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Journal articles on the topic 'Asmara (Eritrea)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Schmidt, Peter R., and Matthew C. Curtis. "Urban precursors in the Horn: early 1st-millennium BC communities in Eritrea." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (December 2001): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089420.

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Eritrea fought a war of liberation for three decades between the early 1960s and 1991. While professional research stagnated because of the war, amateur archaeologists provided the sole source of information for ancient material culture in the country during this era. With the coming of independence in 1993, awareness of the potential value of Eritrea’s heritage resources began to grow, leading to an initiative in 1997 to teach archaeology and heritage management at the University of Asmara.Out of the combined training and research programmes conducted by the University of Asmara have come several major discoveries that change the way that the rise of urbanism is seen in the Horn of Africa. We highlight research showing that between 800 BC and 400 BC the greater Asmara area of Eritrea supported the earliest settled agropastoralist communities known in the highlands of the Horn. These communities pre-date and are contemporaneous with Pre-Aksumite settlements in the highlands of southern Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.

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D’Agostino, Gabriella. "La construction de la mémoire coloniale en Érythrée: les Erythréens, les Métis, les Italiens. — The construction of memory in colonial Eritrea: Eritreans, Mestizos and Italians." Sign Systems Studies 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2006.34.2.12.

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The construction of memory in colonial Eritrea: Eritreans, Mestizos and Italians. Focusing on some passages of life histories collected in Asmara and based on the ‘memory of Italy’, I study the representation of the past in order to reveal the shaping of the subjective experience by the colonial discourse in Eritrea. If the main aim of my essay is the understanding of the play of interactions between individuals and collectivity, one more important element I take into account is ‘memory’ seen as a “social selection of remembering” (Halbwachs). I try to connect the social position and narrative role of single members (of the Eritrean society) to the meaning it takes the ‘going back to the past’ for them as individuals belonging to a group (an Eritrean, a Mestizo, an Italian) in relation to the past and the present. The consequence is that the logic dominant/dominated is inadequate to explain the internal articulations of the colonial context and that the focus must be shifted on individual and collective systems of expectations and on the negotiations of meaning resulting from a “past always to be recovered” and a “present always to be rebuilt”.

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3

Kileyesus, Abbebe. "Cosmologies in Collision: Pentecostal Conversion and Christian Cults in Asmara." African Studies Review 49, no. 1 (April 2006): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2006.0076.

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Abstract:This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the popularity of Pentecostalism and the formation of religious identity in an Eritrean city. Examining the penetration of Pentecostal Protestantism into longstanding Christian churches in Asmara during a time of rapid socioeconomic change in Eritrea, it looks at how Pentecostalism discontinues its relation with the past, conceptualizes the present, and generates an autonomous image of itself in the highly competitive religious marketplace of an Eritrean urban space. The article discusses how and why this movement increasingly favors Bible reading and networks of religious meetings as the principal mediums of transmission of its teachings and the expansion of its denomination, breaking deliberately from traditional Christian churches and using local forces and resources.

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Locatelli, Francesca. "The Archives of the Municipality and the High Court of Asmara, Eritrea: Discovering the Eritrea “Hidden from History”." History in Africa 31 (2004): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003636.

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Eritrean independence in 1993 raised fundamental questions regarding the Eritrean past. Inevitably, scholars initially focused their analysis on the history of the Eritrean nationalist movement and liberation struggle. The long guerrilla war against the Ethiopian regime attracted the interest of numerous researchers, not only because of its implications for the redefinition of the political landscape of the Horn of Africa, but also because of the ways in which it had mobilized and reorganized Eritrean society. While this literature has shed much light upon interesting aspects of the political history of independent Eritrea, further investigation of the precolonial and colonial past is still required to gain a deeper understanding of the formation of Eritrean national identity in all its intricate facets.The question of Eritrean national identity is intimately connected to its colonial history, which in many ways remains marginalized in the analysis of Eritrean past. The Italian colonial period between 1890 and 1941 was a crucial moment in the definition of those social and political transformations which contributed to the formation of Eritrea-as-a-nation. Nevertheless, this historical phase remains underexplored. The colonial past has been an issue that European powers to varying extents have had to confront since the end of empire. Both historians of colonialism and Africanist historians have collaborated in the reconstruction of the past of colonized societies. In Italy this process remains in embryonic form. Many Africanist historians, such as Irma Taddia and Alessandro Triulzi, have already addressed the problem concerning the gaps left by Italian historiography on both the colonial past and the history of the colonized societies in its various aspects. As Triulzi points out, both practical and political reasons slowed the development of those debates that were emerging in the historiographies of other excolonial powers.

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Belloni, Milena. "Breaking Free from Tradition: Women, National Service and Migration in Eritrea." Migration Letters 16, no. 4 (September 30, 2019): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i4.795.

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Drawing from ethnographic research with five young women living in Asmara (Eritrea), this article investigates the intersection between migration aspirations and the desire for gender –and sexual – emancipation. While an increasing amount of studies focuses on the effect of migration on gender roles and sexuality, this article aims to understand the gendered nature of migration aspirations at their outset. After a brief review of the role of women in Eritrean history, I illustrate how limited social and political freedom across the country specifically impacts on young women’s education and life trajectories in Eritrea today. Then, through the stories of my research participants, I show that migration is a space not only to imagine alternative futures but also to conceive different forms of womanhood.

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6

Lyons, Scott W. "Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship between Eritrea and Ethiopia." International Legal Materials 58, no. 1 (February 2019): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2019.4.

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Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki signed a historic agreement on July 9, 2018, in Asmara, Eritrea, ending over two decades of open hostilities and war. The Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship (Joint Declaration) marks a fundamental change for the Horn of Africa, with the reconciliation possibly altering the economic and political dynamics of the region. The Joint Declaration resulted from several key developments occurring over a few weeks from June through early July 2018. Ethiopia announced its acceptance of the original Algiers Agreement, dated December 12, 2000, which had never been implemented, and its willingness to abide by the 2002 international Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) ruling that awarded disputed territory to Eritrea, including the border town of Badme. Previously, Ethiopia had rejected the ruling and asked for a new ruling. Ethiopia had also previously insisted that relations must be restored before any territorial resolution. President Afwerki agreed to negotiate, after stating for years that Ethiopia had to withdraw its troops from the disputed town of Badme first. A few weeks before the signing of the Joint Declaration, the Eritrean foreign minister visited Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, marking the first bilateral meeting between the two since the war began.

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Akhmerov, A. B. "A Surgeon's Experience in Ethiopia." Kazan medical journal 67, no. 3 (May 15, 1986): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj66786.

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In this report, we would like to share some impressions from our three-year experience from 1981 to 1984 in Ethiopian hospitals in Nekemte (Wallega province in western Ethiopia) and Asmara (northern Eritrea province).

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8

Ghebremeskel, Fitsum Ghebregiorgis, and Habteab Tekie Mihreteab. "An Empirical Investigation of the Factors Influencing Formal and Informal Employment in the City of Asmara." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 1, no. 2 (April 29, 2018): p21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v1n2p21.

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This study investigates the factors influencing formal and informal labour market in Asmara, the capital city of Eritrea. The findings reveal that variables such as age, gender, education and birth place influence formal and informal labor market of the city. The chances for young people getting jobs in formal are low relative to older people. Higher educational level is related to securing jobs in the formal sector. Regarding gender males have more chances in the formal sector than females. People from Maekel/Central Region (townships surrounding Asmara) have higher chances to engage in self-employment. Generally, the results reveal that the labor market in Asmara show varied characteristics.

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Tewolde, Mussie G., and Pedro Cabral. "Urban Sprawl Analysis and Modeling in Asmara, Eritrea." Remote Sensing 3, no. 10 (September 26, 2011): 2148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs3102148.

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10

Haysom, Mal. "Electrical Engineering at the University of Asmara, Eritrea." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 35, no. 3 (July 1998): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099803500303.

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The author attended the University of Asmara as an electrical engineering lecturer from January to July, 1997. This paper reviews Eritrean history leading to the re-establishment of the University in 1991 and describes the author's experience of the interaction of the teaching process with the local culture.

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Ghebreab, Woldai, Reinhard O. Greiling, and Semere Solomon. "Structural setting of Neoproterozoic mineralization, Asmara district, Eritrea." Journal of African Earth Sciences 55, no. 5 (December 2009): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.05.001.

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Kumar, V. Raj, Priya Yadav, Efrem Kahsu, Farhana Girkar, and Rajnish Chakraborty. "Prevalence and Pattern of Mandibular Third Molar Impaction in Eritrean Population: A Retrospective Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 2 (2017): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1998.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The most commonly impacted tooth in the oral cavity is the mandibular third molar. Various etiologic factors have been suggested for impacted mandibular third molars. The pattern and prevalence of impacted mandibular third molars vary with different population and region. This study throws light on the prevalence and pattern of impacted mandibular third molars in Eritrea, East Africa. This is the first reported study regarding the same from Eritrea. Aim To assess the prevalence and pattern of impacted mandibular third molars in the population of Eritrea, East Africa by conducting a retrospective study from January 2009 to January 2014. Materials and methods This study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Orotta School of Medicine and Dental Medicine and the Orotta Referral Medical and Surgical Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea. A total of 1,813 clinical and radiographic records [orthopantomograms] were assessed and 276 cases were selected for the study as per the inclusion criteria. They were evaluated for the frequency among the various age groups, gender and region along with the sides affected, angulation and level of impaction. The presence of systemic conditions and associated pathologies was also assessed according to the type of impaction. Results The average age of these patients in the study was found to be 30 years, with the 20 to 30 years age group being the most affected (67.4%). Females (53.3%) were affected more than the males (46.7%). People from the Asmara region showed significantly more prevalence (79.7%) than the adjoining areas (20.3%). Mesioangular impaction was the most common angulation with a definite relationship to the age groups (p = 0.032). The level of impaction had no significant relationship to the age groups, gender, or region, although class I position A was found to be the most common type. Mesioangular class I position A impaction showed an apparent relationship with underlying systemic conditions, but it was statistically insignificant. Mesioangular impaction was found to be associated with the most number of pathologies (p = 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of mandibular impaction was less in Eritrea (15.2%) compared with other populations. This study provides useful baseline data for the prevalence and pattern of mandibular impaction in the Eritrean population. Clinical significance This study throws light on the pattern, type, and frequency of mandibular impacted teeth as per age, sex, and region among the population of Eritrea. How to cite this article Kumar VR, Yadav P, Kahsu E, Girkar F, Chakraborty R. Prevalence and Pattern of Mandibular Third Molar Impaction in Eritrean Population: A Retrospective Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(2):100-106.

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Yohannes, Solomie, Tesfahiwet Yemane, and Maekele Okbay. "The effect of socio-economic status and environmental factors on the academic performance of students at Asmara College of Education." Hungarian Statistical Review 4, no. 1 (2021): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35618/hsr2021.01.en051.

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This study examines whether various environmental factors and the socio-economic status of families influence academic achievement (cumulative grade point average) of students at Asmara College of Education (Asmara, Eritrea). A questionnaire survey was conducted among students to gather information on this subject. Descriptive statistics, crosstabs, Person chi-squared tests were used and analysis of variance was performed by the authors to study data. The results indicate that none of the variables examined, except gender of students and learning resources pro-vided by their families to them, affect cumulative grade point averages. Many students perceive that their academic achievement could be improved instead by building intrinsic motivation, plan-ning, and effective time management. Furthermore, Eritrea provides free education at all levels, including higher institutions, which thereby minimizes socio-economic constraints and provides equal opportunities to all citizens. However, parents should pay attention to their children to im-prove their academic performance, while colleges should also support students by providing a conducive environment for learning.

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Weldemichael, Tedros H., Amiena Peck, and Quentin Williams. "Changing tastes on the linguistic landscape of Asmara, Eritrea." Sociolinguistic Studies 13, no. 1 (April 13, 2019): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/sols.37044.

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Ghebreslassie, Biniam M., S. M. Githiri, Tadesse M., and Remmy W. Kasili. "Morphological Diversity of Farmers’ and Improved Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Cultivars Growing in Eritrea." Journal of Plant Studies 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2016): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v5n2p63.

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<p>Farmers’ and improved potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum </em>L.) cultivars growing in Eritrea are main sources of food and income to many growers. The current study was proposed to characterize 17 farmers’ and 4 imported cultivars of potato using 33 morphological descriptors. Planting was done in two geographically distinct locations, HAC and Asmara, Eritrea. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications having 18 plants per plot. Plants grown at HAC emerged early (24.52 days) and reach maturity (94.84 days) while at Asmara it took 43.77 and 123.59 days, respectively. However, yield was higher in Asmara (0.49 kg/plant) compared to HAC (0.37 kg/plant). An accession having many and longer stems was associated with more tuber production, but inversely related to yield. Similarly, accessions with higher stem thickness and tuber size were associated with high yields. The PCA analysis indicated that the first four components explained about 85% of the total variability among the studied materials. The PCA clustered the materials in to four main groups (GI, GII, GIII, GIV) mainly explained by flowering patterns and yield related descriptors. The work has provided useful information on morphological characteristics of the farmer’s potato to avoid duplication of resources and identify promising materials for future breeding program.</p>

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Andemariam, Senai W. "Eritrea’s New Heritage Law: Drafting and Implementation Issues." International Journal of Cultural Property 26, no. 02 (May 2019): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739119000122.

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Abstract:On 30 September 2015, the government of Eritrea issued Proclamation no. 177/2015, the Cultural and Natural Heritage Proclamation of Eritrea, to govern the country’s cultural and natural heritage. Instrumental in the inscription of the nation’s capital, Asmara, in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s World Heritage List, the Proclamation simultaneously governs cultural (tangible and intangible) and natural heritage. The author, the main drafter of the Proclamation, discusses issues and alternatives that were debated during the drafting process, lists the key issues in relation to implementation of the Proclamation, and suggests recommendations on the way forward.

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Westing, Arthur H. "International Conference on the Eritrean Environment, held in Asmara, Eritrea, during 8–9 February 1995." Environmental Conservation 22, no. 3 (1995): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900010808.

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Saleh, Brhan Khiar, Remmy W. Kasili, Edward G. Mamati, Woldeamlak Araia, and Aggrey B. Nyende. "Diversity of Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Genotypes from Eritrea Assessed by Morphological Traits." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 4 (March 11, 2016): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n4p156.

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<p>Diversity in plant genetic resources provides an opportunity for plant breeders to develop new and improved cultivars with desirable characteristics. The purpose of this study was to assess the diversity of Eritrean pepper germplasm in order to obtain information for improving it. A total of 60 pepper (<em>Capsicum</em> spp.) seed sample collections were obtained from farmers and institutions in Eritrea. The collections were evaluated at two sites located in two different agro-climatic regions of the country. The collections were assessed using 16 quantitative and 23 qualitative descriptors. A Randomized Complete Block Design was used for the evaluation. Quantitative and qualitative data of the two sites were subjected to Principal Component Analysis, Principal Coordinate Analysis, Hierarchal clustering, Analysis of variance and Correlation. The distribution of characters of the different quantitative and qualitative traits and the performance of the collections showed the existece of variable characters distributed among the collections indicating considerable diversity. For quantitative variables, the first three components were able to explain 61%, 58% and 67% of the total variation in Hamelmalo, Asmara and combined data of the two sites respectively. While for the qualitative variables the first three components were able to explain a variation of 58% in Hamelmalo, 49%, in Asmara and 55% combined data of the two sites. Phenological attributes and fruit characteristics were found to contribute more to the variation. The majority of the traits evaluated were significant and the highest Coefficient of Variation was related to fruit characteristics. The results of this study showed that there is sufficient variability within the Eritrean pepper genotypes that could be used in future breeding and crop improvement programs.</p>

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Bahta, Merhawi, Dawit G. Weldemariam, Sirak Tesfamariam, Eyasu H. Tesfamariam, and Mulugeta Russom. "Determinants of dispensing antibiotics without prescription in Eritrea: a mixed-method qualitative study on pharmacy professionals’ perspective." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e049000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049000.

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ObjectiveAntimicrobial resistance is a global public health challenge. Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription (DAWP), a major contributor to antibiotic resistance, is extensive in Eritrea. This study was, therefore, aimed at deeply understanding, qualitatively, the pharmacy professionals’ perspective on the factors that trigger DAWP and how this practice could be mitigated.DesignA qualitative exploratory study design was employed.SettingDrug retail outlets of Asmara, capital of Eritrea, and pharmaceutical services of Eritrea.ParticipantsThirty pharmacy professionals who were owners and employees of the drug retail outlets stationed in Asmara and six key informants from the pharmaceutical services of all administrative regions of Eritrea, selected purposively, were the study participants.Data collection and analysisThe data were collected using focus group discussions and key informant interviews between March and September 2020. The collected data were transcribed verbatim, translated to English and finally thematically analysed using an inductive approach.ResultsThe main triggering factors were related to the drug retail outlet owners, dispensers, healthcare system and patients. Knowledge and attitude-based motivation, economic interest, inadequate services in health facilities, weak regulatory enforcement, inadequate training, trust and satisfaction of patients, previous successful experience, seriousness of a condition and saving time and money were reported among others as determinants of DAWP.ConclusionsThe triggering factors to DAWP were found to be very complex and some of them were important that might require immediate attention from policymakers. Ensuring readily available and accessible healthcare services, empowering medicines regulation and continuing sensitisation of dispensers are highly recommended to minimise DAWP.

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Tikue Asrat, Daniel, Brkti Abraham, Daniel Abraham, Filmawit Negassi, Habtom Mezgebo, Solomon Mengisteab, Ghirmay Ghebreizgiabher, and Frezghi Hidray. "Patient’s Adherence Towards Antihypertensive Medication and Life-Style Modification in Asmara, Eritrea." Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20200603.12.

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Kannan, S. "A Study on the Utilization of Digital Information Sources in Asmara (Eritrea)." ScieXplore: International Journal of Research in Science 1, no. 1 (June 14, 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15613/sijrs/2014/v1i1/54385.

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Wiens, R. H., S. Habtemichael, F. Andemariam, K. Welday, J. Criswick, S. Brown, and S. Sargoytchev. "Brightness variations of the northern 630nm intertropical arc and the midnight pressure bulge over Eritrea." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 9 (September 23, 2004): 3251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3251-2004.

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Abstract. The nightglow brightness at 630nm from the thermospheric O(1D) layer was monitored nightly at Asmara, Eritrea (15.4° N, 39.9° E, 7° N dip) with an all-sky imager. Averages of north-south strips of the images enabled contour plots of brightness on a latitude vs. local time grid. The contours show the movement of the intertropical arc southward before midnight, staying just north of Asmara after midnight, and gradually brightening to a maximum at 02:00h local civil time, 02:00 LT, after which it disappears before dawn. It is argued that all features of the plots can be explained by known mechanisms capable of driving ions along magnetic field lines, including the fountain effect, summer to winter transequatorial winds, and the midnight pressure bulge. The 02:00 LT brightness maximum is the most striking and the most persistent feature in the data. The persistence of the location of the 02:00 LT brightening is attributed to a pressure bulge centered on the geographic equator at midnight and extending to higher latitudes with increasing local time in both the winter and the summer hemispheres. The bulge is shown to be stronger near solstice than near equinox, confirming earlier work.

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Adgoy, Elias, Mohammed Elfatih, Banan Elhadi, Habtesillasia Zerizgie, Salih Said, Freweyne Tekle, and Zeccarias Andemariam. "Seroprevalence of TORCH in women with spontaneous abortion and stillbirth, in Asmara, Eritrea." Population Medicine, November (November 3, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/popmed/128008.

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Sereke, D., and S. Marzolf. "M046 PREVALENCE OF INFERTILITY AT OROTTA NATIONAL REFERRAL MATERNITY HOSPITAL IN ASMARA, ERITREA." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 119 (October 2012): S546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(12)61240-5.

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Chirium, Berhane K. "Returnees' Attributes and Proximate Reasons of Home Return: The Case of Asmara, Eritrea." African Geographical Review 24, no. 1 (January 2005): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2005.9756185.

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Kifle, Meron Mehari, Filmon Abraham Ghirmai, Soliana Amanuel Berhe, Winta Sium Tesfay, Yodit Teklemariam Weldegebriel, and Zebib Tesfamariam Gebrehiwet. "Predictors of Women’s Satisfaction with Hospital-Based Intrapartum Care in Asmara Public Hospitals, Eritrea." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3717408.

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Background. Exploring patient satisfaction contributes to provide quality maternity care, but there is paucity of epidemiologic data in Eritrea. Objectives. To determine the predictors of women's satisfaction with intrapartum care in Asmara public maternity hospitals in Eritrea. Methods. A cross-sectional study among 771 mothers who gave birth in three public Hospitals. Chi-square tests were done to analyze the difference in proportion and logistic regression to assess the predictors of satisfaction with intrapartum care. Results. Overall, only 20.8% of the participants were satisfied with intrapartum service. The key predictors of satisfaction with intrapartum care were provision of clean bed and beddings (AOR = 18.87, 2.33–15.75), privacy during examinations (AOR = 10.22, 4.86–21.48), using understandable language (AOR = 8.72, 3.57–21.27), showing how to summon for help (AOR = 8.16, 4.30–15.48), showing baby immediately after birth (AOR = 8.14, 2.87–23.07), control of the delivery room (AOR = 6.86, 2.65–17.75), receiving back massage (AOR = 6.43, 3.23–12.81), toilet access and cleanliness (AOR = 6.09, 3.25–11.42), availability of chairs for relatives (AOR = 5.96, 3.14–11.30), allowing parents to stay during labour (AOR = 3.52, 1.299–9.56), and request for permission before any procedure (AOR = 2.39, 1.28–4.46). Conclusion. To increase satisfaction with intrapartum care, maternity service providers need to address the general maternity ward cleanliness, improve the quality of physical facilities, and sensitize health providers for better communication with clients. Policy makers need to adopt strategies that ensure more women involvement in decision making and consideration of privacy and reassurance needs during the whole delivery process.

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Astolfi, Maria Luisa, Carmela Protano, Elisabetta Marconi, Lorenzo Massimi, Daniel Piamonti, Marco Brunori, Matteo Vitali, and Silvia Canepari. "Biomonitoring of Mercury in Hair among a Group of Eritreans (Africa)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 15, 2020): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061911.

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Small-scale or artisanal mining, using gold-mercury amalgamation to extract gold from ore, is a significant source of exposure for the workers and nearby populations. Few studies on hair mercury (Hg) have been conducted in Africa despite the fact that Africa has several gold deposits. No studies have been conducted in Eritrea that is one of the emerging gold producing countries in Africa. The aim of the study was to assess the Hg concentration in hair samples (n = 120) of a population living in Asmara, capital of Eritrea, and to evaluate the influence of some factors on the Hg levels in hair. Information on age, height, weight, occupation, smoking and fish consumption of participants were collected via questionnaire. Hair Hg concentration was significantly higher among women compared to men (p < 0.001) and among women preparing spicy products in Medeber market compared to those who did other jobs (p = 0.010). These results highlight the need for routine biomonitoring surveys and for health promotion campaigns devoted to local decision makers and workers.

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Srikanth, Raghavachari, and Durgadas Naik. "Health Effects of Wastewater Reuse for Agriculture in the Suburbs of Asmara City, Eritrea." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 10, no. 3 (July 2004): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2004.10.3.284.

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Mathur, Anmol, Nikhil Holla, Aditi Mathur, Habtom Bahta, Nada Abrar, and VikramPal Aggarwal. "Perception of undergraduates enrolled in health science courses from Asmara Eritrea towards Hepatitis B." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 9, no. 1 (2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_741_19.

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Tesfamichael, Fekadu, Ramesh Prasad Tripathi, and Mehreteab Tesfai. "Irrigation and Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat under Shallow Water Table Conditions of Asmara, Eritrea." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 04, no. 04 (2016): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2016.44011.

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Natale, JoAnne E., Ellen Hamburger, Mussie Aman, Woldu Asmerom, Amal Faisal, Fitsum Gebremichael, Solomon Haile, et al. "Intervention to Reduce Parental Bypass of Community Pediatric Primary Health Facilities in Asmara, Eritrea." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 1, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131910380238.

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Fu, Changliang, Kaixu Chen, Qinghua Yang, Jianping Chen, Jianxiong Wang, Junlai Liu, Yunchuan Xiang, Yanhua Li, and H. M. Rajesh. "Mapping gold mineral prospectivity based on weights of evidence method in southeast Asmara, Eritrea." Journal of African Earth Sciences 176 (April 2021): 104143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104143.

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Abdon, Faris Mohamed Awad, Elias Teages Adgoy, Nahom Yacob Berhane, Senet Awolker Ibrahim, Adil Khalil Hussein Khalil, Yemani Seyoum, and Osama Sharafeldin Abbadi. "A descriptive cross-sectional study of Platelets count in apparently healthy Eritrean blood donors attending the National Blood Transfusion Center, Asmara, Eritrea." Chinese Journal of Medical Research 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37515/cjmr.091x.3105.

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Background: Platelets are an important constituent of blood. Safety measures of blood transfusion are important for optimum health environment. To the knowledge of the researchers, there is no study that was conducted concerning Platelets count in apparently healthy Eritrean blood donors. Therefore, this study will help in establishing the reference ranges of Platelets count in them. Objectives: To measure the serum platelets levels and mean platelets volume in apparently healthy Eritrean blood donors attending the national blood bank of Eritrea. Study design: Descriptive crosssectional study. Materials and methods: 610 Blood donors were incorporated in the study. 4 ml of venous blood was collected into K3EDTA tubes (Becton Dickinson, Plymouth, UK) from all of the participants of the study. Blood samples collected into the (EDTA)-tubes were examined for Platelets count and mean platelet volume. Results: The overall mean of platelets count was 267.145 ± (65.915) ×109 /L, The median and mode of values were both 266.3 thousands/mm3. The mean platelet count for the females was 296.122 thousands /mm3, and for males was 252.477 ×109 /L, and the statistic difference between them was significant. The statistic mean of MPV for males was 8.763 fl, and for females was 8.717, and the difference between the two means also considered insignificant. Conclusion: This descriptive cross sectional study was performed in the National Blood bank in Asmara where platelets levels and mean platelets volume were measured for 610 healthy blood donors. The results were found to be within reference normal ranges. The difference between the males and females results was statistically significant

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Garoy, Eyob Yohaness, Yacob Berhane Gebreab, Oliver Okoth Achila, Daniel Goitom Tekeste, Robel Kesete, Robel Ghirmay, Ruta Kiflay, and Thomas Tesfu. "Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern among Patients—A Multicenter Study in Asmara, Eritrea." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2019 (February 6, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8321834.

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Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a well-recognized public health problem throughout the world. The evolution of new genetically distinct community-acquired and livestock-acquired MRSA and extended resistance to other non-β-lactams including vancomycin has only amplified the crisis. This paper presents data on the prevalence of MRSA and resistance pattern to other antibiotics on the selected specimen from two referral hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 participants recruited from two referral hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea. Isolation of S. aureus was based on culture and biochemical profiles. Standard antimicrobial disks representing multiple drug classes were subsequently set for oxacillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and vancomycin. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results. S. aureus isolation rate from the 130 samples was 82 (63.1%). Patients <18 years of age were more likely to be colonized by S. aureus compared to patients above 61 years. The proportion of MRSA among the isolates was 59 (72%), methicillin-intermediate S. aureus (MISA) was 7 (8.5%), and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) was 15 (19.5%). The isolates were mostly from the pus specimen in burn, diabetic, and surgical wound patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 13 (15.9%) of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin, 9 (11.0%) to erythromycin, and 1 (1.2%) to gentamicin. Coresistance of MRSA isolates to some commonly used antibiotics was also noted: oxacillin/erythromycin 5 (6.1%) and oxacillin/vancomycin 9 (11%). A few isolates were resistant to oxacillin/vancomycin/erythromycin 2 (2.4%) and oxacillin/gentamicin and erythromycin 1 (1.2%). Conclusion. This study reports a relatively high prevalence of MRSA. Isolates that are resistant to other tested antibiotics including vancomycin are also reported. The data have important implication for quality of patients care in the two settings: antibiotic selection and infection control practices, and the need for additional studies.

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Sebhatu, B. "Determining the sensitivity of sitting height in predicting cephalo pelvic disproportion in Eritrea." Tropical Doctor 35, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/004947505774938521.

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To determine the sensitivity of sitting height in predicting cephalo pelvic disproportion (CPD), a prospective case-control study was conducted. A total of 724 primiparas who delivered in Mekane Hiwot Maternity Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea were studied. Primiparas who delivered by caesarian section because of CPD were taken as cases (221), and primiparas who delivered vaginally were taken as controls (503). Height was measured for all, while sitting and while standing. The sensitivity of sitting height in predicting CPD was 34.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 27.7-40.3%), while that of the standing height was 33.5% (95% CI = 27.1-39.84). CPD cannot be predicted accurately by height in general and by sitting height in particular. Therefore, in order to avoid obstetric complications, all pregnant women should have access to skilled attendance during delivery and access to facilities with emergency obstetric care when needed.

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Omer, M. K., E. Skjerve, Z. Woldehiwet, and G. Holstad. "Risk factors for Brucella spp. infection in dairy cattle farms in Asmara, State of Eritrea." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 46, no. 4 (September 2000): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00152-5.

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Tesfamariam, Eyasu H., Medhane M. Tekie, Amos Y. Tesfa, Dawit H. Hadgu, Eyob A. Awalom, Eyob B. Ghebremedhin, and Nebay A. Tquabo. "Attitude towards Mental Illness among Secondary School Students in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study." Psychiatry Journal 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4578721.

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Secondary School students (SSs) are important members of the community; hence their attitude towards mental illness can be highly influential. Mentally ill individuals are not only suffering from the illness but also suffering from the stigmatizing attitude generated by the community. The objectives of this study were to determine attitude of SSs towards mental illness and its associated factors. A cross-sectional study design employing stratified random sampling was applied to select a sample of 402 students. Data was obtained using a self-administered Belief towards Mental Illness (BMI) questionnaire. Independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to determine possible differences in scores of attitude. From a total of 21 BMI scale items, positive attitudes were found in eight items and negative attitudes were found in the remaining thirteen. The mean score of the full BMI scale was 2.47 (95% CI: 2.41, 2.54). The mean (95% CI) scores of dangerousness, poor social relations and incurability, and shame subscales were 2.68 (2.60, 2.76), 2.55 (2.48, 2.62), and 1.22 (1.09, 1.34), respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between attitude scores and the average mark of students (r = -0.257, p<0.0001). Moreover, significant differences in attitude scores were observed between students with a relative of mental illness and those without such a relative (p=0.004). There was an increasing trend of positive attitudes with increased educational level among 9th, 10th, and 11th graders (p-trend<0.0001) and with an increase in the educational level of the students father (p-trend=0.028). However, no significant difference in attitude score was found across categories of sex, religion, living condition of father, presence of a mentally ill neighbor, educational level of mother, or ethnicity. In conclusion, considerable numbers of SSs have negative attitudes towards mental illness. Implementation of programs that enhance positive attitudes towards mentally ill individuals is recommended.

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Ghebregiorgis, Fitsum, and Habteab Tekie Mihreteab. "Determinants of Internet Use and Internet Penetration in Eritrea: Evidences from the City of Asmara." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): p28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v1n1p28.

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This study is designed to determine the use of internet and internet penetration in the city of Asmara, Eritrea with a view to inform policy makers and societal stakeholders on the implications of user behavior for future Internet related options. Self-designed questionnaire was distributed to the districts of the city based on stratified sampling method. 300 (86%) of the 350 distributed questionnaires were found useable on return. However, only 232 (77%) respondents have acknowledged to have made use of the Internet in the last three months. The results show that there is a glaring difference between the genders; female being in the minority and generally the younger ones and young adults constituted the highest users; majority of users are single with senior secondary school certificate followed by college graduates as highest qualification. In addition, users prefer regular visit and shorter browsing hours and the reasons for Internet use follow the usual trend including e-mail, social networking, information searching and video/voice calling.

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Ahmed, Khawaja Shakeel, Nuredin Mohamedkassm Siraj, Henok Fitsumberhan, Sara Isaac, Semhar Yohannes, Dawit Eman, Yacob Berhane, and Matiwos Araya. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Assessment of Intestinal Parasitic Infection among School Children in Asmara, Eritrea." Health 09, no. 01 (2017): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2017.91005.

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Negash, Fiyori Afeworki. "Difficulties Small Businesses Face in Launching and Financing and Their Attitude towards Microfinance in Asmara, Eritrea." Journal of Policy and Development Studies 11, no. 5 (June 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0047544.

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Srikanth, R., and Durgadas Naik. "Prevalence of Giardiasis due to wastewater reuse for agriculture in the suburbs of Asmara City, Eritrea." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 14, no. 1 (February 2004): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120310001633912.

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Berhane, Samuel A., and Lingbing Bu. "Aerosol—Cloud Interaction with Summer Precipitation over Major Cities in Eritrea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040677.

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This paper presents the spatiotemporal variability of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation within the major cities in Eritrea and it investigates the relationship between aerosols, clouds, and precipitation concerning the presence of aerosols over the study region. In Eritrea, inadequate water supplies will have both direct and indirect adverse impacts on sustainable development in areas such as health, agriculture, energy, communication, and transport. Besides, there exists a gap in the knowledge on suitable and potential areas for cloud seeding. Further, the inadequate understanding of aerosol-cloud-precipitation (ACP) interactions limits the success of weather modification aimed at improving freshwater sources, storage, and recycling. Spatiotemporal variability of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation involve spatial and time series analysis based on trend and anomaly analysis. To find the relationship between aerosols and clouds, a correlation coefficient is used. The spatiotemporal analysis showed larger variations of aerosols within the last two decades, especially in Assab, indicating that aerosol optical depth (AOD) has increased over the surrounding Red Sea region. Rainfall was significantly low but AOD was significantly high during the 2011 monsoon season. Precipitation was high during 2007 over most parts of Eritrea. The correlation coefficient between AOD and rainfall was negative over Asmara and Nakfa. Cloud effective radius (CER) and cloud optical thickness (COT) exhibited a negative correlation with AOD over Nakfa within the June–July–August (JJA) season. The hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model that is used to find the path and origin of the air mass of the study region showed that the majority of aerosols made their way to the study region via the westerly and the southwesterly winds.

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Wiens, R. H., B. M. Ledvina, P. M. Kintner, M. Afewerki, and Z. Mulugheta. "Equatorial plasma bubbles in the ionosphere over Eritrea: occurrence and drift speed." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 5 (July 3, 2006): 1443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1443-2006.

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Abstract. An all-sky imager was installed in Asmara, Eritrea (15.4° N, 38.9° E, 7° N dip) and used to monitor the OI 630-nm nightglow. Nine months of data were studied between September 2001 and May 2002, a time including the recent maximum in the solar activity cycle. Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) were recorded on 63% of nights with adequate viewing conditions. The station location within view of the equatorial ionization anomaly and with a magnetic declination near zero makes it an excellent test case for comparison with satellite studies of the seasonal variation of EPBs with longitude. The imager was accompanied by two Cornell GPS scintillation monitors, and the amplitude scintillation data are compared to the all-sky data. GPS scintillations indicate the beginning of EPBs, but die out sooner in the post-midnight period than the larger scale EPBs. Both phenomena exhibit clear occurrence maxima around the equinoxes. Ionospheric zonal drift speeds have been deduced from EPB and GPS scintillation pattern movement. Average near-midnight EPB drift speeds are between 100 and 120 m/s most months, with the GPS scintillation speeds being about the same. A winter drift speed maximum is evident in both EPB and GPS scintillation monthly means.

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Jiuhua, XU, CHENG Xihui, CHU Haixia, XIAO Xing, and ZHANG Hui. "Fluid Inclusions and Isotope Geochemistry of the Emba Derho and the Debarwa VMS Deposits, Asmara District, Eritrea." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 90, no. 4 (August 2016): 1547–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12790.

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Mohammed, Mahmud, Yohannes Mekonen, and Hermon Berhe. "Clinical Profile of Pediatric Burn Patients in Burn Care Unit of Halibet Hospital in 2018: Asmara, Eritrea." Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics Volume 12 (January 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/phmt.s288154.

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Tikue Asrat, Daniel, Robiel Ankeste, Amanuel Tesfit, Naod Fsseha, Luwam Russom, Ghirmay Yohannes, Frezghi Hidray, and Hager Tesfaselassie. "The Magnitude of Adherence Diabetic Patients Toward Their Anti-diabetic Medication and Associated Factors in Asmara, Eritrea." Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 4 (2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20200604.11.

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Alem, Lia, Salih Mohammed, Mohammed Elfatih Humida, Berzelin Adugna, Feven G. Medhin, and Temesgen Weldu. "Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns of Urine and Biofilms in Patients with Indwelling Urinary Catheter in Denden Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea." Advances in Microbiology 09, no. 02 (2019): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2019.92010.

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Kruzh Morzhadinu, Da Fonseka Vera. "HISTORICAL RESEARCH OF MODERNISM IN AFRICAN ARCHITECTURE OF LOW-RISE SOCIAL HOUSING." Construction Materials and Products 3, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2020-3-2-55-62.

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the purpose of this study is to examine the emergence of modernism as a cultural response to the conditions of modernity to change the way people live, work and react to the world around them. In this regard, the following tasks were formulated: 1) study the development of modernism on the world stage, 2) identify its universal features, and 3) analyze how the independence of Central and sub-Saharan Africa in the 1950s and 1960s coincided with a particularly bright period of modernist architecture in the region, when many young countries studied and asserted their identity in art. The article analyzes several objects of modernist architecture in Africa: urban development projects in Casablanca (Morocco), Asmara (Eritrea), Ngambo (Tanzania). The main features and characteristics of modernism which were manifested in the African architecture of the XX century are also formulated. It is concluded that African modernism is developed in line with the international modernist trend. It is also summarized that modernism which differs from previous artistic styles and turned out to be a radical revolution in art is their natural successor.

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Prabakaran, John J., Yordanos Kesete, Eyob Yohannes, Eyorusalem Tsehaye, Natsnet Teklezghi, Eyorusalem Araya, and Winta Arefaine. "Prevalence and associated risk factors of superficial and cutaneous mycoses among children attending Halibet referral hospital in Asmara, Eritrea." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 7, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20210564.

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<p><strong>Background:<em> </em></strong>Superficial and cutaneous mycoses are very common among the populations in many African countries. Even though it has not been regarded as a significant problem since the disease is not life-threatening, it may be particularly distressing for the children. The aim of this study was to identify important etiologic agents, proportion of clinical manifestations and related risk factors of superficial and cutaneous mycoses.</p><p><strong>Methods:<em> </em></strong>A case control prospective study was conducted among children of age 4-14 from January to June, 2017.A total of 240 children were included in the study. Out of these 120 children who visited Orotta Pediatric hospital for cases apart from skin infections were used as control group and the remaining 120 were children suspected with fungal skin infection who attended Halibet referral hospital. Nail, skin and scalp scrapings were collected and subjected for microscopic examination and culture-based laboratory diagnosis. The associated risk factors which can lead to skin mycoses were also analysed.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Among 120 suspected cases, 87.5% children were positive for superficial cutaneous mycoses out of which 59.2% were males and 40.8% were females. The most prevalent dermatophyte observed was <em>Trichophyton v</em><em>e</em><em>rrucosum </em>(15.2%) whereas <em>Trichosporon </em>sp. (40%) was predominant among non-dermatophytes. Most of the infections occurred between age groups 4-6 (32.5%). Tinea capitis<em> </em>was the most common disease (57.5%) among the cutaneous mycotic infections, whereas white Piedra (40%) was predominant among the superficial mycotic infections. The important risk factors were intimate association with livestock or pet (50%), playing with children having skin infection (73.3%), sharing of beds (92.5%), sharing of combs (75.3%) and sharing of towels (80.1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The present study clearly shows that tinea capitis was the predominant clinical finding in children and <em>T. verrucosum </em>was<em> </em>the most common fungus among dermatophytes. At least five risk factors were statistically significant out of all. So public health workers should give attention for increasing the knowledge of society regarding the mode of transmission of skin mycoses, hygiene behaviour and associated risk factors.</p>

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Garoy, Eyob Yohannes, Yacob Berhane Gebreab, Oliver Okoth Achila, Nobiel Tecklebrhan, Hermon Michael Tsegai, Alex Zecarias Hailu, Abrehet Marikos Buthuamlak, Tewelde Ghide Asfaga, and Mohammed Elfatih Hamida. "Magnitude of Multidrug Resistance among Bacterial Isolates from Surgical Site Infections in Two National Referral Hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (February 26, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690222.

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Background. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of understanding the epidemiology of MDR organisms from a local standpoint. Here, we report on a spectrum of bacteria associated with surgical site infections in two referral hospitals in Eritrea and the associated antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Methods. This survey was conducted between February and May 2017. A total of 83 patients receiving treatment for various surgical conditions were included. Swabs from infected surgical sites were collected using Levine technique and processed using standard microbiological procedures. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller–Hinton Agar by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. A total of 116 isolates were recovered from 83 patients. In total, 67 (58%) and 49 (42%) of the isolates were Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The most common isolates included Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Acinetobacter spp. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus, CONS, and Streptococcus viridians were the predominant Gram-positive isolates. All the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin. MRSA phenotype was observed in 70% of the isolates. Vancomycin, clindamycin, and erythromycin resistance were observed in 60%, 25%, and 25% of the isolates, respectively. Furthermore, a high proportion (91%) of the Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ampicillin and 100% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to >5 of the tested antibiotics. The two Acinetobacter isolates were resistant to >7 antimicrobial agents. We also noted that 4 (60%) of the Klebsiella isolates were resistant to >5 antimicrobial agents. Possible pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains were also isolated. Conclusion. Due to the high frequency of MDR isolates reported in this study, the development and implementation of suitable infection control policies and guidelines is imperative.

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