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1
G. Robison, Stephen. "Legality of Non-kinetic ASAT Weapons: A US Perspective on How Technology Outpaces Law." Air and Space Law 47, Issue 4/5 (2022): 491–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2022026.
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Satellite vulnerability increases with every technological development. While these advancements are extraordinary, they also threaten the global economy through Anti-Satellite (ASAT) weapons. Many articles have been presented to show that a kinetic ASAT weapon is illegal under the current international law, but the analysis used fails to capture all ASAT weapons. The ambiguity and vagueness of the current laws and regulations in the Outer Space Treaty, the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and Customary International Law (CIL) all fail to adequately safeguard satellites against non-kinetic ASAT weapons. These particular weapons continue to go unaccounted for as the global community concentrates on kinetic ASAT weapons. While it is important to discuss kinetic weapons, we cannot forget to develop laws regarding non-kinetic weapons. Accordingly, this article will demonstrate that under current law the deployment of a non-kinetic ASAT weapon would be legal. Moreover, this article will demonstrate how current technology outpaced international law. Overall, this article aims to uphold the principles set forth in 1967, by the Outer Space Treaty (OST), exemplifying humanity’s ultimate opportunity for international collaboration. SEOs, Anti-Satellite Weapons, Space Law, International Relations, Global Economy, Cybersecurity
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Daud, Mohammad Rifki, and Amanda Adelina Harun. "International Legal Regulations Concerning Launching of Russian Anti-Satellite Weapon Missiles Reviewed in Space Law Perspective." Estudiante Law Journal 4, no. 2 (2022): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33756/eslaj.v4i2.15943.
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The development of weapons technology is currently very advanced and competitive, one of which is the Anti-Satellite weapon (ASAT) technology. ASAT has become a real threat to the sustainability of the space environment, this is because ASAT has the potential to damage international peace and security, trigger an arms race, and increase the amount of space debris orbiting the earth. The absence of regulations that specifically regulate ASAT makes countries feel free to conduct anti-satellite missile test launches. For example, in 2021 Russia conducted an ASAT test targeting the Cosmos-1408 satellite. Using normative juridical research and research approaches with statute approach, case approach, and analytical approach, the author wants to study and analyze international legal arrangements regarding the launch of Anti-Satellite Weapon (ASAT) missiles and the legal consequences against Russia as the country that launches Anti-Satellite Weapon (ASAT) missiles. Based on the results of the study, the researchers found that there were no regulations specifically limiting ASAT, but the regulation in question should have been contained in the Outer Space Treaty 1967 as the basis for regulating all activities related to space, then further legal consequences against Russia for launching anti-missile missiles. -satellite, namely Russia is obliged to be responsible in terms of responsibility and liability in terms of liability and is strengthened by the principle of liability based on fault as stated in the Liability Convention 1972.
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Scheiber, Max A. "Kim Jong United: How a Future North Korean ASAT Threat Makes Strange International Bedfellows and Novel Opportunity." Journal of Advanced Military Studies 15, no. 1 (2024): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20231501006.
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While North Korea does not have a formal direct ascent antisatellite (DA-ASAT) weapon, its missile technology provides some baseline technology to make one, and a DA-ASAT program furthers the ruling Kim Jong Un regime’s strategic goals. Thus, the United States should prepare for this threat now. This article argues that North Korean DA-ASAT weapon is a unique political-military challenge, in that China and Russia—traditional North Korean allies but major space-faring nations—are also threatened by this weapon because of the indiscriminate space debris it creates. This creates aligned interests between the United States, China, and Russia to stop a North Korean DA-ASAT program, and as this article asserts, the best way to do that is to cooperate in slowly advancing the North Korean space program with nonthreatening technology in return for the country abandoning DA-ASAT research.
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Ghanem, M., O. Abdelsalam, S. Guirgis, and M. Aboel Khair. "Solution of Heat Transfer Problem for Thick Walled Automatic Weapon Barrel Subjected to Continuous Firing." International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology 17, AEROSPACE SCIENCES (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asat.2017.22770.
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Claudya, Ribqha, and Irawati Handayani. "The Challenges of Environmental Protection in Outer Space Following Russia’s Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Weapon Test Activities." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 13, no. 2 (2024): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v13i2.83749.
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<p><em>One of the effects of space activities is the creation of space debris that can endanger either the space environment or the Earth’s environment. In response to concerns regarding a swift escalation in space debris, Russia tested its Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Weapon by deploying the PL-19 Nudol missile against its satellite, Cosmos 1408, generating space debris. This situation certainly raises the question of how to protect the environment in space and whether international environmental law that provides a legal framework for protection in the world can also be applied in outer space. This article offers a new perspective on implementing international law to protect the space environment. This study adopts normative juridical research methods by utilizing a statute and case approach to analyze the research. The analysis showed that space debris generated from ASAT Weapon testing activities by Russia is regarded as harmful contamination under Article IX of OST under the interpretation of the term through the method of interpretation regulated in the 1969 VCLT because these activities produce long-lived space debris. Further, Russia violated the principles of environmental protection in space by failing to fulfill the obligations contained in these principles, such as taking precautionary measures and international consultations before carrying out such test activities.</em></p>
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Stojchevska, Stefani. "The United Nations’ Reso Lution 2325 “Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction” and Its Role in Preventing Terrestrial-Based WMD Utilization Toward Orbiting Space Objects." SEEU Review 15, no. 2 (2020): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2020-0022.
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Abstract The 2016 United Nations’ Resolution 2325 “Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction” manifests one of the greatest challenges for humankind in relation to preventing a global catastrophe, where it reaffirms that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as their means of delivery, constitutes a threat to international peace and security. However, regarding the continuous technological developments of terrestrial-based WMD aimed at orbiting space objects in near-Earth orbit, it is crucial to analyze whether, and if so, how 2325 prevents their proliferation and utilization. Another relevant argument addresses the terminological factuality that, while treaty and customary law do provide some guidance on the legality of weaponization, the concept of a “space weapon” is still not clearly defined. Moreover, even though the Outer Space Treaty prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons and WMD in near-Earth orbit, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or to otherwise station them in outer space, it simultaneously excludes terrestrial-based anti-satellite weapons, thus creating a legal loophole. National representatives of superpowers, particularly of space-faring nations, are aware of the existing issue and often express their concerns toward comprehensive ASAT development and utilization. Nevertheless, the potential weaponization of outer space will not be actively recognized and accepted as an official occurrence within the international community until our current space systems are eventually utilized in order to destroy or damage another State’s space object.
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Harahap, Cyril Noor Mohammad. "Aplikasi Teori Offensive Realism Dalam Menjelaskan China Yang Memperkuat Kekuatan Ruang Angkasa Tahun 2021." Jurnal Impresi Indonesia 4, no. 6 (2025): 2033–43. https://doi.org/10.58344/jii.v4i6.6670.
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This study explains that space has become a new domain in the struggle for influence of countries in international relations. Countries have the goal of securing their interests in space for political, economic and military purposes. China is one of the countries that has political interests such as space exploration by launching the first human mission in space in 2003. In its development, China created an exploration program by developing space-based military technology such as the Anti-Satellite (ASAT) counterspace weapon which was launched in 2007. China also formed the PLA Strategic Support Forces space force for the purpose of operating space control. Military policy was never clearly stated in China's space white paper in 2006 and 2011 because their goal was only for peaceful exploration. In 2016 and 2021, the statements in the space white paper had significantly different goals and explicitly led to military activities, namely to form a space force. Based on the explanation above, this study raises the question: Why is China Strengthening Space Power in 2021? The analysis of this study uses the Offensive Realism theory. This study uses a qualitative research method. Data collection techniques are sourced from secondary data sources obtained from journals, books, official documents, official statements and reports.
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Beardsley, Tim. "ASAT: US weapons test criticized." Nature 317, no. 6034 (1985): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317194a0.
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Stares, Paul B. "ASAT Weapons: Why Restraint Makes Sense." Brookings Review 5, no. 4 (1987): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20079993.
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Czajkowski, Marek. "Anti-Satellite Weapons – Current Status." Roczniki Nauk Społecznych 52, no. 4 (2024): 183–201. https://doi.org/10.18290/rns2024.0043.
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This article is a follow-on to the text this author published in 2021, which contained his view on the state of and prospects for anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons. It aims to review previous findings and predictions, update information on emerging ASAT weapons systems, and provide new strategic assessment relating to the possible development of anti-satellite weapons. The main hypothesis is that anti-satellite weapons are impractical, so the main space powers will most probably not pursue deploying strategically significant quantities of these weapons. The methodology applied in this research rests on qualitative analysis, which will be performed through discourse analysis and content analysis.
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Gedulyanov, Marat T., and Elena V. Kiyaeva. "Trace elements content in the hair of patients at the maxillofacial surgery department." RUDN Journal of Medicine 26, no. 1 (2022): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-1-42-50.
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Relevance. The urgency of the problem of traumatism is constantly increasing, which is associated with an increase in road accidents, an increase in the number of interpersonal conflicts, the availability of firearms and cold steel weapon, etc. In addition, the proportion of victims with injuries of the maxillofacial region in a state of alcoholic intoxication is constantly growing. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of trace elements in hospitalized patients with maxillofacial trauma, intoxicated, acute traumatic stress and the study of the effect of trauma on the balance of trace elements in patients of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery with various alcohol history. Materials and Methods. The study involved 30 male patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery of the Moscow city clinical F.I. Inozemtseva hospital located in the city of Moscow. All patients were joined to the department for trauma of the maxillofacial tract and were divided into two groups: 15 of them regularly took alcohol and were in a state of alcoholic intoxication at the time of injury (group 1), 15 - without alcohol history (comparison group 2). All patients carried a general clinical blood test, a biochemical blood test, and the content of essential and conditionally essential elements in the hair were also determined. Results and Discussion. As a result, significant differences were revealed in the content of micro elements between the groups of patients: the content of copper (p = 0.013) and zinc (p = 0.000) in the hair examined of the first group was 1.4 lower than in the comparison group 2. The manganese content (p = 0.05), on the contrary, was also increased by 1.4 times in the hair of group 1 patients. Besides, leukocytosis was detected in the blood in patients with a history of alcohol and an increase in AST levels. Conclusion. The study showed an increase in the content of manganese and a decrease in the content of selenium, zinc and copper in the hair of patients with an alcoholic history. Diselementosis was accompanied by a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, as well as leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Such an imbalance of chemical elements, together with a changes of peripheral blood and an increase in the activity of ASaT, can be reflected on the period the timing and peculiarities of the course of the reparative process.
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Gedulyanov, Marat T., and Elena V. Kiyaeva. "Trace elements content in the hair of patients at the maxillofacial surgery department." RUDN Journal of Medicine 26, no. 1 (2022): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-1-41-49.
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Relevance. The urgency of the problem of traumatism is constantly increasing, which is associated with an increase in road accidents, an increase in the number of interpersonal conflicts, the availability of firearms and cold steel weapon, etc. In addition, the proportion of victims with injuries of the maxillofacial region in a state of alcoholic intoxication is constantly growing. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of trace elements in hospitalized patients with maxillofacial trauma, intoxicated, acute traumatic stress and the study of the effect of trauma on the balance of trace elements in patients of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery with various alcohol history. Materials and Methods. The study involved 30 male patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery of the Moscow city clinical F.I. Inozemtseva hospital located in the city of Moscow. All patients were joined to the department for trauma of the maxillofacial tract and were divided into two groups: 15 of them regularly took alcohol and were in a state of alcoholic intoxication at the time of injury (group 1), 15 - without alcohol history (comparison group 2). All patients carried a general clinical blood test, a biochemical blood test, and the content of essential and conditionally essential elements in the hair were also determined. Results and Discussion. As a result, significant differences were revealed in the content of micro elements between the groups of patients: the content of copper (p = 0.013) and zinc (p = 0.000) in the hair examined of the first group was 1.4 lower than in the comparison group 2. The manganese content (p = 0.05), on the contrary, was also increased by 1.4 times in the hair of group 1 patients. Besides, leukocytosis was detected in the blood in patients with a history of alcohol and an increase in AST levels. Conclusion. The study showed an increase in the content of manganese and a decrease in the content of selenium, zinc and copper in the hair of patients with an alcoholic history. Diselementosis was accompanied by a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, as well as leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Such an imbalance of chemical elements, together with a changes of peripheral blood and an increase in the activity of ASaT, can be reflected on the period the timing and peculiarities of the course of the reparative process.
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Sparks, Matthew. "ASAT Weapons and Their Compliance With IHL and Environmental Law." Air and Space Law 49, Issue 6 (2024): 585–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2024039.
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This article examines the use and testing of anti-satellite (ASAT) missiles as a potential environmental war crime under international humanitarian law (IHL). Such weapons’ production of large quantities of difficult-to-track, hypervelocity orbital debris makes them a serious and long-lasting threat to the productive human use of space.While jurisprudence on environmental war crimes is sparse, there is potentially relevant law that has, thus far, avoided scholarly examination. The 1976 Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD), while not intended to deal with ASAT weapons, contains language specifically inclusive of space activities. This paper makes the novel argument that Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constitutes a part of the ‘environment’ as delineated in ENMOD, and that ENMOD’s particular language renders the use of ASAT weapons to destroy on-orbit objects a per se violation of international law, in wartime and peacetime alike.
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Sönnichsen, Arne, and Daniel Lambach. "A Developing Arms Race in Outer Space? De-Constructing the Dynamics in the Field of Anti-Satellite Weapons." Sicherheit & Frieden 38, no. 1 (2020): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2020-1-5.
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Fears about the militarization of space are widespread. For example, the recent development of Anti-Satellite (ASAT) capabilities by rising powers like China and India is often described as a technologically driven arms race. This article takes a social constructivist approach to deconstruct the dynamics of this supposed arms race. Using a case study of Mission Shakti, the 2019 Indian ASAT test, the conclusion is that the ASAT arms race is more complex than it seems at first glance. Most importantly, states seem less motivated by security gains but frequently make status-seeking arguments. This offers possibilities for de-securitizing outer space again.
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Žilinskas, Justinas, and Tomas Marozas. "Weapons Reviews for ASATs: Assessing Distinction, Proportionality, and Effects on the Natural Environment of Space." Air and Space Law 47, Issue 2 (2022): 209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2022012.
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Kinetic anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons are increasingly being developed and tested in the twentyfirst century. A Chinese ground-to-space missile test in 2007 hastened a new form of ‘space race’ involving other superpowers kinetically destroying their own satellites: in 2008, the USA; in 2019, India; and in 2021, Russia. These tests created large amounts of space debris. Some of this is still orbiting the Earth, some has already collided with other satellites, and some will probably do so in the future. International humanitarian law (IHL) imposes obligations on states to consider whether using newly developed, acquired, or adopted weapons is (or would be) consistent with IHL. This article evaluates whether ASAT tests conducted in peacetime are legitimate in terms of IHL peacetime obligations, and whether kinetic attacks on satellites during armed conflict would also conform with IHL obligations, especially the preservation of the natural environment.
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Gheorghe, Adrian V., and Dan V. Vamanu. "Risk and vulnerability games. The anti-satellite weaponry (ASAT)." International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 3, no. 3/4 (2007): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcis.2007.014120.
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Petrova, Irina. "Overview of the evolution process of the Soviet and American ASAT weapons in the second half of the XX century." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 5 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760028395-1.
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Russia and the United States have a long history of military-technical rivalry that began after World War II in Soviet-American relations and continues up to this day. This rivalry has been a momentum for the development of many types of military equipment and weapons, including, since the beginning of the space age, anti-satellite weapons. The article provides a detailed analysis of the emergence and development of anti-satellite warfare, their categories and variety of types, as well as technologies applicable in the creation of anti-satellite weapons. In addition, the article traces the relationship between the technologies for creating anti-missile defense and anti-satellite weapons, and also shows the influence on its implementation of both the domestic political course of each of the superpowers and the Soviet-American negotiations on arms control.
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Strobeyko, Adam. "Space for Change: The ASAT Tests in Outer Space in Light of the UN Liability Convention." Polish Review of International and European Law 8, no. 1 (2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2019.8.1.04.
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As space exploration is gathering pace, special care must be attributed to preserving outer space as a shared environment that can be explored freely by humankind. Currently, there exists no comprehensive legal framework regulating the use of conventional weapons in outer space. This has been made evident by repeated tests of anti-satellite weapons (ASATs) which took place in the XXI century and produced massive amounts of debris, possibly interfering with the rights of other states to explore space freely. This article examines the rules provided by the UN Liability Convention and their application to ASAT tests in outer space. The author reviews academic suggestions in the field and concludes that a multilateral and comprehensive legal framework needs to be established in order to guarantee unrestrained exploration of space.
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Aboelkhair, M., and H. Yakout. "Effect of Projectile Shape on the Power of Fire in Personal Defense Hand-Held Weapons." International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology 15, AEROSPACE SCIENCES (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asat.2018.22125.
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Fajarika Ramadania, Haris Supratno, Setya Yuwana, Suhartono, Darni, and Udjang Pairin. "Revitalization of the Novel of the Fire Smoke Cloud By Korrie Layun Rampan (Antropolinguistic Study)." Lakhomi Journal Scientific Journal of Culture 2, no. 3 (2021): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/lakhomi.v2i3.503.
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The revitalization of Api Awan Asap Novel by Korrie Layun Rampan (Anthropology Study), This study aims to (1) describe language, (2) describe technological systems, (3) describe livelihoods, (4) describe arts, and (5) describe systems religion in the novel Api Cloud Asap by Korrie Layun Rampan. The method in this study uses a descriptive analysis method and an anthropological approach that includes aspects of literary anthropology. The data source in this study is the novel Api Awan Asap by Korrie Layun Rampan. The collection technique in this research is text observation technique and interpretive descriptive technique. The results of this study can be concluded as follows: (1) the language system contained in the Api Awan Asap novel, namely the Dayak Benuaq language and English, (2) the technological system described in the Api Awan Asap novel such as: lou, bivouac, ulin, ketinting , sharp weapons, ulap, ulap doyo, jewelry, (3) the livelihood system described in the novel Api Awan Asap, such as gardening, hunting, berhuma, cutting down forests, and businessmen, (4) the arts described in the novel Api Awan Asap, namely musical instruments, sculpting, weaving, dancing, singing, and weaving, (5) the religious system described in the novel Api Awan Asap, namely the application ceremony, wedding ceremony, magic, legend, and customary law ceremonies.
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Syarifatul Fadhilah, Amanda Fathona Fadhila, Universitas Bengkulu, Ema Septaria, and M. Ilham Adepio. "Pelanggaran Asas Good Faith terhadap Perjanjian Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Oleh Korea Utara." Majelis: Jurnal Hukum Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2025): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.62383/majelis.v2i2.634.
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This research examines North Korea's violation of the principle of good faith under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and its legal consequences. The main issue addressed in this study is North Korea’s breach of the good faith principle within the framework of the NPT, which raises legal implications regarding its status and obligations as a party to the treaty. Although North Korea was formally bound by the NPT, it secretly developed a nuclear weapons program, demonstrating non-compliance with the fundamental principle of international treaty implementation. This issue was further exacerbated by its refusal to allow inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its unilateral withdrawal from the NPT, which has sparked debate over the legitimacy and legality of such action.Using a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes North Korea’s clandestine development of nuclear weapons while still a member of the NPT, as well as the validity of its withdrawal from the treaty. The findings show that North Korea violated the principle of good faith through its secret nuclear program, refusal of IAEA inspections, and withdrawal that did not meet the requirements of Article X of the NPT. The withdrawal may be deemed invalid as it was conducted in bad faith and without fulfilling the treaty's formal provisions. The legal consequences include the continued applicability of obligations under the NPT and state responsibility for breaches of international law. Ideal forms of accountability include the cessation of the nuclear program, payment of reparations, guarantees of non-repetition, and renewed compliance with NPT provisions through verifiable denuclearization.
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Maryani, E. "Food security for drought disaster adaptation in Cireundeu Traditional Village." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 986, no. 1 (2022): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012058.
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Abstract Food security has always been a crucial issue throughout the ages. Therefore, food security is a target that must be completed by 2030 in the sustainable development program launched by the United Nations. Kampung Cireundeu people have a habit on consuming cassava as a staple food, and it received an award for an independent food village in 2007. The purpose of the study is to determine the geographical factors that influence the people of Kampung Cireundeu to use cassava as food. The data collection method used were interviews, literature study, and documentation. The data analysed and described qualitatively. The results showed that this area had experienced drought almost every year. It also had undulating topography. This condition was not suitable for planting rice, except cassava. This finally prompted the people in Kampung Cireudeu to eat cassava rice, known as rasi. They also had several principles as their belief in consuming rasi. One of them was “Teu Nyawah Asal Boga Pare, Teu Boga Pare Asal Boga Beas, Teu Boga Beas Asal Bisa Nyangu, Teu Nyangu Asal Dahar, Teu Dahar Asal Kuat” (Don’t cultivate rice fields as long as you have paddy. It is ok to not have paddy, as long as you have rice. It is ok to not have rice, as long as you can cook. Do not cook as long as you can eat. Then, do not eat as long as you are strong). Unfortunately, their tradition in consuming cassava began to weaken. It was because the increase of accessibility and higher mobility of the younger generation.
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Becerra, Gastón, and María Cristina Paganoni. "INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM “COMMUNICATION IN THE AGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES”." Journal of International Legal Communication 9, no. 2 (2023): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32612/uw.27201643.2023.9.pp.99-101.
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The International Colloquium “Communication in the Age of Technological Challenges” brought together scholars from Europe and the Americas in Buenos Aires on May 9th, 2023, in a blended format. The event aimed to facilitate interdisciplinary discussions on the influence of technology on communication within academic fields. With a focus on epistemological, anthropological, and ethical challenges, experts in the fields of sociology, linguistics, media studies, and law explored the implications of technological innovations like big data, machine learning, and AI. The colloquium was jointly hosted by the Universidad de Flores in Argentina and the University of Warsaw in Poland. The program featured two panel discussions and a keynote speech. The first panel examined technological challenges from an international legal perspective, covering topics such as human rights, aviation communication testing, and international law’s response to ASAT weapons. The keynote speech by Dr. Maria Cristina Paganoni delved into the discursive aspects of big data. The second panel focused on technological challenges in social sciences, including sociology of law, media studies, and higher education. Presentations in Spanish, English, and Portuguese showcased research on topics such as AI algorithms in legal decisions, technology integration in teaching practices, online echo chambers, and the societal impact of technological innovations. The colloquium provided a platform for interdisciplinary collaboration, enabling scholars to identify common concerns and emphasizing the significance of interdisciplinary approaches to address technology-related challenges.
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MARSHALL, E. "Working Solar Monitor Shot Down by ASAT: The "dead" target of a space weapons test conducted by the Air Force was alive for the scientists who used it." Science 230, no. 4721 (1985): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4721.44.
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MORRISON, D. C. "Year of Decision for ASAT Program: Congress is likely to maintain a ban on antisatellite tests; the Air Force is pushing new technology, including weapons being developed by SDI." Science 236, no. 4808 (1987): 1512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4808.1512.
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Musthofa, Imron, I. Nyoman Gede Wardana, and Denny Widhiyanuriyawan. "Peran Senyawa Asam Fulvat dari Air Gambut terhadap Produktivitas Gas Hidrogen dengan Metode Elektrolisis." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 12, no. 3 (2021): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2021.012.03.11.
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Wetlands water is water formed from the breakdown of organic substances found in peatlands. In general, wetlands water has acidic properties (pH<7), besides that the constituent compounds are humic substances, which consist of humic acid, fulvic acid and humin. Of the three acids that can react with air, namely fulvic acid, because this acid can react with all conditions, whether acidic, neutral or alkaline. Meanwhile, humic acid can only react with air in alkaline conditions. So, this research discusses the role of fulvic acid in H2O bonds to produce hydrogen by electrolysis. In the structure of fulvic acid which has an aromatic ring, where the aromatic ring can produce a magnetic field, so that the aromatic ring on the fulvic acid can resonate. The resonance reaction of deep fulvic acid can induce and weaken the H2O bond by attracting oxygen atoms in the H2O bond, because atoms have paramagnetic properties where these atoms can be weakly attracted by magnets, so that the H2O bonds become weak and can be easily reduced to hydrogen gas. fulvic acid, there are several other compounds contained in peat water and also help in the attenuation of H2O, namely K, Ca, Na, Fe, Mg, and Al compounds, where these compounds can react with H2O and produce H2. From the results of research conducted, the volume of hydrogen gas produced was 62.7 mL with a power consumption of 7.7-6.0 watts and the resulting current reached 0.64-0.5 amperes for 11 minutes of electrolysis time.
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Mednikova, Maria, Kristina Petrova, and Olga Chechyotkina. "Differentiation of the Population of the Jetyasar Archaeological Culture Based on Paleopathology Data (A Case Study of the Excavated Materials of Altyn-Asar 4 Burial Grounds)." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 2 (December 2023): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2023.2.5.
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For the first time, a contextual consideration of some paleopathological manifestations on the adult skulls from the excavations of the Altyn-Asar 4 (n=363) burial grounds is proposed, which makes it possible to indirectly assess social stratification degree of the population of the Eastern Aral Sea region and the chronological dynamics of some indicators reflecting the quality of life of the population of the era of migrations. Comparison of the total samples selected according to chronology (2nd century BC – 2nd century AD, 2nd – 4th centuries, 4th – 6th centuries) revealed consistently high frequencies of enamel hypoplasia, intercalary bones on the cranial vault and metopic suture. In the sample of 2nd – 4th centuries, a downward trend in the frequencies of caries and abscesses was traced. When correlated with the type of burial structures (crypts of 2 types, soil pits of 4 types), a better state of health of the dental system was revealed in individuals in crypts of the first type, and, in general, in those buried in crypts compared to those buried in the soil pits. The most diverse picture is obtained from the analysis of the materials from the detached cemeteries. The frequencies of discretely varying features confirm the previous conclusions about the heterogeneity of the anthropological composition in the Jetyasar population, in particular, of the migrant origin of those buried in the Altyn-Asar 4m burial ground. Variations in the frequency of dental pathologies, anemia, and enamel hypoplasia may reflect differences in the lifestyle and quality of life of those buried in different necropolises, for example, different levels of dietary stress. A high number of skull injuries, including fatal wounds caused by military weapons, indicate the aggressive nature of the social environment. The greatest number of such damages is observed in the 2nd – 4th centuries‘ series.
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Суханов, Д. А., and К. С. Хайдаков. "APPLICATION OF THE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHOD TO THE ATTRIBUTION OF DAMASK BLADES OF THE XVII – XIX CENTURIES." Metallurg, no. 3 (March 27, 2024): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2024_3_114.
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Статья посвящена одному из важнейших вопросов оружиеведения – историческим булатным клинкам Индо-Персидского региона и методам их атрибуции. Совмещая известные ранее типологические и атрибуционные признаки восточных булатных клинков с изменениями шихты и флюсов тигельной плавки, в исторический период XVII–XIX вв., была выявлена закономерность в наличии или отсутствии определенного количества постоянных примесей в узорчатых (булатных) сталях, которые получили основное распространение в Индо-Персидском регионе. Отмечено, что по химическому составу не все тигельные стали с узором карбидной неоднородности, при сравнении с лучшими образцами восточного оружия, можно считать булатными. Предложен химический признак атрибуции булатных клинков по количественному содержанию постоянных примесей. Опубликованы новые данные по химическому составу 19 единиц коллекционного булатного оружия XVII–XIX вв., в том числе ранних шамширов с клеймами мастера Асада (Асадуллы) Исфахани. Авторы пришли к выводу, что по химическому составу, макро- и микроструктуре булатные тигельные стали Индо-Персидского региона необходимо выделить в отдельную группу исторических клинковых сталей, изготовленных до периода исчезновения либо изменения местных технологий вследствие европейского влияния на металлургическое производство Индо-Персидского региона. The article is devoted to one of the most important issues of weapons science – the historical damask blades of the Indo-Persian region. Combining previously known typological and attribution features of oriental damask blades with changes in the charge and fluxes of crucible melting, in the historical period of the XVI–XIX centuries, a pattern was revealed in the presence or absence of a certain number of permanent impurities in patterned steels, which are found only in the Indo-Persian region until the beginning of the XIX century. It is noted that by chemical composition, not all crucible steels with a pattern on the surface of the blade, when compared with the best examples of Oriental weapons, can be considered damask. The chemical attribute of the attribution of damask blades in terms of the quantitative content of permanent impurities is described in detail and confirmed on specific examples. New data have been published on the chemical composition of 20 units of a number of damask weapons of the XVII–XIX centuries, including shamshir with the brands of master Asad (Asadullah) Isfahan. The study presents various types of patterns of damask products from private collections of K.Khaydakov and D.Sukhanov, with the appropriate chemical composition. The authors concluded that according to the chemical composition, macro- and microstructure, damask crucible steels of the Indo-Persian region should be allocated to a separate group of historical blade steels manufactured before the disappearance of local technologies and European influence on the metallurgical production of the Indo-Persian region.
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Polkowska, Małgorzata. "INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND OUTER SPACE – TODAY’S LAW CHALLENGES." Studia Iuridica, no. 97 (September 20, 2023): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2023-97.8.
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Space security means safe and permanent access to space and limiting threats coming from there. This definition also includes the security aspects of man-made devices sent into space and of ground stations. Space infrastructure can be described as a network of space and ground systems connected by communication channels and allowing access to space. Today, the largest space powers have begun to consider space as an operational domain of warfare. Space more and more often appears to be a field for competition, which might become an arena of conflict. The aim of this article is to present today’s many law challenges to the security of space infrastructure, such as unintentional threats (space debris, geomagnetic and solar storms, and other random disturbances), intentional threats (ASAT anti-satellite weapons, malicious interference, and cyber-attacks), the growing problems of Earth orbit congestion, and the increasing amount of space debris from devices launched into space. The article also presents the role of international organizations (such as the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer space) in making laws that are intended to observe and react to all changes necessary in the outer space environment and to be proactive to help outer space to be safe and secure for all mankind. The conclusion is, however, not optimistic. Space security is a sensitive issue, mainly during conflicts or wars. States are not inclined to bind themselves by international law in this matter. Thus, due to the absence of hard international law (treaties), bilateral and multilateral agreements as well as the best practices from countries that organize space flights must apply. Space monitoring systems, such as the Situational Awareness System (SSA), the code of conduct in space, the UN Long Term Sustainability, or the space Traffic Management rules are legal tools to manage the above challenges in space today.
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Luo, Zhaoyang, Jun Kong, Chengji Shen, et al. "Effects of aquifer geometry on seawater intrusion in annulus segment island aquifers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 12 (2021): 6591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6591-2021.
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Abstract. Seawater intrusion in island aquifers was considered analytically, specifically for annulus segment aquifers (ASAs), i.e., aquifers that (in plan) have the shape of an annulus segment. Based on the Ghijben–Herzberg and hillslope-storage Boussinesq equations, analytical solutions were derived for steady-state seawater intrusion in ASAs, with a focus on the freshwater–seawater interface and its corresponding watertable elevation. Predictions of the analytical solutions compared well with experimental data, and so they were employed to investigate the effects of aquifer geometry on seawater intrusion in island aquifers. Three different ASA geometries were compared: convergent (smaller side is facing the lagoon, larger side is the internal no-flow boundary and flow converges towards the lagoon), rectangular and divergent (smaller side is the internal no-flow boundary, larger side is facing the sea and flow diverges towards the sea). Depending on the aquifer geometry, seawater intrusion was found to vary greatly, such that the assumption of a rectangular aquifer to model an ASA can lead to poor estimates of seawater intrusion. Other factors being equal, compared with rectangular aquifers, seawater intrusion is more extensive, and watertable elevation is lower in divergent aquifers, with the opposite tendency in convergent aquifers. Sensitivity analysis further indicated that the effects of aquifer geometry on seawater intrusion and watertable elevation vary with aquifer width and distance from the circle center to the inner arc (the lagoon boundary for convergent aquifers or the internal no-flow boundary for divergent aquifers). A larger aquifer width and distance from the circle center to the inner arc weaken the effects of aquifer geometry, and hence differences in predictions for the three geometries become less pronounced.
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Hyung, Yoojin. "A Study on the Transition and Meaning of Iron Spearheads in the Mahan-Baekje Region." Korean Ancient Historical Society 124 (May 30, 2024): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.18040/sgs.2024.124.179.
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The purpose of this study was to classify the types of iron spearhead excavated from the Mahan and Baekje regions, and to examine the process of change and distribution patterns. The morphology of the iron spearhead is determined by the shape of the blade and the degree of protrusion. Classification is conducted primarily based on the shape and width of the blade as well as the overall size of the spearhead. Based on these criteria, iron spearheads are classified into 13 types. It seems that the change of iron spearheads in the Mahan and Baekje regions goes through a four-step process of change based on the results of formal classification. Representative characteristics of each stage are as follows. Phase I witnessed the first appearance of iron spearheads in the Korean Peninsula, dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. An early form of abbreviated iron spearheads appears. Phase II-1 is dated to 2nd and 3rd century AD. In this phase, iron spearheads were prevalent around the lower Han River basin and Asan Bay basin. Phase II-2 is dated to the second half of the 3rd century AD. During this phase the number of iron spearheads discovered in the lower Han River basin and Asan Bay basin drastically decreased. Phase III-1 is dated to between the early 4th century and mid 5th century AD, during which the capital of Baekje was in Hanseong. Various iron spearheads are identified, and iron spearheads are the most frequently identified during the entire period. Phase III-2 is dated to the latter part of the 5th century and early 6th century. In this phase, iron spearheads were found around the Gongju area. Phase IV is dated to after mid 6th century AD and corresponds to the Sabi period. In this phase, iron spearheads are not found in burial sites, but intermittently so in fortresses. It is judged that these changes and distribution patterns of iron spearheads show one aspect of the interaction between Mahan and Baekje at the same time as the development of the weapon's function.
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Haq, Hilman Syahrial, and M. Taufik Rachman. "PERLINDUNGAN HAK-HAK MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT MELALUI PELEMBAGAAN MEDIASI KOMUNITAS SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA." Media Keadilan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 13, no. 2 (2022): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jmk.v13i2.11569.
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AbstractThis paper originated from the idea that the implementation of customary law needs to be balanced with the utilization of formal means so that there is no legal gap that can weaken the existence of customary law if the settlement of customary disputes is resolved by the courts based on state law. Institutionalization of community mediation is carried out by institutionally integrating community mediation into the state judicial system through strengthening the peace agreement of the parties in the form of acte vandading to be legally binding as a permanent court decision. Through such efforts, it is hoped that community mediation can take the role of the courts, especially against disputes that are born as a result of the implementation of the rights of indigenous peoples to the principles or norms that govern their communities. Keywords: Community Mediation; Customary Law; State Law AbstrakTulisan ini berawal dari pemikiran bahwa implementasi hukum adat perlu diimbangi dengan pendayagunaan sarana formilnya agar tidak terjadi legal gap yang dapat melemahkan eksistensi hukum adat jika penyelesaian sengketa adat diselesaikan oleh pengadilan berdasarkan hukum negara. Pelembagaan mediasi komunitas dilakukan dengan mengintegrasikan secara kelembagaan mediasi komunitas ke dalam sistem peradilan negara melalui penguatan kesepakatan perdamaian para pihak dalam bentuk acte vandading agar berkekuatan hukum sebagaimana putusan pengadilan yang bersifat tetap. Melalui upaya demikian diharapkan mediasi komunitas dapat mengambil peran pengadilan terutama terhadap sengketa-sengketa yang lahir sebagai akibat dari pelaksanaan hak-hakmasyarakat hukum adat terhadap asas atau norma yang mengatur komunitasnya. Kata Kunci: Mediasi Komunitas; Hukum Adat; Hukum Negara
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Prihadi, Prihadi, and Ari Listiyorini. "LATAR BELAKANG ASPEK KEHIDUPAN PADA SISTEM PENAMAAN JALAN DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA: KAJIAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK." LITERA 19, no. 1 (2020): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v19i1.26617.
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Penelitian mengenai onomastika telah beberapa kali dilakukan. Lewat penelitian onomastika dapat dijelaskan penggunaan aspek kebahasaan dan aspek lain seperti sejarah dan budaya, kehidupan, motivasi, serta alasan motivasi dan tujuan penamaan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan aspek kehidupan pada sistem penamaan jalan di Yogyakarta sebagai bagian dari keistimewaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif. Penelitian dibatasi pada Kota Yogyakarta yang memiliki data nama jalan secara formal. Data berupa nama-nama jalan. Sumber data berupa sumber data tertulis dan lisan. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan observasi, wawancara, dan pencatatan. Analisis data dengan kultural-historis. Validasi dilakukan dengan triangulasi data dan metode. Penelitian menemukan 26 aspek kehidupan yang selanjutnya dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 9 aspek kehidupan. Aspek-aspek tersebut meliputi aspek tumbuhan dan binatang, aspek tempat (asal-usul tempat, fungsi tempat, penanda tempat, dan arah tempat), aspek yang berhubungan dengan keraton (kerabat keraton, prajurit keraton, tempat tinggal pegawai keraton, senjata perang), aspek geografis (ciri-ciri geografis, gunung/sungai, dan fenomena alam), aspek profesi, aspek pahlawan dan tokoh, aspek harapan dan cita-cita, aspek nama wayang, dan aspek lainnya (aktivitas kerja, karakter, dan sifat). Kata kunci: nama jalan, aspek kehidupan, kultural-historis BACKGROUNDS OF THE LIFE ASPECTS ON THE ROAD NAMING SYSTEM IN YOGYAKARTA CITY: ANTHROPOLINGUISTIC STUDYAbstract Research on onomastics has been conducted a number of times. Through onomastic research, road naming can be described in terms of the linguistic and other aspects such as history and culture, ways of life, and motives and objectives. This study is aimed at describing the aspects of life in the street naming system in Yogyakarta as part of the special features of the Yogyakarta Special Region. This study uses the descriptive research design. The research location in Yogyakarta is limited to the city of Yogyakarta which has formal road name data. Data are in the form of street names in the study location. Data sources are written and oral. Data collection techniques are observation, interview, and recording. Data analysis is cultural-historical. Validation is done by data and method triangulations. Results show 26 aspects of life grouped into 9. These aspects are related to plants and animals, places (origin, function, marker, and direction), palaces (family kinship, soldier troop, official residence, and war weapon), geography (feature, mountain/river, and natural phenomena), profession, hero and figure, hope and ideal, wayang figure, and other (work activity, character, and nature). Keywords: street names, aspects of life, cultural-historical aspect
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Svaček, Ondřej. "Humanitarian Intervention: Fairy Tale about One Swallow Which Made Summer?" International and Comparative Law Review 19, no. 2 (2019): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2019-0018.
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Summary In its final report on aggression and the use of force, the International Law Association opined that the only way in which unilateral humanitarian intervention could possibly be seen as a legal exception to the prohibition of the use of force is if State practice and opinio juris were to be found establishing its status as an additional exception in customary international law. After the airstrikes conducted by the US, the UK, and France against Syria in April 2018, which took place in reaction to unprecedented usage of chemical weapons against civilian population by regime of Bashar Asad, some States and part of scholars argued that this permissive rule (exception) has already crystalized and humanitarian intervention became part of international law. The aim of this article is to assess whether these opinions are relevant or whether they are simply premature. The text is divided into three parts. Firstly, legality of humanitarian intervention is considered in the framework of the UN Charter and customary international law on the use of force based on evaluation of scholarly debates and the most prominent examples of State practice before 2018. Then, the article describes methodology that is employed in relation to the creation (modification) of customary international law in general and peremptory norm concerning the prohibition on the use of force in particular. This part analyzes how possible normative changes of jus ad bellum should be assessed. The third part evaluates justifications and reactions of States with respect to the use of force against Syria in April 2018 that were presented by the international community of States. The article concludes that the concept of humanitarian intervention remains still illegal even after the airstrikes against Syria from 2018, what conforms to the prevailing opinion presented in contemporary scholarly literature. Even though the positive echoes identified in State practice (and doctrine) are yet premature, they indicate that process of gradual normative change has already been triggered. At the same time, the expectations concerning crystallization of a new possible exception to the general prohibition on the use of force should not be too exaggerated.
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Kitt, Steve J. "8 How to drive efficiencies in pork production: What are the gaps in knowledge and obstacles?" Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.043.
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Abstract Swine nutrition and production has been the cornerstone scientific discipline of the Midwest Section ASAS meeting for decades. During this time, the impact of scientists’ work and the scientific application by swine professionals has been profound. However, if we are to double our food supply by 2050, we have much to do. This presentation will attempt to illustrate contrasting examples of production efficiencies associated with differing production goals, and highlight examples of processes that lead to improved pork production efficiency within the discipline of swine nutrition. This presentation will also cover obstacles and gaps in knowledge that practicing nutritionists, pork producers, and other professionals regularly encounter. Some knowledge gaps are within a single scientific discipline and if resources were put towards the problem would be relatively easily solved. Examples include: development of an inexpensive in vitro assay to assess DDGS amino acid digestibility, re-defining the upper and lower critical effective temperature for modern pigs, defining the minimum and best equipment for growing pigs, identifying additivity effects of various dietary compounds, scientifically sound method(s) to understand and resolve mycotoxin contamination of grains. Other gaps in knowledge are more complex and require multi-disciplinary scientific approach. Examples include: defining root causes of sow mortality, defining factors influencing pig and piglet mortality especially during health challenges, developing models to assist optimization of litter size and post-wean performance, determining best practices of cross-fostering. Pork production will continue to be a viable yet challenging endeavor. It will require persistence, collaboration, and ingenuity from our scientific and pork production community in order to adequately feed the growing population’s demand for protein.
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Nurhuda, Denny Adrian, and Winci Firdaus. "PENAMAAN DOMBA SEBAGAI MEDIA REKONSTRUKSI SEJARAH DAN BUDAYA: KAJIAN ZOONIMI DI KABUPATEN GARUT (Name of Sheep as a Media of Historical and Culture Reconstruction: A Zoonymy Study in Garut District)." SAWERIGADING 29, no. 1 (2023): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/sawer.v29i1.1198.
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This research is motivated by the practice of naming animals (zoonim), especially the garut sheep in the Priangan region. The purpose of this research is to examine the history of the naming of the sheep and to reconstruct the linguistic name of the garut sheep. This study uses a qualitative approach, namely descriptive analytical method. The data collection techniques used in this study were fishing techniques, all-encompassing techniques, recording techniques, and note-taking techniques. Data analysis begins with collecting data, reducing data, analyzing based on classification. The source of the data in this study were the garut sheep that competed in the 2022 Garut League Agility Competition. The results of this study were: 1) the naming of the sheep is inseparable from the culture and history of agility competitions carried out by nobles since ancient times, and in the end this activity became an activity favored by the community and spread to several areas, 2) Based on the reconstruction, the naming of garut sheep can be classified into several categories, namely: based on physical aspects, psychological aspects of one's title and name, natural environment, place names, weapons names, and nuanced names automotive. Based on the word class and language origin, the naming of sheep includes: noun, verb, and adjective word classes. The languages used to name the garut sheep are Indonesian, Sundanese, and English. AbstrakPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh praktik pemberian nama pada hewan (zoonim), terutama domba garut di wilayah Priangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah meneliti sejarah penamaan domba garut dan merekonstruksi penamaan domba garut secara linguistik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, yakni metode deskriptif analitis. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik pancing, teknik cakap semuka, teknik rekam, dan teknik catat. Analisis data dimulai dengan mengumpulkan data, mereduksi data, melakukan analisis berdasarkan klasifikasi. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah domba garut yang bertanding pada ajang Adu Ketangkasan Liga Garut 2022. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) penamaan domba garut tidak terlepas dari budaya dan sejarah adu ketangkasan yang dilakukan oleh para ningrat sejak zaman dahulu, dan akhirnya kegiatan ini menjadi sebuah kegiatan yang digemari oleh masyarakat serta menyebar ke beberapa wilayah, dan 2) berdasarkan rekonstruksi penamaan domba garut dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi beberapa kategori, yaitu: berdasarkan aspek fisik, aspek psikologis, gelar dan nama seseorang, lingkungan alam, nama tempat, nama senjata, serta nama bernuansa otomotif. Berdasarkan kelas kata dan asal bahasa penamaan domba mencakup: kelas kata nomina, verba, dan adjektiva. Bahasa yang digunakan untuk menamai domba garut adalah bahasa Indonesia, bahasa Sunda, dan bahasa Inggris.
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Oliveira Pinheiro, F., B. M. Fernandes, S. Garcia, et al. "AB0536 EFFICACY OF TNF INHIBITORS IN MONOTHERAPY VERSUS COMBINATION THERAPY WITH csDMARDs IN PORTUGUESE PATIENTS WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: A REAL-WORLD STUDY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (2021): 1299.2–1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1295.
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Background:Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are a key therapeutic weapon in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other csDMARDs, which are usually used as first line therapy in these patients, although its efficacy is not as well documented as in other rheumatic diseases. The optimal use of iTNF in PsA, as monotherapy or in combination therapy with csDMARDs, is still under debate.Objectives:We aimed to compare the response to treatment with TNFi in monotherapy and combined with csDMARDs, as first biologic, in patients with PsA.Methods:Retrospective study that included PsA patients followed at our Rheumatology department under TNFi as first biologic, fulfilling CASPAR classification criteria and registered in Reuma.pt. Clinical and laboratory data were collected at the start of the first iTNF and in the last visit of 2019. Disease activity was assessed using CDAI, SDAI, DAS28(4V), BASDAI, ASDAS, and the response measured using the BASDAI50, ASDAS, ASAS, ACR and PsARC responses. Comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U/t-test (categorical and continuous variables, respectively). Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of bDMARD failure, and survival analysis to measure persistence under the first bDMARD regarding csDMARD status at baseline.Results:We included 99 patients, 47 (47.5% females) with a mean age of 47.9 ± 11.7 years at the start of the first iTNF. Fifty-one patients (51.5%) had symmetric polyarthritis, 26 (26.3%) spondyloarthritis, 16 (16.2%) asymmetric oligoarthritis, 3 (3.0%) distal arthritis and 1 (1.0%) arthritis mutilans. Sixty-three percent were under corticosteroid therapy and 77.8% under csDMARD therapy at the start of the first iTNF (mostly methotrexate, in 55.6% of patients under csDMARD). Etanercept (41, 41.4%), golimumab (25, 25.3%), adalimumab (22, 22.2%), infliximab (9, 9.1%) and certolizumab (2, 2.0%) were the iTNF started in these patients.Patients who started iTNF as monotherapy had more frequent involvement of axial skeleton compared with combined therapy (54.5% vs 19.5%, p=0.001), were less exposed to corticosteroids (26.3% vs 72.6%, p<0.001) and had higher mean BASMI (3.7±1.8 vs 3.0±0.8, p=0.021) and BASFI (6.7±1.3 vs 4.7±2.5, p=0.036). Patients who were on iTNF monotherapy at the last consultation (43.4%) had lower mean tender (1.0±1.5 vs 3.6±4.3, p=0.002) and swollen (0.2±0.7 vs 0.8±1.0, p=0.012) joint counts, median patient VAS (30±46 vs 50±44, p=0.023), mean CDAI (5.6±4.4 vs 8.7±4.9, p=0.019), SDAI (6.2±4.6 vs 9.1±5.1, p=0.032), and DAS28(4V) (2.2±0.8 vs 2.7±0.9, p=0.047). iTNF failure was not significantly different in both groups. In the regression models, we found that basal DAS28(4V) (OR 1.874, 1.147-3.062 95%CI; p=0,012) was a predictor of first iTNF failure; there were no differences regarding csDMARD status.When evaluating only patients without spondyloarthritis, we found that, at the last visit, iTNF monotherapy patients still had less exposure to corticosteroids (26.9% vs 54.3%, p=0.002), fewer mean tender (0.7±1.0 vs 2.6±4.4, p=0.006) and swollen (0.2±0.7 vs 1.1±2.5, p=0.025) joint counts, with no other differences observed. In the regression models, we found no differences regarding csDMARD status in these patients, while adalimumab (OR 0.009, 0.001-0.139 95% CI; p=0.009) was a negative predictor of bDMARD failure. Survival analysis revealed no differences between mono- and combined therapy.Conclusion:We can conclude that the differences observed regarding csDMARD status in patients with PsA are mainly due to different patterns of arthritis, namely, predominance of axial involvement. In patients without spondyloarthritis, iTNF monotherapy did not differ significantly in terms of response to treatment and disease activity measures, nor does monotherapy predict bDMARD failure and treatment response. These results suggest that iTNF monotherapy is possible in PsA without compromising treatment response.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.
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O’Meara, Chris. "Self-defence in outer space: Anti-satellite weapons and the jus ad bellum." Leiden Journal of International Law, March 26, 2025, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0922156524000670.
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Abstract Space is an increasingly militarized domain, with the potential to be a source and place of armed conflict. Tests of anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons capable of neutralizing civilian and military satellites have fuelled fears of warfare in that domain. Resulting space debris from ASAT weapon use is of particular concern, as it threatens other satellites in orbit, many of which underpin the operation of human societies and the functioning of global economies. Although states recognize this threat, attempts at weapons control have failed. Instead, we must look to existing international law that governs military activities in space. Yet, how the jus ad bellum, which regulates when states may use force, applies to ASAT weapons has received little attention. This is despite state assertions of their right to act in self-defence in space. This article argues that jus ad bellum regulation of ASAT technologies directly addresses state concerns regarding protecting their space assets and avoiding conflict in space. This author contends that states acting defensively in space are restricted by the requirements of jus ad bellum necessity and proportionality in their choice of targets, thereby protecting civilians and the interests of other states. A clearer understanding of how these jus ad bellum requirements apply in space helps decision makers avoid putative defensive acts being characterized as unlawful uses of force. Adherence to these requirements ultimately helps to secure international peace and security on Earth and in space.
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Channa, Zamzam. "Indian Acquisition of Emerging Technologies: Exploring Response Options for Pakistan." Defence Horizon Journal, April 15, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15202088.
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Emerging technologies (ETs) in the military, including AI, Anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon systems, robotics, hypersonic, and cyber weapons, are dubbed “disruptive technologies” because of their potential to pose serious challenges to offensive strategic forces, nuclear command and control, and communications and intelligence systems. These technologies escalate crisis instability by increasing uncertainty. In South Asia, a region that already faces strategic instability, emerging technologies offer both opportunities and challenges. Their rapid integration into military and defence systems can significantly alter the balance of power. After 1998, nuclear deterrence became the core of Pakistan’s security policy; however, it is now challenged by India’s quest to acquire critical military technologies.
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Atif, Ur Rahman Yousafzai. "Indian Anti-satellite Weapon and its Impact on South Asia." October 31, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4244534.
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The discussion revolves around the value and vulnerability of Satellites as the nations that are in possession of these also possess the means to cause damage to them. Nations preserve supplementary benefit if rummage sale is for the betterment of Humanity instead of making the outer space more militarised. India has developed an ASAT Weapon which ignited multiple factors in the subcontinent which has two nuclear weapon states bound together by geographical contiguity. India is ambitiously vying for a global status by enhancing its military and anti-satellite weapon capabilities to make Pakistan feel insecure .This would usher in an arms race in the South Asian outer space and certainly be detrimental to the deterrence stability. An offensive ASAT capability would increase the cost for an antagonist nation in case of any misfortune, and hence counterbalance the benefits en mass. The Indian military vision of modernisation in advanced technology ,especially in space ,has motivated ,and encouraged its political leadership to take an aggressive position against Pakistan .The view rests on the assumption that attempts to dominate space are bound to backfire ,and a war in space between major powers will erupt- a war that cannot be won and must not be fought .In terms of the environmental consequences the spectre of debris-to-debris collisions, hazardous and the chain reaction is the worst form, However ,all could be a realistic scenario. The striving of the United States and some other nations, to prevent additional space debris, did formulate mitigation guidelines at the national and international levels .Although these guidelines were appreciated at all facets but could not be applied in letter and spirit.
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Somo, Angela, Melody Sadler, and Thierry Devos. "Implicit black‐weapon associations weakened over time in increasingly multiethnic metropolitan areas." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, December 18, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asap.12228.
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Ling, Hao, Heqing Huang, Chengpeng Wang, Yuandao Cai, and Charles Zhang. "GiantSan: Efficient Operation-Level Memory Sanitization with Segment Folding." ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, June 14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3742426.
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Memory safety sanitizers, the sharp weapon for detecting invalid memory operations during execution, employ runtime metadata to model the memory and help find memory errors hidden in the programs. However, location-based methods, the most widely deployed memory sanitization methods thanks to high compatibility, face the low protection density issue: the number of bytes safeguarded by one metadata is limited. As a result, numerous memory accesses require loading excessive metadata, leading to a high runtime overhead. To address this issue, we propose a new shadow encoding with segment folding to increase the protection density. Specifically, we characterize neighboring bytes with identical metadata by building novel summaries, called folded segments , on those bytes to reduce unnecessary metadata loadings. The new encoding uses less metadata to safeguard large memory regions with fewer instructions than existing works, speeding up memory sanitization. We implement our designed technique as GiantSan . Our evaluation using the SPEC CPU 2017 benchmark shows that GiantSan outperforms the state-of-the-art sanitization methods with 61.37% and 41.94% less runtime overhead than ASan and ASan–, respectively. Moreover, under the same redzone setting, GiantSan detects 463 fewer false negative cases than ASan and ASan-- in testing the real-world project PHP.
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Asal, Victor, Nazli Avdan, and Gary Ackerman. "Breaking taboos: Why insurgents pursue and use CBRN weapons." Journal of Peace Research, April 1, 2022, 002234332110570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00223433211057021.
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Much ado has been made about the specter of unconventional weapons in the hands of militant groups. Despite the alarmism of the policy community, the pursuit of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear capabilities by non-state actors is rare. What explains why some violent non-state organizations pursue chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons while most do not? Using new data on organizational behaviors and attributes from the Big Allied and Dangerous 2 Insurgency project, we analyze 140 insurgent actors, from 1998 to 2012. We expand previous work by Asal, Ackerman & Rethemeyer by studying the phenomenon longitudinally and attending to organizational behavior rather than only to structural and environmental factors. We find that organizations that attack cultural sites are more likely to pursue and use chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons. We interpret the latter as a willingness to transgress upon accepted mores, for the sake of sensationalism and shock value, which coheres with a willingness to pursue unconventional weapons. Our results reflect that chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear pursuit and use is part of a larger strategy for some violent non-state organizations, one predicated on generating mass fear and exacting a psychological toll.
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Kothari, Sachin A., Mevish S. Siddiq, Scott Rahimi, Manan Shah, and Klepper A. Garcia. "Abstract 1122‐000094: EVD Weaning Criteria Decreases VPS/ETV Placement and Hospital Stay in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients." Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology 1, S1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/svin.01.suppl_1.000094.
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Introduction : The Neurocritical Care Society encourages an external ventricular drain (EVD) wean “as quickly as is clinically feasible” but guidelines on achieving it are limited (1). This study aims to improve quality of care by sharing a protocol to initiate EVD weaning. These criteria were developed over 7 years and showed a reduction in ventriculoperitoneal shunt/endoscopic third ventriculostomy (VPS/ETV) placement and length of stay (LOS) at our institute compared to national averages. Methods : 151 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients from January 2016 to January 2019 were analyzed. 60 aneurysmal SAH (aSAH) and 18 non‐aneurysmal nontraumatic SAH (naSAH) patients required EVD placement. A gradual EVD weaning protocol was initiated if patients met the following criteria: the reason for EVD placement has resolved or is resolving, quantity of CSF output must be <250mL over 24 hours, quality of CSF must be nonbloody, ICP must be within normal limits, and the patient must be neurologically stable. It was acceptable to wean when the patient had mild cerebral vasospasm, but not moderate to severe cerebral vasospasm. EVD weaning was performed by increasing drain height by 5 millimeters of mercury every 24 hours if criteria were met. Charts were reviewed for LOS and rate of VPS/ETV. Gender, age, race, wean failure incidence, infection rates, and SIADH/CSW rates were obtained. Results : Average LOS for aSAH patients with EVD at our institute was 20.35 days. Incidence of VPS/ETV was 11%. Chi‐square analysis was performed, and aSAH patients were found to have higher rates of VPS/ETV placement (p<0.001) and EVD wean failures (p<0.001) than naSAH patients. Conclusions : Our criteria to initiate EVD weaning provided a reduction in VPS/ETV placement among aSAH patients compared to national averages and provides a standardized approach to EVD management. aSAH patients at our institute had a lower incidence of VPS/ETV placement of 11% compared to 21% nationally (2). aSAH patients at our institute also had a lower LOS at 20.35 days compared to 21.5 days nationally (3).
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Nugroho, Hari Pudjo. "Mediasi Sebagai Asas Primum Remidium Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Pelayanan Kesehatan Berbasis Keadilan Proporsional." Jurnal Hukum dan Etika Kesehatan, March 24, 2025, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.30649/jhek.v5i1.235.
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Since the enactment of Law 17/2023, it has opened a new paradigm and confirmed how the mandate for resolving disputes in the health sector is carried out, which places alternative dispute resolution as the main and first thing before other legal remedies are used by the parties to the dispute. As an a contrario logic in the application of criminal law as the ultimum remidium principle, dispute resolution outside of court for dispute cases as regulated in Article 310 of Law 17/2023 is an application of the primum remidium principle. So how the concept of Primum Remidium as a legal order in resolving disputes resulting from health services in Law 17/2023 and mediation being the main choice in resolving disputes resulting from health services in a just manner is an important thing to discuss in this research. This approach to resolving criminal allegations of doctors in providing health services through restorative justice is a primum remidium step to return the function of criminal law to its track, namely as an ultimum remidium function and as a last resort weapon when other legal remedies cannot be used as a deterrent effect for a doctor. In the settlement process by means of deliberation to reach consensus, justice is created by the parties. The discussion of fairness in resolving medical disputes through mediation is based on balance and proportion. In this case the parties will take their respective proportions, justice is created through their own agreement. Starting from this idea of justice, the parties to the dispute use their own criteria for justice.
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K., Parandhama Gowd. "Innovative Design Considerations for Adaptive Spacecraft." March 1, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1130239.
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Space technologies have changed the way we live in the present day society and manage many aspects of our daily affairs through Remote sensing, Navigation & Communications. Further, defense and military usage of spacecraft has increased tremendously along with civilian purposes. The number of satellites deployed in space in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and the Geostationary Orbit (GEO) has gone up. The dependency on remote sensing and operational capabilities are most invariably to be exploited more and more in future. Every country is acquiring spacecraft in one way or other for their daily needs, and spacecraft numbers are likely to increase significantly and create spacecraft traffic problems. The aim of this research paper is to propose innovative design concepts for adaptive spacecraft. The main idea here is to improve existing design methods of spacecraft design and development to further improve upon design considerations for futuristic adaptive spacecraft with inbuilt features for automatic adaptability and self-protection. In other words, the innovative design considerations proposed here are to have future spacecraft with self-organizing capabilities for orbital control and protection from anti-satellite weapons (ASAT). Here, an attempt is made to propose design and develop futuristic spacecraft for 2030 and beyond due to tremendous advancements in VVLSI, miniaturization, and nano antenna array technologies, including nano technologies are expected.
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Lie, Ragnar Orten, and Frans-Arne Stylegar. "Veidekongen, olifanten og bøkeskogen." Primitive Tider, no. 23 (December 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/pt.9255.
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This article discusses aspects of aristocratic hunting in theViking and Middle Ages. Falconry requires great knowledgeof birds, dogs and horses and the ability to make theminteract. The hunt itself should involve danger and requiredlarge resources. Falconry and other types of hunting wasassociated with high status, partly because hunting wasconsidered training for war. In the King’s Mirror from the13th century, emphasis is placed on the positive aspects ofhunting, such as allowing the king to maintain his health,and as having sporting fun with hawks, dogs, horses andweapons makes one accustomed to the use of weapons andwar. Earlier scholars have usually considered Norway asan exception from the general trend of aristocratic, warpreparinghunting, as hunting was practiced solely for foodor economic gains. Furthermore, Norway, together withIceland, has mainly been seen as a mere supplier of huntingbirds. Following recent research, this paper considers certainaspects of the archaeological record from Norway, as wellas written sources, that indicate falconry and other formsof aristocratic hunting practices. It is furthermore arguedthat the substantial beech forests of SE Norway were in factestablished as hunting parks in the Viking Age and later.
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., M. BUSAR, Dr Drs I. Made Pageh, M. Hum ., and Ketut Sedana Arta, S. Pd ,. M. Pd . "JEJAK KEPAHLAWANAN KHR. ASAD SYAMSUL ARIFIN SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR SEJARAH DI MA IBRAHIMI PONDOK PESANTREN SYALAFIYAH SYAFI'IYAH SUKOREJO, SITUBONDO JAWA TIMUR." Widya Winayata: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 8, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jjps.v8i2.18267.
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ABSTRAK 
 Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui (1) Jejak kepahlawanan Kyai As’ad Samsul Arifin melawan Sekutu dan Belanda, (2) Nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam perjuangan Kyai As’ad Samsul Arifin, (3) Nilai-nilai kepahlawanan Kyai As’ad Samsul Arifin dikemas menjadi sumber belajar Sejarah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif yaitu:(1)Teknik penentuan lokasi penelitian; (2) Teknik penentuan informan; (3) Teknik pengumpulan data (observasi, wawancara, Studi dokumen dan studi fustaka); (4) Teknik validasi data (Triangulasi data, triangulasi metode); (5) Teknik analisis data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, Kyai As’ad Samsul Arifin merupakan tokoh yang baru diangakat menjadi pahlawan nasional, beliau adalah ulama NU yang dikenal kharismatik dan sangat disegani oleh ulama lainnya. Selama hidupnya, Kyai As’ad berjuang untuk mengangkat harkat dan martabat bangsa. Pada masa penjajahan Jepang kyai As’ad Syamsul Arifin pernah berinisiatif mencuri senjata dan amunisi dari gedung senjata Jepang yang ada di Kecamatan Kalisat, Jember.Pada masa perjuangan fisik, Kyai As`ad Syamsul Arifin bergabung dengan laskar Sabilillah yang pernah terlibat kontak senjata dengan Belanda di Surabaya, dan di masa pemerintahan Orde Baru peranan Kyai As’ad syamsul Arifin sangat menentukan keutuhan NKRI, akibat diterapkannya Pancasila Sebagai Asas Tunggal. Nilai-nilai kepahlawanan yang terkandung dari Kyai As’ad Syamsul Arifin anatar lain: (1) Nilai Keberanian (2 ) Nilai Patriotisme (3) Nilai Kemandirian. Nilai kepahlawanan Kyai As’ad Syamsul arifin dapat dikemas menjadi sumber belajar sejarah pada materi perjuangan dalam mempertahankan kemerdekaan dari ancaman Sekutu dan Belanda.
 
 Kata Kunci : Kata kunci: Kyai As’ad Samsul Arifin, Pahlawan Nasional, Sumber Belajar Sejarah ABSTRACT
 The purpose of this study was to find out (1) the heroic traces of the As'ad Kyai Samsul Arifin against the Allies and the Netherlands, (2) The values contained in the struggle of Kyai As'ad Samsul Arifin, (3) The heroic values of Kyai As'ad Samsul Arifin is packaged as a source of learning history. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, namely: (1) Techniques for determining the location of research; (2) Informant determination techniques; (3) Data collection techniques (observation, interviews, document studies and literature studies); (4) Data validation techniques (data triangulation, method triangulation); (5) Data analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that, Kyai As'ad Samsul Arifin is a new figure who has been deemed to be a national hero, he is a NU cleric known for being charismatic and highly respected by other scholars. During his life, Kyai As’ad struggled to uplift the dignity of the nation. During the Japanese occupation kyai As'ad Syamsul Arifin had taken the initiative to steal weapons and ammunition from Japanese weapons buildings in Kalisat District, Jember. in Surabaya, and during the New Order government the role of Kyai As'ad syamsul Arifin greatly determined the integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia, due to the implementation of Pancasila as the Sole Principle. The heroic values contained in Kyai As’ad Syamsul Arifin are: (1) Value of Courage (2) Value of Patriotism (3) Value of Independence. The heroic value of Kyai As'ad Syamsul arifin can be packaged as a source of learning history in material struggle in defending independence from the threat of the Allies and the Netherlands.
 
 
 keyword : Keyword: Kyai As'ad Samsul Arifin, National Hero, Historical Learning Source
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Gonzalez, Wendy, Elyse Forman, Christoph Stretz, et al. "Abstract TP113: Association Of External Ventricular Drain Duration And Outcomes In Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." Stroke 53, Suppl_1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.53.suppl_1.tp113.
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Introduction: Hydrocephalus is a common complication following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and is usually treated with external ventricular drain (EVD). However, there is no consensus on EVD weaning process and duration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. We aimed to determine association of EVD duration and outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with aSAH who were admitted to an academic referral center between 2016 and 2021. Binary logistic regression was used to test the association of EVD duration (continuous variable) and outcomes including functional outcome defined as modified Rankin scale of 4-6 at 3 months after discharge and requirement for ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the association of EVD duration and hospital length of stay (both continuous variables) Results: Of 316 patients with aSAH, 253 patients received external ventricular drain (EVD) on admission for symptomatic hydrocephalus and we included survivors (n=204) in final analysis. (mean age 57.9 years (SD 13.8), 62% female, 71% white). VPS was placed in 15% (30/204) prior to hospital discharge. Duration of EVD was longer in patients with worse functional outcome (median 18 days [IQR 13.5-23] vs 12 days [IQR 8-19); p=0.006). EVD wean was interrupted in 39% of survivors (80/204) due to persistent hydrocephalus (61%) and asymptomatic vasospasm (19%) based on transcranial Doppler criteria. Longer EVD duration was associated with higher VPS requirement (odds ratio 1.17 per day, 95% CI 1.09-1.26; p<0.001) after adjustment for age, aneurysm related factors, Hunt and Hess grades, modified Fisher scales and delayed cerebral ischemia. EVD related complications such as infections (2%) and tract hemorrhage (9%) were non-significantly higher in patients with longer EVD duration. (p=0.070) Longer EVD duration was associated with longer hospital length of stay (0.88 more days, 95% CI 0.73-1.04; p<0.001) independent of aSAH complications. Conclusions: Longer EVD duration can be associated with worse outcomes and higher need for VPS placement and longer hospital length of stay. Further studies are needed to justify early VPS placement in selected patients.
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Razavi, Seyed Mostafa, Mahika Khurana, Cynthia Zevallos Mau, and Divyajot Sandhu. "Abstract 091: Intraventricular milrinone for management of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage." Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology 3, S2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/svin.03.suppl_2.091.
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Introduction Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) accounts for about 10% of hemorrhagic strokes [1] and holds a high mortality and morbidity rate. [2, 3] Vasospasm is one of the more devastating complications of aSAH. Novel imaging modalities have drastically improved our ability in prompt detection of vasospasm in these patients. However, clinical management of this complication is still debated among experts. [4] Systemic cerebral vasodilators are widely used in aSAH patients, but guidelines for interventional and rescue procedures are not well developed. [5] Methods Here, we report a case of severe vasospasm following aSAH that was successfully treated with intraventricular injection of milrinone through external ventricular drain (EVD) in conjunction to standard therapy. Results A 70‐year‐old man with a history of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia was brought to the emergency department after he was found down and unresponsive. He was intubated by EMS on route. Head CT on arrival showed a diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage, more prominent in the posterior fossa, and grade IV on the modified Fisher scale. An initial DSA showed a ruptured aneurysm in the second segment of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery, second segment. A right frontal EVD was placed on the second day. Hemodynamic augmentation was achieved with intravenous and intraventricular milrinone. Cerebral arterial patency was evaluated with daily transcranial doppler (TCD). The patient did not show any evidence of vasospasm until day 9 where TCD revealed severe vasospasm in the basilar and bilateral vertebral arteries, as well as mild vasospasm of anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Intraventricular milrinone was injected into the EVD in from day 9 to day 12. Using sterile technique, 4 mL of CSF was removed followed by the injection of 0.87mg (2mL) of milrinone into the EVD via a three way stop cock. EVD was then flushed with 2mL of preservative‐free saline and clamped for 1 hour. This procedure effectively improved vasospasm on serial TCDs and also DSAs (Figure1). The patient underwent several DSA’s on days 10, 14, 19, 20, and 21 with targeted intraarterial milrinone and verapamil injections. His final TCD showed only mild middle cerebral artery and moderate basilar artery vasospasm. At that point, no more intervention was deemed necessary. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was also placed. CT scan before discharge showed mild improvement in ventricular size and stable SAH blood products. The course of hospitalization was complicated by hyponatremia, atrial fibrillation, and respiratory failure with inability to wean off ventilator, resulting in tracheostomy and gastrostomy tube placement. The patient was discharged in stable condition on day 30 to a rehabilitation center. Conclusion Intraventricular milrinone in addition to standard therapy can be an effective method in treatment of severe vasospasm in aSAH patients.