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Hernández-Rodríguez, Yainitza, Susan Hastings, and Michelle Momany. "The Septin AspB in Aspergillus nidulans Forms Bars and Filaments and Plays Roles in Growth Emergence and Conidiation." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 3 (January 13, 2012): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.05164-11.
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ABSTRACTIn yeast, septins form rings at the mother-bud neck and function as diffusion barriers. In animals, septins form filaments that can colocalize with other cytoskeletal elements. In the filamentous fungusAspergillus nidulansthere are five septin genes,aspA(an ortholog ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae CDC11),aspB(an ortholog ofS. cerevisiae CDC3),aspC(an ortholog ofS. cerevisiae CDC12),aspD(an ortholog ofS. cerevisiae CDC10), andaspE(found only in filamentous fungi). TheaspBgene was previously reported to be the most highly expressedAspergillus nidulansseptin and to be essential. Using improved gene targeting techniques, we found that deletion ofaspBis not lethal but results in delayed septation, increased emergence of germ tubes and branches, and greatly reduced conidiation. We also found that AspB-green fluorescent protein (GFP) localizes as rings and collars at septa, branches, and emerging layers of the conidiophore and as bars and filaments in conidia and hyphae. Bars are found in dormant and isotropically expanding conidia and in subapical nongrowing regions of hyphae and display fast movements. Filaments form as the germ tube emerges, localize to hyphal and branch tips, and display slower movements. All visible AspB-GFP structures are retained inΔaspDand lost inΔaspAandΔaspCstrains. Interestingly, in theΔaspEmutant, AspB-GFP rings, bars, and filaments are visible in early growth, but AspB-GFP rods and filaments disappear after septum formation. AspE orthologs are only found in filamentous fungi, suggesting that this class of septins might be required for stability of septin bars and filaments in highly polar cells.
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DOLAN, M., and R. FULLAM. "Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 6 (August 2004): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002028.
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Background. The literature on Theory of Mind (ToM) in antisocial samples is limited despite evidence that the neural substrates of theory of mind task involve the same circuits implicated in the pathogenesis of antisocial behaviour.Method. Eighty-nine male DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disordered subjects (ASPDs) and 20 controls (matched for age and IQ) completed a battery of ToM tasks. The ASPD group was categorized into psychopathic and non-psychopathic groups based on a cut-off score of 18 on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version.Results. There were no significant group (control v. psychopath v. non-psychopathic ASPD) differences on basic tests of ToM but both psychopathic and non-psychopathic ASPDs performed worse on subtle tests of mentalizing ability (faux pas tasks). ASPDs can detect and understand faux pas, but show an indifference to the impact of faux pas. On the face/eye task non-psychopathic ASPDs showed impairments in the recognition of basic emotions compared with controls and psychopathic ASPDs. For complex emotions, no significant group differences were detected largely due to task difficulty.Conclusions. The deficits in mentalizing ability in ASPD are subtle. For the majority of criminals with ASPD and psychopathy ToM abilities are relatively intact and may have an adaptive function in maintaining a criminal lifestyle. Our findings suggest the key deficits appear to relate more to their lack of concern about the impact on potential victims than the inability to take a victim perspective. The findings tentatively also suggest that ASPDs with neurotic features may be more impaired in mentalizing ability than their low anxious psychopathic counterparts.
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MARCUS, DAVID K., SCOTT O. LILIENFELD, JOHN F. EDENS, and NORMAN G. POYTHRESS. "Is antisocial personality disorder continuous or categorical? A taxometric analysis." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (July 12, 2006): 1571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008245.
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Background. Although the DSM-IV-TR is organized into discrete disorders, the question of whether a given disorder possesses a dimensional or a categorical latent structure is an empirical one that can be examined using taxometric methods. The objective of this study was to ascertain the latent structure of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Method. Participants were 1146 male offenders incarcerated in state prisons (n=569), or court-ordered to residential drug treatment (n=577). Participants were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) to assess ASPD symptoms; they also completed the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4) ASPD scale. Taxometric analyses were performed to examine whether ASPD is underpinned by a discrete category or a dimensional construct.Results. Multiple taxometric procedures using two different sets of indicators provided no evidence that ASPD has a taxonic latent structure. Instead, the results were far more consistent with the proposition that ASPD exists on a continuum, regardless of whether it is assessed using a structured interview or a self-report measure.Conclusions. Evidence that ASPD is dimensional suggests that it is best studied using continuous measures and that dichotomizing individuals into ASPD versus non-ASPD groups will typically result in decreased statistical power. The findings are also consistent with a multifactorial etiology for ASPD and with recent attempts to conceptualize ASPD within the framework of extant dimensional models of personality.
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Carvalho, Lucas de Francisco, Ana Deyvis Santos Araújo Jesuíno, Samanta Romanin Zuchetto, and Ana Carolina Zuanazzi. "Development of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory Antisocial Personality Disorder Scale based on the HiTOP." Psico 52, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): e36442. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2021.4.36442.
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We aimed to develop a version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) according to the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) for the assessment of antisocial personality disorder traits (i.e., IDCP Antisocial Personality Disorder Scale; IDCP-ASPD), as well as verify its psychometric properties. We developed new factors to cover ASPD traits, and collect data with 206 adults from the community (Mage = 31.3; 77.8% women). Participants completed the IDCP-ASPD, factors from IDCP-2, and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Exploratory structural equation modeling (E-SEM) suggested a 3 factors solution, grouping the 14 factors composing the IDCP-ASPD. Reliability indicators were good. Correlations between IDCP-ASPD and external measures corroborated expectations. The bootstrap two-sample t-test comparing non-clinical and psychiatric groups suggested good discrimination capacity of the IDCP-ASPD. Favorable evidence was found for the usability of the developed scale for ASPD traits measurement, although future studies must replicate the findings in samples composed by ASPD patients.
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Siboo, Ian R., Donald O. Chaffin, Craig E. Rubens, and Paul M. Sullam. "Characterization of the Accessory Sec System of Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 18 (July 11, 2008): 6188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00300-08.
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ABSTRACT The SraP adhesin of Staphylococcus aureus is a member of a highly conserved family of serine-rich surface glycoproteins of gram-positive bacteria. For streptococci, export of the SraP homologs requires a specialized transport pathway (the accessory Sec system). Compared to streptococci, however, SraP is predicted to differ in its signal peptide and glycosylation, which may affect its dependence on a specialized system for transport. In addition, two genes (asp4 and asp5) essential for export in Streptococcus gordonii are missing in S. aureus. Thus, the selectivity of the accessory Sec system in S. aureus may also differ compared to streptococci. To address these issues, the five genes encoding the putative accessory Sec system (secY2, secA2, and asp1-3) were disrupted individually in S. aureus ISP479C, and the resultant mutants were examined for SraP export. Disruption of secA2 resulted in the near complete loss of SraP surface expression. Similar results were seen with disruption of secY2 and asp1, asp2, or asp3. To assess whether the accessory Sec system transported other substrates, we compared secreted proteomes of ISP479C and a secA2 isogenic mutant, by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. Although two consistent differences in proteome content were noted between the strains, neither protein appeared to be a likely substrate for accessory Sec export. Thus, the accessory Sec system of S. aureus is required for the export of SraP, and it appears to be dedicated to the transport of this substrate exclusively.
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Ohnishi, Takayuki, Masako Yanazawa, Tomoya Sasahara, Yasuki Kitamura, Hidekazu Hiroaki, Yugo Fukazawa, Isao Kii, et al. "Na, K-ATPase α3 is a death target of Alzheimer patient amyloid-β assembly." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 32 (July 29, 2015): E4465—E4474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421182112.
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Neurodegeneration correlates with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) symptoms, but the molecular identities of pathogenic amyloid β-protein (Aβ) oligomers and their targets, leading to neurodegeneration, remain unclear. Amylospheroids (ASPD) are AD patient-derived 10- to 15-nm spherical Aβ oligomers that cause selective degeneration of mature neurons. Here, we show that the ASPD target is neuron-specific Na+/K+-ATPase α3 subunit (NAKα3). ASPD-binding to NAKα3 impaired NAKα3-specific activity, activated N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, and caused mitochondrial calcium dyshomeostasis, tau abnormalities, and neurodegeneration. NMR and molecular modeling studies suggested that spherical ASPD contain N-terminal-Aβ–derived “thorns” responsible for target binding, which are distinct from low molecular-weight oligomers and dodecamers. The fourth extracellular loop (Ex4) region of NAKα3 encompassing Asn879 and Trp880 is essential for ASPD–NAKα3 interaction, because tetrapeptides mimicking this Ex4 region bound to the ASPD surface and blocked ASPD neurotoxicity. Our findings open up new possibilities for knowledge-based design of peptidomimetics that inhibit neurodegeneration in AD by blocking aberrant ASPD–NAKα3 interaction.
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Quintero-Lopez, Catalina Quintero-Lopez, Victor Daniel Gil-Vera, Andrés Felipe Velez-Vásquez, Elizabeth Zapata-Lopez, Luisa Fernanda Sepulveda, and Luis Eduardo de Angel Martinez. "Intellectual Quotient and Social Cognition in Young Offenders: A Relational Analysis." Modern Applied Science 14, no. 12 (November 10, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v14n12p16.
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Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) showed a broad executive function, as well as visual short-term, working memory (WM), and attention deficits. The inhibitory control and WM deficits may distinguish ASPD from other personality disorders. People with ASPD structure have deficiencies in the maturation of the prefrontal cortex which is evident in various neurocognitive problems, mainly in WM and social cognition (SC). In Colombia there is a high incidence of ASPD in young offenders, which makes the process of rehabilitation and resocialization more difficult. The aim of this paper was to develop a structural equation model (SEM) to identify the relationship between SC and intellectual quotient (IQ) in offenders with ASPD and make a comparative analysis by gender. A representative sample of 120 offenders was used (60 men and 60 women) of a Specialized Attention Center (SAC) in Medellin, Colombia. This paper concludes that there is a higher correlation between SC and IQ in women offenders with ASPD (σxy = 0.62) than in male offenders with ASPD (σxy = 0.54). Epidemiologists suggest that women have a high prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders, which can be explained by internalized behavioral management. In general, men show a higher prevalence of disorders associated with impulse control through externalizing behavioral management. This shows that ASPD has been studied more in men and that ASPD profiles in women are lacking due to its low prevalence. Based on the results of the model developed, a neurocognitive profile of men and women with ASPD is presented.
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Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., N. Czajkowski, E. Ystrøm, R. Ørstavik, S. H. Aggen, K. Tambs, S. Torgersen, et al. "A longitudinal twin study of borderline and antisocial personality disorder traits in early to middle adulthood." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 14 (June 8, 2015): 3121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001117.
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Background.Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) share genetic and environmental risk factors. Little is known about the temporal stability of these etiological factors in adulthood.Method.DSM-IV criteria for ASPD and BPD were assessed using structured interviews in 2282 Norwegian twins in early adulthood and again approximately 10 years later. Longitudinal biometric models were used to analyze the number of endorsed criteria.Results.The mean criterion count for ASPD and BPD decreased 40% and 28%, respectively, from early to middle adulthood. Rank-order stability was 0.58 for ASPD and 0.45 for BPD. The best-fitting longitudinal twin model included only genetic and individual-specific environmental factors. Genetic effects, both those shared by ASPD and BPD, and those specific to each disorder remained completely stable. The unique environmental effects, however, changed substantially, with a correlation across time of 0.19 for the shared effects, and 0.39 and 0.15, respectively, for those specific to ASPD and BPD. Genetic effects accounted for 71% and 72% of the stability over time for ASPD and BPD, respectively. The genetic and environmental correlations between ASPD and BPD were 0.73, and 0.43, respectively, at both time points.Conclusion.ASPD and BPD traits were moderately stable from early to middle adulthood, mostly due to genetic risk factors which did not change over the 10-year assessment period. Environmental risk factors were mostly transient, and appear to be the main source of phenotypic change. Genetic liability factors were, to a large extent, shared by ASPD and BPD.
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DeLisi, Matt, Alan J. Drury, Daniel Caropreso, Tim Heinrichs, Katherine N. Tahja, and Michael J. Elbert. "Antisocial Personality Disorder With or Without Antecedent Conduct Disorder: The Differences Are Psychiatric and Paraphilic." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 6 (April 1, 2018): 902–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818765593.
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Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) requires a childhood diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD); however, some adult offenders are nevertheless diagnosed with ASPD without antecedent CD. The current study used a population of federal correctional clients to examine psychiatric and paraphilic conditions that potentially differentiate these offenders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was associated with a 120% increased likelihood of ASPD with prior CD, but a 75% reduced likelihood of ASPD without CD. Bipolar I disorder was associated with a 328% increased likelihood, frotteurism conferred a 311% increased likelihood, and sexual sadism conferred a 1,033% increased likelihood of ASPD without CD. The findings provide specificity to the heterogeneous ASPD population and help to clarify its equifinality. Implications for correctional practice are that prior psychiatric diagnoses and paraphilic disorders can help to understand the development of serious criminal behavior occurring among adult offenders even if they lacked CD.
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Gobin, Robyn L., Madhavi K. Reddy, Caron Zlotnick, and Jennifer E. Johnson. "Lifetime trauma victimization and PTSD in relation to psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder in a sample of incarcerated women and men." International Journal of Prisoner Health 11, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-06-2014-0016.
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Purpose – Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy are similar, but distinct, psychiatric conditions that are common in male and female inmates; a segment of the population with high rates of trauma exposure. It is unclear whether specific types of lifetime trauma are associated with ASPD and psychopathy in incarcerated women and men. Furthermore, the unique roles of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and trauma victimization in antisocial personality disturbance are not well-understood. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This study investigated associations between trauma variables (different kinds of traumatic experiences and PTSD) and antisocial personality variables (ASPD and psychopathy) in a sample of incarcerated women and men who participated in a randomized clinical trial for major depressive disorder. In total, 88 incarcerated men and women were assessed for ASPD diagnosis, psychopathy severity, PTSD symptom severity, and history of physical, sexual, and crime-related trauma. Regression analyses predicted ASPD or psychopathy from trauma variables, controlling for gender. Findings – Physical trauma was the only form of trauma that was significantly related to psychopathy. Physical trauma and crime-related trauma were associated with ASPD. PTSD symptom severity was not associated with psychopathy or ASPD. Originality/value – There are associations between some kinds of lifetime trauma exposure and current ASPD/psychopathy in the target sample, but these associations do not appear to be mediated through current PTSD symptoms.
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Paap, Muirne C. S., Johan Braeken, Geir Pedersen, Øyvind Urnes, Sigmund Karterud, Theresa Wilberg, and Benjamin Hummelen. "A Psychometric Evaluation of the DSM-IV Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder: Dimensionality, Local Reliability, and Differential Item Functioning Across Gender." Assessment 27, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117745126.
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This study aims at evaluating the psychometric properties of the antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) criteria in a large sample of patients, most of whom had one or more personality disorders (PD). PD diagnoses were assessed by experienced clinicians using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Axis II PDs. Analyses were performed within an item response theory framework. Results of the analyses indicated that ASPD is a unidimensional construct that can be measured reliably at the upper range of the latent trait scale. Differential item functioning across gender was restricted to two criteria and had little impact on the latent ASPD trait level. Patients fulfilling both the adult ASPD criteria and the conduct disorder criteria had similar latent trait distributions as patients fulfilling only the adult ASPD criteria. Overall, the ASPD items fit the purpose of a diagnostic instrument well, that is, distinguishing patients with moderate from those with high antisocial personality scores.
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Dolan, M. "The neuropsychology of prefrontal function in antisocial personality disordered offenders with varying degrees of psychopathy." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 8 (December 6, 2011): 1715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711002686.
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BackgroundDespite methodological differences between studies, it has been suggested that psychopathy may be associated with a ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) deficit and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), as classified in the DSM-IV, with a broader range of deficits in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and VMPFC function.MethodNinety-six male offenders with ASPD who were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) and 49 male right-handed healthy controls (HCs), matched for age and IQ, completed a neuropsychological test battery.ResultsOffenders with ASPD displayed subtle impairments on executive function tasks of planning ability and set shifting and behavioural inhibition compared to HCs. However, among the offenders with ASPD there was no significant association between executive function impairment and scores on the measure of psychopathy.ConclusionsPsychopathic traits in offenders with ASPD are not associated with greater executive function impairment.
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Carbone, Elvira Anna, Renato de Filippis, Mariarita Caroleo, Giuseppina Calabrò, Filippo Antonio Staltari, Laura Destefano, Raffaele Gaetano, Luca Steardo, and Pasquale De Fazio. "Antisocial Personality Disorder in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review." Medicina 57, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020183.
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Background and Objectives: Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric disorder that worsens quality of life and functional impairment. Personality disorders (PDs), in particular Cluster B personality, have a high incidence among BD patients and is considered a poor prognostic factor. The study of this co-morbidity represents an important clinical and diagnostic challenge in psychiatry. Particularly, clinical overlap has been shown between antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and BD that could worsen the course of both disorders. We aimed to detect the frequency of ASPD in bipolar patients with greater accuracy and the impact of ASPD on the clinical course of BD. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library through December 2020 without language or time restriction, according to PRISMA statement guidelines. Results: Initially, 3203 items were identified. After duplicates or irrelevant paper deletion, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. ASPD was more frequent among BD patients, especially in BD type I. BD patients with ASPD as a comorbidity seemed to have early onset, higher number and more severe affective episodes, higher levels of aggressive and impulsive behaviors, suicidality and poor clinical outcome. ASPD symptoms in BD seem to be associated with a frequent comorbidity with addictive disorders (cocaine and alcohol) and criminal behaviors, probably due to a shared impulsivity core feature. Conclusions: Considering the shared symptoms such as impulsive and dangerous behaviors, in patients with only one disease, misdiagnosis is a common phenomenon due to the overlapping symptoms of ASPD and BD. It may be useful to recognize the co-occurrence of the disorders and better characterize the patient with ASPD and BD evaluating all dysfunctional aspects and their influence on core symptoms.
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Lobbestael, J., A. Arntz, M. Cima, and F. Chakhssi. "Effects of induced anger in patients with antisocial personality disorder." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 4 (January 27, 2009): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708005102.
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BackgroundAnger is the main deregulated emotion in patients with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). The aim of this study was to examine emotional, cognitive and physiological correlates of anger and compare these between ASPD patients with varying degree of psychopathy (PP) and control groups.MethodAssessment of the effect of anger induction on self-reported emotions and schema modes, psychophysiology and implicit reaction-time tasks measuring self-anger and aggressor–swearword associations. Participants (n=147) were patients with DSM-IV antisocial (n=21), borderline (n=45) and cluster C personality disorder (n=46) and non-patient controls (n=35).ResultsGroups did not differ in self-reported anger. ASPD patients displayed a decrease in heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and stronger implicit self-anger associations. ASPD patients scoring low on affective PP reported less negative emotions and displayed a greater decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP).ConclusionsASPD patients did not display a deviant self-reported anger but physiological hyporesponsivity and cognitive hyper-responsivity. This ASPD anger response might reflect a controlled predatory-like fight preparation.
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Torgersen, S., N. Czajkowski, K. Jacobson, T. Reichborn-Kjennerud, E. Røysamb, M. C. Neale, and K. S. Kendler. "Dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster B personality disorders in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins: a multivariate study." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 11 (February 14, 2008): 1617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708002924.
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BackgroundThe personality disorders (PDs) in the ‘dramatic’ cluster B [antisocial (ASPD), histrionic (HPD), narcissistic (NPD) and borderline (BPD)] demonstrate co-morbidity. However, the degree to which genetic and/or environmental factors influence their co-occurrence is not known and, with the exception of ASPD, the relative impact of genetic and environmental risk factors on liability to the cluster B PDs has not been conclusively established.MethodPD traits were assessed in 1386 Norwegian twin pairs between the age of 19 and 35 years using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SIDP-IV). Using the statistical package Mx, multivariate twin models were fitted to dimensional representations of the PDs.ResultsThe best-fitting model, which did not include sex or shared family environment effects, included common genetic and environmental factors influencing all four dramatic PD traits, and factors influencing only ASPD and BPD. Heritability was estimated at 38% for ASPD traits, 31% for HPD traits, 24% for NPD traits and 35% for BPD traits. BPD traits had the lowest and ASPD traits the highest disorder-specific genetic variance.ConclusionThe frequently observed co-morbidity between cluster B PDs results from both common genetic and environmental influences. Etiologically, cluster B has a ‘substructure’ in which ASPD and BPD are more closely related to each other than to the other cluster B disorders.
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Drislane, L. E., U. Vaidyanathan, and C. J. Patrick. "Reduced cortical call to arms differentiates psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 4 (July 31, 2012): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001547.
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BackgroundPsychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are both characterized by impulsive, externalizing behaviors. Researchers have argued, however, that psychopathy is distinguished from ASPD by the presence of interpersonal–affective features that reflect an underlying deficit in emotional sensitivity. No study to date has tested for differential relations of these disorders with the brain's natural orienting response to sudden aversive events.MethodElectroencephalography was used to assess cortical reactivity to abrupt noise probes presented during the viewing of pleasant, neutral and unpleasant pictures in 140 incarcerated males diagnosed using the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised and DSM-IV criteria for ASPD. The primary dependent measure was the P3 event-related potential response to the noise probes.ResultsPsychopaths showed significantly smaller amplitude of P3 response to noise probes across trials of all types compared with non-psychopaths. Follow-up analyses revealed that this overall reduction was attributable specifically to the affective–interpersonal features of psychopathy. By contrast, no group difference in general amplitude of probe P3 was evident for ASPD versus non-ASPD participants.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate a reduced cortical orienting response to abrupt aversive stimuli in participants exhibiting features of psychopathy that are distinct from ASPD. The specificity of the observed effect fits with the idea that these distinctive features of psychopathy reflect a deficit in defensive reactivity, or mobilization of the brain's defensive system, in the context of threat cues.
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Sundram, F., Q. Deeley, S. Sarkar, E. Daly, R. Latham, G. J. Barker, and D. G. M. Murphy. "P02 - 361 White matter microstructural abnormalities in antisocial personality disorder: A pilot diffusion tensor imaging study." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72662-1.
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IntroductionAntisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy involve significant interpersonal and behavioural impairments. However, little is known about white matter (WM) abnormalities in tracts linking grey matter regions. A previous diffusion tensor imaging (DT-MRI) tractography study in ASPD and psychopathy revealed abnormalities in the right uncinate fasciculus, indicating fronto-limbic disconnectivity.ObjectivesIt is not clear whether WM abnormalities are restricted to only this tract or are more widespread. Therefore, we planned to use whole brain DT-MRI voxel-based analyses.AimsTo clarify if WM abnormalities extend beyond the frontal lobe.MethodsWe used whole brain DT-MRI to compare WM fractional anisotropy (FA) of 15 adults with ASPD and healthy age, handedness and IQ-matched controls. Also, within ASPD subjects, we related differences in FA to severity of psychopathy measures.ResultsSignificant WM FA reductions were found in ASPD subjects relative to controls. These were found bilaterally in the anterior corpus callosum. Right hemisphere FA reduction was found in the anterior corona radiata, uncinate fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and internal capsule. Left hemisphere, FA deficits encompassed the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and internal capsule. There was a significant negative correlation between WM FA in the right uncinate fasciculus and corpus callosum and measures of psychopathy.ConclusionsWe report FA reduction in the uncinate fasciculus and anterior corpus callosum which may be associated with frontal and inter-hemispheric disconnectivity in ASPD, in addition to abnormalities in other tracts which directly or indirectly connect to prefrontal regions.
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Clark, D. Angus, M. Brent Donnellan, and Richard W. Robins. "Antisocial Traits, Negative Emotionality, and Trajectories of Relationship Quality in Mexican-Origin Couples." Journal of Personality Disorders 34, no. 4 (August 2020): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_410.
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The symptoms of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and broader personality trait domains such as negative emotionality (NEM) may prove detrimental for marital quality. Previous research with European Americans has found that ASPD negatively predicts couple functioning, even when controlling for NEM. The current study extends previous work by testing whether ASPD (as well as a history of early conduct disorder) and NEM are related to marital quality trajectories in a sample of 450 Mexican-origin couples followed over 9 years. Consistent with other studies, there was a slight average decline in relationship quality over the course of the study along with differences between couples in the initial level of relationship quality and rate of change. Results indicated that NEM was a stronger correlate of initial levels of marital quality than ASPD. Findings underscore the relevance of NEM as a personality trait domain relevant for relationships.
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Beauchaine, Theodore P., Daniel N. Klein, Sheila E. Crowell, Christina Derbidge, and Lisa Gatzke-Kopp. "Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology × Sex × Environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 3 (July 7, 2009): 735–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000418.
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AbstractAlthough antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is more common among males and borderline PD (BPD) is more common among females, some authors have suggested that the two disorders reflect multifinal outcomes of a single etiology. This assertion is based on several overlapping symptoms and features, including trait impulsivity, emotional lability, high rates of depression and suicide, and a high likelihood of childhood abuse and/or neglect. Furthermore, rates of ASPD are elevated in the first degree relatives of those with BPD, and concurrent comorbidity rates for the two disorders are high. In this article, we present a common model of antisocial and borderline personality development. We begin by reviewing issues and problems with diagnosing and studying PDs in children and adolescents. Next, we discuss dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms of trait impulsivity as predisposing vulnerabilities to ASPD and BPD. Finally, we extend shared risk models for ASPD and BPD by specifying genetic loci that may confer differential vulnerability to impulsive aggression and mood dysregulation among males and impulsive self-injury and mood dysregulation among females. Although the precise mechanisms of these sex-moderated genetic vulnerabilities remain poorly understood, they appear to interact with environmental risk factors including adverse rearing environments to potentiate the development of ASPD and BPD.
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Kaya, Şüheda, Filiz Özsoy, Gülay Taşcı, and Mehmet Kalaycı. "Nesfatin-1 Hormone Levels in Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder and Their Relationship with Clinical Variables." Psychiatry Investigation 17, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0067.
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Objective This study aims to investigate the levels of nesfatin-1-hormone in patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) and their relationship with clinical variables.Methods A total of 90 people (45 ASPD, 45 controls) were included in our study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck-Depression-Inventory (BDI), Beck-Anxiety-Inventory (BAI), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11), Buss-Durkee-Hostility-Inventory (BDHI) were applied to all participants. Venous blood samples were taken from participants at the same time of the day when they were hungry.Results It was found that the BDI and BAI scores of the ASPD were higher than those of the controls (p<0.001, for both scales). The scores in BIS-11; motor and nonplanning-impulsivity subscales were higher than those of the controls (p<0.001, 0.036, respectively). The scores obtained by the ASPD were higher in all subscales of BDHI (p<0.001). For the nesfatin-1-hormone, the values of the ASPD were lower than those of the controls (p=0.044). No relationship was found between the nesfatin-1-hormone and any other laboratory parameters and applied scales (p>0.05).Conclusion This is the first study to examine the nesfatin-1-hormone levels in patients with any personality disorder. Further studies with more participants are needed in different types of personality disorders to understand the relationship between personality disorder and nesfatin-1-hormone levels.
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Trundle, Grace, Leam A. Craig, and Ian Stringer. "Differentiating between pathological demand avoidance and antisocial personality disorder: a case study." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jidob-07-2016-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the different clinical features of pathological demand avoidance (PDA) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) presented in the form of a single case study. The study highlights the potential of misdiagnosis and conceptual confusions to practitioners in forensic settings between the two conditions when working with offenders with personality disorders. Design/methodology/approach A case formulation using the “five Ps” method based on the personal history of an incarcerated male is presented and the clinical similarities and differences between PDA and ASPD are delineated. These differences and similarities are evaluated and applied to offender management including intervention options. Findings There are considerable similarities between ASPD and PDA making the two conditions difficult to separate. Both diagnostic criteria identify childhood behavioural problems, aggression, destructiveness, conduct disorder (CD), manipulation and non-compliance as indications of the disorder. For example, the criteria for later adult ASPD are the presence of childhood antisocial behaviour and CD. However, these behaviours may also be suggestive of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and non-compliance that are part of PDA. Violent behaviours and aggression can also be perceived in a similar way. Misdiagnosis of PDA as ASPD reduces the efficiency of treatment programmes. Originality/value The implications of these findings could prove useful in the successful risk management of offenders with PDA. Given the similar behavioural characteristics between PDA and ASPD, the prevalence of PDA among offenders may be higher than observed. The aim of this study is to raise awareness of potential conceptual complications and clinical confusions between the two conditions with a view to aid offender management through case formulation. A large scale study into offenders with PDA would draw attention to the prevalence of the condition as well as its association with offending behaviour.
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Giuliani, Anna, Akash Nayak Karopadi, Mario Prieto-Velasco, Sabrina Milan Manani, Carlo Crepaldi, and Claudio Ronco. "Worldwide Experiences with Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 37, no. 5 (September 2017): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00214.
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End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is common in the elderly population, and renal replacement therapy (RRT) is often required. However, in this particular subgroup of patients, the choice between hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) is often not an easy decision to make. Published literature has adequately demonstrated that PD prevalence is significantly less than HD across all patient age groups despite several advantages. We also know that elderly patients are less likely to complete a PD assessment, due to both medical and social barriers. Additionally, elderly patients are often reluctant to go ahead with PD despite being eligible PD candidates, mainly due to the fear of performing self-therapy. Recently, many new assisted PD (asPD) programs have cropped up in several countries. The main aim of these programs is to overcome barriers to PD and to promote PD utilization among elderly and non-self-sufficient patients. Although asPD has proven to be associated with good clinical results, there still remain concerns about its greater use. In this review, we will first describe an ideal asPD model and then enumerate examples of strategies and outcomes associated with successful asPD programs worldwide.
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Checknita, D., G. Maussion, B. Labonté, S. Comai, R. E. Tremblay, F. Vitaro, N. Turecki, et al. "Monoamine oxidase a gene promoter methylation and transcriptional downregulation in an offender population with antisocial personality disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 3 (March 2015): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144964.
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BackgroundAntisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterised by elevated impulsive aggression and increased risk for criminal behaviour and incarceration. Deficient activity of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene is suggested to contribute to serotonergic system dysregulation strongly associated with impulsive aggression and antisocial criminality.AimsTo elucidate the role of epigenetic processes in altered MAOA expression and serotonin regulation in a population of incarcerated offenders with ASPD compared with a healthy non-incarcerated control population.MethodParticipants were 86 incarcerated participants with ASPD and 73 healthy controls. MAOA promoter methylation was compared between case and control groups. We explored the functional impact of MAOA promoter methylation on gene expression in vitro and blood 5-HT levels in a subset of the case group.ResultsResults suggest that MAOA promoter hypermethylation is associated with ASPD and may contribute to downregulation of MAOA gene expression, as indicated by functional assays in vitro, and regression analysis with whole-blood serotonin levels in offenders with ASPD.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with prior literature suggesting MAOA and serotonergic dysregulation in antisocial populations. Our results offer the first evidence suggesting epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to MAOA dysregulation in antisocial offenders.
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Abe, Keietsu, Fumito Ohnishi, Kyoko Yagi, Tasuku Nakajima, Takeshi Higuchi, Motoaki Sano, Masayuki Machida, Rafiquel I. Sarker, and Peter C. Maloney. "Plasmid-Encoded asp Operon Confers a Proton Motive Metabolic Cycle Catalyzed by an Aspartate-Alanine Exchange Reaction." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 2906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.11.2906-2913.2002.
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ABSTRACT Tetragenococcus halophila D10 catalyzes the decarboxylation of l-aspartate with nearly stoichiometric release of l-alanine and CO2. This trait is encoded on a 25-kb plasmid, pD1. We found in this plasmid a putative asp operon consisting of two genes, which we designated aspD and aspT, encoding an l-aspartate-β-decarboxylase (AspD) and an aspartate-alanine antiporter (AspT), respectively, and determined the nucleotide sequences. The sequence analysis revealed that the genes of the asp operon in pD1 were in the following order: promoter → aspD → aspT. The deduced amino acid sequence of AspD showed similarity to the sequences of two known l-aspartate-β-decarboxylases from Pseudomonas dacunhae and Alcaligenes faecalis. Hydropathy analyses suggested that the aspT gene product encodes a hydrophobic protein with multiple membrane-spanning regions. The operon was subcloned into the Escherichia coli expression vector pTrc99A, and the two genes were cotranscribed in the resulting plasmid, pTrcAsp. Expression of the asp operon in E. coli coincided with appearance of the capacity to catalyze the decarboxylation of aspartate to alanine. Histidine-tagged AspD (AspDHis) was also expressed in E. coli and purified from cell extracts. The purified AspDHis clearly exhibited activity of l-aspartate-β-decarboxylase. Recombinant AspT was solubilized from E. coli membranes and reconstituted in proteoliposomes. The reconstituted AspT catalyzed self-exchange of aspartate and electrogenic heterologous exchange of aspartate with alanine. Thus, the asp operon confers a proton motive metabolic cycle consisting of the electrogenic aspartate-alanine antiporter and the aspartate decarboxylase, which keeps intracellular levels of alanine, the countersubstrate for aspartate, high.
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Setareh, Javad, Mani B.Monajemi, and Mahboobeh Gharaa. "Emotional Memory and Emotional Intelligence of Individuals Diagnosed with Anti-Social Personality Disorder: Experimental Pretest-Posttest Design." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 10 (August 12, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n10p12.
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BACKGROUND: Aim of current study is to compare Emotional Memory (EM) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) between two groups of healthy people and individuals diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD).MATERIALS & METHODS: Current study is an experimental pretest-posttest study with case-group and control group, which was conducted between 2014-2015 at Zare Psychiatric hospital (Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran). Statistical Society of this study was chosen via convenient sampling method; our sample was consisted of 80 individuals (men and women) that were divided into two groups of 40 healthy and 40 patients with APD. Subsequently, they answered to SCID-II (Structured Clinical Interview For DSM Disorders), Baron EQ-I (Emotional Quotient Inventory), WMS (Wechsler Memory Scale) and they looked at Picture Slides (Story). In order to analyze the findings of current study, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, multiple covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and independent t-test were used.RESULTS: The findings showed that antisocial patients demonstrated lower score EM and EI.CONCLUSION: Emotional memory of ASPD individuals tends to be less than normal individuals. Furthermore, emotional intelligence of healthy individuals are higher that ASPD patients. It appears plausible that ASPD individuals tend to suffer in remembering their emotions due to their inability to retrieve emotional memories.
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Fagerberg, Petter, Lisa Klingelhoefer, Matteo Bottai, Billy Langlet, Konstantinos Kyritsis, Eva Rotter, Heinz Reichmann, Björn Falkenburger, Anastasios Delopoulos, and Ioannis Ioakimidis. "Lower Energy Intake among Advanced vs. Early Parkinson’s Disease Patients and Healthy Controls in a Clinical Lunch Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072109.
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Unintentional weight loss has been observed among Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Changes in energy intake (EI) and eating behavior, potentially caused by fine motor dysfunction and eating-related symptoms, might contribute to this. The primary aim of this study was to investigate differences in objectively measured EI between groups of healthy controls (HC), early (ESPD) and advanced stage PD patients (ASPD) during a standardized lunch in a clinical setting. The secondary aim was to identify clinical features and eating behavior abnormalities that explain EI differences. All participants (n = 23 HC, n = 20 ESPD, and n = 21 ASPD) went through clinical evaluations and were eating a standardized meal (200 g sausages, 400 g potato salad, 200 g apple purée and 500 mL water) in front of two video cameras. Participants ate freely, and the food was weighed pre- and post-meal to calculate EI (kcal). Multiple linear regression was used to explain group differences in EI. ASPD had a significantly lower EI vs. HC (−162 kcal, p < 0.05) and vs. ESPD (−203 kcal, p < 0.01) when controlling for sex. The number of spoonfuls, eating problems, dysphagia and upper extremity tremor could explain most (86%) of the lower EI vs. HC, while the first three could explain ~50% vs. ESPD. Food component intake analysis revealed significantly lower potato salad and sausage intakes among ASPD vs. both HC and ESPD, while water intake was lower vs. HC. EI is an important clinical target for PD patients with an increased risk of weight loss. Our results suggest that interventions targeting upper extremity tremor, spoonfuls, dysphagia and eating problems might be clinically useful in the prevention of unintentional weight loss in PD. Since EI was lower in ASPD, EI might be a useful marker of disease progression in PD.
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Davidson, K. M., P. Tyrer, P. Tata, D. Cooke, A. Gumley, I. Ford, A. Walker, et al. "Cognitive behaviour therapy for violent men with antisocial personality disorder in the community: an exploratory randomized controlled trial." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 4 (July 30, 2008): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004066.
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BackgroundLittle information exists on treatment effectiveness in antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). We investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of carrying out a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in men with ASPD who were aggressive.MethodThis was an exploratory two-centre, randomized controlled trial in a community setting. Fifty-two adult men with a diagnosis of ASPD, with acts of aggression in the 6 months prior to the study, were randomized to either treatment as usual (TAU) plus CBT, or usual treatment alone. Change over 12 months of follow-up was assessed in the occurrence of any act of aggression and also in terms of alcohol misuse, mental state, beliefs and social functioning.ResultsThe follow-up rate was 79%. At 12 months, both groups reported a decrease in the occurrence of any acts of verbal or physical aggression. Trends in the data, in favour of CBT, were noted for problematic drinking, social functioning and beliefs about others.ConclusionsCBT did not improve outcomes more than usual treatment for men with ASPD who are aggressive and living in the community in this exploratory study. However, the data suggest that a larger study is required to fully assess the effectiveness of CBT in reducing aggression, alcohol misuse and improving social functioning and view of others. It is feasible to carry out a rigorous randomized controlled trial in this group.
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Marmorstein, Naomi R. "Adult Antisocial Behaviour without Conduct Disorder: Demographic Characteristics and Risk for Cooccurring Psychopathology." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 4 (March 2006): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100404.
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Objective: Several studies note people who demonstrate adult antisocial behaviour (AAB) in the absence of conduct disorder (CD) before age 15 years. Perhaps because they do not meet diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), this group of people exhibiting late-onset AAB has been underrecognized and understudied. Thus the goal of this study was to examine the demographic features and patterns of cooccurring psychopathology of people exhibiting late-onset antisocial behaviour (AB; AAB but not CD), compared with people suffering from ASPD (CD and AAB), people suffering from CD but not AAB, and members of a nonantisocial control group. Method: This study used the population-based sample of the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The demographic features examined were sex, percentage living in poverty, annual income, and years of formal education. The possibly cooccurring diagnoses examined were alcohol abuse and dependence, drug abuse and dependence, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, simple phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Results: About 2.3% of participants exhibited AAB but not CD. These individuals had patterns of demographic characteristics and cooccurring psychiatric disorders quite similar to those of people diagnosed with full ASPD. Conclusion: Individuals who demonstrate this pattern of late-onset AB are at levels of risk comparable to those of individuals suffering from ASPD; therefore, they are equally in need of research and clinical attention.
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Aleman, Kristian. "OBJECT RELATION QUALITY, ALEXITHYMIA, AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF DRUG ABUSERS WITH ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 10 (January 1, 2007): 1335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.10.1335.
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The purpose was to investigate, in a sample of drug abusers, whether subscales in the KAPP (Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile, Weinryb, 1992) interview and defense mechanisms explored by the DMTm (Defense Mechanism Technique modified) could differentiate between DSM-III-R clusters and personality disorders (PDs). Forty-seven (47) subjects out of the 84 injecting drug abusers (56%) recruited from a detoxification hospital ward in Sweden had a primary antisocial PD (ASPD) with a comorbid second DSM-III-R PD diagnosis. Pathology was significant on the KAPP subscales of“Dependency and separation,” “Alexithymic traits,” “Normopathic traits,”“Coping with aggressive affects,” and “Sexual satisfaction” in relation to cluster B (dramatic). All subscales were predominant in patients with ASPD/narcissistic PD, who showed the defense mechanism marked denial. The two latter subscales were related to patients with ASPD/borderline PD, who showed the defense of introaggression and the DMTm sign of disappearance of threat. Finally, some psychoanalytic constructs in KAPP and DMTm showed congruence.
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Agbakwuru, Chikwe, and Hope Ejiociii Mgbeoduru. "Efficacy of Rational Emotive Therapy in the Management of Antisocial Personality Disorder among Adolescents in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.71.7401.
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This study investigated the efficacy of Rational Emotive Therapy in, the management of (ASPD) among adolescents in Owerri municipal, Imo State, Nigeria. It adopted a quasi-experimental design of pre-test post-test control group. Three research questions and three hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. Thirty adolescents who were eighteen years formed the sample. Mean, standard derivation, t-test and 2 ways ANOVA were used to analyze the data obtained. The results obtained showed that Rational Emotive Therapy is efficacious in the management of antisocial personality disorder at post and follow up tests. The results also indicate that male and female adolescents have ASPD and are amenable to change using cognitive restructuring technique of Rational Emotive Therapy. Based on the findings, it was recommended that counselling psychologists should be posted to schools and made teaching subject free to enable them identify and work on adolescents with ASPD and its antecedents of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorders.
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Venables, N. C., J. R. Hall, and C. J. Patrick. "Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: a triarchic model perspective." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (July 9, 2013): 1005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171300161x.
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BackgroundThe triarchic model of psychopathy characterizes the disorder in terms of three distinguishable phenotypic facets: disinhibition, meanness and boldness. The present study sought to (1) inform current debates regarding the role of boldness in the definition of psychopathy and (2) clarify boundaries between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).MethodThis study evaluated the degree to which facets of the triarchic model are represented in the most widely used clinical inventory for psychopathy, the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R), in comparison with ASPD as defined by DSM-IV criteria. Adult male offenders from two distinct correctional settings (n = 157 and 169) were investigated to ensure replicability of findings across samples exhibiting high base rates of psychopathy and antisocial behavior.ResultsWe found evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the three triarchic facets in predicting symptomatic components of psychopathy as assessed by the PCL-R. Additionally, and crucially vis-à-vis current debates in the field, we found that boldness contributed incrementally (over and above disinhibition and meanness) to prediction of PCL-R psychopathy, in particular its interpersonal style component, but not ASPD.ConclusionsThe three distinct facets of the triarchic model of psychopathy are represented clearly and distinctly in the PCL-R, with boldness through its interpersonal facet, but not in DSM-defined ASPD. Our findings suggest that boldness is central to diagnostic conceptions of psychopathy and distinguishes psychopathy from the more prevalent diagnosis of ASPD.
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Brown, Darcy, Fintan Larkin, Samrat Sengupta, Jose L. Romero-Ureclay, Callum C. Ross, Nitin Gupta, Morris Vinestock, and Mrigendra Das. "Clozapine: an effective treatment for seriously violent and psychopathic men with antisocial personality disorder in a UK high-security hospital." CNS Spectrums 19, no. 5 (April 3, 2014): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000157.
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ObjectiveA number of studies have demonstrated the anti-aggressive properties of clozapine in schizophrenia and its positive effect in borderline personality disorder. There is no published literature on the treatment of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with clozapine. We present a case series of 7 patients with primary ASPD and high psychopathic traits treated with clozapine, having a significant history of serious violence and currently detained in a UK based high-security hospital.MethodsA retrospective review of case notes was carried out to formulate Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores and record incidents of violence and aggression. Effect on specific symptom domains (cognitive-perceptual, impulsive-behavioural dyscontrol, affective dysregulation) was also noted. Metabolic parameters and serum clozapine levels were also sampled.ResultsAll 7 patients showed significant improvement on clozapine. It was shown to benefit all symptom domains, especially impulsive behavioral dyscontrol and anger. The number of violent incidents committed by 6 of the 7 patients reduced significantly, and all patients’ risk of violence reduced. Clozapine serum levels for 6 of the 7 patients were in the range 150–350 ng/mL.ConclusionClozapine is of benefit in reducing the clinical severity of ASPD. It improved all symptom domains, especially impulsive-behavioral dyscontrol and anger, and reduced levels of aggression and violence, especially at lower doses (serum levels <350 ng/m). To our knowledge, this is the first account of clozapine treatment in patients with ASPD and high psychopathy.
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Evans, Ceri. "The NICE ASPD guidelines: A clinical perspective." Personality and Mental Health 4, no. 1 (January 28, 2010): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmh.111.
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Fu, Qiang, Andrew C. Heath, Kathleen K. Bucholz, Michael J. Lyons, Ming T. Tsuang, William R. True, and Seth A. Eisen. "Common Genetic Risk of Major Depression and Nicotine Dependence: The Contribution of Antisocial Traits in a United States Veteran Male Twin Cohort." Twin Research and Human Genetics 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.3.470.
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AbstractMany studies that found associations between depression and nicotine dependence have ignored possible shared genetic influences associated with antisocial traits. The present study examined the contribution of genetic and environmental effects associated with conduct disorder (CD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) to the comorbidity of major depression (MD) and nicotine dependence (ND). A telephone diagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-III-R, was administered to eligible twins from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry in 1992. Multivariate genetic models were fitted to 3360 middle-aged and predominantly white twin pairs (1868 monozygotic, 1492 dizygotic pairs) of which both members completed the pertinent diagnostic interview sections. Genetic influences on CD accounted for 100%, 68%, and 50% of the total genetic variance in risk for ASPD, MD and ND, respectively. After controlling for genetic influences on CD, the partial genetic correlation between MD and ND was no longer statistically significant. Nonshared environmental contributions to the comorbidity among these disorders were not significant. This study not only demonstrates that the comorbidity between ND and MD is influenced by common genetic risk factors, but also further suggests that the common genetic risk factors overlapped with those for antisocial traits such as CD and ASPD in men.
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Lindsey, Rebecca, Susan Cowden, Yainitza Hernández-Rodríguez, and Michelle Momany. "Septins AspA and AspC Are Important for Normal Development and Limit the Emergence of New Growth Foci in the Multicellular Fungus Aspergillus nidulans." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2009): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00269-09.
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ABSTRACT Septins are cytoskeletal proteins found in fungi, animals, and microsporidia, where they form multiseptin complexes that act as scaffolds recruiting and organizing other proteins to ensure normal cell division and development. Here we characterize the septins AspA and AspC in the multicellular, filamentous fungus A spergillus nidulans. Mutants with deletions of aspA, aspC, or both aspA and aspC show early and increased germ tube and branch emergence, abnormal septation, and disorganized conidiophores. Strains in which the native aspA has been replaced with a single copy of aspA-GFP driven by the native septin promoter or in which aspC has been replaced with a single copy of aspC-GFP driven by the native promoter show wild-type phenotypes. AspA-GFP and AspC-GFP show identical localization patterns as discrete spots or bars in dormant and expanding conidia, as rings at forming septa and at the bases of emerging germ tubes and branches, and as punctate spots and filaments in the cytoplasm and at the cell cortex. In conidiophores, AspA-GFP and AspC-GFP localize as diffuse bands or rings at the bases of emerging layers and conidial chains and as discrete spots or bars in newly formed conidia. AspA-GFP forms abnormal structures in ΔaspC strains while AspC-GFP does not localize in ΔaspA strains. Our results suggest that AspA and AspC interact with each other and are important for normal development, especially for preventing the inappropriate emergence of germ tubes and branches. This is the first report of a septin limiting the emergence of new growth foci in any organism.
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Hatchett, Gregory. "Treatment Guidelines for Clients with Antisocial Personality Disorder." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.1.52g325w385556315.
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The purpose of this article is to present treatment guidelines for mental health counselors who work with clients diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) or characterized as psychopathic. The guidelines use the criteria of both treatment efficacy and clinical utility as recommended by an APA taskforce on treatment guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2002). A review of the literature revealed that psychosocial interventions lack both treatment efficacy and clinical utility in remediating the core characteristics of antisociality or reducing criminal recidivism. However, a strong case can be made for a guideline in which substance abuse treatment is recommended for ASPD clients with comorbid substance use disorders. Not only have such interventions been shown to possess adequate treatment efficacy, but there is additional evidence that such interventions are cost-effective and feasible for real-world, clinical settings (= clinical utility).
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Sörman, Karolina, Jennifer Cox, Charlotte Eklund Rimsten, Marissa Stanziani, Claes Lernestedt, Marianne Kristiansson, and Katarina Howner. "Perceptions of Mental Health Conditions in Criminal Cases: A Survey Study Involving Swedish Lay Judges." Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 688–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820910774.
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Perceptions of mental health conditions influence how individuals with psychiatric diagnoses are treated within the community, in the legal system, and at different institutions. We examined perceptions of mental health conditions among lay judges ( N = 643), working at district and appellate courts throughout Sweden. Participants read a web-based survey including a crime vignette in which the person charged with a crime was described as having schizophrenia ( n = 186), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with psychopathic traits ( n = 219), or intellectual disability ( n = 238). Participants’ perceptions of schizophrenia were largely in line with Swedish legislation regarding the medicolegal concept of severe mental disturbance (SMD). Findings were more varied for the other two conditions, however. Perceptions of individuals with ASPD with psychopathic traits were not consistent with the Swedish SMD legislation. The results highlight the complexity of legislation addressing mental illness and criminality.
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Storebø, Ole Jakob, and Erik Simonsen. "The Association Between ADHD and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)." Journal of Attention Disorders 20, no. 10 (July 28, 2016): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054713512150.
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LeMoine, Kaitlyn A., Abigail M. Romirowsky, Kelsey E. Woods, and Andrea Chronis-Tuscano. "Paternal Antisocial Behavior (But Not Paternal ADHD) Is Associated With Negative Parenting and Child Conduct Problems." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 13 (September 23, 2015): 1187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715604361.
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Objective: Parental psychopathology and parenting quality robustly predict negative outcomes among children with ADHD. Little research has investigated associations between paternal ADHD symptoms and parenting, though there is clear evidence linking maternal ADHD symptoms with both suboptimal parenting and child conduct problems, and considerable research supporting fathers’ significant contributions to their children’s development. Method: This cross-sectional study examined psychopathology and parenting in a sample of fathers ( N = 102) and their 5- to 12-year-old children with previously diagnosed ADHD. Results: Results suggested that paternal antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) symptoms (rather than ADHD symptoms) were robustly associated with child conduct problems, with an indirect effect through paternal negative parenting. Conclusion: This study suggests that negative parenting may be a potential mechanism by which paternal ASPD is associated with child conduct problems, and demonstrates the importance of considering co-occurring psychopathology in research examining adult ADHD, parenting, and child outcomes.
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Sleep, Chelsea E., Dustin B. Wygant, and Joshua D. Miller. "Examining the Incremental Utility of DSM-5 Section III Traits and Impairment in Relation to Traditional Personality Disorder Scores in a Female Correctional Sample." Journal of Personality Disorders 32, no. 6 (December 2018): 738–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2017_31_320.
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Personality disorders (PDs) are challenging to assess and are associated with great individual and societal costs. In response to the limitations of categorical models, the DSM-5 included an alternative model (i.e., Section III), which uses impairment (Criterion A) and pathological traits (Criterion B) to diagnose PDs. Although numerous studies have illustrated dimensional trait models' ability to capture personality psychopathology, less attention has been paid to personality impairment. The present investigation sought to examine Criterion A's ability to contribute incrementally to the prediction of antisocial (ASPD), borderline (BPD), and narcissistic personality disorders (NPD), and Interpersonal-Affective (F1) and Impulsive-Antisocial (F2) features of psychopathy. The current study used 200 female inmates and found that impairment contributed to the prediction of BPD, NPD, and psychopathy F1 scores and did not add to the prediction of ASPD and psychopathy F2 scores. Difficulties in distinguishing between personality impairment and personality disordered traits are discussed.
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Yakubov, Stanley, Jack Braha, Joel Albert, Rabin Rahmani, Ira Mayer, and Yuriy Tsirlin. "Acute Obstructive Suppuration of the Pancreatic Duct Causing Sepsis." Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 31, no. 1&2 (January 12, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/ejbm201631747.
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Objective: We report a rare case of acute obstructive suppuration of the pancreatic duct causing sepsis, which was successfully treated with emergent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods: We describe the patient’s clinical presentation, laboratory test results, and imaging used for diagnosis and treatment. Results: A 33-year-old female with a history of recurrent acute pancreatitis was admitted during an episode of acute pancreatitis. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealed acute pancreatitis, diffuse pancreatic atrophy and pancreatic ductal dilatation with obstruction due to a soft tissue lesion within the distal duct. Shortly after admission she developed symptoms and signs of sepsis. Urgent ERCP was performed to further assess the suspected cholangitis. “Clean” bile emanated from the common bile duct, while copious purulent fluid was detected at the dilated pancreatic duct orifice, confirming suppuration of the pancreatic duct. A plastic single pigtail stent was placed traversing the ampulla and pancreatic duct stones that were causing the obstruction, which were later removed. After endoscopic decompression, the patient rapidly improved over the following 24 hours and had no subsequent admissions for pancreatitis.Conclusion: Acute suppuration of the pancreatic duct (ASPD) is a rare and potentially fatal infectious complication of pancreatic ductal obstruction with few cases reported in the English literature. It would be of interest to further investigate the exact pathophysiology leading to development of ASPD. The endoscopic methods of urgent ERCP and pancreatic duct decompression utilized in our case proved effective in successfully treating ASPD. This unusual condition should be considered in patients with acute pancreatitis who develop early clinical decompensation.
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Kumari, V., G. H. Gudjonsson, S. Raghuvanshi, I. Barkataki, P. Taylor, A. Sumich, K. Das, E. Kuipers, D. H. Ffytche, and M. Das. "Reduced thalamic volume in men with antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia and a history of serious violence and childhood abuse." European Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2012): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.03.002.
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AbstractObjectiveViolent behaviour has been associated with presence of certain mental disorders, most notably antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and schizophrenia, childhood abuse, and multiple brain abnormalities. This study examined for the first time, to the authors’ knowledge, the role of psychosocial deprivation (PSD), including childhood physical and sexual abuse, in structural brain volumes of violent individuals with ASPD or schizophrenia.MethodsFifty-six men (26 with ASPD or schizophrenia and a history of serious violence, 30 non-violent) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and were assessed on PSD. Stereological volumetric brain ratings were examined for group differences and their association with PSD ratings. PSD-brain associations were examined further using voxel-based-morphometry.ResultsThe findings revealed: reduced thalamic volume in psychosocially-deprived violent individuals, relative to non-deprived violent individuals and healthy controls; negative association between thalamic volume and abuse ratings (physical and sexual) in violent individuals; and trend-level negative associations between PSD and hippocampal and prefrontal volumes in non-violent individuals. The voxel-based-morphometry analysis detected a negative association between PSD and localised grey matter volumes in the left inferior frontal region across all individuals, and additionally in the left middle frontal and precentral gyri in non-violent individuals.ConclusionsViolent mentally-disordered individuals with PSD, relative to those with no or minimal PSD, suffer from an additional brain deficit, i.e., reduced thalamic volume; this may affect sensory information processing, and have implications for management, of these individuals. PSD may have a stronger relationship with volumetric loss of stress-linked regions, namely the frontal cortex, in non-violent individuals.
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Spencer, Cierra, Barbara A. Bensing, Nagendra N. Mishra, and Paul M. Sullam. "Membrane trafficking of the bacterial adhesin GspB and the accessory Sec transport machinery." Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, no. 5 (December 4, 2018): 1502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.005657.
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The serine-rich repeat (SRR) glycoproteins of Gram-positive bacteria are large, cell wall–anchored adhesins that mediate binding to many host cells and proteins and are associated with bacterial virulence. SRR glycoproteins are exported to the cell surface by the accessory Sec (aSec) system comprising SecA2, SecY2, and 3–5 additional proteins (Asp1 to Asp5) that are required for substrate export. These adhesins typically have a 90-amino acid-long signal peptide containing an elongated N-region and a hydrophobic core. Previous studies of GspB (the SRR adhesin ofStreptococcus gordonii) have shown that a glycine-rich motif in its hydrophobic core is essential for selective, aSec-mediated transport. However, the role of this extended N-region in transport is poorly understood. Here, using protein–lipid co-flotation assays and site-directed mutagenesis, we report that the N-region of the GspB signal peptide interacts with anionic lipids through electrostatic forces and that this interaction is necessary for GspB preprotein trafficking to lipid membranes. Moreover, we observed that protein–lipid binding is required for engagement of GspB with SecA2 and for aSec-mediated transport. We further found that SecA2 and Asp1 to Asp3 also localize selectively to liposomes that contain anionic lipids. These findings suggest that the GspB signal peptide electrostatically binds anionic lipids at the cell membrane, where it encounters SecA2. After SecA2 engagement with the signal peptide, Asp1 to Asp3 promote SecA2 engagement with the mature domain, which activates GspB translocation.
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Buitelaar, Nannet J. L., Jocelyne A. Posthumus, and Jan K. Buitelaar. "ADHD in Childhood and/or Adulthood as a Risk Factor for Domestic Violence or Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 9 (July 27, 2016): 1203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715587099.
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Objective: To date, treatment programs for adult domestic violence (DV) or intimate partner violence (IPV) have had minimal impact. To make treatment more effective, programs should be adjusted to psychopathology of the offender. As emotional lability and poor emotional self-regulation and self-control are common features of ADHD, it may play a pivotal role as a predictor for adult DV/IPV. Method: This systematic review synthesizes the available evidence for childhood and/or adult ADHD being a risk factor for DV/IPV. Results: Four case control studies and three cohort studies were included in the review. Although three case control studies showed positive associations between childhood and/or adult ADHD and adult DV/IPV, two did insufficiently control for the presence of comorbid Conduct Disorder (CD) or Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). Conclusion: Cohort studies identified hyperactive, impulsive, and inattention symptoms as risk factors for adult IPV. CD and ASPD were regarded as mediators in three studies.
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Xiao, Yiling, Isamu Matsuda, Masafumi Inoue, Tomoya Sasahara, Minako Hoshi, and Yoshitaka Ishii. "NMR-based site-resolved profiling of β-amyloid misfolding reveals structural transitions from pathologically relevant spherical oligomer to fibril." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.008522.
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Increasing evidence highlights the central role of neurotoxic oligomers of the 42-residue-long β-amyloid (Aβ42) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, very limited information is available on the structural transition from oligomer to fibril, particularly for pathologically relevant amyloids. To the best of our knowledge, we present here the first site-specific structural characterization of Aβ42 misfolding, from toxic oligomeric assembly yielding a similar conformation to an AD-associated Aβ42 oligomer, into a fibril. Transmission EM (TEM) analysis revealed that a spherical amyloid assembly (SPA) of Aβ42 with a 15.6 ± 2.1-nm diameter forms in a ∼30-μm Aβ42 solution after a ∼10-h incubation at 4 °C, followed by a slow conversion into fibril at ∼180 h. Immunological analysis suggested that the SPA has a surface structure similar to that of amylospheroid (ASPD), a patient-derived toxic Aβ oligomer, which had a diameter of 10–15 nm in negative-stain TEM. Solid-state NMR analyses indicated that the SPA structure involves a β-loop-β motif, which significantly differed from the triple-β motif observed for the Aβ42 fibril. The comparison of the 13C chemical shifts of SPA with those of the fibril prepared in the above conditions and interstrand distance measurements suggested a large conformational change involving rearrangements of intermolecular β-sheet into in-register parallel β-sheet during the misfolding. A comparison of the SPA and ASPD 13C chemical shifts indicated that SPA is structurally similar to the ASPD relevant to AD. These observations provide insights into the architecture and key structural transitions of amyloid oligomers relevant for AD pathology.
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Аруев, П. Н., А. И. Берлёв, В. В. Забродский, С. В. Задорожный, А. В. Николаев, Н. А. Титов, and Е. В. Шерстнев. "Детектор для регистрации электронов с энергией 5-30 keV в установке "Троицк ню-масс"." Журнал технической физики 90, no. 4 (2020): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2020.04.49097.336-19.
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The task of the research is to overview detector types for monitoring electons from a tritium beta decay in a sterile neitrino exploration. A new ASPD (avalanche silicon precision detector) detector was prefered because of 2.5E7 count rate benefits with a spectrometric opportunity at the room temperature with an active area of 0.785mm2.
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Tómasson, K., and P. Vaglum. "Antisocial addicts: the importance of additional axis I disorders for the 28-month outcome." European Psychiatry 15, no. 8 (December 2000): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00518-6.
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The association between additional co-morbid axis I disorders and the following 28-month course of drinking and mental distress was explored in a nation-wide representative sample (N = 100) of treatment-seeking alcoholics with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Diagnoses at admission were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and follow-up status was assessed with a questionnaire and from informants. Only 24% had no additional diagnoses, 39% had an affective disorder, 43% panic/agoraphobia, 61% other anxiety disorders, and 47% were polysubstance abusers. Polysubstance abusers had more prior admissions, and were more often involved in fights, while additional anxiety disorder was associated with lower prevalence of drunken driving arrests. Relapse (87%) was best predicted by the number of prior admissions (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3), while affective disorders reduced the risk of relapse (OR = 0.2). Readmissions (55%) were least common among those with affective disorders (44%). Identifying axis I diagnoses, and in particular affective disorders among treatment-seeking ASPD alcoholics, is of substantial importance both in research and clinical practice.
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Simonoff, Emily, James Elander, Janet Holmshaw, Andrew Pickles, Robin Murray, and Michael Rutter. "Predictors of antisocial personality." British Journal of Psychiatry 184, no. 2 (February 2004): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.2.118.
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BackgroundAntisocial behaviour in adult life has its roots in childhood.AimsTo explore the independent and joint effects of childhood characteristics on the persistence of antisocial behaviour into adult life.MethodA clinical sample of twins who were systematically ascertained in childhood was followed up 10–25 years later. A total of 225 twins were interviewed regarding childhood and adult psychiatric disorder, psychosocial functioning, and psychosocial and cognitive risk factors.ResultsIn univariate analyses, childhood hyperactivity and conduct disorder showed equally strong prediction of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and criminality in early and mid-adult life. Lower IQ and reading problems were most prominent in their relationships with childhood and adolescent antisocial behaviour. In multivariate modelling childhood conduct disorder and hyperactivity predicted adult ASPD even when intervening risk factors were accounted for. The number of hyperactive and conduct symptoms also predicted adult outcome.ConclusionsChildhood disruptive behaviour has powerful long-term effects on adult antisocial outcomes, which continue into middle adulthood. The importance of number of symptoms, the presence of disruptive disorder, and intermediate experiences highlight three areas where interventions might be targeted.
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Falcus, Craig, and Darren Johnson. "The Violent Accounts of Men Diagnosed With Comorbid Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 9 (October 17, 2017): 2817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17735254.
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This study explored the violent offence accounts of life-sentenced prisoners diagnosed with comorbid antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The aim of the current study was to gain needed clinical insight into the mechanisms involved in this specific group offenders’ use of violence against others. Six adult male personality-disordered offenders were interviewed via a semistructured interview schedule to collate individual offence accounts. Interview transcripts were analyzed by the lead researcher (first author) using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) who compared and contrasted findings to develop superordinate themes across the group. External auditing analysis was conducted by the second researcher. Four superordinate themes resulted. These were “A victim of a hostile and rejecting world,” “Self as unacceptable to others,” “Unwanted emotions that cannot be tolerated or controlled,” and “Violent revenge as catharsis.” The results support the view that emotional dysregulation is central in driving acts of violence in those with comorbid ASPD/BPD; nevertheless, shame was particularly prevalent. Thus an argument is made for the adaptation of evidence-based treatments for this specific forensic population to ensure a particular focus on helping men tolerate feelings of shame. The limitations of the study are also discussed.
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Hollerbach, Pia, Elmar Habermeyer, Joachim Nitschke, Zara Sünkel, and Andreas Mokros. "Construct Validity of the German Version of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 5 (September 2020): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000566.
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Abstract. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R) is among the most well-established instruments for the assessment of psychopathy. The PCL-R is a 20-item observer rating instrument based on file review and a semi-structured interview. The current study aimed to investigate the validity of the German adaptation of the PCL-R, its factor structure, construct validity, and association with socially desirable responding in a sample of male offenders ( N = 118). A parcel model with four facets and two factors yielded excellent model fit. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed based on correlational analyses, a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix, and a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) including measures of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), global personality dimensions, alexithymia, and impulsivity. The MTMM matrix as well as substantial associations with self-reported psychopathic traits and observer ratings of ASPD indicated convergent validity. Correlational analyses revealed that Factor 1 of the PCL-R was associated with low neuroticism, whereas Factor 2 was associated with impulsivity as well as with low agreeableness and conscientiousness. The PCL-R total score and Factor 2 were negatively correlated with impression management. Overall, the current findings support the validity of the German adaptation of the PCL-R.