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Journal articles on the topic 'Aseptic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Sumantra, I. Gede, and Marzuki Marzuki. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis." Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma 3, no. 1 (2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v3i1.33.

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Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a rare diagnosis although must be included in the differential of headache. CST is either infectious or aseptic. Aseptic thrombosis usually occurs secondary to trauma or is post surgical. Sinusitis appears to be the most common cause for septic CST. Otitis media, facial cellulitis (located medial third paranasal) and odontogenic infections are also commonly implicated. Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a rare phenomenon that requires clinical suspicion and emergent imaging for correct diagnosis. Mycotic aneurysm is a rare complication of cavernous sinus thrombosis and may be treated with antibiotics, carotid ligation, internal carotid artery balloon occlusion, or Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) embolization.

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2

Shelestina, N. V. "A patient with non-pulmonary cavernous sinus thrombosis and cluster headache: the role of telemedicine consultation." Russian Journal of Telemedicine and E-Health 10, no. 2 (2024): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29188/2712-9217-2024-10-2-13-18.

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Cerebral venous thrombosis may be due to partial or complete occlusion of cortical veins or cerebral venous sinuses, of which cavernous sinus thrombosis is the least frequently diagnosed (1.3% of cases). Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus is more frequently diagnosed, but aseptic variant of development is also possible. The aim of this work was to present a clinical case of a change in the diagnostic hypothesis during the observation by a neurologist of a telemedicine service of a patient with cluster headache and further detection of non-septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus.

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3

BRISMAR, GUDRUN, and JAN BRISMAR. "ASEPTIC THROMBOSIS OF ORBITAL VEINS AND CAVERNOUS SINUS." Acta Ophthalmologica 55, no. 1 (2009): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1977.tb06091.x.

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4

Lamza, N.V., O.V. Kovtunenko, G.K. Morgachova, et al. "Peculiarities of the differential diagnosis of different types of cerebral sinus and vein thrombosis in patients with ENT organs involvement." Medicni perspektivi 27, no. 1 (2022): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2022.1.254331.

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The paper is devoted to the problems of diagnosis of septic and aseptic forms of central venous thrombosis. The aim of the study was to study the clinical manifestation and lesions of the ear, nose and throat, in patients with aseptic central venous thrombosis in order to increase the efficiency of differential diagnosis of various forms of thrombosis and to determine the tactics of further treatment of patients with this disease. Variants of manifestation of lesions of Lesions of the ear, nose and throat were studied in 14 patients with aseptic central venous thrombosis who were hospitalized for the period from 2016 to 2019, the results of their ophthalmological and neurological examination, as well as laboratory studies are given. It was found that among patients with cerebral venous thrombosis in most cases (82.4%) various changes in otolaryngological status were detected, of which 21.4% of cases – with septic lesions of the ENT organs, 78.6% of cases – with aseptic changes. During the examination, the character of these pathological changes in otolaryngology status in non-purulent lesions of the ENT organs (swelling of the soft tissues of the face, sinus mucosa or their necrosis, dysfunction of the pharyngeal muscular system, neurosensory deafness) were formulated, which could be explained by secondary ischemic tissue changes and impaired venous outflow of the soft tissues of the face. Also, the absence of a primary purulent focus of infection and septic changes in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of CVT, confirmed the aseptic (primary) form of the disease. Patients with aseptic CVT are assigned direct anticoagulant therapy and symptomatic therapy depending on the presence of cerebral and focal neurological symptoms, which is radically different from the therapeutic tactics used by patients with septic CVT. Thus, when conducting a differential diagnosis of different forms of CVT, for the choice of therapeutic strategy, in addition to the standard algorithm of examination of the patient should take into account the nature of changes in otolaryngological status.

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5

Khanna, Rohit K., Christopher J. Pham, Ghaus M. Malik, Eric M. Spickler, Bharat Mehta, and Mark L. Rosenblum. "Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein enlargement associated with diffuse cerebral swelling." Journal of Neurosurgery 86, no. 5 (1997): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1997.86.5.0893.

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✓ Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) enlargement has rarely been shown to occur in patients with septic and aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis, Graves' disease due to obstruction of the SOV by enlarged extraocular muscles, or carotid—cavernous fistulas caused by retrograde flow. The authors describe 11 patients with bilateral SOV enlargement associated with cerebral swelling as detected by computerized tomography scanning. The bilaterally enlarged SOVs returned to a normal size following resolution of cerebral swelling and elevated intracranial pressure. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of bilateral SOV enlargement associated with diffuse cerebral swelling that subsequently resolved after treatment of the cerebral edema. The authors believe that the bilateral SOV enlargement was caused by mechanical cavernous sinus venous stagnation due to cerebral swelling, a syndrome that occurs more commonly than currently appreciated.

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6

Rengaraj, Nithya, Anish Keepanasseril, Gowri Dorairajan, Murali Subbaiah, Pradeep P. Nair, and Deepak Barathi. "The diagnostic dilemma of a pregnant woman presenting with an isolated sixth nerve palsy: A case report." Obstetric Medicine 13, no. 4 (2019): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x18817167.

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Pregnant women presenting with isolated cranial palsies are uncommon. Isolated sixth nerve (abducens nerve) palsy can occur for a variety of reasons and neuroimaging is often performed to identify an underlying cause. We report a case of a woman in her third pregnancy with preeclampsia who presented with an isolated sixth nerve palsy. The diagnosis of aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis was made and she subsequently made a full recovery.

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7

Ladner, T. R., B. J. Davis, L. He, L. A. Mawn, and J. Mocco. "Transorbital superior ophthalmic vein sacrifice to preserve vision in ocular hypertension from aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis." Case Reports 2014, oct29 1 (2014): bcr2014011454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-011454.

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8

Ladner, Travis R., Brandon J. Davis, Lucy He, Louise A. Mawn, and J. Mocco. "Transorbital superior ophthalmic vein sacrifice to preserve vision in ocular hypertension from aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 7, no. 12 (2014): e39-e39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011454.rep.

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9

Knudtzon, Karsten. "A REMARKABLE CASE OF PULSATING EXOPHTHALMOS IN AN OLD PATIENT WHO RECOVERED SPONTANEOUSLY AFTER BILATERAL ASEPTIC THROMBOSIS OF THE CAVERNOUS SINUS*." Acta Ophthalmologica 28, no. 3 (2009): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1950.tb05369.x.

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10

Kobayashi, Masayoshi, and Hiroshi Sakaida. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 107, no. 11 (2014): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.107.858.

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11

Agayev, Ayaz, and Sabri Yilmaz. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis." New England Journal of Medicine 359, no. 21 (2008): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm067696.

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12

Younis, Ramzi T., Rande H. Lazar, Thomas E. Boulden, and Barry E. Linden. "CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS." Southern Medical Journal 83, Supplement (1990): 2S—106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199009001-00432.

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13

Heckmann, Josef G., and Bernd Tomandl. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis." Lancet 362, no. 9400 (2003): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15013-1.

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14

Miller, Neil R. "Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 19, no. 2 (1991): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1991.tb00654.x.

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15

Smith, Douglas M., Arastoo Vossough, Gregory A. Vorona, Lauren A. Beslow, Rebecca N. Ichord, and Daniel J. Licht. "Pediatric cavernous sinus thrombosis." Neurology 85, no. 9 (2015): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000001886.

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16

Doyle, Karen Jo, and Robert K. Jackler. "Otogenic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 104, no. 6 (1991): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989110400619.

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17

Andrews, Charles M., Harris E. Hawk, and Christine A. Holmstedt. "Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis." Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2014): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ncn3.104.

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18

Aboimova, E. V., and G. A. Azamatova. "A clinical case of severe ophthalmic manifestations of cavernous sinus thrombosis." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 6 (November 9, 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-6-14-20.

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In rare cases, cavernous sinus thrombosis can occur against the background of an even rarer disease – carotid-cavernous fistula. The carotid-cavernous fistula is a direct communication between the intracavernous part of the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. The clinical picture of cavernous sinus thrombosis due to carotid-cavernous fistula may not have classic symptoms and cause difficulties in making a diagnosis, which can lead to incorrect treatment tactics. The presented clinical case demonstrates the nuances of differential diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis against the background of carotid-cavernous fistula. Timely collection and analysis of complaints, anamnesis data, interpretation of objective examination data, results of the necessary instrumental research methods, coordinated work of doctors of various specialties (ophthalmologist, neurologist and neurosurgeon) will make it possible to establish an accurate diagnosis in a timely manner and prescribe an effective treatment for a favorable outcome of this pathology. Keywords: cavernous sinus thrombosis, carotid-cavernous fistula, ophthalmic manifestations, chemosis, diagnostics

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19

Abdullina, V. R. "Clinical case of cavernous sinus thrombosis in a young patient after suffering COVID-19." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 6 (November 9, 2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-6-9-13.

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The article presents a clinical case of cavernous sinus thrombosis after suffering COVID-19 with complaints of decreased visual acuity and signs of papilledema Hypercoagulability associated with COVID-19 is caused by an active immune response to infection and may predispose to the development of a thromboembolic event in the cavernous sinus. Thus, close attention should be paid to patients' complaints of visual impairment caused by coronavirus infection. Clinical manifestations of cavernous sinus thrombosis may appear some time after the infection due to the possible long-term circulation of this virus in the body, activating immune complexes that cause cavernous sinus thrombosis, followed by the manifestation of ophthalmic symptoms. Keywords: cavernous sinus thrombosis, COVID-19, optic neuropathy, papilledema

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20

Botabekova, T. K., I. A. Dolmatova та O. L. Yun. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis in СОVID-19 infection". Reflection, № 1 (20 вересня 2023): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2686-6986-2023-1-106-107.

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Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare and life-threatening disease. The etiology of the disease is different: bacterial, viral, parasitic, traumatic, etc. During the period of widespread COVID-19, the possibility of cavernous sinus thrombosis developing is also affected by respiratory and renal failure, blood clotting disorders caused by coronavirus. The article presents a case of cavernous sinus thrombosis that developed in a patient who had coronavirus infection with damage to the respiratory system. As the result of treatment, the process was arrested, general condition of the patient has fully recovered. Key words: Cavernous sinus thrombosis; infection; СОVID-19.

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21

Kasimova, Munirakhon, Ravshanbek Umarov, and Gavkhar Khamraeva. "DIAGNOSTICS OFPATIENTS WITH THROMBOEMBOLIC COMPLICATIONS OF THE VISUAL ORGAN OF RHINOSINUSOGENIC ETIOLOGY AT COVID 19." UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL 2, no. 1 (2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0664-2021-1-4.

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Cavernous sinus thrombosis is one of the most severe infections of the face, orbit, ear, paranasal sinuses and oral cavity. The studyaims to analyse clinical cases of carotid-cavernous sinus thrombosis in patients with complications of COVID 19. An analysis of 2 clinicalcases with a diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis in the presence of COVID 19 was carried out. General ophthalmic research methods (visometry, external examination, the study of pupillary reactions, ophthalmoscopy, palpation measurement of intraocular pressure), MRI, MSCT of the brain and chest,general blood test, coagulogram, biochemical blood test. These clinical examples show that cavernous sinus thrombosis develops as a complication of coronavirus infection. The cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis was inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, dry blood, diabetes mellitus. The cause of death was the development of multiple organ failure due to concomitant diseases and a decrease in patients' immune status

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22

Swaminath, D., R. Narayanan, M. A. Orellana-Barrios, and B. Temple. "Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Nose Complicated with Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/914042.

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Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressive life threatening bacterial infection of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, and the fascia. We present a case of necrotizing fasciitis involving the nose complicated by cavernous sinus thrombosis. Few cases of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis have been reported to be caused by cellulitis of the face but necrotizing fasciitis of the nose is rare. It is very important to recognize the early signs of cavernous thrombosis. Treatment for septic cavernous sinus thrombosis is controversial but early use of empirical antibiotics is imperative.

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23

Sweis, Rochelle, and José Biller. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis in Children." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 30, no. 1 (2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-30-1-3.

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24

Pal, Priyankar, Dipankar Das, and Saheli Misra. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis with hemiplegia." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 05, no. 02 (2015): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jpi-2010-0235.

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25

Press, Craig A., Aaron Lindsay, Nicholas V. Stence, Laura Z. Fenton, Timothy J. Bernard, and David M. Mirsky. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis in Children." Stroke 46, no. 9 (2015): 2657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.115.009437.

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26

Petty, R. K., J. Wardlaw, P. G. Kennedy, et al. "Panhypopituitarism after cavernous sinus thrombosis." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 57, no. 8 (1994): 1010–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.8.1010-a.

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27

Desa, Valmont, and Ryan Green. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: Current Therapy." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 70, no. 9 (2012): 2085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.09.048.

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28

Ali, S. M., and S. H. Ahmed. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis in Children." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 38, no. 4 (1992): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/38.4.194.

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29

Cannon, Michael L., Benjamin L. Antonio, John J. McCloskey, Michael H. Hines, Joseph R. Tobin, and Avinash K. Shetty. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis complicating sinusitis." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 5, no. 1 (2004): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pcc.0000102385.95708.3b.

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30

López, Fernando, Elena Santamarta, Patricia Martínez, Antonio Sáiz-Ayala, and José L. Llorente. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy." Auris Nasus Larynx 44, no. 2 (2017): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006.

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31

Cendani Goller, Astari Arum, and Kumara Tini. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis as Complications of Cellulitis Orbital: Case Report." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 10 (2021): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211032.

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Background: Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a complication of infection around the face or paranasal sinuses with high morbidity and mortality rates. Cavernous sinus thrombosis is generally caused by septic infection, such as orbital cellulitis. Case Illustrations: A 35-year-old male who came to the neurology polyclinic complained of swelling in the left eyelid, red, watery eyes, blurred vision, difficulty opening the left eye, and the movement of the left eyeball felt normal. The patient had a history of left orbital cellulitis. Laboratory investigations showed an increase in inflammatory markers. The CT scan with contrast showed a hyperdense lesion in the left orbit, suggesting orbital cellulitis. The patient was diagnosed with a cavernous sinus thrombosis due to orbital cellulitis. He was treated with an antibiotic, anticoagulant, and corticosteroid. Three months after treatment, the visual complaints improved, the headache decreased drastically, and we did not find any extraocular muscles weakness. Conclusions: The administration of antibiotics and anticoagulant therapy in patients with cavernous sinus thrombosis has been proven clinically. The use of corticosteroids has not been proven but is strongly suspected to reduce edema caused by compression of the cavernous sinus. Keywords: Cavernous sinus thrombosis, orbital cellulitis. infections.

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32

Srinivas, Rachelle, Lalita Gupta, Ryan Harpole, Daniel Moore, and Peter Timoney. "Unique presentation of cavernous sinus thrombosis in a paediatric patient." BMJ Case Reports 18, no. 1 (2025): e262080. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2024-262080.

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A paediatric patient presented with periorbital oedema and fever. Initially, there was low suspicion for cavernous sinus thrombosis and orbital cellulitis due to the presence of full extraocular movements. However, given worsening bilateral periorbital oedema, lethargy and sepsis, neuroimaging was performed demonstrating inflammation and enhancement of the leptomeninges and left cavernous sinus, and raising concern for cavernous sinus thrombosis in the setting of orbital cellulitis. Prior to imaging, the patient’s periorbital oedema was attributed to preseptal cellulitis. However, the lack of response to oral antibiotics and worsening symptoms, combined with imaging results, aided in confirming suspicion of cavernous sinus thrombosis. The patient received intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation. At 3-month follow-up, there was a complete resolution of orbital findings. This patient’s case demonstrates an atypical presentation of orbital cellulitis and the utility of early imaging to aid in the timely diagnosis and management of cavernous sinus thrombosis in young patients.

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33

Oripov, O. I., and R. Z. Umarov. "Method of endoscopic decompression of the orbit and optic nerve in cavernous sinus thrombosis." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-3-78-82.

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Purpose. To study the effectiveness of the method of endoscopic decompression of the orbit and the optic nerve through its medial wall in case of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Material and мethods. The study included 20 patients (11 men (55 %) and 9 women (45 %)) with COVID-19 associated cavernous sinus thrombosis, which was complicated by the development of a pyoinflammatory process in the orbit. The study group included 12 patients who underwent surgical treatment according to proposed method. As a comparative group, we took the results of a retrospective analysis of 8 cases in which patients underwent traditional transcutaneous orbitotomy. Results. The study showed that endoscopic access to perform orbitotomy through its medial wall is associated with a smaller number of subsequent developments of endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis, which may require enucleation or exentration. Endoscopic access allowed saving the eyeball in most patients in comparison with traditional transcutaneous orbitotomy. Conclusion. Endoscopic decompression of the orbit through its medial wall with the development of a purulent-inflammatory process in the orbit with thrombosis of the cavernous sinus reduces the risk of developing endo- and panophthalmitis, which contributes to the preservation of the eyeball as an organ. Keywords: cavernous sinus thrombosis, COVID-19 associated cavernous sinus thrombosis, phlegmon of the orbit, endoscopic decompression of the orbit and optic nerve.

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34

Dyer, S. R., P. J. Thottam, S. Saraiya, and M. Haupert. "Acute sphenoid sinusitis leading to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis: a case report." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127, no. 8 (2013): 814–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113001527.

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AbstractIntroduction:The objective of this article was to report a case of isolated, acute, right-sided sphenoid sinusitis that progressed to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis in an 18-year-old male patient. We describe the atypical presentation of this case and discuss the relevant anatomy, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment.Case report:A case report of sphenoid sinusitis leading to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis was reviewed and presented along with a comprehensive literature review of the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, microbiology, diagnostic work-up and treatment options.Conclusion:Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare clinical entity in the antibiotic era. However, limited sphenoid sinusitis may progress to cavernous sinus thrombosis in spite of maximal medical treatment, as highlighted in this case report. The mainstay of treatment includes early diagnosis allowing aggressive intravenous antibiotics and appropriate surgical management.

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35

Usami, S., T. Abe, and Y. Hata. "Embolization Method for Cavernous Sinus Fistula within the Cavernous Sinus." Interventional Neuroradiology 4, no. 1_suppl (1998): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15910199980040s144.

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The complications of dural and direct cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) arise mainly from the specific venous route. However, embolization at an inappropriate site within the cavernous sinus (CS) is also a major factor. Therefore, we first diagrammed the surrounding structures of the CS to elucidate the specificity of the venous routes. Next, we divided the inside structure of the CS into four compartments, to examine orifices at which part we can start embolization with the least danger of causing complications when we have to embolize them within the CS. We obtained findings which will be useful to prevent complications such as subarachnoid haemorrhage, glaucoma, central retinal vein thrombosis and marked neurological impairment.

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36

Caranfa, Jonathan T., and Michael K. Yoon. "Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: A review." Survey of Ophthalmology 66, no. 6 (2021): 1021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.03.009.

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37

Asbury, S., L. Waddilove, N. Beharry, B. Marjanovic, and A. Rhodes. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis in the ITU." Clinical Intensive Care 14, no. 3-4 (2003): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09563070310001634688.

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38

Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Shah Sweni, Namasivayam Balamurugan, and Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis following bee sting." International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science 1, no. 2 (2011): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.84808.

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39

Munjal, Manish, and A. S. Khurana. "Fungal infections and cavernous sinus thrombosis." Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 56, no. 3 (2004): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02974362.

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40

Cho, Jin Yong, Hyeon Min Kim, and Jae Young Ryu. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis progression from trismus." Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 41, no. 1 (2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2015.41.1.43.

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41

Kobayashi, Koichi, and Hirotoshi Matsui. "Lemierre's Syndrome with Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis." Internal Medicine 56, no. 7 (2017): 887–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7878.

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42

Ahmad, Fahad, Gaurav Verma, Arunesh Kumar Tiwari, and Palavi Gupta. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: A Case Report." Archives of CraniOrofacial Sciences 1, no. 5 (2014): 63–65. https://doi.org/10.5005/acofs-11029-01502.

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43

Ahmad, Fahad, Gaurav Verma, Arunesh Kumar Tiwari, and Palavi Gupta. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: A Case Report." Archives of CraniOrofacial Sciences 1, no. 5 (2014): 63–65. https://doi.org/10.5005/acofs-1-5-63.

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44

S, Asbury, Waddilove L, Beharry N, Marjanovic B, and Rhodes A. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis in the ITU." Clinical Intensive Care 14, no. 3-4 (2003): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09563070310001634688.

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45

Absoud, M., F. Hikmet, P. Dey, M. Joffe, and E. Thambapillai. "Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis complicating sinusitis." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99, no. 9 (2006): 474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680609900921.

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46

TveteråS, K., S. Kristensen, and H. Dommerby. "Septic cavernous and lateral sinus thrombosis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 102, no. 10 (1988): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100106711.

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AbstractThe incidence of both lateral and cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis has been significantly reduced in the antibiotic era. Since septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is mainly a complication of facial abscesses and septic lateral sinus thrombosis (LST) is almost invariably due to chronic otitis media, both conditions are of clinical relevance to the otolaryngologist.The predominant bacterium in septic CST isStaphylococcus aureuswhereas in septic LST the bacteriology is very similar to that found in chronic otitis media. The diagnosis of septic CST can be established in most cases after thorough clinical examination, and contrast computerized tomography (CT) using the coronal projection usually confirms the clinical diagnosis. The signs and clinical course of septic LST are non-specific and the final diagnosis rests upon radiological investigations including CT-scan. The treatment of both conditions consists of broad-spectrum antibiotics, including beta-lactamase resistant penicillin in cases of septic CST. Most cases of septic LST also require surgical intervention.Two cases oi septic intracranial sinus tiuombosis ate presented. The need for early diagnosis and treatment of this potentially lethal condition is emphasized.

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Coutteel, Carine, Anita Leys, Eric Fossion, and Luc Missotten. "Bilateral blindness in cavernous sinus thrombosis." International Ophthalmology 15, no. 3 (1991): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00153921.

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Amran, Mohamad, Din Suhaimi Sidek, Mohamad Hamzah, et al. "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Secondary to Sinusitis." Journal of Otolaryngology 31, no. 03 (2002): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7070.2002.10872.

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Absoud, M. "Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis complicating sinusitis." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99, no. 9 (2006): 474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.99.9.474.

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Visvanathan, V., S. Uppal, and S. Prowse. "Ocular manifestations of cavernous sinus thrombosis." Case Reports 2010, dec02 1 (2010): bcr0820092225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.08.2009.2225.

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