Journal articles: 'Aspergillus fumigatus'

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Wassano, Natália S., Gustavo H. Goldman, and André Damasio. "Aspergillus fumigatus." Trends in Microbiology 28, no. 7 (July 2020): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.013.

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Okumura, Yoshiyuki, Kenji Ogawa, and Toshiaki Nikai. "Elastase and elastase inhibitor from Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05248-0.

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Elastolytic and elastase inhibitory activities were investigated for 13 strains of Aspergillus fumigatus, three strains of Aspergillus flavus and three strains of Aspergillus niger. Nine of the 13 strains of A. fumigatus and all strains of A. flavus demonstrated elastase activity (more than 1 unit ml−1). Six of the 13 strains of A. fumigatus and all strains of A. flavus expressed elastase inhibitory activity (more than 2 units ml−1). However, no elastase or elastase inhibitory activities were observed with A. niger. It was also found that crude elastase inhibitors from six strains of A. fumigatus and two strains of A. flavus were stable to heat treatment at 100 °C for 10 min. In addition, human leukocyte elastases were inhibited by crude elastase inhibitors from A. fumigatus and A. flavus; however, no effect was observed on the elastase derived from porcine pancreas.

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Sabino, Raquel, Paulo Gonçalves, Aryse Martins Melo, Daniela Simões, Mariana Oliveira, Mariana Francisco, Carla Viegas, et al. "Trends on Aspergillus Epidemiology—Perspectives from a National Reference Laboratory Surveillance Program." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010028.

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Identification of Aspergillus to species level is important since sibling species may display variable susceptibilities to multiple antifungal drugs and also because correct identification contributes to improve the knowledge of epidemiological studies. Two retrospective laboratory studies were conducted on Aspergillus surveillance at the Portuguese National Mycology Reference Laboratory. The first, covering the period 2017–2018, aimed to study the molecular epidemiology of 256 Aspergillus isolates obtained from patients with respiratory, subcutaneous, or systemic infections and from environmental samples. The second, using our entire collection of clinical and environmental A. fumigatus isolates (N = 337), collected between 2012 and 2019, aimed to determine the frequency of azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto was the most frequent species in both clinical and environmental samples. Overall, and considering all Aspergillus sections identified, a high frequency of cryptic species was detected, based on beta-tubulin or calmodulin sequencing (37% in clinical and 51% in environmental isolates). Regarding all Fumigati isolates recovered from 2012–2019, the frequency of cryptic species was 5.3% (18/337), with the identification of A. felis (complex), A. lentulus, A. udagawae, A. hiratsukae, and A. oerlinghauensis. To determine the frequency of azole resistance of A. fumigatus, isolates were screened for azole resistance using azole-agars, and 53 possible resistant isolates were tested by the CLSI microdilution reference method. Nine A. fumigatus sensu stricto and six Fumigati cryptic isolates showed high minimal inhibitory concentrations to itraconazole, voriconazole, and/or posaconazole. Real-time PCR to detect cyp51A mutations and sequencing of cyp51A gene and its promoter were performed. The overall frequency of resistance to azoles in A. fumigatus sensu stricto was 3.0%. With this retrospective analysis, we were able to detect one azole-resistant G54R mutant A. fumigatus environmental isolate, collected in 2015. The TR34/L98H mutation, linked to environmental transmission route of azole resistance, was the most frequently detected mutation (N = 4; 1.4%). Our findings underline the demand for correct identification and susceptibility testing of Aspergillus isolates.

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Wang, Li, Koji Yokoyama, Makoto Miyaji, and Kazuko Nishimura. "Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus and Related Species." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1352-1358.2000.

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Nucleotide sequences of 426 bp from the mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b genes of six anamorph species and two species of Neosartorya teleomophs of Aspergillussection Fumigati were determined. These sequences were used to build nucleotide- and amino acid-based trees for phylogenetic analysis. Thirteen strains of A. fumigatus including 10 clinical isolates of A. fumigatus, 1 type culture ofA. fumigatus var. fumigatus, 1 type culture ofA. fumigatus var. ellipticus, and 1 strain ofA. fumigatus var. albus, had the same nucleotide sequences. One strain of A. fumisynnematus, two strains labeled A. neoellipticus, two strains of A. viridinutans, and one strain of A. duricaulis had distinct nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Two strains of A. brevipes were divided into two types. One produced a 1,500-bp fragment that included an intron. The nucleotide sequences of its two exons were similar to those of the A. fumigatus, and the derived amino acid sequence was the same as that for A. fumigatus. The other produced a 426-bp fragment and had the same nucleotide and amino acid sequences as A. unilateralis. Neosartorya fischeri var. fischeri and N. stramenia had nucleotide sequences that differed from that ofA. fumigatus. These species possessed their own characteristic nucleotide sequences that differed from each other. In comparisons of homologous sequences from four other pathogenic species of Aspergillus, regions specific to sectionFumigati were found. The mt cytochrome b gene analysis was valuable for the identification, classification, and phylogenetic analysis of isolates of section Fumigati.

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Gardini, W. E:, C. R. Valles, J. H. Velásquez, and Nancy Canales. "Afinidades Fisiológicas en algunos Hongos Filamentosos del Medio Ambiente." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 48, no. 4 (April 9, 2014): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v48i4.5818.

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Se ha aislado del medio ambiente 14 grupos de hongos filamentosos contaminantes empleando el medio de agar-tomate fresco. En ellos fe investigó las reacciones de fermentación selectiva a 18 carbohidratos, sus reacciones mutuas y la producción de desoxirribonucleasa (DNAsa). Se encontró que había preferencia por fermentar determinados carbohidratos como la sacarosa, galactosa, manosa, maltosa, rafinosa, melibiosa, por el Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nigricana, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus orizae, Alternaria, CunninghameIla, Clados porium herbarum, Fusarium roseum, Glenospora, Hormodendrum, Penicillium bicolor, Penícillíum sp. cepa ACI-9, Rhízopus y Trichophyton sp. Que las variedades de hongos dentro de un mismo género tienen diferente poder fermentativo tal como sucede con el Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nigricans, Aspergillus ochraceus y AspergilIus onzae, sobre el adonitol, arabinosa, dulcitol y melecitosa. Los 14 grupos de hongos filamentosos ambientales han producido DNAsa, empleando como medio de cultivo el agar-triptosa-ácido desoxirribonucleico y como reactivo el colorante verde de metilo. La variedad de Penicillium, cepa ACI-9, de escaso poder fermentativo sobre la mayoría de los 18 carbohidratos, presentó poder inhibitorio sobre el desorrollo del Aspergíllus nigricans, Aspergillus ochraceus, Alternaria, Blastomyces dermatitidis y en mayor grado sobre el Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus orizae, CunninghamelIa, Penícillium bicclor y Rhizopus.

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Lopez-Medrano, R., M. C. Ovejero, J. A. Calera, P. Puente, and F. Leal. "Aspergillus fumigatus antigens." Microbiology 141, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 2699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-10-2699.

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Rodriguez-Ares, M. T., M. V. De Rojas Silva, M. Pereiro, B. Fente Sampayo, G. Gallegos Chamas, and M. S-Salorio. "Aspergillus fumigatus scleritis." Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 73, no. 5 (May 27, 2009): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00312.x.

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Ferreiro, Lucía, M. Luisa Pérez del Molino, Marta Sonia González-Pérez, and Luis Valdés. "Aspergillus fumigatus Empyema." Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition) 53, no. 7 (July 2017): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2016.11.037.

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Gandi, Ni Luh Gita, I. Wayan Getas, and Miftahul Jannah. "Studi Jamur Aspergillus fumigatus penyebab Aspergillosis di Pasar Cakranegara Kota Mataram dengan Media Pertumbuhan Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)." Jurnal Analis Medika Biosains (JAMBS) 6, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32807/jambs.v6i1.128.

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Aspergillosis merupakan penyakit opportunistik yang disebabkan oleh jamur Aspergillus fumigatus. Jamur ini tersebar secara kosmopolitan di seluruh dunia. Gejala penyakit aspergillosis ditandai dengan gangguan pernafasan, gangguan kulit, keracunan serta alergi. Penyakit ini dapat terjadi akibat masuknya spora jamur yang ada di udara melalui sistem inhalasi. Dimana jamur ini dapat ditemukan pada udara, makanan, sayuran, tanah, humus. Sehingga dapat dilakukan studi terhadap jamur Aspergillus fumigatus pada sumber-sumber ditemukannya jamur tersebut untuk pencegahan aspergillosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis jamur Aspergillus fumigatus penyebab aspergillosis di Pasar Cakranegara Kota Mataram dengan Media Pertumbuhan Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Observasional deskriptif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel Non Random Purposive Sampling. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 15 sampel yang terdiri atas 3 jenis yaitu udara, sayuran dan makanan (jajanan pasar). Masing-masing sampel dipreparasi kemudian diisolasi dengan menggunakan media PDA dan diinkubasi selama 3x24 jam pada suhu 37ºC kemudian diidentifikasi dan dianalisis untuk ditemukan jamur Aspergillus fumigatus pada masing-masing sampel tersebut. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan diperoleh hasil dari 15 sampel yaitu 9 sampel positif (+) ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus dan 6 sampel negatif (-) ditemukannya Aspergillus fumigatus. Rincian persentase pada masing-masing sampel yaitu pada sampel udara diperoleh 4 dari 5 sampel (80%) positif ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus, pada sampel sayuran diperoleh 3 dari 5 sampel (60%) positif ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus, dan pada sampel makanan diperoleh 2 dari 5 sampel (40%) positif ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus. Persentase tertinggi ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus terdapat pada sampel udara, yang merupakan kontak langsung penyebab aspergillosis. Dengan persentase total keseluruhan sampel yaitu ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus sebanyak 60%.

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Salman, Khawlah Abdallah, Hussein Ali Hussein, Athraa Harjan Mohsen, and Israa Harjan Mohsen. "Influence of Okra Extract Supplementation on Some Haematological Parameters of Male Mice Exposed to Aflatoxin." Journal of Scientific Research in Medical and Biological Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 28, 2023): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/jsrmbs.v4i4.715.

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This research was directed to determine the influence of an alcoholic extract of okra on the lessening of the destructive impact of the aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus in white mice and its influence on some physiological blood parameters. Different food samples, (grains and fruits) such as (wheat, barley, corn, rice, citrus, strawberries, and apples) were selected for the isolation of a variety of fungi. The results showed that Aspergillus flavus 15(18.7%), Aspergillus niger12(15%), Penicillium spp 7(8.7%), Aspergillus terreus 7 (8.7%), Aspergillus fumigatus7(8.7%), Alternaria spp. 10 (12.5%), Aspergillus parasiticus 6 (7.5%) Fusarium 6 (7.5%), Penicillium chrysogenum5(6.3), Mucor spp.2(2.5%),and Rhizopus stoloinfier 3(5.5%).The identified fungi were tested for aflatoxin production, and the results revealed that Aspergillus fumigatus produced the most aflatoxin. Okra alcoholic extract was tested in vivo against the negative impact of aflatoxins using different concentrations. The findings revealed that alcoholic extracts showed reasonable influence on some blood parameters, and the results are promising.

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Urip, Urip, Yunan Jiwintarum, and Ni Luh Putu Gita Gandi. "Studi Jamur Aspergillus fumigatus di Pasar Cakranegara Kota Mataram Penyebab Penyakit Aspergillosis Menggunakan Media Pertumbuhan Potato Dextrose Agar." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v9i2.4560.

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This study aims to isolate, identify, and analyze the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that causes aspergillosis in Cakranegara Market, Mataram City using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) growth media. This research method uses descriptive observation, with Non-Random Purposive Sampling technique. The research sample amounted to 15 consisting of 3 types, namely: air, vegetables, and food (market snacks). Each sample was prepared and then isolated using PDA media and incubated for 3 x 24 hours at 37ºC, then identified and analyzed to find the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus in each of these samples. Based on the research that has been done, the results obtained from 15 samples, namely 9 positive samples (+) found Aspergillus fumigatus and 6 negative samples (-) Aspergillus fumigatus was found. Details of the percentages in each sample, namely: in the air sample, 4 of 5 samples (80%) were positive for Aspergillus fumigatus, in the vegetable sample, 3 out of 5 samples (60%) were positive for Aspergillus fumigatus, and in the food sample, 2 were obtained. of 5 samples (40%) positive found Aspergillus fumigatus. The highest percentage of Aspergillus fumigatus was found in air samples, which is a direct contact that causes aspergillosis. The percentage of the total sample found by Aspergillus fumigatus was 60%.

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Breuer, W., A. Stoll, S. Hörmansdorfer, G. Knubben-Schweizer, A. Hafner-Marx, and K. Deischl. "Nasal, pulmonary, and abomasal aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus) in a calf." Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 157, no. 7 (July 5, 2015): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17236/sat00028.

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WONGSUK, Thanwa, and Passanesh SUKPHOPETCH. "Effect of Quarum Sensing Molecules on Aspergillus fumigatus." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2020.6172.

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Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen to which immunocompromised patients are especially susceptible. A. fumigatus can form biofilms both in vitro and in vivo. Quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) have activity against some fungi. This study aimed to determine the activity of the QSMs farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol and tryptophol against the growth A. fumigatus on solid media, and against its ability to form biofilms. The activity of each QSM against planktonic A. fumigatus growth was assessed using the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution assay, while QSM inhibition of A. fumigatus’s biofilm formation was measured in crystal violet, and 2, 3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-caboxanilide (XTT) assays. The QSMs reduced the colony diameter of the studied strains in a QSM-dependent pattern. Tryptophol showed the best effect and tyrosol showed the poorest effect. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol and tryptophol tested against A. fumigatus were > 32, > 32, 16 and 8 mM, respectively. The effective concentration each QSM required to inhibit A. fumigatus biofilm formation were higher than the planktonic MICs. In this study, the performance of QSMs against A. fumigatus ranked from best to worst as follows: tryptophol, phenylethanol, farnesol and tyrosol. Because of phenylethanol and tryptophol showed the strongest effect to the growth and biofilm formation of A. fumigatus. Therefore, the cytotoxic activities of phenylethanol and tryptophol in A549 cells (lung alveolar epithelial cells) were determined. However, phenylethanol and tryptophol induced A549 cell damage (at MIC level), as demonstrated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays.

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GEMEINHARDT, Von H., and P. Deicke. "Terminale diffuse Lungen-Aspergillose durcli Aspergillus fumigatus." Mycoses 8, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1965.tb02367.x.

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Knox, Benjamin P., Qing Deng, Mary Rood, Jens C. Eickhoff, Nancy P. Keller, and Anna Huttenlocher. "Distinct Innate Immune Phagocyte Responses to Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia and Hyphae in Zebrafish Larvae." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 10 (May 30, 2014): 1266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00080-14.

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ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the most common filamentous fungal pathogen of immunocompromised hosts, resulting in invasive aspergillosis (IA) and high mortality rates. Innate immunity is known to be the predominant host defense againstA. fumigatus; however, innate phagocyte responses toA. fumigatusin an intact host and their contributions to host survival remain unclear. Here, we describe a larval zebrafishA. fumigatusinfection model amenable to real-time imaging of host-fungal interactions in live animals. Following infection withA. fumigatus, innate phagocyte populations exhibit clear preferences for different fungal morphologies: macrophages rapidly phagocytose conidia and form aggregates around hyphae, while the neutrophil response is dependent upon the presence of hyphae. Depletion of macrophages rendered host larvae susceptible to invasive disease. Moreover, a zebrafish model of human leukocyte adhesion deficiency with impaired neutrophil function also resulted in invasive disease and impaired host survival. In contrast, macrophage-deficient but not neutrophil-deficient larvae exhibited attenuated disease following challenge with a less virulent (ΔlaeA) strain ofA. fumigatus, which has defects in secondary metabolite production. Taking these results together, we have established a new vertebrate model for studying innate immune responses toA. fumigatusthat reveals distinct roles for neutrophils and macrophages in mediating host defense against IA.

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Parent-Michaud, Maxime, Philippe J. Dufresne, Eric Fournier, Benjamin Folch, Christine Martineau, Sandrine Moreira, Nicolas Doucet, Louis De Repentigny, and Simon F. Dufresne. "Prevalence and mechanisms of azole resistance in clinical isolates of Aspergillus section Fumigati species in a Canadian tertiary care centre, 2000 to 2013." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 849–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz534.

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Abstract Objectives Azole resistance among Aspergillus fumigatus isolates is a growing concern worldwide. Induction of mutations during azole therapy, environment-acquired mutations caused by azole fungicides and intrinsic resistance of cryptic Fumigati species all contribute to the burden of resistance. However, there is a lack of data in Canada on this emerging threat. Methods To gain insights into the magnitude and mechanisms of resistance, a 14 year collection of Aspergillus section Fumigati comprising 999 isolates from 807 patients at a Montreal hospital was screened for azole resistance, and resistance mechanisms were investigated with the combined use of genome sequencing, 3D modelling and phenotypic efflux pump assays. Results Overall azole resistance was low (4/807 patients; 0.5%). A single azole-resistant A. fumigatus sensu stricto strain, isolated from a patient with pulmonary aspergillosis, displayed efflux-pump-mediated resistance. Three patients were colonized or infected with azole-resistant cryptic Fumigati species (one Aspergillus thermomutatus, one Aspergillus lentulus and one Aspergillus turcosus). Evidence is presented that azole resistance is efflux-pump-mediated in the A. turcosus isolate, but not in the A. lentulus and A. thermomutatus isolates. Conclusions Azole resistance is rare in our geographic area and currently driven by cryptic Fumigati species. Continued surveillance of emergence of resistance is warranted.

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Arafat, Md, Md Islam, Shamim Ahamed, Md Mahmud, Md Rahman, and K. Nazir. "Molecular detection of Aspergilli from commercial chicken in selected areas of Bangladesh." Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 9, no. 2 (2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2022.i583.

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Objectives: This study was designed to isolate, identify, and determine the prevalence of Aspergilli in commercial chicken in selected areas of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 lung samples from suspected dead chickens, comprising broilers (n = 32) and layers (n = 18), aged between 5 days and 45 weeks, were collected from poultry farms located in the Gazipur district in Bangladesh. Fungi were primarily identified based on the colony morphology using potato dextrose agar (PDA). DNA was extracted from the suspected colonies. Aspegillus spp. was detected by genus-specific ASAP-1 and ASAP-2. Aspergillus spp. were then screened by polymerase chain reaction targeting Aspergillus flavus (FLA-1 and FLA-2), Aspergillus fumigatus (ASPU and Af3r), and Aspergillus niger (ASPU and Nilr). Results: The overall prevalence of Aspergillus spp. was 44% (n = 22/50; p < 0.05). Among the Aspergilli, A. flavus was detected in 10% (n = 5/50) of the samples. Similarly, A. fumigatus and A. niger were detected at 26% (n = 13/50) and 8% (n = 4/50) respectively. Three samples were associated with more than one fungus; two fungi (A. flavus and A. niger) were in two samples, and three fungi (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and A. niger) were in one sample. Conclusion: Isolation and prevalence of Aspergillus spp. in commercial chicken were studied for the first time in Bangladesh.

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da Fonseca, Lívia Maria Maciel, Vanessa Fávaro Braga, Ludmilla Tonani, Patrícia Helena Grizante Barião, Erika Nascimento, Roberto Martinez, and Marcia Regina von Zeska Kress. "Surveillance of Amphotericin B and Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Isolated from Patients in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9111070.

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The genus Aspergillus harbors human infection-causing pathogens and is involved in the complex one-health challenge of antifungal resistance. Here, a 6-year retrospective study was conducted with Aspergillus spp. isolated from patients with invasive, chronic, and clinically suspected aspergillosis in a tertiary teaching hospital. A total of 64 Aspergillus spp. clinical isolates were investigated regarding molecular identification, biofilm, virulence in Galleria mellonella, antifungal susceptibility, and resistance to amphotericin B and azoles. Aspergillus section Fumigati (A. fumigatus sensu stricto, 62.5%) and section Flavi (A. flavus, 20.3%; A. parasiticus, 14%; and A. tamarii, 3.1%) have been identified. Aspergillus section Flavi clinical isolates were more virulent than section Fumigati clinical isolates. Furthermore, scant evidence supports a link between biofilm formation and virulence. The susceptibility of the Aspergillus spp. clinical isolates to itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B was evaluated. Most Aspergillus spp. clinical isolates (67.2%) had an AMB MIC value equal to or above 2 µg/mL, warning of a higher probability of therapeutic failure in the region under study. In general, the triazoles presented MIC values above the epidemiological cutoff value. The high triazole MIC values of A. fumigatus s.s. clinical isolates were investigated by sequencing the promoter region and cyp51A locus. The Cyp51A amino acid substitutions F46Y, M172V, N248T, N248K, D255E, and E427K were globally detected in 47.5% of A. fumigatus s.s. clinical isolates, and most of them are associated with high triazole MICs. Even so, the findings support voriconazole or itraconazole as the first therapeutic choice for treating Aspergillus infections. This study emphasizes the significance of continued surveillance of Aspergillus spp. infections to help overcome the gap in knowledge of the global fungal burden of infections and antifungal resistance, supporting public health initiatives.

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Dagenais, Taylor R. T., and Nancy P. Keller. "Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus in Invasive Aspergillosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22, no. 3 (July 2009): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00055-08.

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SUMMARY Aspergillus species are globally ubiquitous saprophytes found in a variety of ecological niches. Almost 200 species of aspergilli have been identified, less than 20 of which are known to cause human disease. Among them, Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent and is largely responsible for the increased incidence of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in the immunocompromised patient population. IA is a devastating illness, with mortality rates in some patient groups reaching as high as 90%. Studies identifying and assessing the roles of specific factors of A. fumigatus that contribute to the pathogenesis of IA have traditionally focused on single-gene deletion and mutant characterization. In combination with recent large-scale approaches analyzing global fungal responses to distinct environmental or host conditions, these studies have identified many factors that contribute to the overall pathogenic potential of A. fumigatus. Here, we provide an overview of the significant findings regarding A. fumigatus pathogenesis as it pertains to invasive disease.

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Li, Xianping, Meihua Gao, Xuelin Han, Sha Tao, Dongyu Zheng, Ying Cheng, Rentao Yu, Gaige Han, Martina Schmidt, and Li Han. "Disruption of the Phospholipase D Gene Attenuates the Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 1 (November 14, 2011): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05830-11.

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ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen that induces serious infections in immunocompromised patients. Phospholipases are key enzymes in pathogenic fungi that cleave host phospholipids, resulting in membrane destabilization and host cell penetration. However, knowledge of the impact of phospholipases onA. fumigatusvirulence is rather limited. In this study, disruption of thepldgene encoding phospholipase D (PLD), an important member of the phospholipase protein family inA. fumigatus, was confirmed to significantly decrease both intracellular and extracellular PLD activity ofA. fumigatus. Thepldgene disruption did not alter conidial morphological characteristics, germination, growth, and biofilm formation but significantly suppressed the internalization ofA. fumigatusinto A549 epithelial cells without affecting conidial adhesion to epithelial cells. Importantly, the suppressed internalization was fully rescued in the presence of 100 μM phosphatidic acid, the PLD product. Indeed, complementation ofpldrestored the PLD activity and internalization capacity ofA. fumigatus. Phagocytosis ofA. fumigatusconidia by J774 macrophages was not affected by the absence of thepldgene. Pretreatment of conidia with 1-butanol and a specific PLD inhibitor decreased the internalization ofA. fumigatusinto A549 epithelial cells but had no effect on phagocytosis by J774 macrophages. Finally, loss of thepldgene attenuated the virulence ofA. fumigatusin mice immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone acetate but not with cyclophosphamide. These data suggest that PLD ofA. fumigatusregulates its internalization into lung epithelial cells and may represent an important virulence factor forA. fumigatusinfection.

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Paul, Sanjoy, J. Stacey Klutts, and W. Scott Moye-Rowley. "Analysis of Promoter Function in Aspergillus fumigatus." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 9 (July 27, 2012): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00174-12.

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ABSTRACTThe filamentous fungusAspergillus fumigatusis an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause high mortality levels in susceptible patient populations. The increasing dependence on antifungal drugs to controlA. fumigatushas led to the inevitable acquisition of drug-resistant forms of this pathogen. In other fungal pathogens, drug resistance is often associated with an increase in transcription of genes such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that directly lead to tolerance to commonly employed antifungal drugs. InA. fumigatus, tolerance to azole drugs (the major class of antifungal) is often associated with changes in the sequence of the azole target enzyme as well as changes in the transcription level of this gene. The target gene for azole drugs inA. fumigatusis referred to ascyp51A. In order to dissect transcription ofcyp51Atranscription and other genes of interest, we constructed a set of firefly luciferase reporter genes designed for use inA. fumigatus. These reporter genes can either replicate autonomously or be targeted to thepyrGlocus, generating an easily assayable uracil auxotrophy. We fused eight differentA. fumigatuspromoters to luciferase. Faithful behaviors of these reporter gene fusions compared to their chromosomal equivalents were evaluated by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. We used this reporter gene system to study stress-regulated transcription of a Hsp70-encoding gene, map an important promoter element in thecyp51Agene, and correct an annotation error in the actin gene. We anticipate that this luciferase reporter gene system will be broadly applicable in analyses of gene expression inA. fumigatus.

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Lehrnbecher, Thomas, Ulrike Koehl, Emmanuel Roilides, Maria Simitsopoulou, Mitra Hanisch, Lars Tramsen, Jean-Paul Latge, et al. "Functional Characterization of Aspergillus Fumigatus Specific T-Cells Clones." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 3223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3223.3223.

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Abstract Invasive aspergillosis (IA) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies, in particular in patients who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). There is a growing body of evidence that T-cells play an important role in the immunological response to Aspergillus fumigatus. Using the Aspergillus fumigatus antigen extract EC SAB and the IFN-γ secretion assay (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany), we generated Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cell clones by limiting dilution (n=4). Flow cytometry revealed a cell population of CD3+/CD4+ cells (mean±SEM, 98.2±1.2%). Functional assessment by ICC revealed that an average of 8.7% of these cells (range, 6.6%–18.5%) specifically secreted IFN-γ on stimulation with EC SAB, which supports the TH1 response of the generated cells to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens. The antigenic components of EC SAB are one or more proteins, since the addition of proteinase completely suppressed the stimulating effect of this preparation. The percentage of IFN-γ producing CD3+/CD4+ cells was less than 1% upon activation with antigen extracts from Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Mucor racemosus, Penicillium notatum and Candida albicans, indicating that the generated T-cell clones are specific for Aspergillus fumigatus. A strong proliferation of the generated Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cells was seen after re-stimulation with EC SAB, whereas alloreactivity was reduced compared to CD4+ T-cells of the original fraction. Hyphal damage of Aspergillus fumigatus was assessed by means of an XTT assay. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) showed a similar hyphal damage when tested alone (mean±SEM, 14.2±2.1%), in combination with antigen presenting cells (APCs) (15.1±1.4%), or in combination with Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cells (15.0±2.0%). A comparable hyphal damage was seen when Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cells were co-incubated with APCs (14.2±1.7%). In contrast, the combination of APCs and Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cells with PMNs resulted in a significantly higher hyphal damage compared to all other settings (23.3±2.8%; P<.0001). Interestingly, APCs alone or Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cells alone showed a weak, but significant capacity to induce hyphal damage (7.4±1.1% and 11.3±1.8%, respectively). Before considering a clinical application, however, further studies need to focus on defining the optimal antigen(s) which reproducibly induce a TH1 response and elicit high antifungal activity, as well as to characterize the subpopulation of patients undergoing allogeneic SCT who ultimately benefit from either a prophylactic or a therapeutic adoptive transfer of Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cells.

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Manavathu, Elias K., Jessica L. Cutright, and Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar. "Organism-Dependent Fungicidal Activities of Azoles." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 3018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.11.3018.

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ABSTRACT We investigated the antifungal activities of itraconazole and voriconazole on Aspergillus species by time kill studies, and the results were compared with those obtained forCandida species. Exposure of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia to varying concentrations (1.25 to 10 μg/ml) of itraconazole and voriconazole resulted in cellular death; the cytocidal effect was time and concentration dependent. In contrast, no killing of Candida albicans occurred in the presence of itraconazole and voriconazole at concentrations as high as 10 μg/ml, although candidal growth was inhibited compared to the drug-free control. Amphotericin B (1.25 to 10 μg/ml), on the other hand, killed both A. fumigatus and C. albicans. Similar results were obtained for non-A. fumigatus aspergilli and non-C. albicans Candida species. These observations indicate that both itraconazole and voriconazole are cytocidal agents for Aspergillus species but not for Candidaspecies, suggesting that azoles possess organism-dependent fungicidal activities.

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Bhati, Praveesh. "EFFECT OF TEMPERATURES ON THE GROWTH OF FLORAL WASTE DEGRADING FUNGI." Fungal Territory 2, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ft.2019.2.2.12-15.

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The goal of present study was to find out optimum growth temperature of isolated floral waste degrading fungi viz. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternate and Aspergillus terreus. Eleven different temperature range ( 20°C, 22°C, 24°C, 26°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C, 34°C,36°C,38°C,40°C) were selected to find the optimum growth of these fungi on floral extract-basal medium for flask experiments. The optimum growth temperature of all four fungal strains was found at 32°C±1°C. Beside Alternaria alternate, remaining other three selected fungal strains showed growth at all selected temperatures. At optimum growth temperature (32°C±1°C), the highest growth occurred in Aspergillus fumigates and Aspergillus terreus (155 mg/50 ml/7 days) while lowest growth was observed in Aspergillus flavus and Alternaria alternata (140 mg/50 ml/7 days). At minimum selected growth temperature (20°C), maximum growth was found in Aspergillus flavus (45 mg/50 ml/7 days) and lowest growth occurred in Alternaria alternata (35 mg/50 ml/7 days) while at maximum selected growth temperature (40°C) highest growth seen in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus (30 mg/50 ml/7 days) and no growth recorded in Alternaria alternata (00 mg/50 ml/7 days).

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Dhabaan, Ghulam, Julianne Kus, Deepali Kumar, Atul Humar, Shahid Husain, and Tony Mazzulli. "Molecular identification of Aspergillus fumigatus complex from lung transplant recipients using multilocus sequencing analysis (MLSA)." Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jammi-2021-0004.

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BACKGROUND: Aspergillus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality among lung transplant recipients (LTRs). It is primarily caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Other closely related species belonging to the section Fumigati have also been found. These cryptic species are often misidentified as A. fumigatus. Thus, we used multilocus sequencing analysis (MLSA) of the calmodulin, β-tubulin, and hydrophobin gene sequences to identify these species and to determine the frequency with which they occur among LTRs. METHODS: A total of 81 A. fumigatus isolates were initially isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or sputum specimens collected from lung transplant patients. These isolates were then sub-cultured and genotyped using MLSA. Of these isolates, 53, 17, and 11 were isolated from double LTRs, single LTRs, and pre-LTRs, respectively. RESULTS: All isolates (100%) carried DNA sequences identical to those of A. fumigatus reference strains and thus clustered in the same clade with A. fumigatus. Analysis of the MLSA data revealed that A. fumigatus species were the only species recovered in this population of LTRs. The MLSA results were consistent with those routinely obtained by conventional mycological procedures in the microbiology laboratory. CONCLUSIONS: A. fumigatus appears to be the primary causative agent of colonization or invasive aspergillosis among LTRs. No cryptic species were identified.

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Abdel Gawad, Khayria M. "Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 14, no. 6 (November 23, 2021): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2021.14.002043.

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Latgé, Jean-Paul. "Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 310–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.2.310.

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SUMMARY Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most ubiquitous of the airborne saprophytic fungi. Humans and animals constantly inhale numerous conidia of this fungus. The conidia are normally eliminated in the immunocompetent host by innate immune mechanisms, and aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, uncommon clinical syndromes, are the only infections observed in such hosts. Thus, A. fumigatus was considered for years to be a weak pathogen. With increases in the number of immunosuppressed patients, however, there has been a dramatic increase in severe and usually fatal invasive aspergillosis, now the most common mold infection worldwide. In this review, the focus is on the biology of A. fumigatus and the diseases it causes. Included are discussions of (i) genomic and molecular characterization of the organism, (ii) clinical and laboratory methods available for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, (iii) identification of host and fungal factors that play a role in the establishment of the fungus in vivo, and (iv) problems associated with antifungal therapy.

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Paris, Sophie, Deborah Wysong, Jean-Paul Debeaupuis, Kazutoshi Shibuya, Bruno Philippe, Richard D. Diamond, and Jean-Paul Latgé. "Catalases of Aspergillus fumigatus." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 6 (June 2003): 3551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.6.3551-3562.2003.

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ABSTRACT Upon infection of a host, the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is attacked by the reactive oxygen species produced by phagocytic cells. Detoxification of hydrogen peroxide by catalases was proposed as a way to overcome this host response. A. fumigatus produces three active catalases; one is produced by conidia, and two are produced by mycelia. The mycelial catalase Cat1p was studied previously. Here we characterized the two other catalases, their genes, and the phenotypes of gene-disrupted mutants. CatAp, a spore-specific monofunctional catalase, is resistant to heat, metal ions, and detergent. This enzyme is a dimeric protein with 84.5-kDa subunits. The 749-amino-acid polypeptide exhibits high levels of similarity to the Aspergillus nidulans CatA catalase and to bacterial catalase HPII of Escherichia coli. In spite of increased sensitivity to H2O2, killing of ΔcatA conidia by alveolar macrophages and virulence in animals were similar to the killing of conidia by alveolar macrophages and virulence in animals observed for the wild type. In contrast to the Cat1p and CatAp catalases, the mycelial Cat2p enzyme is a bifunctional catalase-peroxidase and is sensitive to heat, metal ions, and detergent. This enzyme, an 82-kDa monomer, is homologous to catalase-peroxidases of several fungi and bacteria. Surprisingly, mycelium of the double Δcat1Δcat2 mutant with no catalase activity exhibited only slightly increased sensitivity to H2O2 and was as sensitive to killing by polymorphonuclear neutrophils as mycelium of the wild-type strain. However, this mutant exhibited delayed infection in the rat model of aspergillosis compared to infection by the wild-type strain. These results indicate that conidial catalase is not a virulence factor and that mycelial catalases transiently protect the fungus from the host.

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Olver, William M. "The Aspergillus Fumigatus Problem." Compost Science & Utilization 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.1994.10757915.

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Hansen, M. Y., J. K. Wold, B. Smestad Paulsen, E. H. Cohen, and Å. Karlsson-Borgå. "Allergens in Aspergillus fumigatus." Allergy 49, no. 4 (April 1994): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb02655.x.

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Simenel, C., B. Coddeville, M. Delepierre, J. P. Latge, and T. Fontaine. "Glycosylinositolphosphoceramides in Aspergillus Fumigatus." Glycobiology 18, no. 1 (October 27, 2007): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwm122.

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Morelle, W., M. Bernard, J. P. Debeaupuis, M. Buitrago, M. Tabouret, and J. P. Latgé. "Galactomannoproteins of Aspergillus fumigatus." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 7 (July 2005): 1308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.7.1308-1316.2005.

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ABSTRACT Galactofuranose-containing molecules have been repeatedly shown to be important antigens among human fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus. Immunogenic galactofuran determinants have been poorly characterized chemically, however. We reported here the characterization of two glycoproteins of A. fumigatus with an N-glycan containing galactofuranose. These proteins are a phospholipase C and a phytase. Chemical characterization of the N-glycan indicates that it is a mixture of Hex5-13HexNAc2 oligosaccharides, the major molecular species corresponding to Hex6-8HexNAc2. The N-glycan contained one galactofuranose unit that was in a terminal nonreducing position attached to the 2 position of Man. This single terminal nonreducing galactofuranose is essential for the immunoreactivity of the N-glycans assessed either with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a tetra-β-1,5-galactofuran chain of galactomannan or with Aspergillus-infected patient sera.

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Ronning, Catherine M., Natalie D. Fedorova, Paul Bowyer, Richard Coulson, Gustavo Goldman, H. Stanley Kim, Geoffrey Turner, et al. "Genomics of Aspergillus fumigatus." Revista Iberoamericana de Micología 22, no. 4 (December 2005): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1130-1406(05)70047-4.

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Bassinet, L., J. P. Bouchara, S. Dominique, and S. Leroy. "Aspergillus fumigatus et mucoviscidose." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités 8, no. 3 (September 2016): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1877-1203(16)30090-8.

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Ferreiro, Lucía, M. Luisa Pérez del Molino, Marta Sonia González-Pérez, and Luis Valdés. "Empiema por Aspergillus fumigatus." Archivos de Bronconeumología 53, no. 7 (July 2017): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2016.11.009.

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Burnie, J. P., R. C. Matthews, I. Clark, and L. J. R. Milne. "Immunoblot fingerprinting Aspergillus fumigatus." Journal of Immunological Methods 118, no. 2 (March 1989): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(89)90004-5.

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Zhang, Jianhua, Eveline E. Snelders, Bas J. Zwaan, Sijmen E. Schoustra, Ed J. Kuijper, Maiken C. Arendrup, Willem J. G. Melchers, Paul E. Verweij, and Alfons J. M. Debets. "Relevance of heterokaryosis for adaptation and azole-resistance development in Aspergillus fumigatus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1896 (February 13, 2019): 20182886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2886.

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Aspergillus fumigatus causes a range of diseases in humans, some of which are characterized by fungal persistence. Aspergillus fumigatus , being a generalist saprotroph, may initially establish lung colonization due to its physiological versatility and subsequently adapt through genetic changes to the human lung environment and antifungal treatments. Human lung-adapted genotypes can arise by spontaneous mutation and/or recombination and subsequent selection of the fittest genotypes. Sexual and asexual spores are considered crucial contributors to the genetic diversity and adaptive potential of aspergilli by recombination and mutation supply, respectively. However, in certain Aspergillus diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, A. fumigatus may not sporulate but persist as a network of fungal mycelium. During azole therapy, such mycelia may develop patient-acquired resistance and become heterokaryotic by mutations in one of the nuclei. We investigated the relevance of heterokaryosis for azole-resistance development in A. fumigatus. We found evidence for heterokaryosis of A. fumigatus in patients with chronic Aspergillus diseases. Mycelium from patient-tissue biopsies segregated different homokaryons, from which heterokaryons could be reconstructed. Whereas all variant homokaryons recovered from the same patient were capable of forming a heterokaryon, those from different patients were heterokaryon-incompatible. We furthermore compared heterokaryons and heterozygous diploids constructed from environmental isolates with different levels of azole resistance. When exposed to azole, the heterokaryons revealed remarkable shifts in their nuclear ratio, and the resistance level of heterokaryons exceeded that of the corresponding heterozygous diploids.

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Tone, Kazuya, Junko Suzuki, Mohamed Mahdi Alshahni, Kazuyoshi Kuwano, and Koichi Makimura. "Species-specific detection of medically important aspergilli by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis." Medical Mycology 57, no. 6 (January 12, 2019): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myy128.

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AbstractChronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a common subtype of pulmonary aspergillosis and a life-threatening disease. However, its diagnosis remains difficult due to the lack of specific clinical features and radiologic findings, as well as the difficulty of isolating Aspergillus spp. We developed a novel species-specific detection method of medically important aspergilli using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for CPA. Specific LAMP primer sets for Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus nidulans were designed. The use of the LAMP assay was validated using respiratory specimens (CPA cases, n = 21; nonaspergillosis cases, n = 23). A total of 15 cases were positive in the CPA group (A. fumigatus, n = 5; A. flavus, n = 1; A. niger, n = 1; A. terreus, n = 7; A. nidulans, n = 1), but only three in the non-CPA group (A. niger, n = 2; A. terreus n = 1). The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of CPA by the LAMP system were 71.4% and 87.0%, respectively. In conclusion, we developed a species-specific detection approach for five medically important aspergilli using the LAMP method. The system showed high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of CPA.

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Raj, P., D. E. Stableforth, and D. W. Morgan. "A prospective study of nasal disease in adult cystic fibrosis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 114, no. 4 (April 2000): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215001905517.

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Twenty-six adult cystic fibrosis patients were studied to compare nasal disease with their laboratory correlates including skin testing, immunoglobulin and Aspergillus fumigatus precipitin levels, saccharin testing and sputum cultures. Six patients were asymptomatic and all of these had negative skin tests, normal IgE levels and negative Aspergillus fumigatus precipitins. Thirteen patients had rhinitis, 12 had positive skin-testing for common allergens, 10 elevated IgE levels and nine positive Aspergillus fumigatus precipitins. Seven patients had polyps, all had normal IgE levels and negative Aspergillus fumigatus precipitins, six had positive skin testing for common allergens. There also appeared to be a relationship between Pseudomonas spp. colonization and positive skin testing.

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Gresnigt, Mark S., Katharina L. Becker, Floris Leenders, M. Fernanda Alonso, Xiaowen Wang, Jacques F. Meis, Judith M. Bain, Lars P. Erwig, and Frank L. van de Veerdonk. "Differential Kinetics of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus Phagocytosis." Journal of Innate Immunity 10, no. 2 (December 16, 2017): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484562.

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Invasive aspergillosis mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients and is commonly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, while A.nidulans is rarely the causative agent. However, in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients, A. nidulans is a frequent cause of invasive aspergillosis and is associated with higher mortality. Immune recognition of A. nidulans was compared to A. fumigatus to offer an insight into why A. nidulans infections are prevalent in CGD. Live cell imaging with J774A.1 macrophage-like cells and LC3-GFP-mCherry bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) revealed that phagocytosis of A. nidulans was slower compared to A. fumigatus. This difference could be attributed to slower migration of J774A.1 cells and a lower percentage of migrating BMDMs. In addition, delayed phagosome acidification and LC3-associated phagocytosis was observed with A. nidulans. Cytokine and oxidative burst measurements in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed a lower oxidative burst upon challenge with A. nidulans. In contrast, A. nidulans induced significantly higher concentrations of cytokines. Collectively, our data demonstrate that A. nidulans is phagocytosed and processed at a slower rate compared to A. fumigatus, resulting in reduced fungal killing and increased germination of conidia. This slower rate of A. nidulans clearance may be permissive for overgrowth within certain immune settings.

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Pyrzak, Wioletta, Karen Y. Miller, and Bruce L. Miller. "Mating Type Protein Mat1-2 from Asexual Aspergillus fumigatus Drives Sexual Reproduction in Fertile Aspergillus nidulans." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 6 (February 1, 2008): 1029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00380-07.

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ABSTRACT The lack of an experimentally amenable sexual genetic system in Aspergillus fumigatus is a major limitation in the study of the organism's pathogenesis. A recent comparative genome analysis revealed evidence for potential sexuality in A. fumigatus. Homologs of mating type genes as well as other genes of the “sexual machinery” have been identified in anamorphic A. fumigatus. The mat1-2 gene encodes a homolog of MatA, an HMG box mating transcriptional factor (MatHMG) that regulates sexual development in fertile Aspergillus nidulans. In this study, the functionalities of A. fumigatus mat1-2 and the Mat1-2 protein were determined by interspecies gene exchange between sterile A. fumigatus and fertile A. nidulans. Ectopically integrated A. fumigatus mat1-2 (driven by its own promoter) was not functional in a sterile A. nidulans ΔmatA strain, and no sexual development was observed. In contrast, the A. fumigatus mat1-2 open reading frame driven by the A. nidulans matA promoter and integrated by homologous gene replacement at the matA locus was functional and conferred full fertility. This is the first report showing that cross species mating type gene exchange between closely related Ascomycetes did not function in sexual development. This is also the first report demonstrating that a MatHMG protein from an asexual species is fully functional, with viable ascospore differentiation, in a fertile homothallic species. The expression of mat1-2 was assessed in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. Our data suggest that mat1-2 may not be properly regulated to allow sexuality in A. fumigatus. This study provides new insights about A. fumigatus asexuality and also suggests the possibility for the development of an experimentally amenable sexual cycle.

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Arruda, L. K., B. J. Mann, and M. D. Chapman. "Selective expression of a major allergen and cytotoxin, Asp f I, in Aspergillus fumigatus. Implications for the immunopathogenesis of Aspergillus-related diseases." Journal of Immunology 149, no. 10 (November 15, 1992): 3354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.149.10.3354.

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Abstract Asp f I is a major 18-kDa Aspergillus fumigatus allergen and a member of the mitogillin family of cytotoxins. The nucleotide sequence of the Asp f I gene was determined by sequencing polymerase chain reaction products amplified from A. fumigatus spore DNA. The entire 678-bp DNA includes an 81-bp leader sequence, preceding the N-terminal alanine codon, a 52-bp intron, and a 444-bp open reading frame, encoding a 149-amino acid protein (M(r) 16,899), which is 99% homologous to mitogillin from Aspergillus restrictus. A mAb-based ELISA was used to compare Asp f I levels in spores, mycelia, and culture filtrate, and to determine the kinetics of allergen production. Disrupted hyphae or spore extracts had a 1000-fold lower level of Asp f I than culture filtrate, suggesting that germination of spores and growth of the fungus are essential for allergen production. Asp f I levels in A. fumigatus and A. restrictus peaked at day 3 (0.87 to 12.1 micrograms/ml), however, the allergen was not detected in Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus nidulans cultures (< 1.5 ng/ml) on either days 3 or 8. Northern analysis confirmed that Asp f I mRNA was detected only in A. fumigatus and A. restrictus, but not in the other four Aspergillus spp. Asp f I-specific DNA was generated after polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic mycelial DNA obtained from A. fumigatus and A. restrictus, but not from the other Aspergillus spp. The results show that Asp f I is selectively expressed in A. fumigatus, and suggest that this cytotoxin could be a specific virulence factor for A. fumigatus.

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Große, Verena, and Sven Krappmann. "The Asexual Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus Expresses Functional Determinants of Aspergillus nidulans Sexual Development." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 10 (August 29, 2008): 1724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00157-08.

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ABSTRACT The major fungal pathogen of humans, Aspergillus fumigatus, lacks a defined sexual cycle, although the presence of genes encoding putative mating type idiomorphs and regulators of Aspergillus sexual development heightens the potential for cryptic sexuality in this deuteromycete. To test the functionality of these genetic determinants, we transferred the alpha box-encoding mat1-1 idiomorph from an A. fumigatus isolate to the homothallic fertile species Aspergillus nidulans. Abundant formation of fruiting bodies (cleistothecia) containing viable ascospores establishes functionality of this mating type gene product in the transgenic strain. Using a similar approach, we also established that the conserved transcriptional regulator from A. fumigatus, the nsdD gene product, can act as a functional, positively acting factor for A. nidulans cleistothecium development; moreover, high-level expression of NsdD in the endogenous host A. fumigatus profoundly alters hyphal development by triggering the formation of coiled hyphae. Our findings demonstrate that the presumably asexual pathogen A. fumigatus encodes functional regulators of mating and sexual development, thereby potentiating the case for cryptic sexuality in this fungal pathogen.

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Szewczyk, Edyta, and Sven Krappmann. "Conserved Regulators of Mating Are Essential for Aspergillus fumigatus Cleistothecium Formation." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 5 (March 26, 2010): 774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00375-09.

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ABSTRACT Sexual reproduction of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus (teleomorph: Neosartorya fumigata) was assumed to be absent or cryptic until recently, when fertile crosses among geographically restricted environmental isolates were described. Here, we provide evidence for mating, fruiting body development, and ascosporogenesis accompanied by genetic recombination between unrelated, clinical isolates of A. fumigatus, and this evidence demonstrates the generality and reproducibility of this long-time-undisclosed phase in the life cycle of this heterothallic fungus. Successful mating requires the presence of both mating-type idiomorphs MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, as does expression of genes encoding factors presumably involved in this process. Moreover, analysis of an A. fumigatus mutant deleted for the nsdD gene suggests a role of this conserved regulator of cleistothecium development in hyphal fusion and hence heterokaryon formation.

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AL-Asadi, Zainab H. Abood. "Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 10, no. 04 (December 21, 2019): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.10.4.17.

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Aspergillosis refers to fungi infections of the respiratory tract caused by Aspergillus species, especially Aspergillus fumigatus. Infection of A. fumigatus was increased in the last few years due to either resistances to antibiotics or the influence of other factors such as other fungal infections. The present study aimed to review the impact of Aspergillus fumigatus in Aspergillosis cases, and study the role of Singleplex PCR for amplification of ITS1, ITS4 of rRNA gene in the detection of fungal isolate. In this study, One hundred sputum samples were collected from patients admitted to the specialize chest and respiratory diseases center / Baghdad who were suffering from respiratory problems. During these studied, molds were isolation and identification based on Conventional method (Direct microscopy by using 10% KOH, and fungal culture was done on Sabouraud Dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and on Czapek-Dox agar incubated at 37°C and examined for 3-7 days then macroscopic, microscopic examination of the colony by(lactophenol cotton blue stain )and molecular methods by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)technique for identification. The 10% KOH examination was positive for 35 cases, while laboratory culturing was positive for 53 cases. Aspergillus sp were isolated from 44(83%) patients; A. fumigatus was isolated in 23 (42. 4%) patients while A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus were isolated from 11 (20. 08%), (13. 2%) and 3 (5. 7%) patients respectively, also isolated Penicillium spp. at percentage 1(1. 9%). In this study. The ages of participants ranged from 10-70years with a mean age of 34years, the males were more susceptible to fungal infection, were recorded 35/53 (66. 3), compared to females were 18/53 (33. 96). The infection of fungi was more prevalent in ages 30-40recorded 26(53. 06%) followed by ages 40-50, 13(26. 5), while the lowest infection recorded in the age group 10- 20 years was 2(2. 04%). DNA isolated from twenty-three A. fumigatus isolates was used as a template, and the specific of oligonucleotide primer sequences were used in conventional PCR to detect the presence of internal transcribed spacer region ( ITS) region of the rRNA gene for Aspergillus fumigates. The results of the PCR amplification of the rRNA gene showed that this gene was present in 19 samples out 23 positive samples which isolation with a PCR product size of approximated 385 bp, while 4 samples out 23 positive samples showed negative results for the presence of this gene as indicated by the absence of the PCR products in their relevant lanes. Statistical analysis revealed that the PCR to have a sensitivity of 95. 1% in the detection of Aspergillus fumigatus in Aspergillosis cases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid, specific, and sensitive method to detect Aspergillus fumigatus in aspergillosis cases of humans.

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Mortensen, Klaus Leth, Emilia Mellado, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Juan Luis Rodriguez-Tudela, Helle Krogh Johansen, and Maiken Cavling Arendrup. "Environmental Study of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and Other Aspergilli in Austria, Denmark, and Spain." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 11 (August 30, 2010): 4545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00692-10.

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ABSTRACT A single mechanism of azole resistance was shown to predominate in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from the Netherlands, and a link to the use of azoles in the environment was suggested. To explore the prevalence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus and other aspergilli in the environment in other European countries, we collected samples from the surroundings of hospitals in Copenhagen, Innsbruck, and Madrid, flowerbeds in an amusement park in Copenhagen, and compost bags purchased in Austria, Denmark, and Spain and screened for azole resistance using multidish agars with itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole. EUCAST method E.DEF 9.1 was used to confirm azole resistance. The promoter and entire coding sequence of the cyp51A gene were sequenced to identify azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. A. fumigatus was recovered in 144 out of 185 samples (77.8%). Four A. fumigatus isolates from four Danish soil samples displayed elevated azole MICs (8%), and all harbored the same TR/L98H mutation of cyp51A. One A. lentulus isolate with voriconazole MIC of 4 mg/liter was detected in Spain. No azole-resistant aspergilli were detected in compost. Finally, A. terreus was present in seven samples from Austria. Multi-azole-resistant A. fumigatus is present in the environment in Denmark. The resistance mechanism is identical to that of environmental isolates in the Netherlands. No link to commercial compost could be detected. In Spain and Austria, only Aspergillus species with intrinsic resistance to either azoles or amphotericin B were found.

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Lisu, Marlina, Hartati Hartati, and Sulfiani Sulfiani. "Identifikasi Jamur Aspergillus Sp pada Roti Tawar Setelah Melewati Masa Kadaluarsa Selama Tiga Hari di Daerah Antang Kota Makassar." Jurnal Penelitian Inovatif 3, no. 2 (August 9, 2023): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54082/jupin.190.

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Roti tawar merupakan pangan yang banyak dikonsumsi manusia sebagai pengganti nasi. Roti tawar dapat bertahan tidak lebih dari seminggu sehingga mudah ditumbuhi oleh mikroorganisme seperti jamur. Roti tawar kadaluarsa ini didapatkan dari salah satu toko di Daerah Antang Kota Makassar. Jamur yang biasanya mengkontaminasi roti tawar adalah Aspergillus sp yaitu jamur yang mampu menghasilkan aflatoksin yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat jamur Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger dan Aspergillus fumigatus pada roti tawar yang telah kadaluarsa selama tiga hari. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan yaitu 10 roti dari lima merk roti tawar yang berbeda, diambil secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada roti tawar yang telah kadaluarsa selama tiga hari ditemukan adanya pertumbuhan jamur Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus dan Aspergillus fumigatus. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pada roti tawar yang telah kadaluarsa selama tiga hari ditemukan adanya jamur Aspergillus sp, yaitu jenis Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger dan Aspergillus fumigatus.

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Serrano, Rita, Leonor Gusmão, António Amorim, and Ricardo Araujo. "Rapid identification of Aspergillus fumigatus within the section Fumigati." BMC Microbiology 11, no. 1 (2011): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-82.

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Hissen, Anna H. T., Adrian N. C. Wan, Mark L. Warwas, Linda J. Pinto, and Margo M. Moore. "The Aspergillus fumigatus Siderophore Biosynthetic Gene sidA, Encoding l-Ornithine N5-Oxygenase, Is Required for Virulence." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 9 (September 2005): 5493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.9.5493-5503.2005.

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ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the leading cause of invasive mold infection and is a serious problem in immunocompromised populations worldwide. We have previously shown that survival ofA. fumigatusin serum may be related to secretion of siderophores. In this study, we identified and characterized thesidAgene ofA. fumigatus, which encodesl-ornithineN5-oxygenase, the first committed step in hydroxamate siderophore biosynthesis.A. fumigatus sidAcodes for a protein of 501 amino acids with significant homology to other fungall-ornithineN5-oxygenases. A stable ΔsidAstrain was created by deletion ofA. fumigatus sidA. This strain was unable to synthesize the siderophoresN′,N",N‴-triacetylfusarinine C (TAF) and ferricrocin. Growth of the ΔsidAstrain was the same as that of the wild type in rich media; however, the ΔsidAstrain was unable to grow in low-iron defined media or media containing 10% human serum unless supplemented with TAF or ferricrocin. No significant differences in ferric reduction activities were observed between the parental strain and the ΔsidAstrain, indicating that blocking siderophore secretion did not result in upregulation of this pathway. Unlike the parental strain, the ΔsidAstrain was unable to remove iron from human transferrin. A rescued strain (ΔsidA + sidA) was constructed; it produced siderophores and had the same growth as the wild type on iron-limited media. Unlike the wild-type and rescued strains, the ΔsidAstrain was avirulent in a mouse model of invasive aspergillosis, indicating thatsidAis necessary forA. fumigatusvirulence.

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Nargesi, Sanaz, Reza Valadan, Mahdi Abastabar, Saeed Kaboli, Jose Thekkiniath, and Mohammad Taghi Hedayati. "A Whole Genome Sequencing-Based Approach to Track Down Genomic Variants in Itraconazole-Resistant Species of Aspergillus from Iran." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8101091.

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The antifungal resistance in non-fumigatus Aspergillus spp., as well as Aspergillus fumigatus, poses a major therapeutic challenge which affects the entire healthcare community. Mutation occurrence of cyp51 gene paralogs is the major cause of azole resistance in Aspergillus spp.,. To obtain a full map of genomic changes, an accurate scan of the entire length of the Aspergillus genome is necessary. In this study, using whole genome sequencing (WGS) technique, we evaluated the mutation in cyp51A, cyp51B, Cdr1B, AtrR, Hmg1, HapE and FfmA genes in different clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus welwitschiae and Aspergillus terreus which responded to minimum inhibitory concentrations of itraconazole above 16 µg mL−1. We found different nonsynonymous mutations in the cyp51A, cyp51B, Cdr1B, AtrR, Hmg1, HapE and FfmA gene loci. According to our findings, Aspergillus species isolated from different parts of the world may represent different pattern of resistance mechanisms which may be revealed by WGS.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aspergillus fumigatus'

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