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Journal articles on the topic 'Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1, Triticum spp'
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Krulj, J., J. Đisalov, A. Bočarov-Stančić, et al. "Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in Triticum species inoculated with Aspergillus flavus." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 2 (2018): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2229.
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Effects of climate change, global trade and technological changes in processing industries cause higher occurrence of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cereal crops. Four Triticum species: common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta L.), Khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum Jakubz.) and hybrid wheat (T. aestivum L.– F1) were examined for their response to A. flavus infection and production of AFB1. The grains were obtained from control and artificially field inoculated wheat with A. flavus isolates (No. 1 and No. 2) in the 2016 vegetation season in the region of Vojvodina (Northern province of Serbia). Spelt wheat showed the strongest response to the infection in comparison to other analysed wheat species due to specific physico-chemical characteristics of the hull. The weakest response to A. flavus infections was noted in Khorasan wheat. The highest AFB1 level (256 μg/kg) was observed in the dehulled spelt grains, in comparison to other species where the AFB1 in dehulled grains was not detected. The levels of AFB1 in spelt were about three times higher in hulls (648 and 97.3 μg/kg, respectively) in comparison to grains (256 and 30.7 μg/kg, respectively) in two inoculation treatments (A. flavus No. 1 and No. 2, respectively). In order to investigate the impact of wheat hulls on development of A. flavus, including the biosynthesis of toxic fungal metabolites, physico-chemical and structural properties of different Triticum spp. hulls were characterised. The highest value of the water absorption index and total dietary fibre were observed in spelt hulls in comparison to other wheat species. Additionally, the height value distribution of the fossilized stomatal apparatus of hulls indicates the diversity of spelt wheat compared to other wheat species.
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Boyd, María L., and Peter J. Cotty. "Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Contamination of Leguminous Trees of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona." Phytopathology® 91, no. 9 (2001): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.9.913.
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Aspergillus spp. in section Flavi were frequently associated with desert tree legumes in uncultivated areas of the Sonoran Desert. Of 270 samples of debris and fruits of mesquite (Prosopis spp.), ironwood (Olneya tesota), acacia (Acacia spp.), and palo verde (Cercidium and Parkinsonia spp.), 87% were positive for A. flavus (S and L strains) and A. tamarii. A. flavus was the most common species (87%) among the 3,763 isolates examined. Mesquite pods were both the substrate from which A. flavus was recovered most frequently and the substrate from native habitats with the greatest aflatoxin content. In vitro, most desert legumes supported significant growth, reproduction, and aflatoxin production by A. flavus, with mesquite pods yielding 1 × 1010 propagules/g and 5,000 μg/kg of aflatoxin B1. Twenty percent of legume pods collected in the desert contained measurable quantities of aflatoxin, ranging from 1 to >2,500 μg/kg. Insect-damaged mesquite pods had significantly higher aflatoxin than intact pods. Legumes are apparently important reservoirs of aflatoxin-producing fungi and significant sources of aflatoxin contamination in the native Sonoran Desert habitats of Arizona.
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Shrestha, Geeta Rajbhandari, and Amin Udhin Mridha. "Detection and Quantitation of Aflatoxin for the Diagnosis of Aspergillus flavus." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (2015): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v3i1.14222.
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Aflatoxins are the potent mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, which is hepatotoxic causing hepatocellular carcinoma. A. flavus produces sufficient amount of Aflatoxin B1 under favourable environments. Inhalation of spores and use of Aflatoxin B1, contaminated food by Aspergillus spp., could transfuse the toxins in the blood streams. The presence of these toxins in body fluid can be detected by immunological assays and which provides an effective technique for the diagnosis of the disease caused by A. flavus. Aflatoxins producing strain of A. flavus were screened in Aflatoxin Producing Medium. Production of Aflatoxin B1 by A. flavus was studied in different parameters such as incubation periods, temperatures, pH variations, sucrose concentration in Yeast Extract Sucrose medium and different natural media such as par-boiled rice, corn and groundnuts. The detection of toxins was done by TLC using silica gel (Merk) coated plates and confirmative test was done by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. Presence and quantization was done by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Highest amount of Aflatoxin B1 was reported 68.56 ng/ml by ELISA in synthetic medium (Yeast Extract Sucrose) with 2% sucrose, pH 5.5, on 14th days of incubation, at 28±1°C (p-value 0.05). Similarly, highest amount was recorded in groundnuts (121.20ng/g) by ELISA and (500ng/kg) by TLC methods. ELISA is one of the most efficient methods used for detection and diagnosis of human diseases cause due to exposure of Aflatoxin B1 and A. flavus.Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Dec. 2015 Vol. 3, No. 1: 6-9
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Hu, Yule, Guang Yang, Danping Zhang, et al. "The PHD Transcription Factor Rum1 Regulates Morphogenesis and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus." Toxins 10, no. 7 (2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070301.
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Aspergillus flavus produces mycotoxins especially aflatoxin B1 and infects crops worldwide. As a PHD transcription factor, there is no report on the role of Rum1 in the virulence of Aspergillus spp. yet. This study explored the biological function of Rum1 in A. flavus through the construction of rum1 deletion mutants and rum1 complementation strains with the method of homologous recombination. It was found, in the study, that Rum1 negatively regulates conidiation through abaA and brlA, positively regulates sclerotia formation through nsdC, nsdD, and sclR, triggers aflatoxin biological synthesis, and enhances the activity of amylase. Our findings suggested that Rum1 plays a major role in the growth of mycelia, conidia, and sclerotia production along with aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus.
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Diaz, G., M. Lozano, and A. Acuña. "Prevalence of Aspergillus species on selected Colombian animal feedstuffs and ability of Aspergillus section Flavi to produce aflatoxins." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 1 (2009): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1041.
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A total of 57 samples of feedstuffs commonly used for animal nutrition in Colombia (maize, soybean, sorghum, cottonseed meal, sunflower seed meal, wheat middlings and rice) were analysed for Aspergillus contamination. Aspergillus fungi were identified at species level and their ability to produce aflatoxins was determined by highperformance liquid chromatography. A total of 31 of the feedstuffs analysed (54.4%) were found to contain Aspergillus spp. The most contaminated substrate was maize (100%) followed by cottonseed meal (80%), sorghum (60%) and wheat middlings (60%). Soybean showed lower levels of contamination (10%). No Aspergillus spp. could be isolated from rice or sunflower seed meal. Total Aspergillus strains isolated were 50, with 28 belonging to section Flavi (56%), 17 to section Nigri (34%), 4 to section Circumdati (8%) and 1 to section Fumigati (2%). Among section Flavi, 17 isolates were identified as A. flavus, seven as A. parasiticus, two as A. oryzae and two as A. tamarii. Production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi was screened by liquid chromatography. About three quarters of the A. flavus strains (76.5%) produced aflatoxin B1 (0.2 to 240.4 µg/g) and aflatoxin B2 (0.2 to 1.6 µg/g), while all A. parasiticus strains produced the four naturally occurring aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 from 0.6 to 83.5 µg/g, aflatoxin B2 from 0.3 to 4.8 µg/g, aflatoxin G1 from 0.4 to 19.3 µg/g and aflatoxin G2 from 0.1 to 1.0 µg/g). This is the first study demonstrating the presence of highly toxigenic Aspergillus fungi in Colombian animal feedstuffs.
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GOURAMA, HASSAN, and LLOYD B. BULLERMAN. "Inhibition of Growth and Aflatoxin Production of Aspergillus flavus by Lactobacillus Species†." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 11 (1995): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.11.1249.
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A mixture of Lactobacillus species from a commercial silage inoculum reduced mold growth and inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus subsp. parasiticus. Actively growing Lactobacillus spp. cells totally inhibited germination of mold spores. Culture supernatant broth from the mixture of strains inhibited mold growth but did not destroy mold spore viability. Some mold spores were observed microscopically to have germinated and produced short nonbranching germ tubes; then growth ceased. While the pH of the culture broth and supernatant were about 4.0, acidification of nonfermented broth to pH 4.0 with HCl and lactic acid did not cause a similar inhibition of spore germination. The mixture of Lactobacillus species growing in a dialysis sack inhibited aflatoxin production by the A. flavus culture growing outside of the sack in broth, whereas mold growth was not affected. The pH values outside of the dialysis sack in the control and the treatments were similar (6 to 7) throughout the incubation period. When a dialysis sack with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 1,000 was used, there was little inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production, but with MWCOs of 6,000 to 8,000 and 12,000 to 14,000 aflatoxin production was greatly inhibited. In mixed culture experiments, levels of aflatoxin B1 and G1 were depressed compared to the control (monoculture). Mold growth in this case was also reduced compared to the monoculture system. Purified isolates of Lactobacillus from the commercial mixture had a slight effect on mold growth and aflatoxin production, but supernatant liquid of one isolate was quite inhibitory to production of aflatoxins B1 and G1, without affecting mold growth.
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Oluwafemi, F., T. Odebiyi, and A. Kolapo. "Occupational aflatoxin exposure among feed mill workers in Nigeria." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 4 (2012): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2012.1399.
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There are indications that significant levels of mycotoxins may be absorbed from inhaled fungal spores. The problem is likely to be most serious with aflatoxins. Indoor airborne fungi in three feed mills in south-western Nigeria were assayed using Sabouraud dextrose agar and coconut agar medium. Fungi isolated include Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus with incidence rates of 61, 15, 12, 5, 5 and 2%, respectively. Amount and type of aflatoxins produced in Sabouraud dextrose broth by aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus isolated at the three mills were strain dependent. Exposure of feed mill workers to aflatoxins was assessed by HPLC analysis of blood samples. Subjects from different occupational groups served as a control group. The mean concentrations of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in blood samples of the feed mill workers varied from 73.4-189.2, <0.1-0.5, 0.3-1.9 and <0.1-3.4 ng/ml, respectively. There was a significant difiference between the mills regarding blood aflatoxin levels of the workers; poorly ventilated mills resulted in higher blood aflatoxin B1 levels. Aflatoxin B1 was not detected in the blood samples of the control group; mean concentrations of aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2 detected in this group varied from <0.1-0.3, 0.4-1.5 and <0.1-0.3 ng/ml, respectively. Results from the present study showed that ventilation of feed mills is an important issue that should be considered to lower the risk of aflatoxin exposure among feed mill workers.
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Mehan, V. K., D. McDonald, and K. Rajagopalan. "Resistance of Peanut Genotypes to Seed Infection by Aspergillus Flavus in Field Trials in India1." Peanut Science 14, no. 1 (1987): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-14-1-5.
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Abstract Eleven peanut genotypes, six resistant and five susceptible to in vitro seed colonization by Aspergillus flavus Link (IVSCAF), were evaluated for field resistance to seed infection by A. flavus and other soil fungi, and for aflatoxin contamination, in seven environments in southern India. Five of the IVSCAF-resistant genotypes had significantly greater resistance to infection of seed by A. flavus in the field and had lower aflatoxin contamination than the IVSCAF-susceptible genotypes. Resistance to field infection of seed by A. flavus was stable across the seven environments. Significant interactions were found between environments and IVSCAF-susceptible genotypes for infection by A. flavus, Aspergillus niger van Tiegh, and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. Genotypes with field resistance to A. flavus also had significantly less seed infection by A. niger, M. phaseolina, and Fusarium spp. than had the A. flavus-susceptible genotypes. Significant positive correlations were found between IVSCAF-resistance and field resistance to A. flavus seed infection, and between the seed infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination. The field resistant genotypes J 11, Ah 7223, UF 71513, U 4–7–47 have yield levels and pod and seed characters acceptable in India.
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Campos-Avelar, Ixchel, Alexandre Colas de la Noue, Noël Durand, et al. "Aspergillus flavus Growth Inhibition and Aflatoxin B1 Decontamination by Streptomyces Isolates and Their Metabolites." Toxins 13, no. 5 (2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050340.
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Aflatoxin B1 is a potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus, mainly during grain storage. As pre-harvest methods are insufficient to avoid mycotoxin presence during storage, diverse curative techniques are being investigated for the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin detoxification. Streptomyces spp. represent an alternative as they are a promising source of detoxifying enzymes. Fifty-nine Streptomyces isolates and a Streptomyces griseoviridis strain from the commercial product Mycostop®, evaluated against Penicillium verrucosum and ochratoxin A during previous work, were screened for their ability to inhibit Aspergillus flavus growth and decrease the aflatoxin amount. The activities of bacterial cells and cell-free extracts (CFEs) from liquid cultures were also evaluated. Fifty-eight isolates were able to inhibit fungal growth during dual culture assays, with a maximal reduction going down to 13% of the control. Aflatoxin-specific production was decreased by all isolates to at least 54% of the control. CFEs were less effective in decreasing fungal growth (down to 40% and 55% for unheated and heated CFEs, respectively) and aflatoxin-specific production, with a few CFEs causing an overproduction of mycotoxins. Nearly all Streptomyces isolates were able to degrade AFB1 when growing in solid and liquid media. A total degradation of AFB1 was achieved by Mycostop® on solid medium, as well as an almost complete degradation by IX20 in liquid medium (6% of the control). CFE maximal degradation went down to 37% of the control for isolate IX09. The search for degradation by-products indicated the presence of a few unknown molecules. The evaluation of residual toxicity of the tested isolates by the SOS chromotest indicated a detoxification of at least 68% of AFB1’s genotoxicity.
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Keller, L. A. M., C. M. Pereyra, L. R. Cavaglieri, A. M. Dalcero, and C. A. R. Rosa. "Fungi and Mycotoxins from Pre- and Poststorage Brewer's Grain Intended for Bovine Intensive Rearing." ISRN Veterinary Science 2012 (October 15, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/396590.
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The aim of the study was to determine the mycobiota and natural levels of mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) present in brewers grains pre- and poststored intended for bovine intensive rearing. Poststored (80%) samples had counts higher than 1×104 colony-forming units (CFU/g). Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were isolated at high frequencies. Aspergillus flavus was the prevalent isolated species. Prestored (70%) and poststored (100%) samples showed AFB1 levels over the recommended limits (20 μg/Kg), and OTA levels were below the recommended limits (50 μg/Kg) while pre- and poststored samples did not show FB1 and DON natural contamination levels. The presence of mycotoxins in this substrate indicates the existence of contamination. Regular monitoring of feeds is required in order to prevent chronic and acute toxic syndromes related to this kind of contamination.
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Wagacha, John Maina, Charity K. Mutegi, Maria E. Christie, Lucy W. Karanja, and Job Kimani. "Changes in Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus)." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 5 (2013): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n5p10.
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<p>Peanut kernels of Homabay Local, Valencia Red, ICGV-SM 12991 and ICGV-SM 99568 cultivars were stored for six months in jute, polypropylene and polyethylene bags to assess the effect of storage bags, temperature and R.H. on fungal population and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture content (M.C.), fungal population and aflatoxin levels were determined before storage and after every 30 days during storage. Isolates of <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> and <em>A. parasiticus</em> were assayed for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The correlation between MC, population of <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. parasiticus</em> and aflatoxin levels in peanuts was also determined. Six fungal pathogens were commonly isolated from the peanut samples and occurred as follows in decreasing order: <em>Penicillium</em> spp. (106.6 CFU/g), <em>A. flavus</em> L-strain (4.8 CFU/g), <em>A. flavus</em> S-strain (2.9 CFU/g), <em>A. niger </em>(2.6 CFU/g), <em>A. parasiticus </em>(1.7 CFU/g) and <em>A. tamarii </em>(0.2 CFU/g). The overall population of <em>A. flavus</em> L-strain was 66% higher than that of <em>A. flavus</em> S-strain. Ninety one percent of <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. parasiticus</em> isolates produced at least one of the four aflatoxin types assayed, with 36% producing aflatoxin B1. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 0 - 47.8 µg/kg with samples stored in polyethylene and jute bags being the most and least contaminated, respectively. Eighty nine percent and 97% of the peanut samples met the EU (? 4 µg/kg) and Kenyan (? 10 µg/kg) regulatory standards for total aflatoxin, respectively. Peanuts should be adequately dried to safe moisture level and immediately packaged in a container - preferably jute bags - which will not promote critical increases in fungal population and aflatoxin contamination.</p>
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Kovač, Tihomir, Tihana Marček, Bojan Šarkanj, et al. "Fullerol C60(OH)24 Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during Growth and Infection with Aspergillus flavus." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030236.
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Fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles (FNP)-wheat-A. flavus interaction outcome is more complicated in the presence of drought. This study sheds light on how the presence of FNP affects food and feed safety from the perspective of mycotoxin contamination. The study aims to determine the influence of FNP at environmentally plausible concentrations on wheat growth under drought stress and on the aggressiveness of A. flavus during wheat germination, as well as the influence of FNP on the secondary metabolite profile during the inappropriate wheat storage. The co-occurrence of drought and FNP inhibited germination and shoot growth, while an application of FNP alone had no negative effect on plant growth. Wheat pre-treated with FNP showed a concentration dependent resistance pattern to A. flavus aggressiveness. Nevertheless, using a LC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin method, six secondary fungal metabolites: 3-nitropropionic acid (<LOD −775.7336 ± 10.7752 ng mL−1), aflatoxin B1 (<LOD −6.78 ± 0.43 ng mL−1) and B2 (<LOD −0.07 ± 0.00 ng mL−1), aflatoxicol (<LOD −0.37 ± 0.16 ng mL−1), kojic acid (<LOD −1337.87 ± 189.04 ng mL−1), and O-methylsterigmatocystin (<LOD −0.17 ± 0.00 ng mL−1), were detected. FNP affected secondary metabolism of A. flavus during inappropriate wheat storage and increased the concentration of secondary metabolites in a concentration-dependent pattern (3-nitropropionic acid and kojic acid). In addition, aflatoxicol production was provoked in FNP treated samples.
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Krnjaja, V., J. Levic, S. Stankovic, et al. "Moulds and mycotoxins in stored maize grains." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 29, no. 3 (2013): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1303527k.
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In this study the presence of moulds and mycotoxins in samples of stored maize grains in the period from October 2011 to September 2012 was investigated. Mycological analyses of whole and broken grains showed the presence of species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and others. Among the Aspergillus and Fusarium genera as potentially toxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus was identified with the highest percentage on broken grains (20.38%) whereas F. verticilioides was the predominant species in the whole maize grains (34.04%). In addition, it was obtained that tested samples of stored maize grains were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) with an average concentration of 1.39 ?g kg-1, 71.79 ?g kg-1, 128.17 ?g kg-1, and 1610.83 ?g kg-1, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the moisture content and the presence of Fusarium spp. on the broken grains (r = 0.44) and between the moisture content and the concentration of DON (r = 0.61). However, a significant negative correlation was found between moisture content and FB1 (r = -0.34), and between the concentration of ZON and DON mycotoxins (r = -0.58).
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Gómez-Albarrán, Carolina, Clara Melguizo, Belén Patiño, Covadonga Vázquez, and Jéssica Gil-Serna. "Diversity of Mycobiota in Spanish Grape Berries and Selection of Hanseniaspora uvarum U1 to Prevent Mycotoxin Contamination." Toxins 13, no. 9 (2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090649.
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The occurrence of mycotoxins on grapes poses a high risk for food safety; thus, it is necessary to implement effective prevention methods. In this work, a metagenomic approach revealed the presence of important mycotoxigenic fungi in grape berries, including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger aggregate species, or Aspergillus section Circumdati. However, A. carbonarius was not detected in any sample. One of the samples was not contaminated by any mycotoxigenic species, and, therefore, it was selected for the isolation of potential biocontrol agents. In this context, Hanseniaspora uvarum U1 was selected for biocontrol in vitro assays. The results showed that this yeast is able to reduce the growth rate of the main ochratoxigenic and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. occurring on grapes. Moreover, H. uvarum U1 seems to be an effective detoxifying agent for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, probably mediated by the mechanisms of adsorption to the cell wall and other active mechanisms. Therefore, H. uvarum U1 should be considered in an integrated approach to preventing AFB1 and OTA in grapes due to its potential as a biocontrol and detoxifying agent.
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Nout, M. J. R. "Effect of Rhizopus and Neurospora spp. on growth of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 in groundnut." Mycological Research 93, no. 4 (1989): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(89)80046-2.
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Aklaku, E. K., E. N. K. Sowley, and M. Ofosu. "Incidence of fungi and aflatoxin contamination of maize in Tolon-Kumbungu district of Ghana." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 2 (2020): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i2.5.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important staple food crop and a source of income to farmers, as well as foreign exchange earner in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Its production is hampered by fungal diseases, which also cause contamination with mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin and its associated health hazards. This study sought to isolate and identify aflatoxigenic fungi, as well as detect the presence of Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) in maize samples obtained from farmers in the Tolon-Kumbungu district in the northern region of Ghana. Twenty farming communities were randomly selected for the study in consultation with the district office of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA). Samples were collected from 200 randomly selected maize farmers by the composite sampling technique, for isolation of aflatoxigenic fungi by the agar plate method and the detection of aflatoxin. Aflatoxin was detected in maize samples with the Black light, rapid screening and immunoassay methods. Aspergillus flavus had the highest percentage of occurrence (63.7%); followed by A. niger (16.5%), Rhizopus stolonifer (9.3%), Penicillium spp. (6.9%) and Fusarium oxysporum (3.7%). Farm samples had more aflatoxin than those from stores and markets. Samples of maize from farms in Gbirimani community had the highest aflatoxin contamination of +60 ppb. Concentrations of Afb1 at or above +20 ppb were recorded in all the communities, except in Tinguli. Apart from Voggu, all market samples were free from aflatoxin contamination.
 Key words: Aflatoxigenic fungi, postharvest, Zea mays
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Wikandari, Rachma, Inggrid Chrisanti Mayningsih, Maura Dania Permata Sari, et al. "Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (2020): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061847.
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The growing interest in spicy foods leads to the global demand for spices, particularly dried chili. This study aimed to assay both aflatoxin (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination using an integrative method of morphological identification, molecular detection, and chromatography analysis on dried chili provided from traditional and modern markets in Indonesia. The results showed that total fungal infection ranged from 1-408 × 103 CFU/g. Eighty percent of the chili obtained from both the traditional and the modern markets were infected by Aspergillus spp., in which 50% of the infections were identified as A. parasiticus and A. flavus. A complete set of targeted genes involved in AF production and OTA were detected in two isolates of A. flavus and one isolate of A. carbonarius, respectively. The levels of AFs B1, B2, and OTA in the contaminated dried chilies were in the range of 39.3–139.5 µg/kg, 2.6–33.3 µg/kg, and 23.7–84.6 µg/kg, respectively. In contrast, no AFs G1 and G2 were detected. This study showed that the fungal infection of Indonesian dried chili occurs both in the field and during storage; thus, it is suggested to implement good agricultural and handling processes.
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Bocarov-Stancic, Aleksandra, Natasa Salma, Vladimir Pantic, Milan Adamovic, Aleksandra Miljkovic, and Svetlana Suzic. "Microbiological and mycotoxicological correctness of protein feed ingredients in Vojvodina." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 120 (2011): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1120213b.
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During 2009 and 2010, the microbiological tests of a total of 40 samples of protein feed ingredients (sunflower meal, soybean, soybean cake, soybean grits and soybean meal) originating from Vojvodina were carried out. The most of the samples (57.5%) matched the Serbian regulations on feed. Microbiologically, there was not adequate quality of protein ingredients, which was a consequence of the presence of pathogenic bacteria: Proteus spp. in 12 samples of sunflower meal, 1 sample of soybean meal and 2 samples of soybean cake, and E. coli in 2 samples of soybean meal. The highest total number of bacteria (1 x 107 g-1) and the highest number of yeasts and molds (148.000 g-1) was identified in one sample of sunflower meal. Mycological analysis of protein feed established the dominance of species from the genera Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. ochraceus), Fusarium (F. solani, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides) and Mucor (Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis and M. racemosus f. racemosus). The study of biochemical characteristics of 10 fungal isolates from sunflower meal, soybean grits and cake has established that: a) 2 cultures of Aspergillus spp. possessed antagonistic activity against other fungal species, b) 1 isolate F. solani biosynthesized T-2 toxin, c) 1 culture of F. subglutinans produced zearalenone, d) 4 isolates of Mucor spp. showed the ability to degrade one or both trichothecenes of type A (diacetoxyscirpenol - DAS and T-2 toxin). Mycotoxicological studies that included 24 samples of protein ingredients showed the absence of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, DAS and T-2 toxin) in all 15 samples of sunflower meal. In the samples of soybean and its products (meal and cake) only T-2 toxin was detected in 3 analyzed samples. The amount of this fusariotoxin did not exceed 375 ?g kg-1 .
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Krnjaja, V., M. Lukic, N. Delic, et al. "Mycobiota and mycotoxins in freshly harvested and stored maize." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 31, no. 2 (2015): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1502291k.
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The incidence of mycobiota and mycotoxin levels were investigated in the freshly harvested maize kernel samples from October 2014 and in the samples of stored maize kernels from February 2015. Toxigenic fungal species (moulds) were isolated, cultivated and identified on agar plates according to standard mycological methods, while mycotoxins were detected by enzymelinked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Mycological analyses of kernels showed the presence of toxigenic species from genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Among the Aspergillus species, Aspergillus flavus was identified with higher incidence in the stored kernels (10.25%), than in freshly harvested kernels (3.67%) whereas A. parasiticus was the predominant species in the freshly harvested kernels (4.17%) compared to the stored kernels (0%). From the genus Fusarium three species were identified: F. graminearum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides, with the incidence of 1.08%, 8% and 25.75%, respectively in freshly harvested kernels and the incidence of 2.50%, 7.10% and 29.75%, respectively in the stored kernels. Species from genus Penicillium had higher incidence in freshly harvested kernels (14.25%) than in the stored kernels (9%). In addition, tested samples of harvested and stored maize kernels were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 (FBs). The mean levels of AFB1, DON and FBs were 2.77 ?g kg-1, 117.83 ?g kg-1, and 3700.84 ?g kg-1, respectively in the freshly harvested kernels and a mean levels of 2.16 ?g kg-1, 2034.40 ?g kg-1, and 5976.50 ?g kg-1, respectively in the stored maize kernels. In the freshly harvested maize kernel samples, statistically significant (P ? 0.05) positive correlations of kernel moisture content with the incidence of Penicillium spp. (r = 0.47), and levels of AFB1 (r = 0.46) and FBs (r = 0.47), and between the incidence of Penicillium spp. and level of AFB1 (r = 0.53) were established. In the stored maize kernel samples, statistically significant (P ? 0.05) positive correlations were found between the incidence of F. subglutinans and level of FBs (r = 0.50) and between levels AFB1 and FBs (r = 0.52). A highly significant (P ? 0.01) positive correlation was established between the incidence of F. verticillioides and level of FBs (r = 0.64) in freshly harvested maize kernel samples. These results indicate that the incidence of toxigenic fungi and levels of mycotoxins, in particular DON and FBs, were higher in the stored maize kernel samples than in freshly harvested maize kernels. Therefore, to prevent the development of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins accumulation in post-harvest period it is necessary to thoroughly dry maize and keep it in hygienic food storages.
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Mengjuan, Zhang, Lin Guanglan, Pan Xiaohua, et al. "The PHD transcription factor Cti6 is involved in the fungal colonization and aflatoxin B1 biological synthesis of Aspergillus flavus." IMA Fungus 12, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43008-021-00062-2.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAspergillus flavus and its main secondary metabolite AFB1 pose a serious threat to several important crops worldwide. Recently, it has been reported that some PHD family transcription factors are involved in the morphogenesis and AFB1 biological synthesis in A. flavus, but the role of Cti6, a PHD domain containing protein in A. flavus, is totally unknown. The study was designed to reveal the biological function of Cti6 in the fungus by deletion of cti6, and its two domains (PHD and Atrophin-1) through homologous recombination, respectively. The results showed that Cti6 might up-regulate the mycelium growth, conidiation, sclerotia formation and AFB1 biological synthesis of A. flavus by its PHD domain, while Atrophin-1 also improved the conidiation of the fungus. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that Cti6 increased the conidiation of the fungus through AbaA and BrlA mediated conidiation pathway, triggered the formation of sclerotia by orthodox sclerotia formation pathway, and improved the production of AFB1 by orthodox AFB1 synthesis pathway. Crops models analysis showed that A. flavus Cti6 plays vital role in colonization and the production of AFB1 on the host grains mainly via PHD domain. Bioinformatics analysis showed Cti6 is conservative in Aspergillus spp., and mCherry mediated subcellular localization showed that most Cti6 accumulated in the nuclei, which reflected that Cti6 performed its important biological function in the nuclei in Aspergillus spp.. The results of the current study elucidate the roles of PHD domain containing proteins in the mechanism of the infection of crops by A. flavus, and provided a novel target for effectively controlling the contamination of Aspergillus spp. to crops.
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Slimani, A., B. N. Nahal, D. Seddiki, and M. S. Belghit. "Antifungal Activities of Boswellia carterii Resin on Fungal Strains Producing of Mycotoxins Isolated from Semolina Samples and Their Derivatives by Thin Layer Chromatography Method and Elisa Technique." Phytothérapie, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2021-0257.
Full textAbstract:
Mold growth is among the major causes of health impairment of cereals, in particular durum wheat (Triticum durum) for the synthesis of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins B1 and ochratoxin A (OTA), originally from poisoning in the consumer. In this context, the objectives of this work is the search and characterization of fungal strains Producers mycotoxins such as Aspergillus, Penicillium in semolina and their derivatives (traditional and industrial couscous) and detect and quantify total aflatoxins, aflatoxins B1 and ochratoxin mycotoxicologique to assess the risk associated with the consumption of these foods. In this regard, our work focuses on mycological and mycotoxicologique study of semolina and couscous deemed most commercialized in the town of Bechar-Algeria after a socio-economic survey. The mycological study testifies the high degree of pollution of our samples by Aspergillus, Penicillium. The expertise of genera reveals the high degree of invasion of our samples by Aspergillus, Penicillium. The examination of fungal procession characterizing our samples shows a very high index of distribution, or of fidelity of Penicillium 43.75% of our sample and 28.38% Aspergillus. The presence of these species is evidence that our samples have been abused, but especially poorly stored; should be noted the involvement of the genera Alternaria 7.10%, Fusarium 13.70%. Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis revealed that 50% of Aspergillus flavus-parasiticus strains were aflatoxin G-producing and aflatoxin B-free in our samples. Of the Aspergillus ochraceus strains 50% were OTA producers. The presumption of toxicity of the various samples appeared positive on TLC. The test of Elisa has confirmed the presence of the OTA in our samples, the analysis of its results shows that the majority of the rates of OTA taken on our analyzed samples follow the European standard, these rates are between 1.01 and 1.9, except for one sample (couscous) which has shown a rate much higher than the standard recommended by the regulation (> 100 ppb), the samples of semolina had a rate of OTA lower than the beginning of the detection (1 ppb). The results of the presence of AFB spread out between 4.93 ppb and > 40 ppb. The antifungal activity of the resin of Boswellia carterii was tested on the following strains: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum. And kneaded according to the technique of diagonal growth on intermediate solid medium (PDA). The results showed that the yield of the aqueous extract varied between 96.2 and 99.8%. The results of the extracts also showed activity against the fungi studied 48.6% and 96.2%.