." Journal of Latin American Studies 19, no. 2 (November 1987): 353–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00020113.

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The historiography of the Nicaraguan workers' movement suffers from two basic problems: an extreme paucity and dispersion of primary sources and a tendency to compensate with analytic frameworks for what is lacking in substance. The triumph of a revolutionary movement in 1979, genuinely interested in allowing the Nicaraguan people to become ‘dueños de su historia’, has stimulated the search for primary source materials and has awakened the interest of historians in the trajectory of class struggle in Nicaragua. However, if at this moment, we do not confront fundamental methodological problems this new search for the past will offer precious little illumination on the problems of class development and conflict in contemporary Nicaragua.
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3

Williams, Philip J. "The Catholic Hierarchy in the Nicaraguan Revolution." Journal of Latin American Studies 17, no. 2 (November 1985): 341–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00007926.

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The involvement of Christians in the Nicaraguan Revolution is a clear manifestation of the profound changes taking place within the Nicaraguan Church as a whole. While a clear majority of the clergy took a stand against the injustices of the Somoza regime, a smaller group of priests and religious demonstrated a more profound commitment to radical structural transformation of society. Although their efforts to organize andconcientizar1rural and urban poor had serious political implications – in fact, many joined the guerrilla as a result of the ‘radicalization of their faith’ – to these priests and religious the political solutions available to counter growing social injustices and government abuses were few: either fight or capitulate. The bishops, on the other hand, were cautious about the pace of change and rejected the violent option, choosing instead an intermediate path. Unfortunately, such an option proved futile in the case of Nicaragua, and finally the bishops justified armed revolution as a viable alternative to systematic repression.
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4

Quintanilla, Raúl. "A suspended dialogue: The Nicaraguan revolution and the visual arts." Third Text 7, no. 24 (September 1993): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09528829308576433.

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5

Hainline, Mark S., Baleshka Brenes Mayorga, Sarahi Morales, Amy E. Boren-Alpízar, Rudy A. Ritz, and Scott Burris. "A Change in Perspective: Agriculturally-Based Study Abroad Experience for Nicaraguan Students." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2018.25104.

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Study abroad experiences serve to enrich students’ educational experiences, granted these programs must be evaluated to assess educational effectiveness. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine Nicaraguan students’ perceptions of agriculture and future aspirations, before and after engaging in a four-day agricultural -based program. Graphic elicitation and arts-based projective techniques served as metrics to assess students’ perceptions. Four major themes, with six sub-themes emerged from the data: a) perceptions of agriculture (i.e., previous agriculture); b) strength through unity (i.e., unity; and ripple effect); c) aspirations (i.e., importance of education); d) value of experience (i.e., learning new things; and thankfulness). Overall, the Nicaraguan students indicated the study abroad experience broadened their perspective of agriculture, having a direct impact on their career aspirations.
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6

Kaiser-Lenoir, Claudia. "Nicaragua: Theatre in a New Society." Theatre Research International 14, no. 2 (1989): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030788330000609x.

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One of the most revealing traits of the Nicaraguan revolution is manifested in the profound changes registered in the realm of culture. If Sandinista ideology focuses not on the fate of an élite but on that of the vast majority of the Nicaraguan people, it follows that for people to become the true subject of politics they have to become the true subject of culture as well. The popular Sandinista victory of July 1979 brought about the immediate establishment of the Ministry of Culture (the first in the country's history). Its goal: to give shape and nourishment to the popular effervescence and creative energies awakened by the long struggle. Work began with the organization of theatre, poetry, music and dance workshops throughout all sectors of the Nicaraguan society (army and police included), with the inauguration of Centres of Popular Culture in all regions, the creation of cultural committees in all grass-roots organizations, the training of ‘cultural promoters’ to work with regional governments, and with the task of rescuing and revitalizing popular cultural traditions.
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7

NYGREN, ANJA. "Violent Conflicts and Threatened Lives: Nicaraguan Experiences of Wartime Displacement and Postwar Distress." Journal of Latin American Studies 35, no. 2 (May 2003): 367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x03006758.

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This article utilises an ethnographic case study from Nicaragua to analyse people's everyday experiences of wartime violence and postwar privation. A great deal of literature dealing with political instability in war-torn countries has approached this issue by examining the societal manifestations of violence, while relatively less attention has been paid to people's everyday experiences of conflict and pain. This study focuses on the several waves of violence, displacement, and distress Nicaraguan people have suffered in recent years, beginning with their traumatic experiences of the civil war in the 1980s to the current postwar era characterised by political instability and socio-economic insecurity.
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8

Bolt, Alan. "Ways of Being an Artist." New Theatre Quarterly 7, no. 26 (May 1991): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00005388.

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By way of coda to our earlier coverage in NTQ of Nicaraguan theatre under the Sandinista government, we include here an interview with Alan Bolt, one of the best-known and most controversial of the playwrights of the revolutionary period. The interview was conducted in September 1989, just a few months before the free elections ended the fragile, insidiously-obstructed Sandinista experiment in socialism with a South American face. While dedicated to the ideals of the Sandinistas, for whom he had fought underground during the Somoza dictatorship, Alan Bolt found himself increasingly opposed to some of those who were putting the revolution into practice, and he chose to work instead with his own theatre group and agricultural collective for a better understanding both of the issues which made revolution necessary, and those which were now prejudicing its success. Bernard Bloom, who introduces this interview with a brief outline of Alan Bolt's career, is a Canadian writer and photographer who lived in Nicaragua during 1987 and 1989. He has lectured extensively about the country, and his photographs have been widely exhibited.
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9

Schroeder, Michael J. "Horse Thieves to Rebels to Dogs: Political Gang Violence and the State in the Western Segovias, Nicaragua, in the Time of Sandino, 1926–1934." Journal of Latin American Studies 28, no. 2 (May 1996): 383–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00013055.

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AbstractThis study of organised political violence in north-central Nicaragua from 1926 to 1934 focuses on the infamous Conservative gang leader Anastacio Hernández and on Sandino's rebels. The contexts of a weak central state and local-regional caudillismo are outlined. It is shown that after the 1926–27 civil war. Hernández and others produced ritualised spectacular violence in the service of their Chamorrista caudillo patrons. The language, practices, and characteristics of organised violence are examined. It is argued that Sandino's rebels appropriated these tools of political struggle, and that changes and continuities in the organisation of violence in Nicaraguan history merit greater attention.
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10

Luciak, Ilja. "National Unity and Popular Hegemony: the Dialectics of Sandinista Agrarian Reform Policies, 1979–1986." Journal of Latin American Studies 19, no. 1 (May 1987): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00017168.

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On 11 January 1986, the Sandinista government announced the modification of the 1981 Agrarian Reform Law. The new law institutionalizes significant changes in Sandinista agrarian policy which have yet to be analyzed. The changes introduced suggest that the Nicaraguan agrarian reform was reaching its limits during 1985, after successfully distributing 2,523,388 manzanas of land to 83,322 families. Further, six years into the institutionalization of the Nicaraguan revolution the balance of forces which had emerged required a re-evaluation of policies designed to achieve one of the central goals of the revolution – to radically change the socio-economic conditions of the Nicaraguan peasantry through the implementation of an agrarian reform.
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11

Offen, Karl H. "Narrating Place and Identity, or Mapping Miskitu Land Claims in Northeastern Nicaragua." Human Organization 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.62.4.f9xgq4cu3ff88he0.

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This paper draws from my participation in mapping miskitu community land claims in the spring of 1997 to discuss the relationship between the mapping process and an identity politics of place in northeastern Nicaragua (the moskitia). in community fora that formed the critical element of the mapping process, miskitu community intellectuals passionately narrated miskitu history with recourse to moskitia geography and the places to be mapped. these public narratives resonated with and mobilized community audiences because they combined authoritative Miskitu identity signifiers, such as the Miskitu flag and biblical lessons, with commonplace toponyms and cultural landscapes. in narrating the relationship of miskitu identity to moskitia places, community intellectuals simultaneously critiqued the conventional wisdom of Nicaraguan historiography and transformed the initial aim of the mapping project by shaping the meaning of “community lands” for community members. in this way, the mapping project merged a cultural politics of place with those of identity.
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12

Winters, Nanneke. "Responsibility, Mobility, and Power: Translocal Carework Negotiations of Nicaraguan Families." International Migration Review 48, no. 2 (June 2014): 415–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12062.

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13

Díaz-Briquets, Sergio, and Jorge Pérez-López. "Refugee Remittances: Conceptual Issues and the Cuban and Nicaraguan Experiences." International Migration Review 31, no. 2 (June 1997): 411–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100207.

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This article assesses the notion that the determinants of remittances generated by refugee flows, particularly from Communist-inspired systems, are different from those associated with labor migrations. Labor migration, by definition, involves the voluntary departure from the home country in search of better economic options, whereas refugees, including those from communist systems, depart their homelands for a combination of political and economic reasons. These differences have a major bearing on how labor migrants and refugees perceive their relationship with countries of origin. The propensity of labor migrants to dissociate themselves from the home country is considerably less than among refugees whose perceptions are mediated by opposition to the ruling regime and other factors, such as political relations between refugee-sending and refugee-receiving countries and whether or not there has been a regime change or one is expected to occur. The conceptual issues elaborated here are based on the Cuban-American experience, but also reflect an assessment of Nicaraguan emigration during the 1980s.
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14

Nading, Alex. "Orientation and Crafted Bureaucracy: Finding Dignity in Nicaraguan Food Safety." American Anthropologist 119, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 478–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12844.

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15

Schumann, Peter. "The Bread and Puppet Theatre in Nicaragua, 1985." New Theatre Quarterly 5, no. 17 (February 1989): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00015293.

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Peter Schumann's Bread and Puppet Theatre was formed in New York in 1963, and gained an international reputation for its unique combination of larger-than-life puppetry and celebratory pageantry. After leaving New York in 1970, Schumann finally settled on a thirty-acre site in Vermont in 1974, but Bread and Puppet has continued to travel far afield, and in the original Theatre Quarterly. No. 19 (1975). their Californian residency for the ‘anti-bicentennial’ celebration, A Monument for Ishi. was documented, along with practical material on the making of the puppets-and the bread. While Bread and Puppet continue to perform regularly in North America and Europe, much of their recent work, however, has centered on or been performed for Latin America – including the two projects in Nicaragua described in the following feature. In the opening part, Peter Schumann discusses with Rosa Luisa Márquez the company's 1985 production – The Nativity, Crucifixion, and Resurrection of Archbishop Romero – and its place in their work. John Bell then provides an introduction to a later interview describing the production of the Nicaraguan Passion Play in 1987, accompanied by the text of the play itself. Rosa Luisa Márquez, who teaches in the Drama Department of the University of Puerto Rico, and John Bell, who is completing his doctoral studies and teaching theatre history at Columbia University in New York, have also both been personally involved in the work of Bread and Puppet Theatre.
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16

Edelman, Marc, and Charles R. Hale. "Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987." Anthropological Quarterly 69, no. 1 (January 1996): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3317139.

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17

Brown, Timothy Charles. "Nahuas, Gachupines, Patriarchs and Piris1: Nicaraguan History through Highland Peasant Eyes." Journal of American Culture 20, no. 4 (December 1997): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.1997.00097.x.

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18

Bagley, Bruce Michael. "Contadora: The Failure of Diplomacy." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28, no. 3 (1986): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165705.

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By Mid-1986, The Contadora Group's search for a negotiated peace in Central America had reached a seemingly insurmountable impasse. Negotiations were deadlocked over the issues of arms limitations, democratization, and US support for the Nicaraguan counter-revolutionaries (contrarevolucionarios or contras). The United States and its closest Central American allies - Costa Rica, Honduras and El Salvador - demanded that Nicaragua reduce the size of its armed forces and install a democratic political system before they would end support for the contras Nicaragua's Sandinistas, in turn, refused to disarm until the United States and its Central American neighbors halted their support for the contras, they also rejected all proposals for direct negotiations with the contras.
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19

WEEGELS, JULIENNE. "‘The Terror and Scourge of the Barrio’: Representations of Youth Crime and Policing on Nicaraguan Television News." Journal of Latin American Studies 50, no. 4 (April 20, 2018): 861–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18000317.

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AbstractThis paper explores the meanings that youth crime and policing acquire in the context of their mediated representation on the televised news in Nicaragua. In particular, it explores this question by juxtaposing the televised imagery of the apprehended juvenile delinquent with the discursive treatment of his person by both police and reporters on Nicaragua's most watched news shows,Acción 10andCrónica TN8. The police are presented as heroic protagonists who serve and protect the barrio through ‘communitarian policing’ whilst the juvenile delinquent – the ‘pinta’ – is excluded and stigmatised. This turns such youths into socially expendable and ‘tainted, discounted’ outsiders who can be treated as such. In this way, through the news,pintasare targeted for ‘removal’ from the barrio, and their mediated arrests become ‘spectacular performances’ of community. A discrepancy appears, then, between the police's communitarian discourse and its reactionary practice.
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20

Maloney, Thomas. "To Die in This Way: Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of Mestizaje, 1880-1965:To Die in This Way: Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of Mestizaje, 1880-1965." American Anthropologist 104, no. 2 (June 2002): 680–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.2.680.

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21

Gordon, Edmund T. "Revolution, Common Sense and the Dynamics of A frican-Nicaraguan Politics, 1979-85." Critique of Anthropology 15, no. 1 (March 1995): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x9501500101.

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22

LUNDQUIST, JENNIFER H., and DOUGLAS S. MASSEY. "Politics or Economics? International Migration during the Nicaraguan Contra War." Journal of Latin American Studies 37, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x04008594.

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The issue of whether Central Americans in the United States are ‘political’ or ‘economic’ migrants has been widely debated, yet little empirical research has informed the controversy. Earlier studies have relied primarily on cross-sectional aggregate data. In order to overcome these limitations we draw on recent surveys conducted in five Nicaraguan communities by the Latin American Migration Project. Using retrospective data, we reconstruct a history of a family's migration to the United States and Costa Rica from the date of household formation to the survey date and link these data to national-level data on GDP and Contra War violence. While out migration to both Costa Rica and the United States is predicted by economic trends, US-bound migration was more strongly linked to the level of Contra War violence independent of economic motivations, especially in an interactive model that allows for a higher wartime effect of social networks. We conclude that elevated rates of Nicaraguan migration to the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s were a direct result of the US-Contra intervention. The approach deployed here – which relates to the timing of migration decisions to macro-level country trends – enables us to address the issue of political versus economic motivations for migration with more precision than prior work.
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23

Clayton, Michelle. "Touring History: Tórtola Valencia Between Europe and the Americas." Dance Research Journal 44, no. 1 (2012): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767711000362.

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In 1907, the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío published the collectionEl canto errante[The Wandering Song], containing a poem entitled “La bailarina de los pies desnudos” [“The Barefoot Dancer”]. The title leads the reader to anticipate an aesthetic of lightness and simplicity, yet the poem is weighted down by its many cultural references: at least one per line, and barely harmonizing amongst themselves. Its space is heavily perfumed, thickly ornamented, animated by the movements of a dancer who invokes different cultural references and plastic forms with each extended limb, each trembling body part. At first sight sinuously seductive, this central figure unravels into a welter of fragments and contradictions: both animal and divine, eroticized and chaste, a lunar deity (Selene) and a literary character (Anactoria), a “constellation of examples and of objects” (constelada de casos y de cosas) whose body, as the line suggests, barely contains its referential chaos.
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24

JAMIESON, MARK. "Miskitu Or Creole? Ethnic Identity And The Moral Economy In A Nicaraguan Miskitu Village." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9, no. 2 (June 2003): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00146.

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25

NADING, ALEX M. "DENGUE MOSQUITOES ARE SINGLE MOTHERS: Biopolitics Meets Ecological Aesthetics in Nicaraguan Community Health Work." Cultural Anthropology 27, no. 4 (November 2012): 572–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2012.01162.x.

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26

Babb, Florence E. ": Struggling for Survival: Workers, Women, and Class on a Nicaraguan State Farm . Gary Ruchwarger." American Anthropologist 93, no. 2 (June 1991): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1991.93.2.02a00220.

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27

Nouvet, Elysée. "Extra-ordinary aid and its shadows: The work of gratitude in Nicaraguan humanitarian healthcare." Critique of Anthropology 36, no. 3 (July 25, 2016): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x16646835.

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28

Fisher, Josh. "Fair or Balanced?: The Other Side of Fair Trade in a Nicaraguan Sewing Cooperative." Anthropological Quarterly 86, no. 2 (2013): 527–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anq.2013.0017.

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29

Quesada, James. "To Die in This Way: Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of Mestizaje, 1880-1965 (review)." Anthropological Quarterly 74, no. 1 (2001): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anq.2001.0008.

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Piper, Alan. "An Investigation into the Reported Closing of the Nicaraguan Gender Gap." Social Indicators Research 144, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 1391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02080-5.

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31

Lee, Sang E. "Unpacking the Packing Plant: Nicaraguan Migrant Women’s Work in Costa Rica’s Evolving Export Agriculture Sector." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 35, no. 2 (January 2010): 317–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605482.

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32

Borland, Katherine. "To Die in This Way: Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of Mestizaje, 1880-1965 (review)." Journal of American Folklore 116, no. 459 (2003): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jaf.2003.0005.

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33

Jamieson, Mark. "Ownership of Sea-Shrimp Production and Perceptions of Economic Opportunity in a Nicaraguan Miskitu Village." Ethnology 41, no. 3 (2002): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4153029.

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34

Kaimowitz, David. "Nicaraguan debates on Agrarian structure and their implications for agricultural policy and the rural poor." Journal of Peasant Studies 14, no. 1 (October 1986): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066158608438321.

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35

Bailey, Christopher J. "President Reagan, the U.S. Senate, and American Foreign Policy, 1981–1986." Journal of American Studies 21, no. 2 (August 1987): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800029157.

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The Republican loss of majority status in the U.S. Senate following the mid-term elections of 1986, and the disclosure of the Reagan Administration's secret arms sales to Iran and diversion of funds to the Nicaraguan Contras, effectively brought to an end six years of senatorial deference to presidential foreign policy-making. From 1981 to 1986 the Republican-controlled Senate had generally afforded President Reagan a degree of latitude in the making of foreign policy which not only contrasted markedly with that of hisimmediate predecessors, but also prepared the atmosphere for the type of adventures pursued by Colonel Oliver North. Whereas the foreign policy initiatives of Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter had been subject to considerable scrutiny by senators, thereby forcing a detailed examination of their consequences, the forbearance shown to the Reagan Administration by the Senate encouraged a much less diligent approach to policy-making.
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Willman-Navarro, Alys. "Making it at the margins: The criminalization of Nicaraguan women's labor under structural reform." International Feminist Journal of Politics 8, no. 2 (June 2006): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616740600612871.

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37

Sollis, Peter. "The Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua: Development and Autonomy." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 3 (October 1989): 481–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00018526.

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This article discusses the distinct historical phases in the development of the Nicaraguan Atlantic Coast region as the essential background to an analysis of the process of autonomy currently unfolding there. It identifies three main periods: English colonial rule; enclave economy when US companies were involved in a number of extractive enterprises; and, finally, control by the Sandinistas who came to power in 1979 after the overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship.The Atlantic Coast has been a forgotten area of study. Only recently, because of the Miskito Indian question, has the academic world and the public at large taken more interest. The tendency nevertheless has been to focus on the treatment of the Miskito population (and especially its temporary relocation from its traditional lands) not only as the most important issue, but as the only issue. While the Miskitos have been a proper cause for concern the Miskito question is only a small aspect of a complex set of social, political, economic and ethnic relations existing on the Atlantic Coast. The Miskitos are but one of six ethnic groups living on the Atlantic Coast.
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Sellars, Peter, and Maria Shevtsova. "Covid Conversations 1: Peter Sellars." New Theatre Quarterly 37, no. 1 (February 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x20000767.

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In this profoundly dialogical exchange, Peter Sellars, theatre director, researcher, and teacher, and Maria Shevtsova open out a whole array of questions on the integral relation between politics and the theatre in its multiple manifestations. These questions not only concern the damages inflicted by the present Covid-19 pandemic but also those developed by the neoliberal economics and politics of the past forty years and more. In Sellars’s view, neoliberalism has been the hotbed of social injustices, inequities, market and other forms of current enslavement, migrations, refugee and related precarities, and the havoc of the world climate in which the plight of humanity and that of the planet are indelibly interconnected. His and Shevtsova’s discussion links such vital concerns with his theatre practice, which ranges from his engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples – he details some of his work with the collective, community organization of two Los Angeles Festivals of the early 1990s – to the various forms of his music theatre in which he collaborates, in institutional structures, with highly proficient musicians, singers and dancers. The focus chosen here from his music theatre is The Indian Queen (2013), which Sellars dramaturgically invents using pieces by Henry Purcell combined with prose fragments by Nicaraguan novelist Rosario Aguilar. Peter Sellars is an internationally renowned theatre director among whose more recent productions is Mozart’s Idomeneo, premiered at the Salzburg Festival in 2019. Maria Shevtsova, Professor of Drama and Theatre Arts at Goldsmiths, University of London, is editor of New Theatre Quarterly. This conversation took place on 16 August 2020, was transcribed from the recording by Kunsang Kelden, and was edited by Maria Shevtsova.
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39

Klich, Ignacio. "Latin America, the United States and the Birth of Israel: The case of Somoza's Nicaragua." Journal of Latin American Studies 20, no. 2 (November 1988): 389–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00003047.

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With the downfall of the Somoza regime and coming to power of the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) in July 1979, Israeli– Nicaraguan relations declined, to be eventually cut off three years later. An important contributing factor to the deterioration and breach of relations was Israel's involvement with Anastasio (Tachito) Somoza Debayle, in particular the military assistance which his faltering regime received from the Likud government until shortly before the end. By no means Tachito's sole armourer,1 the salience of Israel's role was, nonetheless, noted by many, including Somoza Debayle himself.2 This, however, was justified by Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin as the sole honourable course of action in view of earlier favours to the Zionist cause, going back to the pre-state period, by Tachito's father, Anastasio (Tacho) Somoza García.
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40

Guillén, Blanca Isabella. "Medusa III." Cultura de Paz 23, no. 72 (October 2, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v23i72.4980.

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Nuestra joven artista Blanca Isabel Guillen Manzanares (Nicaragua), ya cuenta con distinciones en su carrera como pintora y grabadora, pues ha representado a Nicaragua en el II Encuentro de Muralismo y Arte Público (X) Tizayuca, Hidalgo, 2016, en México. Además, es miembro activo del Grupo Puertas Abiertas y Miembro del Taller de Gráfica Glifos. Ha realizado estudios en: Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas en Nicaragua, Academia Atelier del Sol en Costa Rica (Curso de Realismo Clásico) y estudios de grabado en el taller de Gráfica Glifos en Nicaragua. Y estudios con los Maestros Madrigal Arcia (Nicaragua) y Adolfo Siliezar (Costa Rica). Mario René Madrigal-ArciaArtista PlásticoNicaragua, 12 julio de 2017
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Helms, Mary W. "The Nicaraguan Mosquitia in Historical Documents, 1844-1927: The Dynamics of Ethnic and Regional History. Eleonore von Oertzen , Lioba Rossbach , Volker Wünderich." Journal of Anthropological Research 46, no. 3 (October 1990): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.46.3.3630435.

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42

Sheets, Payson, Kenneth Hirth, Fred Lange, Fred Stross, Frank Asaro, and Helen Michel. "Obsidian Sources and Elemental Analyses of Artifacts in Southern Mesoamerica and the Northern Intermediate Area." American Antiquity 55, no. 1 (January 1990): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281500.

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Obsidian sources, and the proportions of those sources represented in site collections, are known poorly in the southeast mesoamerican periphery. The Honduran sources of La Esperanza and Güinope are described and “fingerprinted” chemically, and their utilization is explored in selected sites in Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Although prehistoric Nicaraguans and Costa Ricans used obsidian from sources as far away as Honduras and Guatemala, most of their cutting tools were made from local materials, using informal manufacturing techniques. The analytical results indicate two sources of new types of obsidian have yet to be found; they may lie in western Nicaragua.
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43

Ortega, Alfonso Gonzalez. "Jeffrey L. Gould, To Die in This Way: Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of MestizajeDuram and London, Duke University Press, 1998. 305 pp." Rural History 11, no. 1 (April 2000): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001977.

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44

Sollis, Peter. "Charles R. Hale, Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894–1987 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. ix + 296, £35.00." Journal of Latin American Studies 27, no. 3 (October 1995): 719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00011755.

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45

Bell, John. "The Bread and Puppet Theatre in Nicaragua, 1987." New Theatre Quarterly 5, no. 17 (February 1989): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0001530x.

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PETER SCHUMANN's Bread and Puppet Theatre began 25 years ago as a new way of making modern theatre, and as Schumann sees it, still is. As he recently stated, “there are two aspects to this newness: (1) the proposal for a much bigger, wider space for the arts to exist in than the space that the arts occupy now – a way for painting, music, sculpture, and language to exist together and in response to the questions of the time in which they live; and (2) the puppet theatre aspect: puppet theatre not as a special branch of theatre but as a challenge to theatre, as a concrete proposal for the overcoming of its shortcomings – a liberation from that fixed old schmaltz – a proposal for much bigger form, much more compositional freedom and adventure than an actors' theater can ever come up with.”
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46

Vargas-Téllez, Geormar. "Limbo legal en la aplicación del criterio de oportunidad. La mediación antes y durante el proceso penal." Cuaderno Jurídico y Político 3, no. 9 (July 10, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cuadernojurypol.v3i9.11068.

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El proceso penal da inicio con la realización de la audiencia preliminar cuando el investigado esté privado de libertad y con la audiencia inicial con características de preliminar cuando el investigado esté en libertad (Nicaragua, Asamblea Nacional, Ley No.406, arts.254-265).
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Calvert, Peter. "Umberto Belli: Breaking Faith: The Sandinista Revolution and its Impact on Freedom and Christian Faith in Nicaragua (Westchester, Ill.: Crossway Books, 1985, $8.95). Pp. xvi + 272. - Valerie Miller: Between Struggle and Hope: The Nicaraguan Literacy Crusade (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985, cloth £35.25, paper £16.75). Pp. xxx + 258. - Pierre Vayssière (ed.): Nicaragua: les contradictions du Sandinisme (Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1985, 79F). Pp. 254." Journal of Latin American Studies 18, no. 2 (November 1986): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00012256.

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48

Jackson, Gale. "Nicaragua." Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 13, no. 1 (1992): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3346943.

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Abud, Ronald. "Revolution as Self-Expression: the Folklore Ballet of Nicaragua." New Theatre Quarterly 3, no. 9 (February 1987): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0000854x.

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Early in 1986, the Ballet Folklorico Nacional de Nicaragua was invited by the London Borough of Camden to play a season at the Shaw Theatre. Its founder and director. Ronald Abud V, taked to Elaine Turner, with the assistance of the company's translator Margaret Clark, about the work and aims of a company which has become closely identified with its country's revolution, and about the means of expressing a rediscovered national identity through the performing arts.
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50

Ross, Sarah. "Gary Ruchwarger, Struggling for Survival: Workers, Women, and Class on a Nicaraguan State Farm, Development, Conflict and Social Change Series (Boulder, San Francisco and London: Westview Press, 1989), pp. ix + 128, $19.95 pb." Journal of Latin American Studies 23, no. 1 (February 1991): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00013687.

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