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Academic literature on the topic 'Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1, Triticum spp'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1, Triticum spp"
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Krulj, J., J. Đisalov, A. Bočarov-Stančić, et al. "Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in Triticum species inoculated with Aspergillus flavus." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 2 (2018): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2229.
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Effects of climate change, global trade and technological changes in processing industries cause higher occurrence of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cereal crops. Four Triticum species: common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta L.), Khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum Jakubz.) and hybrid wheat (T. aestivum L.– F1) were examined for their response to A. flavus infection and production of AFB1. The grains were obtained from control and artificially field inoculated wheat with A. flavus isolates (No. 1 and No. 2) in the 2016 vegetation season in the region of Vojvodina (Northern province of Serbia). Spelt wheat showed the strongest response to the infection in comparison to other analysed wheat species due to specific physico-chemical characteristics of the hull. The weakest response to A. flavus infections was noted in Khorasan wheat. The highest AFB1 level (256 μg/kg) was observed in the dehulled spelt grains, in comparison to other species where the AFB1 in dehulled grains was not detected. The levels of AFB1 in spelt were about three times higher in hulls (648 and 97.3 μg/kg, respectively) in comparison to grains (256 and 30.7 μg/kg, respectively) in two inoculation treatments (A. flavus No. 1 and No. 2, respectively). In order to investigate the impact of wheat hulls on development of A. flavus, including the biosynthesis of toxic fungal metabolites, physico-chemical and structural properties of different Triticum spp. hulls were characterised. The highest value of the water absorption index and total dietary fibre were observed in spelt hulls in comparison to other wheat species. Additionally, the height value distribution of the fossilized stomatal apparatus of hulls indicates the diversity of spelt wheat compared to other wheat species.
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Boyd, María L., and Peter J. Cotty. "Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Contamination of Leguminous Trees of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona." Phytopathology® 91, no. 9 (2001): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.9.913.
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Aspergillus spp. in section Flavi were frequently associated with desert tree legumes in uncultivated areas of the Sonoran Desert. Of 270 samples of debris and fruits of mesquite (Prosopis spp.), ironwood (Olneya tesota), acacia (Acacia spp.), and palo verde (Cercidium and Parkinsonia spp.), 87% were positive for A. flavus (S and L strains) and A. tamarii. A. flavus was the most common species (87%) among the 3,763 isolates examined. Mesquite pods were both the substrate from which A. flavus was recovered most frequently and the substrate from native habitats with the greatest aflatoxin content. In vitro, most desert legumes supported significant growth, reproduction, and aflatoxin production by A. flavus, with mesquite pods yielding 1 × 1010 propagules/g and 5,000 μg/kg of aflatoxin B1. Twenty percent of legume pods collected in the desert contained measurable quantities of aflatoxin, ranging from 1 to >2,500 μg/kg. Insect-damaged mesquite pods had significantly higher aflatoxin than intact pods. Legumes are apparently important reservoirs of aflatoxin-producing fungi and significant sources of aflatoxin contamination in the native Sonoran Desert habitats of Arizona.
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Shrestha, Geeta Rajbhandari, and Amin Udhin Mridha. "Detection and Quantitation of Aflatoxin for the Diagnosis of Aspergillus flavus." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (2015): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v3i1.14222.
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Aflatoxins are the potent mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, which is hepatotoxic causing hepatocellular carcinoma. A. flavus produces sufficient amount of Aflatoxin B1 under favourable environments. Inhalation of spores and use of Aflatoxin B1, contaminated food by Aspergillus spp., could transfuse the toxins in the blood streams. The presence of these toxins in body fluid can be detected by immunological assays and which provides an effective technique for the diagnosis of the disease caused by A. flavus. Aflatoxins producing strain of A. flavus were screened in Aflatoxin Producing Medium. Production of Aflatoxin B1 by A. flavus was studied in different parameters such as incubation periods, temperatures, pH variations, sucrose concentration in Yeast Extract Sucrose medium and different natural media such as par-boiled rice, corn and groundnuts. The detection of toxins was done by TLC using silica gel (Merk) coated plates and confirmative test was done by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. Presence and quantization was done by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Highest amount of Aflatoxin B1 was reported 68.56 ng/ml by ELISA in synthetic medium (Yeast Extract Sucrose) with 2% sucrose, pH 5.5, on 14th days of incubation, at 28±1°C (p-value 0.05). Similarly, highest amount was recorded in groundnuts (121.20ng/g) by ELISA and (500ng/kg) by TLC methods. ELISA is one of the most efficient methods used for detection and diagnosis of human diseases cause due to exposure of Aflatoxin B1 and A. flavus.Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Dec. 2015 Vol. 3, No. 1: 6-9
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Hu, Yule, Guang Yang, Danping Zhang, et al. "The PHD Transcription Factor Rum1 Regulates Morphogenesis and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus." Toxins 10, no. 7 (2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070301.
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Aspergillus flavus produces mycotoxins especially aflatoxin B1 and infects crops worldwide. As a PHD transcription factor, there is no report on the role of Rum1 in the virulence of Aspergillus spp. yet. This study explored the biological function of Rum1 in A. flavus through the construction of rum1 deletion mutants and rum1 complementation strains with the method of homologous recombination. It was found, in the study, that Rum1 negatively regulates conidiation through abaA and brlA, positively regulates sclerotia formation through nsdC, nsdD, and sclR, triggers aflatoxin biological synthesis, and enhances the activity of amylase. Our findings suggested that Rum1 plays a major role in the growth of mycelia, conidia, and sclerotia production along with aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus.
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Diaz, G., M. Lozano, and A. Acuña. "Prevalence of Aspergillus species on selected Colombian animal feedstuffs and ability of Aspergillus section Flavi to produce aflatoxins." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 1 (2009): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1041.
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A total of 57 samples of feedstuffs commonly used for animal nutrition in Colombia (maize, soybean, sorghum, cottonseed meal, sunflower seed meal, wheat middlings and rice) were analysed for Aspergillus contamination. Aspergillus fungi were identified at species level and their ability to produce aflatoxins was determined by highperformance liquid chromatography. A total of 31 of the feedstuffs analysed (54.4%) were found to contain Aspergillus spp. The most contaminated substrate was maize (100%) followed by cottonseed meal (80%), sorghum (60%) and wheat middlings (60%). Soybean showed lower levels of contamination (10%). No Aspergillus spp. could be isolated from rice or sunflower seed meal. Total Aspergillus strains isolated were 50, with 28 belonging to section Flavi (56%), 17 to section Nigri (34%), 4 to section Circumdati (8%) and 1 to section Fumigati (2%). Among section Flavi, 17 isolates were identified as A. flavus, seven as A. parasiticus, two as A. oryzae and two as A. tamarii. Production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi was screened by liquid chromatography. About three quarters of the A. flavus strains (76.5%) produced aflatoxin B1 (0.2 to 240.4 µg/g) and aflatoxin B2 (0.2 to 1.6 µg/g), while all A. parasiticus strains produced the four naturally occurring aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 from 0.6 to 83.5 µg/g, aflatoxin B2 from 0.3 to 4.8 µg/g, aflatoxin G1 from 0.4 to 19.3 µg/g and aflatoxin G2 from 0.1 to 1.0 µg/g). This is the first study demonstrating the presence of highly toxigenic Aspergillus fungi in Colombian animal feedstuffs.
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GOURAMA, HASSAN, and LLOYD B. BULLERMAN. "Inhibition of Growth and Aflatoxin Production of Aspergillus flavus by Lactobacillus Species†." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 11 (1995): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.11.1249.
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A mixture of Lactobacillus species from a commercial silage inoculum reduced mold growth and inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus subsp. parasiticus. Actively growing Lactobacillus spp. cells totally inhibited germination of mold spores. Culture supernatant broth from the mixture of strains inhibited mold growth but did not destroy mold spore viability. Some mold spores were observed microscopically to have germinated and produced short nonbranching germ tubes; then growth ceased. While the pH of the culture broth and supernatant were about 4.0, acidification of nonfermented broth to pH 4.0 with HCl and lactic acid did not cause a similar inhibition of spore germination. The mixture of Lactobacillus species growing in a dialysis sack inhibited aflatoxin production by the A. flavus culture growing outside of the sack in broth, whereas mold growth was not affected. The pH values outside of the dialysis sack in the control and the treatments were similar (6 to 7) throughout the incubation period. When a dialysis sack with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 1,000 was used, there was little inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production, but with MWCOs of 6,000 to 8,000 and 12,000 to 14,000 aflatoxin production was greatly inhibited. In mixed culture experiments, levels of aflatoxin B1 and G1 were depressed compared to the control (monoculture). Mold growth in this case was also reduced compared to the monoculture system. Purified isolates of Lactobacillus from the commercial mixture had a slight effect on mold growth and aflatoxin production, but supernatant liquid of one isolate was quite inhibitory to production of aflatoxins B1 and G1, without affecting mold growth.
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Oluwafemi, F., T. Odebiyi, and A. Kolapo. "Occupational aflatoxin exposure among feed mill workers in Nigeria." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 4 (2012): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2012.1399.
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There are indications that significant levels of mycotoxins may be absorbed from inhaled fungal spores. The problem is likely to be most serious with aflatoxins. Indoor airborne fungi in three feed mills in south-western Nigeria were assayed using Sabouraud dextrose agar and coconut agar medium. Fungi isolated include Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus with incidence rates of 61, 15, 12, 5, 5 and 2%, respectively. Amount and type of aflatoxins produced in Sabouraud dextrose broth by aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus isolated at the three mills were strain dependent. Exposure of feed mill workers to aflatoxins was assessed by HPLC analysis of blood samples. Subjects from different occupational groups served as a control group. The mean concentrations of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in blood samples of the feed mill workers varied from 73.4-189.2, <0.1-0.5, 0.3-1.9 and <0.1-3.4 ng/ml, respectively. There was a significant difiference between the mills regarding blood aflatoxin levels of the workers; poorly ventilated mills resulted in higher blood aflatoxin B1 levels. Aflatoxin B1 was not detected in the blood samples of the control group; mean concentrations of aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2 detected in this group varied from <0.1-0.3, 0.4-1.5 and <0.1-0.3 ng/ml, respectively. Results from the present study showed that ventilation of feed mills is an important issue that should be considered to lower the risk of aflatoxin exposure among feed mill workers.
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Mehan, V. K., D. McDonald, and K. Rajagopalan. "Resistance of Peanut Genotypes to Seed Infection by Aspergillus Flavus in Field Trials in India1." Peanut Science 14, no. 1 (1987): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-14-1-5.
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Abstract Eleven peanut genotypes, six resistant and five susceptible to in vitro seed colonization by Aspergillus flavus Link (IVSCAF), were evaluated for field resistance to seed infection by A. flavus and other soil fungi, and for aflatoxin contamination, in seven environments in southern India. Five of the IVSCAF-resistant genotypes had significantly greater resistance to infection of seed by A. flavus in the field and had lower aflatoxin contamination than the IVSCAF-susceptible genotypes. Resistance to field infection of seed by A. flavus was stable across the seven environments. Significant interactions were found between environments and IVSCAF-susceptible genotypes for infection by A. flavus, Aspergillus niger van Tiegh, and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. Genotypes with field resistance to A. flavus also had significantly less seed infection by A. niger, M. phaseolina, and Fusarium spp. than had the A. flavus-susceptible genotypes. Significant positive correlations were found between IVSCAF-resistance and field resistance to A. flavus seed infection, and between the seed infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination. The field resistant genotypes J 11, Ah 7223, UF 71513, U 4–7–47 have yield levels and pod and seed characters acceptable in India.
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Campos-Avelar, Ixchel, Alexandre Colas de la Noue, Noël Durand, et al. "Aspergillus flavus Growth Inhibition and Aflatoxin B1 Decontamination by Streptomyces Isolates and Their Metabolites." Toxins 13, no. 5 (2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050340.
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Aflatoxin B1 is a potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus, mainly during grain storage. As pre-harvest methods are insufficient to avoid mycotoxin presence during storage, diverse curative techniques are being investigated for the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin detoxification. Streptomyces spp. represent an alternative as they are a promising source of detoxifying enzymes. Fifty-nine Streptomyces isolates and a Streptomyces griseoviridis strain from the commercial product Mycostop®, evaluated against Penicillium verrucosum and ochratoxin A during previous work, were screened for their ability to inhibit Aspergillus flavus growth and decrease the aflatoxin amount. The activities of bacterial cells and cell-free extracts (CFEs) from liquid cultures were also evaluated. Fifty-eight isolates were able to inhibit fungal growth during dual culture assays, with a maximal reduction going down to 13% of the control. Aflatoxin-specific production was decreased by all isolates to at least 54% of the control. CFEs were less effective in decreasing fungal growth (down to 40% and 55% for unheated and heated CFEs, respectively) and aflatoxin-specific production, with a few CFEs causing an overproduction of mycotoxins. Nearly all Streptomyces isolates were able to degrade AFB1 when growing in solid and liquid media. A total degradation of AFB1 was achieved by Mycostop® on solid medium, as well as an almost complete degradation by IX20 in liquid medium (6% of the control). CFE maximal degradation went down to 37% of the control for isolate IX09. The search for degradation by-products indicated the presence of a few unknown molecules. The evaluation of residual toxicity of the tested isolates by the SOS chromotest indicated a detoxification of at least 68% of AFB1’s genotoxicity.
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Keller, L. A. M., C. M. Pereyra, L. R. Cavaglieri, A. M. Dalcero, and C. A. R. Rosa. "Fungi and Mycotoxins from Pre- and Poststorage Brewer's Grain Intended for Bovine Intensive Rearing." ISRN Veterinary Science 2012 (October 15, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/396590.
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The aim of the study was to determine the mycobiota and natural levels of mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) present in brewers grains pre- and poststored intended for bovine intensive rearing. Poststored (80%) samples had counts higher than 1×104 colony-forming units (CFU/g). Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were isolated at high frequencies. Aspergillus flavus was the prevalent isolated species. Prestored (70%) and poststored (100%) samples showed AFB1 levels over the recommended limits (20 μg/Kg), and OTA levels were below the recommended limits (50 μg/Kg) while pre- and poststored samples did not show FB1 and DON natural contamination levels. The presence of mycotoxins in this substrate indicates the existence of contamination. Regular monitoring of feeds is required in order to prevent chronic and acute toxic syndromes related to this kind of contamination.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1, Triticum spp"
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Jelena, Krulj. "Potencijal biosinteze aflatoksina B1 u različitim vrstama Triticum spp." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 2019. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=108224&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Prisustvo plesni i mikotoksina u hrani predstavlja višestruku opasnost, kako sa aspekta bezbednosti hrane, tako i sa aspekta globalne trgovine. Učestalost i intenzitet pojave plesni na uzorcima zrna hlebne pšenice i spelte prikupljenih u regionu Vojvodine određeni su nakon žetve tokom trogodišnjeg perioda (2015-2017). Istraživanja su obuhvatila identifikaciju i karakterizaciju 38 izolata A. flavus primenom polifaznog pristupa koji uključuje klasične mikrobiološke i molekularne metode. Ispitivanjem potencijala biosinteze AFB<sub>1</sub> izolata A. flavus utvrđeno je da su dva izolata poreklom sa zrna hlebne pšenice pokazala aflatoksigeni potencijal. Veštačka inokulacija različitih Triticum vrsta: hlebne pšenice, spelte, korasan i hibrida pšenice toksigenim izolatama izvršena je u fazi cvetanja u cilju poređenja otpornosti ovih vrsta na pojavu A. flavus i produkciju AFB<sub>1</sub>. Visok nivo AFB<sub>1</sub> (256 μg/kg) je kvantifikovan samo u zrnu spelte, dok kod drugih Triticum vrstama, zrno nije bilo kontaminirano AFB<sub>1</sub> (<LOD). Određivanjem fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika plevičastih omotača Triticum vrsta potvrđen je njihov potencijalni uticaj na rast i razvoj A. flavus i biosintezu AFB<sub>1</sub>. Efekti različitih temperatura (15, 23, 30 i 37°C) i aktivnosti vode (0,85; 0,90; 0,95 i 0,99) na biosintezu AFB<sub>1</sub> ispitani su na veštački inokulisanim uzorcima spelte sa plevičastim omotačima kao i prethodno oljuštenim zrnima. Optimalni uslovi za biosintezu tj. uslovi pri kojima je ostvaren najveći prinos AFB<sub>1</sub> bili su temperatura 30 °C i aw 0,99 u svim tipovima uzoraka (zrna spelte inkubirana bez plevičastih omotača - ZBPO, plevičasti omotači - PO i zrna nakon ljuštenja tj. oljuštena zrna - OZ). Rezultati su pokazali da je prisustvo plevičastih omotača bilo zaštitna barijera za razvoj infekcije i akumulaciju AFB<sub>1</sub> u zrnu. Matematički modeli, razvijeni primenom faktora sa visokom značajnošću kao što su temperatura skladištenja i aktivnost vode, mogu biti korišćeni u predviđanju akumulacije AFB<sub>1</sub> u zrnu spelte što predstavlja ključni korak u proceni rizika. Ispitivanjem uticaja različitih nivoa kontaminacije spelte AFB<sub>1</sub> u poređenju sa kontrolnim nekontaminiranim uzorkom ukazano je na smanjenje određenih parametara tehnološkog kvaliteta i potencijalne gubitke pecivnih svojstava speltinog brašna pri sadržaju AFB<sub>1</sub> od 50 μg/kg i 250 μg/kg.<br>The presence of fungi and mycotoxins in food presents a multiple risk, both from the aspect of food safety and from the aspect of global trade. The frequency and incidence of mycobiota on common wheat and spelt grains samples collected in the region of Vojvodina were determined after harvest during the three-year period (2015-2017). The research covered the identification and characterization of 38 A. flavus isolates using a polyphase approach including classical microbiological and molecular methods. Testing the A. flavus isolates for AFB<sub>1</sub> biosynthesis, it was found that two isolates originating from wheat grains possess the aflatoxigenic potential. Artificial inoculation of different Triticum species: common wheat, spelt, khorasan and hybrid wheat with toxigenic isolates was carried out in the flowering stage in order to compare the resistance of these species to the occurrence of A. flavus and the production of AFB<sub>1</sub>. The highest AFB<sub>1</sub> level (256 μg/kg) was determined only in the dehulled spelt grains, in comparison to other species where AFB<sub>1</sub> was not detected in dehulled grains. In order to investigate the impact of wheat hulls on development of A. flavus, including the biosynthesis of toxic fungal metabolites, physico-chemical and structural properties of different Triticum spp. hulls were characterized. The effects of different temperatures (15, 23, 30 and 37 ° C) and water activity (0.85; 0.90; 0.95 and 0.99) on AFB<sub>1</sub> biosynthesis were examined on artificially inoculated hull-less as well as hulled spelt grains. The optimal conditions for AFB<sub>1</sub> biosynthesis (the conditions in which the highest AFB<sub>1</sub> yield was achieved) were temperature 30 °C and 0.99 aw in the all tested spelt samples (hull-less grain, dehulled grains and hulls). Accumulation of AFB<sub>1</sub> was significantly higher in hull-less than in dehulled grains that implicate the protective effect of spelt hulls. Mathematical models, developed using high-significance factors such as storage temperature and water activity, can be used to predict the accumulation of AFB<sub>1</sub> in spelt grains, which is a key step in risk assessment. By examining the influence of different levels contamination levels of spelt grain with AFB<sub>1</sub> and comparing to the control (uncontaminated) sample, the reduction in certain technological quality parameters and the potential loss of dough properties of spelt flour with AFB<sub>1</sub> content of 50 μg/kg and 250 μg/kg was pointed out.