Academic literature on the topic 'Arts turcs'

Les incursions des Ottomans en Europe depuis le XIVe siècle ont donné naissance à un genre littéraire particulier appelé littérature antiturque (antiturcica), tour à tour belliciste, prophétique ou historique. Le Dalmate Marko Marulić de Split (1450–1524) composa ainsi une Prière contre les Turcs (date inconnue), une Plainte de la ville de Jérusalem (1517 vraisemblablement), et une lettre demandant l’aide du pape Adrien VI (1522). Il connut de près la menace ottomane : de son vivant, les Ottomans conquirent Constantinople, Jérusalem, la Syrie, l’Égypte, la Serbie, la Bosnie, l’Herzégovine, et enfin Belgrade (1521), victoire qui leur ouvrit les portes de la Hongrie et de la Croatie. De l’étude pathémique de ces trois antiturcica maruliens émerge une rhétorique de diabolisation des Ottomans qui non seulement témoigne des violentes émotions subies par l’auteur, mais qui justifie aussi une guerre sans merci contre cet ennemi qui apparaît cruel, insatiable et invincible.

Bien que l'emploi des bouches à feu soit attesté dans les pays de l'lnde antérieurement, la diffusion de l'artillerie, et de ce que l'on appelle du terme générique conventionnel d'arquebuse, a été, au début du XVIe siècle, le fait de transfuges recherchés pour leur habileté à fondre des canons et à manier l'arme à feu portative. Les plus fameux sont les deux Italiens qui, en 1503, passérent au service du Samorin de Calicut. On trouve ensuite parmi eux des “Turcs” ou “Roumes” – dont la plupart semblent, arrivés au Gujarat en 1507, avoir essaimé après le désastre de Diu de 1509, au service d'autres princes, jusqu'au Bengale et au Pégou – et des “Portugais”, ou réputé tels, dont la trace, une fois passés dans le monde d'en face, se perd le plus souvent. Si les activités de quelques-uns de ces aventuriers, revenant en terre chrétienne, étaient trop notoires pour qu'ils donnent le change, d'autres entouraient de fumée leur curriculum incontrôlable et rachetaient par une version édifiante un moment douteux de leur passé.

AbstractLa cour royale de Mathias Corvin (1443–1490 ; 1458–1490) et celle des rois Jagellons jouent jusqu’au XVe siècle, dans la vie intellectuelle du royaume de Hongrie, un rôle comparable à celui des cours royales en Europe occidentale. Mais l’occupation de la capitale (Buda) par les Turcs (1541) et l’absence de souverain « national » transforment profondément le rôle des familles aristocratiques pour ce qui concerne tant l’organisation de la vie culturelle que la vie de l’Église. Parallèlement, la Réforme protestante progresse au XVIe siècle en Hongrie et en Transylvanie, cette dernière devenue une principauté pratiquement indépendante. Les nouveaux acteurs autour desquels se développe dès lors la vie culturelle dans le pays sont les grands aristocrates et les cours qu’ils réunissent à leur entour : les Bánffy, Batthyány, Nádasdy, Perényi, Rákóczi, Esterházy et quelques autres. En Transylvanie, le rôle de la cour princière reste dominant, grâce à sa richesse relative par rapport aux cours seigneuriales. Si l’aristocratie de Hongrie et de Transylvanie se convertit très majoritairement à la Réforme au XVIe siècle, la politique des Habsbourg et les progrès de la Contre-Réforme entraînent un vaste mouvement de reconversion, mais en Hongrie seulement, au XVIIe siècle. À la fin du siècle, ces territoires sont pleinement réintégrés dans les territoires des Habsbourg : dès lors, la question de la modernité se déploie de plus en plus nettement, à laquelle se joint la nouvelle problématique de l’identité collective, puis nationale.

<br />INVESTIGATIONS DANS LA CORRESPONDANCE DE CORAY<br /><br />1. Lieux communs dans la correspondance de Coray du début du XIXe siècle et dans sa brochure intitulée Dialogue entre deux Grecs (1805).<br />On repère dans les deux textes des passages de contenu commun et aux termes presque identiques, qui se réfèrent à trois sujets : 1. les conséquences graves de la défaite militaire russe face aux armées de Napoléon sur la question politique de la Grèce, les Russes étant devenus ainsi incapables de mettre fin à l’Empire ottoman ; 2. l’opinion inébranlable de Coray, pour qui la Grèce asservie au joug des Turcs gagnerait sa liberté pacifiquement et, dans un avenir lointain, par les armes de l’éducation et de la culture ; 3. la nécessité de répartir la richesse matérielle et spirituelle des nations selon les principes de la justice sociale.<br /><br />2. «Metakenosis» : aspects linguistiques et interprétatifs.<br />On examine l’origine du terme «metakenosis», utilisé pour la première fois en 1811 par Coray dans sa correspondance, et on propose une interprétation fondée sur des données grammaticales ainsi que sur l’opinion courante que les lettres et les arts cultivés et développés en Europe avaient leur source dans l’Antiquité grecque. Dès lors, il fallait revenir de nouveau vers la Grèce moderne afin de contribuer à sa régénération culturelle.<br /><br />3. La correspondance de Coray avec Félix Malzac, médecin à Castres, pendant la Révolution française.<br />On a essayé d’identifier un certain Malzac, médecin à Castres, mentionné pour la première fois en 1795 comme correspondant de Coray, avec la personne de Félix Malzac, docteur en médecine de l’université de Montpellier où il avait probablement connu Coray pendant son séjour là-bas, et de révéler les raisons qui ont animé leur amitié.<br /><br /><br />EMM. N. FRANGHISKOS<br />

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-83).
Transients occur in human walking during a transition to, from, and between steady state walking and act as an impulse destabilizing an otherwise normal gait cycle. Turns and accelerated starts are all common transients encountered and managed intelligently by humans everyday. The population of elderly has increased and understanding balance control in healthy subjects will be more important. In addition, humanoid bipeds are rapidly becoming a more common part of our everyday life. Therefore, they must also be able to navigate our environments adroitly if they are to assist us in our daily living. This thesis takes biomechanical principals of angular momentum and applies them to healthy subjects in an effort to elucidate human balance control strategies. Each transient task is unique, and despite large segmental contributions to whole-body angular momentum during movement, the whole-body angular momentum remains tightly regulated. A analysis of segmental contributions to the principal components explaining more than 90% makes clear the balance control strategy used by healthy humans during these transients.
by Matthew Todd Farrell.
S.M.

L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi es posar les bases d’una proposta de materials didàctics complementaris sobre cultura, corresponents al nivell B2-C1 del MCER (2002), que afavoreixin el desenvolupament de la competència cultural de professionals i alumnes universitaris turcs que aprenen espanyol per moure’s en àmbits professionals. Per aquest motiu, es va dur a terme una investigació de metodologia mixta multiphase adoptant l’enfoc orientat a l’acció del MCER. A la primera fase de la investigació es va analitzar el component cultural a set manuals d’espanyol orientat al món laboral i dels negocis (nivells B2-C1) per detectar les necessitats de millora metodològica i de contingut relatives a l’ensenyança de la cultura. A la segona fase, van ser entrevistats professionals turcs i espanyols que es mouen per àmbits laborals turcs emprant l’espanyol. Com a resultat d’aquestes entrevistes, es va aconseguir identificar una sèrie d’esdeveniments comunicatius dels que són participants els professionals, les tasques que es realitzen i els continguts culturals necessaris per portar-les a terme. Per últim, es va realitzar un anàlisi de necessitats en alumnes universitaris turcs per identificar tasques pròpies del futur àmbit laboral. La investigació realitzada en tres fases va demostrar, en el seu conjunt, la necessitat de nous materials d’ensenyança i aprenentatge d’espanyol que es basen en els esdeveniments comunicatius que tenen terme als àmbits professionals turcs. Per aquesta raó, a l’última etapa de la tesi, es realitza una proposta d’activitats per contribuir al desenvolupament de la competència cultural basades en l’ús de l’espanyol als àmbits professionals turcs i en les relacions interpersonals entre espanyols, tenint en compte les necessitats d’alumnes universitaris turcs i les necessitats de millora dels manuals.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es sentar las bases de una propuesta de materiales didácticos complementarios sobre cultura, correspondientes al nivel B2-C1 del MCER (2002), que favorezcan el desarrollo de la competencia cultural de profesionales y alumnos universitarios turcos que aprenden español para desenvolverse en ámbitos profesionales. Por ello, se condujo una investigación de metodología mixta de multiphase adoptando el enfoque orientado a la acción del MCER. En la primera fase de la investigación se analizó el componente cultural en siete manuales de español orientado al mundo laboral y de los negocios (niveles B2-C1) para detectar las necesidades de mejora metodológica y de contenido relativas a la enseñanza de la cultura. En la segunda fase, fueron entrevistados profesionales turcos y españoles que se desenvuelven en ámbitos laborales turcos empleando el español. Como resultado de estas entrevistas, se consiguió identificar una serie de eventos comunicativos en los que son participantes los profesionales, las tareas que realizan en los mismos y los contenidos culturales necesarios para llevarlas a cabo. Por último, se realizó un análisis de necesidades en alumnos universitarios turcos para identificar tareas propias del futuro ámbito laboral. La investigación realizada en tres fases demostró, en su conjunto, la necesidad de nuevos materiales de enseñanza y aprendizaje de español que se basen en los eventos comunicativos que tienen lugar en los ámbitos profesionales turcos. Por esta razón, en la última etapa de la tesis, se realiza una propuesta de actividades para contribuir al desarrollo de la competencia cultural basadas en el uso del español en los ámbitos profesionales turcos y en las relaciones interpersonales entre los españoles, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades de alumnos universitarios turcos y las necesidades de mejora de los manuales.

La création artistique germano-turque débute officiellement avec la venue des premiers ouvriers turcs en Allemagne (le l'Ouest suite aux accords signés entre la Turquie et la R. F. A. Pour survivre à ces nouvelles conditions dans un pays étranger, certains ouvriers se sont réfugiés dans l'écriture et la peinture pour échapper à la dureté de leur réalité en diaspora. De quelle façon crée -t-on en diaspora ? C'est à la suite de différents traités, dont celui d'Ankara en 1963 que le recrutement allemand en main-d'ccuvre turque débute. Dès les années soixante, par l'écriture, le cinéma et la peinture les germano-turcs n'ont cessé d'exprimer leur vision personnelle de l'exil, du pays perdu, de la difficile adaptation à l'Allemagne, du sentiment aliénant de leur altérité. Les artistes germano-turcs de la seconde génération ont préféré une approche plus identitaire de leur oeuvre jusqu'à chercher à ne plus être perçus comme des artistes d'origine immigrée. Cependant, la scène artistique allemande était-elle prête à ce bouleversement et à cette confrontation qui remettait en cause certains fondements mêmes de la société allemande ? Ces artistes ont analysé ces changements des années du Mur à la réunification, répondant à leur manière à certains phénomènes inquiétants, comme la montée de la xénophobie née d''un très fort sentiment de frustration de la part des anciens allemands de l'Est qui s'estimaient floués. Les artistes germano-turcs ont apporté un second souffle -. La création nationale et internationale allemande, en contribuant à son rayonnement, même si à de nombreux égards, ce phénomène reste encore circonscrit à des milieux alternatifs. Ces artistes symbolisent néanmoins une nouvelle identité allemande et citoyenne, cosmopolite et soucieuse d'un enrichissement mutuel
Thé German 7-urkish artistic création offrcially starts ,rith thé seulement qf thé ffrsv irorkers in West German}', after commercial contracta ,rere signed behreen Turkey and Western Germany. Ta be able to bare their new conditions of living in a foreign connu), sonie ,rockers found confort through uritingt painting or lacer one making movies. /loir hegan thé nrrkish diaspora in Germany? w'hat are thé aspects of urlistic creation. ? offThé Treaty gPAnkara negociated in 1963. Reinforced thé German gouvernemental ambition to recruite turkish rockers. This treaty iciali_ed thé seulement of umkish ,rockers. In thé aiches, by ,rritingi making movies and painting, thé German-7brkish have not stopped expressing thé subjectivit}> of their own expérience: thé Peeling of exile. Thé ancestors country left behind, thé d fficulty to adapt ta Gerrmarry. Thé impression of aliénation due to their parucularity. At thé start German-Tarrkish art ,ras an art of revendication, but an évolution is to he nouced since thé artists of thé second génération concentrated themselves on their personnal identiry•. But chia art is not only an art of identiry, sonie of thé artists critici-e thé fact chat critiques and institutions considerate and classify, their art as immigrant art ,rock. But irere thé German artisuc institutions ready for such changes, chat had conseyuences on german sociery and gennan rnentalities? These artists have anal}sed thé progressiv metamorphosis of Germany during thé Wall years and after thé reunificalion, ans,rering in their oirn ,ray to an anguisihing phenanena, such as thé raising ofxenophobia. The Gerrnan Turkish artists have brought new birth to thé national institutions in Germany, giving although an other international image. Even though chia germent turkish creation is stil/ for a large aspect of if, an underground creation It'evertheless. Chia creation symbolises a rtew gernan identiry. Open to cultural exchange and avare of thé richness of such relation

A simulated inner-city training scenario was found to increase skills in the area of turning when compared with a simulated off-track training scenario. To answer this question, two groups of ten participants (5 women and 5 men) were tested using three scripted scenarios focusing on left and right turns. The first training scenario (control group) is an off-track training scenario, which consists of a large asphalt lot and the use of orange cones; the second training scenario (experimental group) is an inner-city training scenario without the presence of vehicular traffic; and the third scenario (test scenario) is an inner-city scenario with the presence of vehicular traffic. A subject matter expert, who is also a former driver and trainer, evaluated and scored all participants on four critical turns (2 left and 2 rights). The apparatus used for this study was the V-sim non-motion simulator from General Electric (GE). A 2 x 4 factorial analysis was utilized to examine conditional differences as well as gender differences. While there were no gender differences, the results for overall turns were significant, F(1, 16) = 7.14, p = .017, n[super2] = 3.09. The mean for the control group was (M = 20.50, SD = 9.59) with the experimental group at, (M = 31.10, SD = 7.26).
M.S.
Modeling and Simulation
Arts and Sciences
Modeling and Simulation

Automatic analysis of conversations is important for extracting high-level descriptions of meetings. In this work, as an alternative to linguistic approaches, we develop a novel, purely bottom-up representation, constructed from both audio and video signals that help us char- acterize and build a rich description of the content at multiple temporal scales. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in describing information about the communication and the nature of the conversation. We consider simple audio and video features to extract these changes in conversation. In order to detect these changes, we consider the evolution of the detected change, using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) at multiple temporal scales to build an audio-visual change scale-space. Peaks detected in this representation yields group turn based conversational changes at dierent temporal scales. We use the NIST Meeting Room corpus to test our approach. Four clips of eight minutes are extracted from this corpus at random, and the other ten are extracted after 90 seconds of the start of the entire video in the corpus. A single microphone and a single camera are used from the dataset. The group turns detected in this test gave an overall detection result, when compared with dierent thresholds with xed group turn scale range, of 82%, and a best result of 91% for a single video. Conversation overlaps, changes and their inferred models oer an intermediate-level de- scription of meeting videos that are useful in summarization and indexing of meetings. Since the proposed solutions are computationally e cient, require no training and use little domain knowledge, they can be easily added as a feature to other multimedia analysis techniques.

Aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en les dificultats que experimenten els alumnes turcs d'espanyol en l'adquisició i ús de l'article en espanyol en el nivell A1 de l'MECR (2002) i busca solucions per millorar aquest procés. En aquesta tesi es duen a terme tres investigacions diferents. En primer lloc, s'analitzen tres manuals d'ELE del nivell A1, d'ús freqüent a Turquia, per conèixer com es tracta aquesta categoria gramatical en aquests manuals i detectar si necessiten alguna millora en aquest aspecte. En segon lloc, es realitza una anàlisi d'errors d'alumnes turcs per conèixer els problemes que tenen per usar l'article en espanyol. L'anàlisi dels manuals ha demostrat que aquests manuals ofereixen menys referències sobre el contrast dels articles definit i indefinit i sobre l'omissió de l'article. D'altra banda, l'anàlisi d'errors dels alumnes turcs ha revelat que els alumnes turcs principalment tenen problemes amb l'omissió errònia de l'article definit i la compatibilitat de l'article definit amb alguns verbs. A partir d'aquestes dues investigacions, s'ha dissenyat una intervenció didàctica per fomentar l'ús de l'article de l'alumnat esmentat. Abans i després de la intervenció, s'ha mesurat el rendiment dels alumnes a través de dues proves idèntiques.
Esta tesis doctoral se centra en las dificultades que experimentan los alumnos turcos de español en la adquisición y uso del artículo en español en el nivel A1 del MCER (2002) y busca soluciones para mejorar este proceso. En esta tesis se llevan a cabo tres investigaciones diferentes. En primer lugar, se analizan tres manuales de ELE del nivel A1, de uso frecuente en Turquía, para conocer cómo se trata esta categoría gramatical en estos manuales y detectar si necesitan alguna mejora en este aspecto. En segundo lugar, se realiza un análisis de errores de alumnos turcos para conocer los problemas que tienen para usar el artículo en español. El análisis de los manuales ha demostrado que estos manuales ofrecen menos referencias sobre el contraste de los artículos definido e indefinido y sobre la omisión del artículo. Por otro lado, el análisis de errores de los alumnos turcos ha revelado que los alumnos turcos principalmente tienen problemas con la omisión errónea del artículo definido y la compatibilidad del artículo definido con algunos verbos. A partir de estas dos investigaciones, se ha diseñado una intervención didáctica para fomentar el uso del artículo del alumnado mencionado. Antes y después de la intervención, se ha medido el rendimiento de los alumnos a través de dos pruebas idénticas.
This doctoral thesis focuses on the difficulties experienced by Turkish students in the acquisition and use of the article in Spanish at level A1 of the CEFR (2002) and seeks solutions to improve this process. In this thesis three different investigations are carried out. In the first place, three ELE manuals of level A1, frequently used in Turkey, are analyzed to find out how this grammatical category is treated in these manuals and to detect if they need any improvement in this aspect. Second, an error analysis of Turkish students is carried out to find out the problems they have in using the article in Spanish. The analysis of the manuals has shown that these manuals offer fewer references on the contrast of the definite and indefinite articles and on the omission of the article. On the other hand, the error analysis of Turkish students has revealed that Turkish students mainly have problems with the erroneous omission of the definite article and the compatibility of the definite article with some verbs. Based on these two investigations, a didactic intervention has been designed to encourage the use of the article by the aforementioned students

Le zodiaque est connu depuis les poques archaïques mais ce sont les astronomes grecs de l'époque hellénistique qui en déterminèrent les formes d'après les personnages et les animaux inspirés de la mythologie. L'iconographie du zodiaque héritée par les astronomes arabo-persans aux VIIIe et IXe siècles s'inspire des traditions antiques mais en la renouvelant en partie. En effet, l'iconographie des constellations du zodiaque eut un codificateur, l'astronome Abd al-rahman al-sufi, alors au service du prince buyide Adud al-dawla qui rédigea le livre des étoiles fixes, mais il aurait indiqué à l'enlumineur l'iconographie de chacune d'entre elle comme le montre le plus ancien manuscrit conservé à Oxford. Cette dernière avait une vocation essentiellement didactique permettant de repérer les constellations dans le ciel, d'où un certain nombre de traits caractéristiques offerts par les figures dans toutes les copies et ce jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Un second type de zodiaque apparait dans les manuscrits à partir du XIIIe siècle, c'est le zodiaque astrologique. La vocation de ce dernier est radicalement différente. Le zodiaque astrologique est utilisé par les astrologues cette fois afin d'élaborer les thèmes de géniture mais on le trouve fréquemment représentés sur les métaux est anatoliens ou persans, datant de la fin du XIIe siècle. Ces divers objets offrent, comme les manuscrits à partir du XIVe siècle seulement, deux types d'iconographie : - celle montrant les signes conjugués aux planètes dans leur diverses formes d'association dont la plus fréquente reste la planète associée à son signe en domicile ; - la seconde très répandue à partir du XVe siècle dans les miniatures, offrent la particularité de montrer un zodiaque nouveau, épuré d'une certaine façon, dans lequel seuls certains signes sont parfaitement associés aux planètes alors que les autres, de façon variable sont représentés seuls ou accompagnés de la planète en domicile : ce sont les séries mixtes. Nous avons souligné le rôle principal d'un foyer d'où serait, selon nous, originaire une grande partie de l'iconographie astrologique arabo-persane : la cite d'Harran en Turquie orientale, ville dans laquelle les habitants pratiquèrent un culte astral jusqu'au IXe. Ce dernier survécut probablement jusqu'à la destruction de la ville par les mongols au XIIIe siècle, date à laquelle on voit apparaitre et se diffuser…
The zodiac has been known since ancient times but it was the Greek astronomers of the Hellenistic period who determined forms after the mythological figures and animals. The zodiac iconography inherited by the 8th and 9th century arabic-persian astronomers was largely inspired by ancient traditions. They subsequently updated it. Indeed, the iconography of the zodiac constellations had its codifier: the astronomer Abd al-rahman al-suff, then in the service of the buyid prince Adud al-dawla, who wrote “the book of the fixed stars”. The purpose of this iconography was mainly didactic, allowing constellations in the sky to be identified, hence a number of features characterizing the figures in all the copies made until the 19th century. A second type of zodiac appeared in the manuscripts starting in the 13th century: the astrological zodiac, which had a radically different purpose. The astrological zodiac was then used by astrologers to elaborate horoscopes but was often found in late 12th century east Anatolia or Persian metallic objects. Like the manuscripts as of the 14th century, these objects offer two types of iconography: - the first shows the signs conjugated with the planets in their various forms of associations, the most frequent being the planet associated to its house sign. - the second, frequently seen in miniatures starting in the 14th century, offers a new zodiac, purged so to speak, in which only some of the signs are perfectly associated to their planet: these are mixed series. We have underlined the major role of a focal point from which, we believe, a good part of the arabic-persian astrological zodiac may have originated: the city of Harran, in east turkey, whose inhabitants worshiped stars until the 9th century. The practice of the cult survived until the city was destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century. It was at this time that this so distinctive iconography of the planets and the zodiac started appearing and spreading. The zodiac is not restricted to the two areas of astronomy and astrology. It also extends to other forms, among which the pictorial and mystical conception of heavens symbolized by the bearers of the divine throne. It was also used to make talismans, just like the ancient Arabic moon zodiac…

AbstractThis chapter explores whether economic sanctions are able to trigger sudden economic growth collapses. The primarily aim of economic sanctions is to cause a political or behavioural change by imposing serious restrictions on important economic activities undertaken by the target country. In particular, the basic idea is that sanctions cause a large adverse and sudden shock to the target’s economy. It assumes that when this shock is severe enough, the target country is more willing to cooperate. The findings reported in this chapter clearly demonstrate that economic sanctions have a significant positive effect on the likelihood of a growth deceleration in the first three years after the first threat signals or actual imposition. It turns out that not all sanctions are equally successful in creating a sudden economic shock. In particular, trade sanctions, multilateral sanctions, and sanctions aimed at the business sector are the most harmful for the economy of the target country.

This chapter turns to configurations of athleticism, child bodies, and the instrumental uses of sport as a form of soft power. We work with memory stories of children selected to become elite athletes within the diverse geopolitical timespaces of the Cold War in East Germany, Romania, and Hungary. We follow trajectories of selection, training, and injury as we trace formations of sporting subjectivities as discursive, affective, relational, and material. In close readings of each of the stories, we consider desire and longing for sporting success, the investments of state institutions and individuals in producing elite sporting bodies, and how we might think the body through ever-present risk and intimations of freedom. In our analysis, we introduce theoretical resources on risk, memory, and the carnal body to help us to think differently about the memories and processes of collective biography as a methodology.

Alla turca, percussion instruments of a symphony orchestra and the Romanian Principalities are, at first glance, a strange and inappropriate combination of words. Yet, if one goes deeper into the subject, one may easily find a silver thread running through them all, which facilitates the understanding of these combinations of words and especially the reason for their combination. In this case, the culture of mobility is extremely visible and interesting. Alla turca was a cultural phenomenon specific to Western Europe since the 17th century, which was due to the interest shown by Europeans in the oriental culture gradually brought to Europe by the Ottomans. The increasingly powerful Ottoman Empire, its incursions towards the West and frequent military, diplomatic and cultural contacts piqued the Europeans’ interest in the exoticism of the new world with which they came in contact, music being one of the main areas of influence. This is due to Ottoman military music (mehterhane), consisting mainly of percussion musical instruments, which produced extremely loud music accompanying the Ottoman armies on the battlefield and supporting the efforts of the soldiers through its marches. At the same time, the effect of this music on their opponents was the complete opposite, as they were not used to such sonorities and were easily intimidated by it. The effectiveness of Ottoman military music proven on the battlefield and its physical appearance impressed the European monarchs who tried to imitate it in various forms and by various methods and implement it both in their armies and in their ceremonial music, as a symbol of political power, since the mehterhane was also a powerful political symbol in the Ottoman Empire. Starting from here, various European composers, the most important being Mozart, were also influenced by the exotic features of this music and by its novelty and used it in their own creations, at first playing it using Western musical instruments and then gradually adopting in the orchestra instruments specific to mehterhane, the so-called “Turkish drums”, thus developing the symphony orchestra to the form in which it is present today. As far as the Romanian Principalities are concerned, their connection with the elements mentioned above consists precisely in the fact that their geo-political location allowed the contact between the West and the East and the occurrence of alla turca influences, since the mehterhane had been present in the Romanian Principalities since the 15th century and foreign Western travellers crossing these regions listened to it and described it in their memoirs, making it known to the West, its most important promoter being Franz Joseph Sulzer.

The article clarifies aspects of the relationship between aesthetics and art history. The specific features of the modern artistic and aesthetic picture of the world, the influence on them of cognitive turns in the humanitarian knowledge are determined. The study comprehends educational tasks in the process of teaching the courses “History of Art” and “Aesthetics” to students of a music university.

Felipe II não permitiu que se escrevesse sobre seu reinado enquanto ainda vivia, mas favorecia a escrita da História Medieval dos Reinos Ibéricos por parte de seus cronistas, reforçando o tema da Reconquista que, segundo Kagan era sua forma de valorizar a vitória em Lepanto, barrando o avanço muçulmano turco em direção à Europa. A postura de evitar a memória escrita de suas glórias presentes ao mesmo tempo reforçava a imagem de modéstia do rei, mas dava espaço para a ‘Legenda Negra’, alimentada pelas críticas internas de seus adversários políticos e o discurso externo dos protestantes. Poucos anos após a morte do monarca, nos princípios do século XVII, os historiadores passaram a dissipar essa imagem negativa e a escrever sobre seus feitos, sobretudo como exemplo aos seus sucessores.

In this article, the military terms used in the work "Qisasi Rabguzi" by Nasiruddin Rabguzi, who lived in the end of the 13th century -the first half of the 14th century, are divided into thematic groups and analyzed. The military terms are analyzed in comparison with the vocabulary of the sources of the ancient Turkic language and the vocabulary ofmonuments created during the Karakhanids. Also, in the article, active usage of the system of militaryterms explained by the role of military activities in the life ofBlue Turks. We know from history that the ancient Turkic tribes and clans often directly participated in military actions, military work has a universal character for the Blue Turks, as in many nations. Moreover, training wasconsidered mandatory for every citizen, as a result of which a system of terms representing concepts related to military construction, military work and military art was created and actively used in the ancient Turkish language.

The lyrical works of Czech composers from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century are very little known, and not just to Romanian musicians. Even when it comes to composers who have gained notoriety, such as Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák or Leoš Janáček, without consulting a dictionary, we cannot name more than one of their titles: Smetana’s Prodaná nevěsta, Dvořák’s Rusalka and Janáček’s Jenůfa, even though each of them wrote countless other works dedicated to the opera. When we think of composers like Zdeněk Fibich and Otakar Ostrčil, obscurity is almost total. Beyond the fact that this study attempts to make a contribution to the knowledge in this field, other objectives include analyzing the compositional language that two composers embraced in homonymous operas and observing the manner in which they related to the mythology of their people. One of the major characters of the Czech national mythology is called Šárka, a title that both Leoš Janáček and Zdeněk Fibich have attributed to one of their operas. In studying the action of the two stage works, this research also turns to the Czech writers of that period and the manner in which they reflected the fundamental Czech myths in their literary works. Details related to the time of appearance of the operas and, in the case of Zdeněk Fibich, brief but welcome information on his biography and creation are also presented. The original contribution of this study consists in analyzing the overtures of the two homonymous operas in terms of compositional techniques, elements of construction and musical expression and, last but not least, observing the similarities and differences of vision between the two creators.

In Dutch East India, photographic documentation for antiquities was as up-to-date as in Europe that was developed in the last half of the 19th century. Photography became a tool for archaeological surveys which resulted in thousands of enormous resources. In this paper, the historical background regarding how these old photographs were collected and how the material circulated within archaeological activities will be elaborated. The timeline studied is limited to pre-independence Indonesia with the subject mostly focused on Hindu-Buddhist remains. The method used is literature review of both relevant new publications as well as significant old publications. Its turns out that photographic surveys of archaeology in Indonesia during the colonial period developed from early archaeological activities into systematic institutional programs. The qualities of photography were appreciated in miscellaneous application and offered substantial benefits. Photography became a documentation medium, publication complementary, archive, and object representation and substitution. This historical background of photography in the context of Indonesian archaeology marks the significant value of these photographs so that it can be the foundation of preservation for the future. Di Hindia Belanda, dokumentasi fotografis pada tinggalan purbakala sangat mutakhir sebagaimana di Eropa yang dikembangkan sejak paruh terakhir abad ke-19 M. Fotografi menjadi perangkat untuk survei arkeologi yang menghasilkan ribuan sumber daya. Dalam tulisan ini, latar belakang sejarah terkait pengumpulan foto lama tersebut serta penggunaannya dalam berbagai aktifitas arkeologi akan dijabarkan. Lini masa yang dikaji dibatasi pada Indonesia pra-kemerdekaan dengan subjek yang berfokus pada tinggalan Hindu-Buddhis. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka, baik terbitan terbaru yang relevan maupun terbitan lama yang penting. Ternyata survei fotografi pada arkeologi Indonesia selama periode kolonial berkembang sejak aktifitas arkeologis yang masih dini hingga menjadi program institusi yang sistematis. Kualitas fotografi juga diapresiasi dalam beragam penerapan serta menawarkan manfaat yang substansial, Fotografi menjadi media dokumentasi, pelengkap publikasi, arsip, serta representasi dan substitusi objek. Latar belakang sejarah fotografi dalam konteks arkeologi Indonesia semacam ini menjadikan nilai penting dari foto-foto tersebut sehingga dapat dijadikan fondasi dalam pelestarian untuk masa depan.

In order to solve the flight instability of Explosively Formed Projectile caused by irregular fins, different design schemes are carried out to test the forming performance of EFPs with fins. Grid target and laser high speed photography were used to capture the forming characteristics of EFP in experiment. Both liners with the structure of two combined arcs and the liner with the structure of combined arc and cone could form EFPs with fins. But the EFPs were with irregular fins and were accomplished with big angles of attack and a necking tendency. With a bigger tail, the liner with structure of two combined arcs is much better than the structure of combined arc and cone in the view of flight stability. Then a new method- grooving on the liner is put forward to obtain EFPs with regular fins. Typical grooving parameters such as grooving position and shape are chosen to obtain an optimal EFP with fins. It turns out that by grooving on the liner, it is feasible to acquire a rodshape EFP with regular fins which could meet the design requirements.

Abstract In this paper, we present a generalized, holistic method for automated robotic arm handling of manufactured components in an industrial setting using computer vision. In particular, we address scenarios in which a high volume of manufactured parts are moving along a conveyor belt at random locations and orientations with multiple robotic arms available for manipulation. We also present specific, tested solutions to all stages of the framework as well as some alternative methods based on the literature review. The framework consists of three stages: (1) visual data capture, (2) data interpretation, and (3) command generation and output to robotic arms. In the visual data capture stage, a multi-component computer vision system takes in a live camera feed and exports it to an external processor. In the data interpretation stage, this video feed is interpreted using tools like 3D point clouds and object detection/tracking models to provide useful information such as object number, location, velocity, and orientation. Lastly, the command generation and output to the robotic arms stage takes the information acquired from the analysis in the data interpretation stage and turns it into instructions for robot control. While a full-scale, cohesive system has yet to be tested, our solutions to each stage show the feasibility of implementing such a system in an industrial setting.

Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.

Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3

Featuring 27 pieces from the art collections of the IDB and the Organization of American States, it is one of several smaller exhibits on Latin American art from the second half of the 20th century, and forms part of an ambitious project, ¿About Change,¿ organized by the World Bank Art Program, in association with the IDB Cultural Center and other institutions. The main exhibition, which will open in 2011, focuses on the arts produced in Latin America and the Caribbean during the last decade through the works of artists 35 years of age or younger, exploring the changes that have resulted from economic globalization and information technology. This new IDB exhibition is designed to help create a context against which the changes observed over the last ten years can be gauged.