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1
Tyurina, Elina, Aleksandr Mednikov, and Svetlana Sushko. "Competitiveness Of Advanced Technologies For Production Of Electricity And Alternative Liquid Fuels." E3S Web of Conferences 69 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186902008.
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Technical and economic aspects of synthetic liquid fuel and electric power combined production within one energy-technology installation (ETI) are considered. The range of prices for alternative liquid fuel (ALF) produced by the installations, depending on the cost of consumed fuel, price of supplied electric power and level of capital investments, has been ascertained. The studies made suggest the conclusion that combined production of dimethyl ether is more efficient from the energy and economic viewpoints than methanol production. Besides, a certain level of oil prices was identified, its excess implying that production of ALF, i.e. dimethyl ether, will be more economically efficient than production of motor fuel from oil.
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Egger, Sam, Suzan Burton, Rebecca Ireland, and Scott C. Walsberger. "Observed retail price of Australia’s market-leading cigarette brand before and up to 3 years after the implementation of plain packaging." Tobacco Control 28, e2 (November 28, 2018): e86-e91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054577.
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ObjectiveDespite claims by tobacco companies that plain packaging would lead to lower cigarette prices, recommended and observed real cigarette prices in Australia rose in the 9–11 months after plain packaging was introduced. However, little is known about trends in prices longer term. In this report, we assess whether inflation (Consumer Price Index; CPI) and tax adjusted (‘CPI-tax-adjusted’) prices of the market-leading Australian cigarette brand changed in the 3-year period after plain packaging, and whether price changes were associated with retailer characteristics.MethodCigarette prices were ascertained from a panel of tobacco retailers at three time points: (1) in November 2012 (n=857) (before full implementation of plain packaging, compulsory in retail outlets from December 2012), (2) between October 2014 and February 2015 (n=789) and (3) between November 2015 and March 2016 (n=579). Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate percentage change in mean CPI/tax-adjusted cigarette prices over time.ResultsCPI/tax-adjusted adjusted mean stick prices rose by 13.7% (95% CI 13.0 to 16.0) and 15.2% (95% CI 14.3 to 16.0) at 2.1 and 3.1 years after plain packaging was introduced, respectively. Increases in mean CPI/tax-adjusted stick prices varied by outlet type (p<0.001), socioeconomic status (p=0.013) and remoteness of retailer’s area (p=0.028) and whether twin packs were sold (p=0.009).ConclusionsContrary to tobacco company predictions of a fall in prices, the price of the market-leading Australian cigarette brand increased significantly in the 3 years after plain packaging was introduced, and these increases were above the combined effects of inflation and increases in excise/customs duty.
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SHITILE, Tersoo Shimonkabir, and Abubakar SULE. "Welfare Effect of Monetary Financing." Applied Economics and Finance 6, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v6i5.4444.
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This study ascertained the direction and asymmetric pass-through of central bank’s monetary financing to welfare in Nigeria using annual time series data covering the period 1970 to 2018. The study depended on both the Monetarist and Keynesian theoretical postulations to provide insights on the policy significance of monetary financing. To undertake the empirical analysis, the study applied both the linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and non-linear ARDL (NARDL) technique. Unlike the ARDL equation, the estimated NARDL equation established that welfare losses respond negatively to both positive and negative changes in monetary financing; but the impact of negative monetary financing shock (7.11) is greater than the positive shock (2.87). In addition, the study found that it takes about 9 to 11 quarters for the changes in positive and negative monetary financing to fully release its effects on welfare loss. Besides, the results revealed that welfare loss is also driven by oil price, which is suggestive from oil price pass-through to domestic prices (exchange rate and consumer prices). The study, therefore, supports monetary financing in proper amounts and conditions to boost aggregate nominal demand but not to spur a fully-fledged monetary policy capture in the process.
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Murshed, Muntasir, Haider Mahmood, Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb, and Mohga Bassim. "The Impacts of Energy Consumption, Energy Prices and Energy Import-Dependency on Gross and Sectoral Value-Added in Sri Lanka." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 6565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246565.
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Drifting away from the neoclassical growth conjecture of economic growth being solely dependent on capital and labor inputs, this paper aimed to evaluate the dynamic impacts of energy consumption, energy prices and imported energy-dependency on both gross and sectoral value-added figures of Sri Lanka. The analysis has particularly used the robust econometric methods that can account for structural break issues in the data. The results, in a nutshell, indicated that energy consumption homogeneously contributes to gross, agricultural, industrial and services value-additions in Sri Lanka. However, positive oil price shocks and greater shares of imported energy in the total energy consumption figures are found to dampen the growth figures, especially in the context of the gross, industrial and services value additions. Besides, the joint growth-inhibiting impacts of oil price movements and energy import-dependency are also ascertained. On the other hand, the causality estimates reveal bidirectional causal associations between energy consumption-gross value-added and energy consumption-industrial value-added. In contrast, no causal impact of energy consumption on the agricultural and services value-added is evidenced. Hence, these findings impose key policy implications for constructing crucial energy policy reforms to make sure that the economic growth performances of Sri Lanka are sustained in the future.
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Zhang, Ying, and Bi Wen Shen. "Quoted Risk Cost Study Based on AHP." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3943.
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Construction bidding is dealing in future contract of fixed price first and made bargain： 拍板成交；成交 later, which decide that bidding is a high-risk activity. Quoted risk is object, uncertain and losses, bidder must correctly assess quoted risk if he hopes to manage project successfully. The article have built unit price risk assessment model based on AHP, gathered and neaten subjective judgment, ascertained hierarchic layers according to correlation and subordinate relationship, formed a layer system of risk factor, gotten judgment matrix and weight vector, quantified risk loss of every subproject, obtained the quoted risk ratio. All ensured bidder can find the critical risk control point and date back to subproject where the risk existed. So bidders can manage risk actively and prospectively. Exemplified risk assessment model of a residential house bidding in Hangzhou at last.
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Baaquie, Belal E. "Statistical microeconomics and commodity prices: theory and empirical results." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2058 (January 13, 2016): 20150104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0104.
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A review is made of the statistical generalization of microeconomics by Baaquie (Baaquie 2013 Phys. A 392, 4400–4416. ( doi:10.1016/j.physa.2013.05.008 )), where the market price of every traded commodity, at each instant of time, is considered to be an independent random variable . The dynamics of commodity market prices is given by the unequal time correlation function and is modelled by the Feynman path integral based on an action functional . The correlation functions of the model are defined using the path integral. The existence of the action functional for commodity prices that was postulated to exist in Baaquie (Baaquie 2013 Phys. A 392, 4400–4416. ( doi:10.1016/j.physa.2013.05.008 )) has been empirically ascertained in Baaquie et al. (Baaquie et al. 2015 Phys. A 428, 19–37. ( doi:10.1016/j.physa.2015.02.030 )). The model's action functionals for different commodities has been empirically determined and calibrated using the unequal time correlation functions of the market commodity prices using a perturbation expansion (Baaquie et al. 2015 Phys. A 428, 19–37. ( doi:10.1016/j.physa.2015.02.030 )). Nine commodities drawn from the energy, metal and grain sectors are empirically studied and their auto-correlation for up to 300 days is described by the model to an accuracy of R 2 >0.90—using only six parameters.
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Falatoonzadeh, Hamid, J. Richard Conner, and Rulon D. Pope. "Risk Management Strategies to Reduce Net Income Variability for Farmers." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, no. 1 (July 1985): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017131.
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AbstractThe most useful and practical strategy available for reducing variability of net farm income is ascertained. Of the many risk management tools presently available, five of the most commonly used are simultaneously incorporated in an empirically tested model. Quadratic programming provides the basis for decisionmaking in risk management wherein expected utility is assumed to be a function of the mean and variance of net income. Results demonstrate that farmers can reduce production and price risks when a combination strategy including a diversified crop production plan and participation in the futures market and the Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP) is implemented.
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Kaur, Prabhdeep, and Jaspal Singh. "Impact of ETF Listing on the Returns Generated by Underlying Stocks: Indian Evidence." Management and Labour Studies 46, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x21991015.
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The advent of exchange traded funds (ETFs) has rendered index trading much affordable compared to their futures counterparts. The present study attempts to examine the impact of ETF listing on the price of the constituent securities of the index that it aims to track. The sample comprises of all the equity ETFs listed in India from 1 January 2002 to 31 March 2019. Event study analysis has been used to examine whether listing of ETFs bore any price impact on the constituent stocks of ETFs. To account for robustness, both parametric and non-parametric tests have been employed. The estimates obtained from event study analysis revealed that the constituent stocks generated insignificant returns for the period extending from January 2002 to March 2009 and April 2009 to March 2013 but positive and significant cumulative average abnormal returns (CAARs) post ETF listing for the period ranging from April 2013 to March 2019, thus providing evidence in support of positive price impact. The permission granted to pension funds, insurers and Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) to invest their funds in ETFs as well as reduction in Securities Transaction Tax (STT) account for the observed price differential. An analysis of the factors accounting for the variation in valuation effects ascertained that the stocks that were traded thinly prior to ETF listing and those forming part of ETFs with larger asset base experienced positive price impact following ETF listing. JEL Codes: G11, G14
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Amuda Yusuf, Ganiyu, and Sarajul Fikri Mohamed. "Perceived benefits of adopting Standard – Based pricing mechanism for mechanical and electrical services installations." Construction Economics and Building 14, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v14i2.3864.
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Cost is an important measure of project success and clients will expect a reliable forecast at the early stage of construction projects to inform their business decision. This study was undertaken to investigate the current practices in managing cost of mechanical and electrical (M&E) services in buildings. The perceptions of practitioners on the benefits of adopting Standard – Based Pricing Mechanism for M&E services as used for building fabrics and finishes was ascertained. The methodology adopted for the study was semi – structure interview and questionnaire survey. Inferential statistics technique was used to analyse the data collected. The results revealed that, M&E services tender documents are often based on lump sum contract. Practitioners are of the opinion that the adoption of Standard – Based Pricing Mechanism (SBPM) could enhance the quality of M&E services price forecast; ensure active post contract cost monitoring and control; encourage collaborative working relationship; enhance efficient whole life cycle cost management; improve risk management and facilitate efficient tendering process. The study suggested the development of local Standard Method of Measurement for M&E services and proposed strategies to facilitate the adoption of SBPM as basis for forecasting contract price of mechanical and electrical services in buildings.
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Javadi, Masoumeh, Mousa Marzband, Mudathir Funsho Akorede, Radu Godina, Ameena Saad Al-Sumaiti, and Edris Pouresmaeil. "A Centralized Smart Decision-Making Hierarchical Interactive Architecture for Multiple Home Microgrids in Retail Electricity Market." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 3144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113144.
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The principal aim of this study is to devise a combined market operator and a distribution network operator structure for multiple home-microgrids (MH-MGs) connected to an upstream grid. Here, there are three distinct types of players with opposite intentions that can participate as a consumer and/or prosumer (as a buyer or seller) in the market. All players that are price makers can compete with each other to obtain much more possible profitability while consumers aim to minimize the market-clearing price. For modeling the interactions among partakers and implementing this comprehensive structure, a multi-objective function problem is solved by using a static, non-cooperative game theory. The propounded structure is a hierarchical bi-level controller, and its accomplishment in the optimal control of MH-MGs with distributed energy resources has been evaluated. The outcome of this algorithm provides the best and most suitable power allocation among different players in the market while satisfying each player’s goals. Furthermore, the amount of profit gained by each player is ascertained. Simulation results demonstrate 169% increase in the total payoff compared to the imperialist competition algorithm. This percentage proves the effectiveness, extensibility and flexibility of the presented approach in encouraging participants to join the market and boost their profits.
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Jeřábek, Tomáš. "The Efficiency of GARCH Models in Realizing Value at Risk Estimates." ACTA VŠFS 14, no. 1 (April 2020): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37355/acta-2020/1-03.
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Market risk is an important type of financial risk that is usually caused by price fluctuations in financial markets. One determinant of market risk comprises Value at Risk (VaR), which is defined as the maximum loss that can be achieved within a certain time horizon and at a given reliability level. The aim of the article is to determine the importance of selecting conditional volatility model within the parametric and semi-parametric approach for VaR estimation. The results ascertained show that the application of these models tends to provide more accurate predictions of actual losses as compared to traditional approaches to VaR estimates. Overall, the application of conditional volatility models ensures that VaR estimates are more flexible to adapt to changing market conditions – especially in the periods associated with higher return volatility. Furthermore, the results show that the differences between individual models of contingent volatility are primarily determined by selecting the specific distribution of the standardized residue series
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Okoronkwo, F. C., J. C. Efedua, and T. A. Amusa. "Determinants of household preference for beef to pork in Umuahia Metropolis of Abia State, Nigeria." Agro-Science 19, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v19i3.3.
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The study ascertained the determinants of households’ preference for beef to pork in Umuahia Metropolis of Abia State, Nigeria. Using multi-stage random sampling procedure, data were collected from eighty household heads for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ordinary least square and probit regression analysis. Findings from the study showed that beef was most preferred with 63.75% of households indicated preferences for beef to pork while 36.25% of households preferred port to beef. The study also revealed age of household head, and price of meat negatively influenced meat consumption while household size and average monthly income had positive influence and the R2 was 0.675 which implied 67.5% of the variation in the meat consumption was explained by the independent variables. From the probit regressionmodel the results showed age of household heads and price of pork had a negative coefficient and were significant at 10% and 5% level of probability respectively, while household size, education level, and household income had positive coefficient and were significant at 1%, 5%, and 1% level of probability, respectively. The Chi square was 135.485 which indicated the goodness of fit for the equation and was significant at 1% level of probability. The study recommended beef marketing as a good venture in the study area; beef was most preferred meat in the study. Hence, it is recommended that unemployed persons should be encouraged to venture into beef marketing; also, there is huge potential for pork marketing in the study area.
Key words: preferences, household, beef, pork
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Chea, Ashford C. "The 2014-16 Global Commodity Price Declines and Sub-Saharan Africa’s Real Economy: Analysis for Sustainable Development." Business and Management Research 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v7n1p27.
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The purpose of the article was to ascertain any unfavorable effect of the global commodity price declines on sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) productive sectors. The findings suggest that the global commodity price declines impacted SSA economies in term of trade, growth link, prices, and liquidity. The conclusion derived from the findings is that African economic output was unfavorably impacted significantly, albeit at varying degrees.
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Djolov, George G. "South African pharmaceutical prices: An international price comparison." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v6i2.3319.
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A major presumption underlying the current debate on pharmaceutical prices in South Africa is that South African medicines are priced at levels out of line with comparable products in other countries. This paper presents some empirical evidence in an attempt to ascertain the validity of these presumptions. The results provide little support for the view that South African prices are in need of controls over and above those already existing through competition. The evidence reveals that recent calls and public policy proposals for parallel importation and its variant reference pricing are misplaced. To put forward such proposals without taking account of existing empirical knowledge for policy (or legislative) making purposes is a less than optimal approach.
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Kamal, Khnd Md Mostafa. "Investigating Long-run Relationship between Money, Income and Price for Bangladesh: Application of Econometrics and Cross Spectra Methods." Journal of Science Foundation 14, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v14i1.29498.
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This study examines the long-run causation between the three major macroeconomic variables namely real GDP, money supply and price level in the Bangladesh context. The results obtained by applying time series econometric techniques reveal that unidirectional causation exists between real GDP and prices. The study also suggests that causation runs from money supply to prices but price level does not causes money supply. However, co-integration analysis ascertains long run relationship between these three variables. Moreover, in order to decompose Granger causality between real GDP, money supply and prices in the frequency-domain, Lemmens et al. (2008) method of cross spectra analysis has been used which imply that money supply granger causes real GDP over the short-run, but in the long run, money supply Granger causes prices, not real GDP.Journal of Science Foundation, January 2016;14(1):17-25
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PARIKH, CMA NISHITH, and Dr Gurudutta Japee. "ACTIVITY BASED COSTING – A TOOL OF ACCURATE COSTING." GAP iNTERDISCIPLINARITIES - A GLOBAL JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 1, no. 2 (November 18, 2018): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47968/gapin.12009.
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Activity based costing is a system of allocating overheads to jobs, processes or products on the basis of activities responsible for such expenses, instead of the traditional system, so that true and logical cost is obtained. According to traditional system, firstly the overheads are apportioned over various departments on some basis and then they are absorbed to the individual product on the basis of direct wages or direct labour hours or direct machine hours etc. Suppose factory overheads are absorbed on the basis of machine hours, this is not logical, because all factory overheads are not dependent on machine hours and so the overheads allocated are incorrect and consequently the total cost and selling price based on such costs are all incorrect and illogical, which may put business into trouble. The overheads are absorbed under Activity Based Costing on the basis of activities giving rise to overheads, e.g. to allocate the expenses of procurement of goods, it can be divided into three activities like placing an order, receipts and inspection, storage etc. The total overheads of all three activities are ascertained and are absorbed to various jobs, processes or products in proportion to the services which they received from these activities, e.g. the inspection cost is absorbed on the basis of number of times the product is inspected, cost of placing an order is allocated on the basis of number of times the orders were placed etc.
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Павлов, Игорь, Igor Pavlov, Елизавета Ревякина, Elizaveta Revyakina, Виктория Елесина, and Victoria Elesina. "Market Research of Bottled Drinking Water." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 49, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-3-487-494.
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Drinking water holds a valuable place in human ration. When choosing a water brand, the consumer is guided by a number of factors. Customers place various demands on a product. Thus, during the market launch the manufacturer needs to
know the consumer’s attitude to a given product. The determinant factors for product purchase include consumer’s knowledge of product trade names, information awareness, recognition of the product among other manufacturers, and advertising response. The marketing research was conducted in the city of Biysk (Altai Krai, Russia) and pursued the following goals: to determine public attitudes to bottled drinking water; to assess the factors that influence buying decisions; to evaluate the perspective presence of Altai Krai’s manufacturers at the bottled water market. The research was done through questionnaire survey and provided fairly complete information on consumers’ opinions, choices, and behavior. This survey covered different consumer categories, a total of 300 respondents of different age groups, income level, and social class. The survey results demonstrated that 56.6% of the respondents still use tap water. However, only 15.8% actually give their precedence to tap water value account; the remaining 84.2% can therefore be viewed as potential customers. The survey revealed that the major consumer’s criterion for water is the product price (42.8%). The second criterion in order of importance is the water quality, which constituted 16.7% of the total number of respondents. The paper contains data on consumers’ preferences by water manufacturers. The consumers were found to use water of manufacturers from other regions (51.6%). Only 42.4% gave their preference to local manufacturers, though Altai Krai is famous for its environmentally-clean drinking water sources. Price choices for drinking water were ascertained, and 53.6% of the respondents were found to be ready to pay 40 to 60 rubles per liter, which corresponds with the local manufacturers’ pricing policy. When asked if the quality of local water brands is trustworthy, the great majority of the consumers (86.4%) gave credit to the local manufacturers’ water quality. Based on the data on favourite brands, the most popular brands turned out to be the most promoted ones. The local manufacturers’ efforts in this direction require available persuasion means, such as ad placement in mass media and promotional events at sales places.
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Vangeel, Wouter, Laurens Defau, and Lieven De Moor. "The influence of a mortgage interest and capital deduction policy on house prices." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 38, no. 6 (March 30, 2020): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-08-2019-0102.
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PurposeSince 2005, Belgian housing prices have strongly increased. As the timing coincides with the implementation of a new fiscal package in order to stimulate homeownership, our study attempts to provide an understanding whether the mortgage interest and capital deduction (MICPD) policy has had the side-effect of increasing housing prices while, at the same time, controlling for key housing price determinants.Design/methodology/approachA fixed-effects regression model is used on a panel dataset of the three Belgian regions over the period 1995–2015.FindingsEstimations are carried out separately for different house types, being useful as our empirical analysis ascertains a significant price-increasing effect for ordinary houses and apartments but a significant price-reducing effect for villas. In addition, we find, among other things, that interest rates' influence has been less substantial than commonly thought.Originality/valueThese results are relevant for all governments willing to stimulate homeownership through fiscal stimuli.
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Mila, FA, and SK Raha. "Consumers preferences for processed milk A study in Mymensingh town." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 10, no. 2 (May 13, 2013): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14918.
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The study examined the consumer preference for processed milk in Mymensingh town. The study was mainly based on primary data in which 40 consumers were purposively selected from Mymensingh town. In the study, preference of consumers for processed milk i.e. powder milk, condensed milk and pasteurized milk were investigated. Consumers preference for processed milk was ascertained through a 4-point numerical rating scale. The consumers highly preferred powder milk and the computed preference index of powder milk was 80. The computed preference index of pasteurized milk was 71. The computed preference index of raw milk was 54. The lowest preference of consumers was for condensed milk and the computed preference index of condensed milk was 36. The study revealed that Milk Vita has ranked first (90) followed by Diploma (85), Dano (81), Arong (68) and Red Cow (61) were the major brands preferred by the consumers. On the other hand, Danish (36), Nido (34), Starship (34), Marks (27) and Farmland (26) were less preferred for consumption of processed milk. The relationship between the factors that influencing consumers preferences and their preferences of processed milk was also explored. Spearman rank correlation coefficient test was used to explore relationship between the variables. The monthly income of the family, price level, taste level, fat content, nutritional value and attitudes towards processed milk of the consumers were significantly related with their preferences of processed milk while the other factors (age, family size, education level) were not significantly related.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14918 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 267-276, 2012
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Wader, Deepa G., and G. N. Kulkarn. "Trends in agricultural and non-agricultural wages in Karnataka state." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/185-190.
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The present study attempts to analyse trends in growth in agricultural and nonagricultural labourer across the districts of Karnataka state. For the study secondary data of twentyfive years for the period from 1991 to 2015 was collected from the Directorate of Economics and statistics, Karnataka state. Growth rate of both male and female average daily wages are significantly positive, which indicated increasing wage trend in both dry land and irrigated conditions in different study districts. Compound annual growth rate of daily wages of male agricultural labourers in dry land and irrigated condition is comparatively high in Dharawad, Raichur and Hassan districts. The compound growth rates in wages across districts in dry and irrigated regions for female agricultural workers remained almost the same between 9.1 to 13.1 per cent. It could be, therefore, ascertained that there has been only a marginal changes in the wages across the districts of the state. Growth rate in daily wages for carpenter, blacksmith and mochis in different districts ranged between 7.2 per cent to 12.7 per cent per annum. Comparison of the growth rates of agricultural labourer and non-agricultural labourer, showed that agricultural wages grew at a faster rate than non-agricultural wages across the districts. The daily actual wages of both male and female agricultural labourer were compared with minimum wage price in the state revealed that, more than 75 per cent of districts in state are paying below the minimum wages announced for male agricultural labourer, whereas for female agricultural labourer in all the districts of the state showed less than minimum wages.
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Arshad, Huda, Ruhaini Muda, and Ismah Osman. "Impact of exchange rate and oil price on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk: Evidence from Malaysian capital market." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v5i4.8834.
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This study analyses the impact of exchange rate and oil prices on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk for Malaysian capital market. This study aims to ascertain the effect of weakening Malaysian Ringgit and declining of crude oil price on the fixed income investors in the emerging capital market. This study utilises daily time series data of Malaysian exchange rate, oil price and the yield of Malaysian sovereign bond and sukuk from year 2006 until 2015. The findings show that the weakening of exchange rate and oil prices contribute different impacts in the short and long run. In the short run, the exchange rate and oil prices does not have a direct relation with the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk. However, in the long run, the result reveals that there is a significant relationship between exchange rate and oil prices on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk. It is evident that only a unidirectional causality relation is present between exchange rate and oil price towards selected yield of Malaysian sovereign bond and sukuk. This study provides numerical and empirical insights on issues relating to capital market that supports public authorities and private institutions on their decision and policymaking process.
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John, Raju. "Oil Price–Migration Nexus in India." South Asia Research 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728017745384.
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Given that India is globally the top recipient of migrant remittances and over 90 per cent of Indian worker emigration is to oil-producing nations in the Gulf region, such significant economic relations between the two regions raise concerns that decreasing oil prices may lead to serious negative economic impacts. This article attempts to understand the association between emigration and oil price, assuming that fluctuations in oil price will adversely affect the economic prosperity of oil-producing nations and thus the emigration prospects of a significant section of global migrant workers, including millions of South Asians. Examining the association between changes in oil price and emigration from India more specifically aims to ascertain whether there is a direct correlation, so that reasonable precautions may be made regarding the impact of oil price changes on South Asian worker migrant flows.
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Shih, Van hyung, and Chien Hoang. "The Impact of Accounting Fundamentals and Macroeconomic Indicators on Manufacturing Companies' Stock Prices." Journal La Bisecoman 2, no. 3 (September 6, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v2i3.404.
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The aim of this research is to ascertain if accounting fundamentals and macroeconomic indicators have an effect on stock prices. In this research, a quantitative method was used. The population of this research includes manufacturing firms listed on the Stock Exchange, with a sample size of ten companies collected through secondary data during the 2019-2020 quarter. Scale of data measurement using a ratio scale. The findings indicated that inflation and interest rate macroeconomic variables had little impact on stock values. Fundamentals of Accounting The return on equity and the price-earnings ratio both have a substantial beneficial impact on company prices
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Agarwalla, Megha, Tarak Nath Sahu, and Shib Sankar Jana. "Dynamics of oil price shocks and emerging stock market volatility: a generalized VAR approach." Vilakshan - XIMB Journal of Management 18, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/xjm-07-2020-0018.
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Purpose This study aims to establish the dynamic relationship between international crude oil prices and Indian stock prices represented by the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) energy index. Design/methodology/approach Using Johansen’s cointegration test, vector error correction (VEC) model, impulse response function and variance decomposition test the study tries to ascertain the short-term and long-term dynamic association between the oil price shock and the movement of stock price and Granger causality test is applied to find out the nature of causality. Findings Considering vector autoregression estimation, the present study analyzes the relationship between the variables and tries to make a valid conclusion. The result of the co-integration test exhibits the presence of a long-term association between these two macro-economic variables during the period under study. Also, in the short-run VEC Granger causality result reveals that the movement of international crude oil price significantly influences the Indian stock price. Research limitations/implications To get a more robust result the study can be further extended by taking a longer time period with data of shorter time-frequency such as daily or weekly and further by using more sophisticated econometric and statistical tools. Further, the study can be extended to firm-level investigation considering the forward trading concentration with the Indian oil basket. Social implications In today’s globalized era, forecasting of share price movement helps investors in predicting the market and invest accordingly. Through this liquidity of the markets enhance and markets become more active in the global arena. Originality/value This study represents fresh findings in the changing time period the linkage between crude oil prices and stock prices which are of value to the academicians, researchers, policymakers, investors, market regulators, etc.
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Ogundipe, Adeyemi A., Omobola Adu, Oluwatomisin M. Ogundipe, and Abiola J. Asaleye. "Macroeconomic Impact of Agricultural Commodity Price Volatility in Nigeria." Open Agriculture Journal 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501913010162.
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Introduction: The Nigerian economy has remained consistently heavily dependent on earnings from commodity exports which constitute over 95% external earning and 85% of budgetary and fiscal financing. Agricultural commodity exports have witnessed a significant price swings in the international market in the past few decades resulting in food price hike and macroeconomic distortions in economies heavily dependent on food imports. Methods and Materials: The study assesses the macreoconomic impact of agricultural commodity price volatility in Nigeria from 1970-2017 using Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) cointegration and Impulse-Response Function (IRF) analysis. The study adopted an atheoretical statistics to ascertain the evidence of swings in macroeconomic aggregates. Results: There was evidence of persistent fluctuations in the macroeconomic variables observed, implying that external price shocks exert a significant impact on the macroeconomic management, since bulk of national budgetary and fiscal financing is from commodity exports. Conclusion: The study found that volatile agricultural prices were responsible for a meager 2% of macroeconomic fluctuations. The empirical evidence corroborates the statistics showing that the share of agriculture in primary commodity exports has consistently remained less than 3% since the advent of crude oil. Furthermore, the study found that the swings in agricultural prices impacts foreign reserves and inflation more significantly and earlier in the time horizons than other macroeconomic aggregates.
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Yeap, Geok Peng, and Hooi Hooi Lean. "NONLINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSING SUPPLY AND HOUSE PRICE IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 24, no. 5 (July 23, 2020): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2020.12343.
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The novelty of this paper is to ascertain a nonlinear relationship between housing supply and house price. This study is conducted based on panel dataset of four different types of houses in Malaysia from 2002Q3 through 2016Q4. Although housing supply has been theoretically assumed to be positively and linearly related to house price, we observed that the number of new houses build in Malaysia has declined despite the increasing house prices. Hence, we posit that housing supply and house price are nonlinearly related. The results from pooled mean group estimation show the existence of inverted U-shaped housing supply curve. The threshold level of house price index is found at 186.92 where the effect of house price on housing starts will become negative after this point. We also find that the marginal effects of house price evaluated at the minimum and maximum levels are positive and negative, respectively, and statistically significant. This paper suggests that the squared term of house price should be included in estimating housing supply in Malaysia. The evidence of inverted U-shaped housing supply curve in Malaysia shows that housing authorities have taken steps to overcome the challenges of oversupply by reducing the approvals for housing development projects.
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Coronado, Ángela, Francisco Climent, and Dolores Furió. "The Reliability of Spanish and German Electricity Forward Prices. Databases and Price Discovery Process." Mathematics 9, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9060623.
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Given the existence of different databases from different sources that offer information on forward electricity prices, the need to compare them arises to guarantee that research results and trading decisions based on them are not sensitive to the database used. We worked with forward electricity prices traded over the counter, closest month to maturity, covering the period from 2010 to 2016 for the Spanish over the counter (OTC) market, and from 2008 to 2016 for the German OTC market. The goal of this paper was to test whether there were significant discrepancies between the price series provided by two of the main agencies of financial information (Thomson Reuters and Bloomberg), as well as to analyze the existence of causality relationships between them, both in the long-term and in the short-term. As a first step, we obtained the data availability and the distributional characteristics of each of the price series offered by the mentioned financial information providers for the Spanish and the German electricity OTC market. Then we studied the lead-lag relationship between two price series, previously chosen as representative of those provided by Thomson Reuters and Bloomberg, to ascertain if there are any leading databases that may systematically anticipate information with respect to the others.
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Osereme Amiolemen, Omoike, Uwalomwa Uwuigbe, Olubukola Ranti Uwuigbe, Ilogho Simon Osiregbemhe, and Ajetunmobi Opeyemi. "Corporate social environmental reporting and stock prices: an analysis of listed firms in Nigeria." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(3).2018.26.
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The study investigated Corporate Social Environmental Reporting and its association with stock prices (using market price per share as at the financial year end) among listed firms in Nigeria. The study used a cross-sectional research design comprising 50 publicly listed companies across various sectors for the period of five years (2011–2015). For the selected firms, the annual report was used to collect the data. This research utilizes the panel data regression in analyzing the influence of the independent variable (measured by corporate social and environmental expenditure) on the dependent variable measured using the market price per share) for the respective years. Also, in an attempt to examine the relatively market price per share across the sampled industries, the study made use of the one-way analysis of variance; while the Granger causality test was also conducted to ascertain whether bi-directional relationships exist between explanatory variable and the dependent variable (i.e. corporate social and environmental expenditure and market price per share). Findings from the study revealed that the association between corporate social and environmental expenditure and the market price of the firm (when considered in aggregate) is not significant. The result from the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the market price per share is significantly different across the industries.
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Khanderia, Saloni. "Price Comparisons under the South African Anti-dumping Laws." Foreign Trade Review 52, no. 1 (August 20, 2016): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732516650823.
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South Africa has been one of the most prolific users of anti-dumping, where the number of investigations initiated by it has far outweighed the number of imports. The methods adopted by South African anti-dumping authorities have been quite polemic given the consistent faux pas in determining if the prices of the imported product and the domestic product are even comparable. Moreover, in the real world, it rarely happens that the products being sold in the domestic market of the exporting country and the ones being sold to the importing country are physically identical, and sold under the same conditions in both these markets. Accordingly, it becomes fundamental for South Africa’s anti-dumping authority—the International Trade Administrative Commission—to ensure that these prices, namely the normal value and the export price, are comparable, before adjudging whether or not the domestic industry has suffered injury as a result of dumping. Hence, both these prices would need certain adjustments to be made, in compliance with the WTO’s Anti-Dumping Agreement, to ascertain that they have occurred at the same level of trade. Additionally, because anti-dumping duties, either in the form of provisional or definitive duties, can only be imposed by investigating authorities after they have determined that the dumped imports have caused injury to the domestic market, price comparisons become increasingly vital and in turn influence the analysis of the effect of prices on the domestic like product. This article thus analyzes price comparisons under South Africa’s most recent anti-dumping investigations, to determine whether these are even consistent with the Anti-Dumping Agreement requirements on the same.
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Son, Junghwa, and Byoungho Ellie Jin. "When do high prices lead to purchase intention? Testing two layers of moderation effects." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 31, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 1516–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-07-2018-0271.
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Purpose Most marketing practices assume that consumers will buy when prices are low. This assumption, however, may not always hold true. Employing equity theory and Veblen’s theory of the leisure class, this study tested two moderating effects to ascertain the relationship between perceived price and purchase intention. The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to examine the relationship between perceived price and willingness to purchase; second, to discover the effects of two moderators (perceived price fairness and vanity) on this relationship; and third, to compare how these moderating effects differ by consumers’ brand familiarity. Design/methodology/approach A total of 287 usable data sets were collected from college students in the southeastern region of the USA. Findings The findings showed no negative relationship between perceived price and willingness to purchase. Only perceived price fairness was found to moderate the perceived price–purchase intention relationship. Furthermore, the moderating effect of price fairness was only confirmed in the high brand familiarity group, while the moderating effect of vanity was only confirmed in the low brand familiarity group. Research limitations/implications Generalization of the findings is cautioned because findings may vary by demographic backgrounds. Practical implications Since purchase intention increases when price is fair even though price is high, marketers should put efforts into promoting and creating the perception of fair price of their products and brands. Originality/value This study extends price perception research by incorporating two theories (equity theory and Veblen’s theory of the leisure class) that help further elaborate the relationship between perceived price and willingness to purchase.
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Mishra, Shiva Raj, Parash Mani Bhandari, Sujan Babu Marahatta, Hari Krishan Singh Rana, Pawan Acharya, and Vishnu Khanal. "Current smokers’ perception of cigarette graphic health warnings and smoking habits: a cross sectional study from Nepal." Health Prospect 15, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v15i1.14462.
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Background: Nepal introduced Tobacco Products (Control and Regulatory) Act in 2011. This act has mandatory provision of enlarged graphical health warning in Nepali language on at least 75% area on the package of all the tobacco products. This study examined the perception of cigarette graphic health warnings and smoking habits among current smokers.Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Butwal sub-metropolitan city in Rupandehi district of Nepal. Among 19 wards of the sub-metropolitan city, four wards were selected randomly by computer-generated codes. Enumerators purposively selected 10 shops from each ward, then recruited every third cigarette buyer from each shop to make a total of five. Smoking status was ascertained by asking if they had ever smoked in last thirty days. We approached 200 people, of whom 40 (20.0%) didn’t agree to participate and 10 (5.0%) didn’t smoke currently. Thus, information from 150 current smokers was finally included in the analysis.Results: Nearly 71% of respondents said they would smoke even if the price of cigarette was doubled. Similarly, 55.3% reported that they had intention to quit smoking, followed by 62.0% agreeing on taxation of cigarette and tobacco products is essential. Nearly 81% said it is necessary to keep health warnings in the package of cigarette. About 87% knew that the Government of Nepal has introduced some regulations to control tobacco products. Nearly 80% of respondents had heard of new provision on enlarged graphic health warning on cigarette packages. More than one-fourth (26.7%) had reduced the frequency of smoking since they started using packages with enlarged graphic health warning.Conclusion: Majority had heard of graphic health warning on cigarette packages. Greater than a half of the respondents had intention to quit smoking, and nearly two-third identified taxation as important means to control smoking. A quarter of respondents reported that they forewent smoking after they started using new packages with enlarged graphic health warning. Further research on impact of graphic health warning on smoking levels through repeated cross sectional studies can be the future research priority.
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Mat Zin, Normayuni, Suriatini Ismail, and Fatin Afiqah Md. Azmi. "Ascertaining the Economic Sustainability of Heritage Property Market based on Sales Transaction Analysis." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 3, no. 7 (March 2, 2018): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v3i7.1299.
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Increasing trend in property transactions can be used as an indicator of economic sustainability of an area. This paper has analysed the transaction volumes and prices of pre-war shophouses in four historical areas in Malaysia in order to ascertain the state of economic sustainability of the heritage property markets. Secondary data for 2004 until 2017 were obtained from governmental sources and descriptive statistical analysis was undertaken. The results show evidence of increasing trend in the price per square foot for the shophouses in all the areas suggesting that there is economic sustainability of the heritage property markets in Malaysia.
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Cross, Robin, Andrew J. Plantinga, and Robert N. Stavins. "What Is the Value of Terroir?" American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.152.
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We examine the value of terroir—the set of special characteristics of a location that impart unique qualities to the wine produced. We conduct a hedonic analysis of vineyard sales in the Willamette Valley of Oregon to ascertain whether site attributes—such as slope, aspect, elevation, and soil types—or designated appellations are more important determinants of price. We find that prices are strongly determined by appellation designations, but not by specific site attributes. These results indicate that the concept of terroir matters economically, but that the reality of terroir—as proxied by locational attributes—is not significant.
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Cross, Robin, Andrew J. Plantinga, and Robert N. Stavins. "The Value of Terroir: Hedonic Estimation of Vineyard Sale Prices." Journal of Wine Economics 6, no. 1 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100001036.
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AbstractWe examine the value of terroir, which refers to the special characteristics of a place that impart unique qualities to the wine produced. We do this by conducting a hedonic analysis of vineyard sales in the Willamette Valley of Oregon to ascertain whether site attributes, such as slope, aspect, elevation, and soil types, or designated appellations are more important determinants of price. We find that prices are strongly determined by sub-AVA appellation designations, but not by specific site attributes. These results indicate that the concept of terroir matters economically, although the reality of terroir – as proxied for by locational attributes – is not significant. (JEL Classification: C2, Q11)
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Qurat-Ul-Ain, Syeda, and Saira Tufail. "The Effect of Oil Price Shocks on the Dynamic Relationship between Current Account and Exchange Rate: Evidence from D-8 Countries." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (December 1, 2013): 537–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.537-556.
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The effect of oil price shocks on global economy has been a great concern since 1970s and has instigated a great deal of research investigating macroeconomic consequences of oil price fluctuations. Later on, the instability in the Middle East and recent oil price hike confirmed the enduring significance of the issue. Though a voluminous body of literature has evolved examining the bearings of oil prices for internal sectors of economies [to name a few, e.g., Barsky and Kilian (2004); Kilian (2008a,b); Hamilton (2008)], the studies analysing the external sector response to oil price shocks are very few [see, e.g. Kilian, et al. (2007)]. The determination of current account and exchange rate—the two major indicators of external sector—has been studied widely in theoretical and empirical literature but mostly the discussion of the two variables largely remained separate [Lee and Chinn (1998)]. Similarly, investigation of simultaneous response of these two variables to an oil price shock remained relatively less ventured avenue of research. Initial work done on the relationship between current account and oil price could not ascertain conclusive link between these two variables.1 Recent work on the issue revealed the diversity of responses of current account of different countries to an oil price shock. For instance, oil price increase deteriorates current account balance of developing countries [OECD (2004); Rebucci and Spatafora (2006); Killian, et al. (2007)] but may improve it if the country happens to be a net oil-exporter. This implies that the relationship depends on the number of factors among which oil dependency of country, oil-intensity of production process2 and responses of non-oil trade balance3 and sources of oil price fluctuations4are of particular significance.
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Aremu Akinde, Mukail, Eriki Peter, and Ochei Ailemen Ikpefan. "Growth versus value investing: a case of Nigerian Stock Market." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(1).2019.03.
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At a time, the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) is generally undergoing bearish trends; the paper investigated the performance of eighty-eight (88) sampled stocks, which were screened with the modern Price Earnings Growth (PEG) ratio into the Growth and the Value Portfolios. This is to ascertain whether the Value Portfolio outperformed the Growth Portfolio in terms of returns. From the researches in the developed and emerging stock markets, the momentum supports that the Value Portfolio outscored the Growth Portfolio in terms of returns. The paper explored pooled data from the Factbooks of the Nigerian Stock Market and the Annual Reports across different industries from 1990 to 2016. Descriptive methods and Arellano and Generalized Methods of Moment (GMM) xtabond2 were adopted to address the outliers, reverse causality and other related consequences of panel data. Similar to the findings from the developed and emerging stock markets, the study recognized that the Value Portfolio over-performed the Growth Portfolio in terms of returns in the NSE. Therefore, it is recommended that rational investors should show more preferences to invest in low-priced Value Stocks to earn higher returns than the high-priced Growth Stocks, which generated lower returns in the NSE.
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Silwal, Prem Prasad, and Samrina Napit. "Fundamentals of Stock Price in Nepalese commercial banks." International Research Journal of Management Science 4 (December 1, 2019): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/irjms.v4i0.27887.
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The aim of this study is to ascertain the determinants of the stock market price in Nepalese commercial banks for the period of 2065/66 to 2074/75. It is based on pooled cross-sectional data of ten banks for 10 years whose stocks are listed in Nepal stock exchange. The study employed correlational and causal comparative research design and result reveals that book value per share, price earnings ratio, return on equity have positive relationship with stock price. Dividend yield has positive but minimum influence on the price of the stock whereas size has negative relationship and is statistically insignificant with stock price. Further, it reveals that book value per share is a most influential factor that determines stock price in Nepal.
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Das, Debashree. "GST Pass-through Across Indian Sates: Evidence from Difference-in-Differences." Indian Economic Journal 66, no. 1-2 (March 2018): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466219838427.
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This article analyses whether there exists any short-term inflationary pressure on Indian economy post Goods and Services Tax (GST) implementation. It was found that the introduction of GST showed no significant effect on the rate of change of consumer price index (CPI). Though, the effect of the GST implementation on consumer prices in India showed no significant change in the short term, the impact needs to monitored and observed for the long term, because the current state of economic conditions may have led to a delayed pass-through of the GST increase into consumer prices. To estimate the pass-through effect on prices due to GST implementation from 1 July 2017, various graphical and statistical methods are used to ascertain whether there has been any significant pass-through of GST on CPI– ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and difference-in differences (DID) estimation technique has been used. The impact of post- and pre-implementation of GST has been analysed through DID by segregating the data set on the basis of treatment and control groups. The non-special category states have been taken as the treatment group and remaining special category states as control group. The results indicate that there is no significant evidence of upward bias in the CPI post GST implementation; these conventional estimates hold true for all states that were segmented based on revenue distribution and contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). JEL: D78, H20, H22
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Chea, Ashford C. "The Impact of the 2014-16 Global Commodity Price Declines on Sub-Saharan African Financial Economy." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 6 (May 18, 2017): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n6p162.
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The aim of the article has been to ascertain the impact of the global commodity price declines on SSA’s financial economy. Analysis showed that the global commodity price deterioration impacted SSA financial systems in many areas including increased borrowing costs, financial sector strains, and tighter private sector funding conditions. The article analyzes the traditional role of the financial sector in channeling capital to support the real economy in SSA. Also discussed are the linkages of the price shock on the continent’s financial economy. Finally, the paper outlined the outlook and growth prospects for SSA financial sector stability and long-term development.
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Verma, Pranay, and Anil Kumar Sharma. "The Influence of Assortment Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty." International Journal of Online Marketing 7, no. 4 (October 2017): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2017100103.
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This study investigates how assortment satisfaction is predicted for purchase of online footwear and its consequences. This research is interplay of product display, customer loyalty, perceived risk and price comparison to ascertain their relationships. It examines the association between intrinsic cues and assortment satisfaction. This article also probes the well-established relationship between satisfaction and loyalty by way of assortment satisfaction and customer loyalty. The impact of product display, customer loyalty and price comparison on assortment satisfaction has been empirically verified by exploratory factor analysis and tested by structural equation modeling. The findings prove that price comparison is the most important factor influencing assortment satisfaction. Assortment satisfaction leads to customer loyalty. The authors develop a model that jointly optimizes assortment satisfaction for product display and price comparison and builds customer loyalty.
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Kasztelnik, Karina. "Causal-Comparative Macroeconomic Behavioral Study: International Corporate Financial Transfer Pricing in the United States." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 4, no. 1 (2020): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.4(1).60-75.2020.
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This research paper summarizes the ideas of maximization of corporate welfare and basic firm theory, transfer prices among corporate subsidiaries have been found to complicate performance evaluations of subsidiaries and the parent company. The research problem addressed the lack of understanding of transfer price policy and its application to impact firm profits within three specific measures: investor return, earnings per share, and effective tax rate. The main purpose of this study was to ascertain an empirical relationship between transfer pricing policies and these financial performance measures within a study of two multinational firms. The research paper presents an empirical result indicated statistically significant differences between the measures for each firm and allowed further comparative analysis based on other collected data. Overall, results indicated each measure of performance affected transfer pricing tax liabilities, and transfer pricing may be a vehicle to improve company profitability. The results of this study may contribute to positive social change by bringing a focus to efficiency in transfer pricing, which could yield positive impacts on the economy through the reduction of international transaction costs stemming from the minimization of tariffs, income tax liabilities at home and abroad, foreign exchange risk and conflicts with foreign governments’ policies. Positive social change may also be affected by providing investors a new perspective on corporate financial data based on transfer price policies and corporate performance. Keywords: Finance, Transfer Pricing, Macroeconomy, Corporate Performance, Effective Tax Rate, Earnings Per Share, Investor Return.
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Nisar, Muhammad. "Effects of Land Ownership Disputes on Social Structure in Tehsil Dargai District Malakand." Global Disclosure of Economics and Business 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v7i1.104.
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The main objective of this research study was to ascertain the effect of land ownership disputes due to land commercialization and its effects on social structure in Tehsil Dargai, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Out of 291 respondents from civil suit/1 register of Tehsil Dargai, a sample size of 128 respondents was selected randomly through using the Mwakaje (2013) formula. Convenience sampling was used as a tool for data collection. The dependent variable (social structure) was cross tabulated with independent variable (land commercialization related disputes). Association of variables was ascertained by using Chi-square test. The study found a significant association between social structure and land ownership disputes due to urbanization (P= .045), population pressure (P=014), land considered a key asset of livelihood (P=0.000), agricultural commercialization (P=0.000) and increase in land prices (P=0.000). However, there was a non-significant relationship between social structure and migration into an area (P=0.200). The study concluded that the social structure is becoming weakening due to land disputes because of commercialization. People are becoming materialistic in their outlook and feel no hesitation in adopting unfair means to sell or force encroachment on other’s land which leads to the weakening of social bonds and hence social structure.
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Beyuo, Alexis. "NGO grassroots participatory approaches to promoting sustainable agriculture: reality or Myth in Ghana's Upper-West Region?" Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 1 (May 6, 2018): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000169.
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AbstractMany NGOs pride themselves with their ability to use grassroots participatory approaches when working with economically disadvantaged farmers. I asked whether current participatory approaches could be relied on to promote sustainable agriculture among subsistence farmers in Ghana's Upper-West Region. To ascertain this, I employed Arnstein's (2015) ladder of citizen participation as a theoretical basis. A two-phase exploratory sequential mixed method design was also used. Phase one consisted of a qualitative comparative analysis of the various participatory approaches of two purposively sampled NGOs using FGDs and in-depth interviews. In phase two, themes from phase one guided the formulation of a structured questionnaire, which ascertained the differences in grassroots participatory approaches between the two identified NGOs and how these differences influenced the likelihood of their respective beneficiary farmers adopting sustainable agronomic practices using chi-square and logistic regression. Findings show statistically significant associations between grassroots participation and farmers’ adoption of sustainable agronomic practices. The findings suggest that farmers who were engaged in higher levels of Arnstein's (2015) typology of participation were more likely to adopt sustainable agronomic practices than those who minimally participated. This suggests that development interventions can be most beneficial to the grassroots when intended beneficiaries fully participate in them.
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Jahangir, S. M. Rashed, and Betul Yuce Dural. "Crude oil, natural gas, and economic growth: impact and causality analysis in Caspian Sea region." International Journal of Management and Economics 54, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2018-0019.
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Abstract The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact and causality of crude oil and natural gas on economic growth in the Caspian Sea region. Here, the study applies ordinary least square (OLS) method and Granger causality test using time series data from 1997 to 2015 to ascertain the impact and causality of crude oil and natural gas on economic growth. The results, according to the OLS method, evince that crude oil and natural gas have a significant impact on economic growth of the region. Alongside, considering causality test, gross domestic product (GDP) does Granger cause (unidirectional) crude oil price and export which denotes that GDP can help to forecast crude oil price and export; however, crude oil price and export cannot help to forecast GDP. Surprisingly, this direction is unlikely for GDP and natural gas. GDP and natural gas have unidirectional, but opposite causal relationship, i.e., natural gas price and export do Granger cause GDP which signify that natural gas price and export can help to forecast GDP; however, GDP cannot help to forecast crude oil price and export.
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Aravind, P. K. "Solution to the King’s Problem in Prime Power Dimensions." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 58, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2003): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2003-2-302.
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It is shown how to ascertain the values of a complete set of mutually complementary observables of a prime power degree of freedom by generalizing the solution in prime dimensions given by Englert and Aharonov [Phys. Lett. A284, 1 - 5 (2001)].
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Akhremenko, Andrei, and Yulia Shulika. "Political Security in Authoritarian Systems with a Resource Rent Economy: a Result of the „Social Contract” and High Resource Prices?" Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2019.1.19.
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Most researchers believe that states which are rich in natural resources are more able to maintain political stability in comparison to countries without such an access to exceptional profits. However, some rent resource autocracies are unanimously considered fragile, and their ability to extract maximum rents does not always contribute to political and economic security during price fluctuations. Based on the idea that the state’s ability to extract resources imposes on it certain ob- ligations, the research question touches upon the quality of governance as a supposed core factor, which mediates the resource dependence and political security in terms of stateness and the ability to fulfil the “social contract.” The latter is described as implementation of political decisions, provision of public goods and services. However, the quality of governance is substantially different in various autocratic systems. Using casestudy and descriptive statistics, the authors try to reveal the context and ascertain which factors trigger the horizon length of autocrats` political strategies during rising and falling resource prices. The authors affirm that resource dependence negatively affects political security less due to an absence of economic growth during price breaks, and more due to the struggle of political elites for the redistribution of resources, absence of disciplinary mechanisms, weak representation and accountability systems, and poor enabling environments as a basis for quality of resource management. The authors conclude that political security in autocratic resource economies is achieved through the coexistence of political will and triggers, conducive to specifying the length of the planning horizon.
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Alqaralleh, Huthaifa. "On the asymmetric response of the exchange rate to shocks in the crude oil market." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 14, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-10-2019-0011.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the nonlinear dynamics in the effects of oil price shocks on the exchange rate for a sample from the Group of Twenty (G20) over the period 1994:1-2019:1. Design/methodology/approach Using monthly time series data covering the period1994:1-2019:1, the author first use the non-parametric triples test of Randles et al. (1980) to ascertain the existence of asymmetric properties in the sample of exchange rates. Then the author used the nonlinear ARDL cointegration approach developed by Shin et al. (2014) to examine the reaction of these exchange rates to the oil price shocks. Findings This study has identified significant evidence that the exchange rate is asymmetrically distributed, with the effect that high appreciation of the exchange rate is followed by slower depreciation. The NARDL results support such asymmetry even more strongly because in the test the exchange rate is shown to react differently in the long term to positive and negative shocks in oil prices. Another major finding was that the speed of adjustment differed over the sample, as the cumulative dynamic multipliers effect highlighted. Research limitations/implications This change in direction and the employment of non-linear technique can be to obtain better insight into the model specification, which the author believes, will not only enhance the findings in the literature but also enhance forecasting and decision-making. Practical implications A practical implication of this change is the possibility that policymakers and participants concerned with exchange rate stability should intervene in the market to alleviate the unfavourable impact of oil price shocks on the exchange rate. Originality/value Addressing this nonlinear dynamic in the effects of oil price shocks on the exchange rate have at least the following two important reasons: asymmetry and regime change are types of nonlinearities that affect the market dynamics, especially, over marked sample period with such financial crises as the global financial crises of 2007, thereby violating the linear models. Adopting an asymmetric cointegration technique permits to incorporate cointegrated positive and negative components of the considered series.
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Chaudhary, Muhammad Ali, Eatzaz Ahmad, Abid A. Burki, and Mushtaq A. Khan. "Industrial Sector Input Demand Responsiveness and Policy Interventions." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (December 1, 1999): 1083–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.1083-1100.
Full textAbstract:
In Pakistan, government intervention in the input market of the industrial sector is considerable. It regulates prices of virtually all energy and certain other non-labour inputs. To stimulate industrial production and output growth, it also encourages the provision of extended credit facilities to the industrial producers. Further, it has also often announced adjustments/reductions in duties and tariffs on products used in industrial production. Conversely, government also imposes taxes on outputs. It may desire to levy new taxes on the industrial inputs. All interventions have profound implications for producers, consumers and the government alike. Therefore, it is important to know how they may affect the industrial input demand. Further, it is equally important to know how effective they may be for the government in the realisation of its objectives. The most pertinent approach to ascertain the industrial input demand responsiveness to government interventions is to obtain valid estimates of price elasticities. In fact, competent elasticity estimates of the producer input demand derived with a sound methodology can serve as a solid basis to predict producer responsiveness to market changes and thereby the effectiveness and desirability of government interventions
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Ameh, Sunday Ojonugwa, and Benjamin Thomas Osafo. "Housing Policies: The Experiences and Constraints of Housing Industry in Ghana." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 416–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.79.9026.
Full textAbstract:
Ghana housing policies in the pre- and post- independence have not been consistent and sustainable. Whiles the colonial government adopted self-help projects and piloted research findings, policies after independence focused on social housing, affordable housing and Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects. The impact of these policies did not improve the performance of the main stakeholders in the housing industry, thereby resulting to inadequate houses in most communities in Ghana. The research sought to identify the main challenges encountered by stakeholders in relation to government housing policies. The study adopted the exploratory and thematic literature review to ascertain the experiences and constraints faced by the Housing Industry (HI) in Ghana in relation to Ghana Housing Policies (GHP). The principle of demand and supply which determine the price mechanism in the housing market constitutes the theoretical orientation of the study. As such, challenges created by the housing policies in Ghana were related to the factors of demand and supply, principle of price mechanism and experiences of the global world and well as increase in urban shelter deviant rate. A comprehensive analysis was undertaken to reveal key findings on the challenges of the individual stakeholders namely households, financial institutions, estate developers and government land sector agencies. It was realized that prices of houses in Ghana were high in relation to households’ incomes. And that, the loan requirements of mortgage institutions of payment of 30% deposit, 50% monthly mortgage and 10 years mortgage term were unbearable by most households. It was recommended that estate developers should undertake demand assessment of households and the government should implement sustainable policies, hence reduce urban shelter deviant rate.
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Rahaman, MS, MAR Sarkar, MJ Kabir, L. Deb, MC Rahman, MA Islam, and MAB Siddique. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Rice Procurement Programme and Farmers’ Profitability in some Selected Areas of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Rice Journal 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v24i1.53238.
Full textAbstract:
Using cross-sectional data obtained through carrying out a sample survey conducted during 2018, we examined the perception of farmers and millers about the paddy and rice procurement system and its feasibility. A probit model was employed to ascertain the factors influencing the likelihood of participating in the procurement system by farmers from two districts of Bangladesh. The results showed that the government procurement system has significant impacts on both the participant farmers and millers. The farmers and millers' net profit was TK 4,205 and TK 3,930 by selling a ton of paddy and cleaned rice, respectively, to the procurement center rather than in the local market. The probit regression analysis revealed nine different factors that significantly influenced farmers' participation in the paddy procurement programme. Results further implied that educated farmers had procurement cards with sufficient system knowledge, residing near the hub with improved road access, and association with political parties get preference in participating in the programme. The findings also indicate that lucrative prices, programme scheduling and good conduct of procurement employees inspire farmers to participate in the programme. The government procurement programme has several drawbacks such as anomalies in selecting farmers, taking extra paddy by the employees, corruption, unsuitable payment system, and procurement capacity. Therefore, the government would be vigilant to ensure that the procurement system will provide farmers with price support. A well-functioning procurement system is crucial for guaranteeing the country's food security by ensuring a fair price for the producers. Finally, the study proposed some policy guidelines based on the findings to establish a sound paddy and/or rice procurement system in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Rice J. 24 (1): 31-46, 2020