Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aspergillus niger

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Aspergillus niger'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Aspergillus niger"

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Banson, A., S. O. Ajeighe, and M. A. Ajayi. "Studies on the Control of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi Isolated from Sorghum Sold in Bida, Niger State Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 7 (2023): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i7.10.

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Sorghum is an important crop in Africa including Nigeria, Mali and Niger. Fungi contaminate grains including sorghum with fungal poisonous secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. The objectives of this study are the isolation of fungi associated with sorghum in storage and assay for the presence of mycotoxins in stored sorghum. Data obtained showed that stored sorghum used in this study contains Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergilus oryzae, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus niger, Aspergilus solani, Aspergilus terreus and Fusarium oxysposum. Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium oxysporum produced zearalenone while Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus solani and Aspergillus tereus produced aflatoxins B1. Fumanisin B1 and aflatoxinB1 were produced by Aspergillus flavus. Alium sativum and Zingiber officinale exhibited antifungal activity against the test fungi. This research work will provide a long term economic impact in reducing mycotoxicoses which are acute and chronic toxic diseases caused by mycotoxins. The findings will also serve the purpose of alerting consumers on the dangers of consuming poorly stored sorghum.
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Rohmi, Rohmi, Zainal Fikri, and Ni Ketut Riska Pujasari. "Ubi Jalar Putih (Ipomoea Batatas L.) Media Alternatif Pertumbuhan Aspergillus Niger." Jurnal Kesehatan Prima 13, no. 2 (2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v13i2.234.

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Jamur Aspergilus niger menghasilkan alergan yang menyebabkan reaksi alergi, yaitu dapat menyebabkan reaksi hipersensitivitas seperti asma dan alveolitis pada manusia. Ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) mengandung karbohidrat yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti sumber karbohidrat pada media PDA. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Penggunaan ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) sebagai media alternatif pertumbuhan jamur Aspergillus niger. Penelitian ini bersifat true eksperimet dengan menggunakan 6 replikasi dan 4 perlakuan yaitu media PDA sebagai kontrol, media tepung ubi jalar putih dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20%, dan 30%. Hasil uji laboratorium pada media PDA pertumbuhan diameter jamur Aspergilus niger adalah 43.5 mm dengan sporulasi lebat dan miselium tebal, pada media alternatif tepung ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) pada konsentrasi 10% memiliki pertumbuhan diameter jamur Aspergilus niger adalah 40.8 mm dengan sporulasi tipis dan miselium putih tipis, pada media alternatif tepung ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) pada konsentrasi 20% memiliki pertumbuhan diameter jamur Aspergilus niger adalah 57 mm dengan sporulasi cukup lebat dan miselium putih tipis, dan pada media alternatif tepung ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) pada konsentrasi 30% memiliki pertumbuhan diameter jamur Aspergilus niger adalah 37.5 mm dengan sporulasi cukup lebat dan miselium putih tipis. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tepung ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) dapat digunakan sebagai media alternatif untuk pertumbuhan Aspergillus niger.
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Nisak, Rohmatin, Farida Fathul, Erwanto Erwanto, and Liman Liman. "PENGARUH LAMA FERMENTASI DAUN NANAS DAN Aspergillus niger TERHADAP KECERNAAN BAHAN ORGANIK DAN SERAT KASAR SECARA IN VITRO." Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan (Journal of Research and Innovation of Animals) 7, no. 4 (2023): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2023.7.4.488-495.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dan kombinasi terbaik antara lama fermentasi dan level pemberian Aspergillus niger pada daun nanas terhadap kecernaan bahan organik dan serat kasar secara in vitro. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan pada Januari 2022-Maret 2022 bertempat di Laboratorium Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak dan Laboratorium Ilmu Nutrisi Ternak Perah, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial yang terdiri dari 3x3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan sehingga terdapat 27 unit satuan percobaan. Perlakuan yang digunakan yaitu D0L0 (level Aspergillus niger 0% tanpa difermentasi), D0L1 (level Aspergillus niger 0% dengan lama fermentasi 6 hari), D0L2 (level Aspergillus niger 0% dengan lama fermentasi 12 hari), D1L0 (level Aspergillus niger 2% tanpa difermentasi), D1L1 (level Aspergillus niger 2% dengan lama fermentasi 6 hari), D1L2 (level Aspergillus niger 2% dengan lama fermentasi 12 hari), D2L0 (level Aspergillus niger 4% tanpa difermentasi), D2L1 (level Aspergillus niger 4% dengan lama fermentasi 6 hari, dan D2L2 (level Aspergillus niger 4% dengan lama fermentasi 12 hari). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis ragam pada taraf nyata 5% dan atau 1% dan dilanjutkan menggunakan uji BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil). Hasil penelitian terdapat interaksi yang berbeda nyata antara lama fermentasi dan level pemberian Aspergillus niger terhadap Kecernaan Bahan Organik dan Serat Kasar. Kombinasi perlakuan terbaik yaitu pada perlakuan D2L0 (level Aspergillus niger 4% tanpa fermentasi) terhadap Kecernaan Bahan Organik sebesar 55,02% dan perlakuan D0L2 (level Aspergillus niger 0% + fermentasi 12 hari) terhadap Kecernaan Serat Kasar sebesar 66,39%.
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Irmawati, Irmawati, Muhtarudin Muhtarudin, Rudy Sutrisna, and Farida Fathul. "PENGARUH LAMA FERMENTASI DAUN NANAS MENGGUNAKAN Aspergillus niger DENGAN LEVEL BERBEDA TERHADAP KONSENTRASI VFA DAN NH3 SECARA IN VITRO." Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan (Journal of Research and Innovation of Animals) 7, no. 4 (2023): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2023.7.4.505-513.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terbaik antara lama fermentasi dan level pemberian Aspergillus niger pada daun nanas terhadap konsentrasi VFA dan NH3 secara In Vitro. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Januari-Maret 2022 bertempat di Laboratorium Ilmu Nutrisi Ternak Perah, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial yang terdiri dari 3x3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan sehingga terdapat 27 unit satuan percobaan. Perlakuan yang digunakan yaitu D0L0 (level Aspergillus niger 0% dengan lama fermentasi 0 hari), D0L1 (level Aspergillus niger 0% dengan lama fermentasi 6 hari), D0L2 (level Aspergillus niger 0% dengan lama fermentasi 12 hari), D1L0 (level Aspergillus niger 2% dengan lama fermentasi 0 hari), D1L1 (level Aspergillus niger 2% dengan lama fermentasi 6 hari), D1L2 (level Aspergillus niger 2% dengan lama fermentasi 12 hari), D2L0 (level Aspergillus niger 4% dengan lama fermentasi 0 hari), D2L1 (level Aspergillus niger 4% dengan lama fermentasi 6 hari) dan D2L2 (level Aspergillus niger 4% dengan lama fermentasi 12 hari). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis ragam pada taraf nyata 5% dan atau 1% dan dilanjutkan menggunakan uji BNT. Hasil penelitian terdapat interaksi yang berbeda sangat nyata antara lama fermentasi dan level pemberian Aspergillus niger terhadap konsentrasi VFA dan NH3. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi pengaruh terbaik level Aspergillus niger 4% dengan lama fermentasi 0 hari terhadap konsentrasi VFA sebesar 121,73 mM dan kombinasi level Aspergillus niger 0%, 2%, 4% dengan lama fermentasi 0 hari pada konsentrasi NH3 sebesar 10.55, 10.65 dan 10.80 mM.
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KATAYAMA, Kan, Tsuyoshi NAKAYAMA, Sukenari KOYABU, Tomoyasu TAGAMI, Shinsuke NOMURA, and Takeshi NAKANO. "Pulmonary Aspergillus niger." Internal Medicine 42, no. 9 (2003): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.42.912.

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Wuryanti, Wuryanti. "Pengaruh Penambahan Biotin Pada Media Pertumbuhan Terhadap Produksi Sel Aspergillus niger." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 10, no. 2 (2012): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.10.2.46-50.

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Aspergillus niger is one of microorganisms which has potensial as L-asparaginase source. Biotin are vitamins soluble in water and have function to facilitate the increasing cell growth. The research has purposes to determine the influences of adding biotin into growing medium of Aspergillus niger to its cell production. The results from research show that the optimum incubation time for producing biomass weight of Aspergillus niger was at the 48th hour. Addition of biotin 0.1 mg/L into growing medium of Aspergillus niger might increase biomass weight of Aspergillus niger until 40.17 %.
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Muwakhid, Badat, Umi Kalsum, and Rifa'i Rifa'i. "Kualitas Jerami Jagung (Zea mays) yang di Fermentasi Dengan Aspergillus niger Sebagai Pakan Ternak." Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis 6, no. 2 (2023): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jnt.2023.006.02.4.

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Peningkatan kualitas pakan berbahan baku jerami jagung dapat dilakukan dengan pengolahan menggunakan teknologi fermentasi menggunakan kapang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas jerami jagung yang telah diberikan perlakuan fermentasi dengan menggunakan Aspergillus niger. Materi pada penelitian ini menggunakan jerami jagung dan Aspergillus niger. Percobaan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode rancangan acak lengkap. Berdasarkan perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu P0 (kontrol), P1 (Aspergillus niger 105 CFU per gram bahan segar), P2 (Aspergillus niger 106 CFU per gram bahan segar) dan P3 (Aspergillus niger 107 CFU per gram bahan segar). Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa perlakuan pemberian Aspergillus niger memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan secara nyata (P<0,01) terhadap kadar BO, SK, NDF, ADF, selulosa, BETN, serta kecernaan BK dan BO, sedangkan perlakuan tersebut memberikan pengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap kandungan BK jerami jagung. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, jumlah penambahan Aspergillus niger 107 per gram bahan segar dalam fermentasi jerami jagung memberikan hasil yang paling baik terhadap kualitas pakan yang dihasilkan.
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Mazhar, Modasarah. "GAMMA RAYS MUTAGENESIS OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER FOR HYPERPRODUCTION OF MUTAROTASE." Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences 2 (2012): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21065/19257430.173.2.

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Aspergillus niger was subjected to gamma rays mutagenesis at different dose rates (40 to 120 k.Rads). The mutant strains of Aspergillus niger were isolated and selected by random screening method. The selected mutant derived strains were compared with parent type of Aspergillus niger for enhanced production potential of mutarotase. A mutant strain of Aspergillus niger with maximum production potential of mutarotase was finally selected.
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Saurabh, Patil, Sufiyan Mohammed, Anwer Zahid, and Aman B. Upaganlawar Dr. "Pharmacological & Anti-fungal Activity of Garlic (Allium Sativum)." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 11 (2022): 1724–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7480890.

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Due to the growing problem of antifungal resistance as well as the scarcity of antifungals, the prevalence of fungal diseases is rising. As with some fungi that have a negative impact on human health, like Candida albicans, or their useful plants, like Aspergillus niger. Aspergillus niger as well as Candida albicans, two fungi that have been reported, were examined in the current investigation using crushed garlic cloves from of the Sudanese variety. This finding demonstrates that garlic juice has an audible high activity against fungus like Candida albicans and Aspergillus nigar. We have now established the potent antifungal properties of garlic juice. We established that garlic has significant therapeutic properties.
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Ngo, Nha Minh, and Thu Thi Thanh Dong. "STUDYING THE EXTRACTION AND THE IMMOBILIZATION GLUCOAMYLASE FROM ASPERGILLUS NIGER AND ASPERGILLUS AWAMORI ON KAOLIN." Science and Technology Development Journal 12, no. 4 (2009): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i4.2233.

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Nowadays the immobilized enzyme used universally in industrials thanked to capability re-use and industrial process control capability by enzyme. This research studying the receiving and the immobilization glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori on kaolin. Activity of enzyme glucoamylase extract from Aspergillus niger is 143325, 62 UI/ g-product enzyme and Aspergillus awamori 133418, 20 UI/ g-enzyme product. Examination the time of support-enzyme, activity of enzyme glucoamylase extract from Aspergillus niger is highest at 50 and from Aspergillus awamori is 40 minutes. The suitable mass of kaolin is 1g/0,1g enzymes The capability re-use of the immobilized enzyme glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger is higher than the immobilized enzyme from Aspergillus awamori.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aspergillus niger"

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Hayer, Kimran. "Germination of Aspergillus niger conidia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14292/.

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Aspergillus niger is a black-spored filamentous fungus that forms asexual spores called conidospores (‘conidia’). Germination of conidia, leading to the formation of hyphae, is initiated by conidial swelling and mobilisation of endogenous carbon and energy stores, followed by polarisation and emergence of a hyphal germ tube. These morphological and biochemical changes which define the model of germination have been studied with the aim of understanding how conidia sense and utilise different soluble carbon sources for germination. Microscopy and flow cytometry were used to track the morphological changes and results showed that the germination of A. niger conidia was quicker and more homogenous in rich media than in minimal media. The germination of conidia was also shown to be quicker in the presence of D-glucose than D-xylose. In the absence of a carbohydrate, no visual indicators of germination were evident. Added to this, the metabolism of internal storage compounds was shown to only occur in the presence of a suitable carbon source. Specific environmental carbon sources may therefore serve as triggers of germination, i.e. to initiate the catabolism of stores such as D-trehalose and the swelling of conidia. Studies carried out using D-glucose analogues identified the structural features of sugars that trigger or support conidial germination. These studies showed that the arrangement of atoms on carbons 3 and 4, on the pyranose ring structure of D-glucose, are essential to serve as a trigger of germination. The trigger step preceeds, and is separate from, the energy generation step that supports the continued outgrowth. Transcriptomic studies found that the most significant changes were associated with the breaking of dormancy. The data also revealed that fermentative metabolism present at the early stages of spore germination is rapidly replaced by respiratory metabolism.
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Ozturk, Alev Deniz. "Production Of Tannase By Aspergillus Niger." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607444/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT PRODUCTION OF TANNASE BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER &Ouml<br>zt&uuml<br>rk, Alev Deniz M.S., Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ufuk Bakir Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. B. Z&uuml<br>mr&uuml<br>t &Ouml<br>gel August 2006, 90 pages In this study, a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger was evaluated in terms of extracellular tannase production. The effect of tannic acid, glucose and nitrogen sources on tannase and biomass productions was investigated and their concentrations were optimized. The highest enzyme activity was recorded as 316 U/ml in the optimized medium containing 8% Tannic acid, 1% Glucose, 0.4% (NH4)2HPO4, 0.1% K2HPO4, 0.1% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.01% ZnSO4.7H2O, 0.0005% NaCl in a shake-flask bioreactor at 35oC and 175 rpm. The bioreaction profile including tannic acid, gallic acid, pyrogallol, glucose concentrations, pH, biomass and extracellular tannase production were determined under the optimized conditions. The maximum extracellular tannase activity (316 U/ml) was observed on the 4th day of cultivation. However, biomass continued to increase up to the 9th day of fermentation. Increase in biomass concentration during the first two days and after the 7th day was high. The microorganism used tannic acid and glucose during the first two days by considering the sharp decrease in tannic acid and glucose concentrations. The increase in biomass concentration after the 7th day was directly proportional to the decrease in pyrogallol concentration in this period of time. The pH of the cultivation medium decreased from 5.5 to 2.3 owing to the assimilation of glucose and the production of gallic acid. Keywords: Tannase, Aspergillus niger, Enzyme production, Cultivation profile, Tannic acid.
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Harvey, Anna Ross. "Oxidative protein folding in Aspergillus niger." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523081.

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Plumridge, Andrew. "Sorbic acid stress in Aspergillus niger." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438287.

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King, Andrew. "The biodegradation of nepheline by Aspergillus niger." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37745.

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Raulo, Roxane. "Expression of glycoside hydrolases in Aspergillus niger." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32140/.

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Enzymes from filamentous fungi have a key role in degradation of the most abundant biopolymers found in nature, cellulose and hemicelluloses. For this reason, these enzymes are of great interest in the industrial conversion of lignocellulosic substrates into biofuels. The production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level in filamentous fungi but little is known about the signalling pathways and transcription factors (TFs) involved in this regulation in Aspergillus niger. RNA-sequencing analysis has been previously carried out to investigate the transcriptional changes that occur when A. niger is transferred from the simple carbon source glucose onto the complex lignocellulosic biomass wheat straw. This has highlighted the up-regulation in transcript level of genes encoding some glycosyl hydrolase (GH) enzymes as well as hydrophobic surface interacting proteins (HSIPs) that may be involved in the interface between lignocellulosic biomass and A. niger. Genes encoding the key TFs XlnR, ClrA and ClrB were deleted from A. niger and the resulting strains were assessed for growth on glucose and wheat straw, transcription of genes encoding glycosyl hydrolases and saccharification activity. Growth of all mutant strains, based in straw on measurement of pH and assay of glucosamine, was impaired in relation to the wild-type (WT) strain although deletion of clrA had less effect than deletion of xlnR or clrB. Release of sugars from wheat straw was also lowered when culture filtrates from TF deletion strains were compared with WT culture filtrates. Transcript levels of cbhA, bglB, eglC and xynA were measured in all strains in glucose and wheat straw media in batch culture with and without pH control. Transcript levels from cbhA, bglB and eglC were lowered in all mutant strains compared to WT although the impact of deleting clrA was not pronounced with expression of eglC and had no effect on xynA. The impact on transcription was not related to changes in pH. In addition to impaired growth on wheat straw, the ΔxlnR strain was sensitive to oxidative stress and displayed cell wall defects in the glucose condition suggesting additional roles for XlnR. Phosphorylation is a key reversible modification that regulates protein function, subcellular localization, complex formation, activation of TFs and cell signalling pathways. A phosphoproteomic study was carried out on both the WT and the ΔxlnR deletion strains of A. niger in order to identify key regulators of the signalling pathways involved in the breakdown of a lignocellulosic substrate, wheat straw. The analysis consisted of comparing the phosphoproteome profiles of the strains when grown in glucose with the phosphoproteome profile of the same strains when exposed to wheat straw for 6h, 12h and 24h. The results suggested a difference in the phosphoproteome profiles of the two strains when exposed to both glucose and wheat straw. These data may provide new information on the importance of XlnR in the regulation of expression of GHs but also in controlling the environment to which A. niger is exposed depending on the nutrient availability. To investigate the role of HSIPs in the induction of A. niger response to wheat straw, single gene deletion strains for hfbD, hyp1 and hsbA as well as the double deletion strain for hfbD and hyp1 have been constructed. The expression of some genes encoding GH enzymes was then followed in these strains using qRT-PCR. The results showed that the transcript levels of the GH genes studied were lowered in the HSIPs deletion strains when compared to the wild-type strain, when the cultures were transferred from glucose medium to wheat straw. These results suggest that HSIPs may have a role in the utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass in A. niger. The precise nature of such a role as well as the characterisation of new TFs, such as ClrB, provides new areas of improvement for industrial processes for production of second generation biofuels.
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Dave, Anoushka. "Stress of protein production in Aspergillus niger." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398502.

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GRIVEL, FRANCK. "Biotransformation de la -ionone par aspergillus niger." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF22176.

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Le travail presente porte sur l'etude de la biotransformation de la -ionone par aspergillus niger ifo 8541, reaction qui conduit majoritairement a la formation de derives hydroxyles. La caracterisation du comportement du precurseur en phase aqueuse aeree revele que le systeme est en realite de nature biphasique ; un phenomene d'autooxydation ainsi qu'un entrainement important dans le flux gazeux issu du bioreacteur sont egalement mis en evidence. L'analyse des transferts entre phases revele que le solute pur transite par le gaz avant d'alimenter le milieux aqueux. La composition du milieu de culture influe a la fois sur la composition et la vitesse de croissance du champignon filamenteux. Le deroulement d'une biotransformation, qui s'effectue avec le microorganisme immobilise dans des particules d'alginate de calcium, met en uvre une periode d'adaptation du champignon filamenteux suivie d'une phase de biotransformation pure, se deroulant avec un rendement quantitatif. Le procede permet d'obtenir environ 2 g/l de metabolites en 400 h de culture.
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Косоголова, Людмила Олексіївна, Оксана Олександрівна Беденко, З. Н. Романова та Т. С. Веселовська. "Вплив наносрібла на протеолітичну активність aspergillus niger". Thesis, Мегапринт, 2013. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/10108.

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Mérit, Xavier. "Protéines G et glycosylation chez Aspergillus niger." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10086.

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Nous avons mis en evidence chez aspergillus niger, une activite gtpase qui est souvent une des fonctions des proteines g, connues pour fixer et hydrolyser le gtp. L'utilisation d'analogues non hydrolysables du gtp et du gdp a permis d'etudier les modalites de leur fixation et la localisation des proteines impliquees. Un fractionnement cellulaire met en evidence des localisations distinctes pour ces proteines particulieres. En effet, apres electrotransfert sur nitrocellulose, les anticorps anti-site de fixation du gtp revelent l'existence de 6 proteines g dans le cytosol. Une separation des fractions membranaires montre l'existence d'une seule proteine g dans les vesicules legeres. Trois msont localisees dans le rel, deux dans le rer et une seule dans la membrane plasmique. Les proteines de la moisissure different des proteines g classiques de la membrane plasmique. Les proteines de la moisissure different des proteines g classiques de la membrane plasmique par leur masse moleculaire plus faible (moins de 20 kda) ce qui les rangent dans la famille des petites proteines g. La fraction contenant les membranes du rel hydrolyse non seulement le gtp, mais aussi le gdp, ce qui n'est pas classique. Cette fraction presente la plus forte activite dolp-mannose synthetase. Cet enzyme intervient lors de la biosynthese des glycoproteines (a partir de gdp-mannose) qui est un processus membranaire mettant en jeu un intermediaire lipidique: le dolp-mannose. Le gdp, produit de la reaction, inhibe totalement la synthese du mannolipide. Ainsi, toute proteine modulant la quantite de gdp au niveau du site de biosynthese des glycoproteines possede un role de regulation, qui du reste, est souvent associe aux proteines g
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Books on the topic "Aspergillus niger"

1

Rashid, R. A study of the morphological development of Aspergillus Niger. UMIST, 1993.

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Podgórski, Waldemar. Kształtowanie aktywności oddechowej i kwasotwórczej Aspergillus niger podczas produkcji kwasu cytrynowego w podłożach z melasą trzcinową. Wydawn. Akademii Ekonomicznej im. Oskara Langego we Wrocławiu, 2002.

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Luciana Maria S. de Mesquita. Bleaching of brazilian kaolins by using organic acids and fermented medium. MCT, CNPq, CETEM, 1996.

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Luciana Maria S. de Mesquita. Bleaching of brazilian kaolins by using organic acids and fermented medium. MCT, CNPq, CETEM, 1996.

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Hayden, Nicholas Joseph. Investigation of the biology, epidemiology and control of black mould (Aspergillus niger) on onions (Allium cepa). University of Birmingham, 1990.

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Baughan, Eva. Aspergillus Niger: Pathogenicity, Cultivation and Uses. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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Aspergillus Niger: Pathogenicity, Cultivation and Uses. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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Smith, Stephanie J., Rohini J. Manuel, and Christopher C. Kibbler. Aspergillus species. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0010.

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There are more than 200 Aspergillus species, with over 30 known to be human pathogens. The fungus is also commercially important. Aspergillus niger is the source of enzymes such as amylases, lipases, and proteases and is used to produce the majority of the world’s citric acid. Diseases caused by Aspergillus species can vary widely, from superficial colonization to invasive and allergic disease. Mortality from invasive disease remains high, despite an increase in the number of antifungals available for therapy. Azole resistance is increasing, especially in Europe, and appears to be related to the use of azoles for agriculture.
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Schenker, Robert. Zur Kenntnis der Lipase Von Aspergillus Niger (van Tiegh). Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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Seehaus, Cornelia. Charakterisierung von Transportsystemen für Mangan bei Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414. 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aspergillus niger"

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Takahashi, Kenji, N. Kagami, X. P. Huang, M. Kojima, and H. Inoue. "Aspergillus niger Acid Proteinase A." In Aspartic Proteinases. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5373-1_38.

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Tsang, Adrian, Annie Bellemare, Corinne Darmond, and Janny Bakhuis. "Genetic and Genomic Manipulations in Aspergillus niger." In Fungal Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10503-1_20.

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Mattern, Ineke, Wim van Hartingsveldt, Cora van Zeijl, et al. "New Gene-Transfer Systems for Aspergillus niger." In Extracellular Enzymes of Microorganisms. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1274-1_7.

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Kapoor, A., and T. Viraraghavan. "Biosorption of heavy metals by Aspergillus niger." In Global Environmental Biotechnology. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1711-3_13.

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Acosta-Rodriguez, Ismael, Juan F. Cardenas-González, María de Guadalupe Moctezuma-Zárate, Adriana Rodriguez Perez, and Victor M. Martínez-Juárez. "Hexavalent Chromium (VI) Removal by Aspergillus niger." In Handbook of Metal-Microbe Interactions and Bioremediation. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153353-47.

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Zhang, Jinxiang, Yijun Huang, and Huaming Wang. "Heterologous Expression of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in Aspergillus niger." In Fungal Cellulolytic Enzymes. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0749-2_8.

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Bailey, Michael J., and Heikki Ojamo. "Downstream Processing of Extracellular Enzymes of Aspergillus Niger." In Separations for Biotechnology 2. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0783-6_56.

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Toniazzo, Geciane, Débora de Oliveira, Cláudio Dariva, Enrique Guillermo Oestreicher, and Octávio A. C. Antunes. "Biotransformation of (−)β-Pinene by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642." In Twenty-Sixth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-991-2_71.

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Ranjbar, M., E. Aghaie, M. R. Hosseini, M. Pazouki, and F. Ghavipanjeh. "Optimization of Kaolin Bioleaching by Aspergillus niger." In Advanced Materials Research. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-452-9.115.

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Arshad Anwer, Md, Kundan Singh, and Raj Narain Singh. "Aspergillus niger: A phosphate solubilizing fungus as biocontrol agent." In Biopesticides and Bioagents. Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365558-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aspergillus niger"

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Vassilev, Nikolay, Luis Garcia del Moral Garrido, Vanessa Martos Nunes, Giuseppe Falvo D�Urso Labate, and Maria Vassileva. "GLYCEROL-BASED FERMENTATION BY PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING ASPERGILLUS NIGER FOR ITS FURTHER FORMULATION AND APPLICATION IN TOMATO GROWTH." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/6.1/s25.24.

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Sustainable crop production includes methods of growing food in a responsible manner avoiding application and dependence on chemically produced fertilizers and pesticides. The latter means development of approaches that lead to environmentally mild inputs based on the production-consumption-recycling principle. Biofertilizers are an important tool to achieve sustainable crop production. In this work, we report the results of experiments on growth and spore/mycelium production of plant growth promoting A. niger applying standard nutritional medium (potato-dextrose broth, PDB) enriched with 3% insoluble phosphate (20 to 200 mesh hydroxyapatite of animal-bone origin, HABO) and 0 to 80 g/L glycerol (a by-product of biodiesel production. Results showed the ability of A. niger to acidify the medium with the highest titratable acidity of 28.9 mmol/1 (at 5% of glycerol) and solubilize animal bone char under these conditions. As a second stage of the experimental work, the resulting final products were used to formulate gel-based inoculant. Both, the spores and mycelium produced during the fermentation process were further used as a base for formulation to make the biofertilizer production the key in the Sustainable Agriculture. Storage of the resulting products reported here was facilitated by the presence of glycerol in the formulation system.
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Animashahun, Razaq, Samuel Olawoye, Olayinka Alabi, Funmilayo Okeniyi, Adedeji Animashahun, and Precious Oluwafemi. "Optimization of temperature in Aspergillus niger (USM F4) assisted solid state fermentation for protein enrichment of wheat bran." In 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seb4sdg60871.2024.10629991.

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Vassileva, Maria. "COMPATIBILITY OF P-SOLUBILIZING ASPERGILLUS NIGER WITH BIOEFFECTORS." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/61/s25.079.

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L., Yeo S., Shazilah K., Suhaila S., Abu Bakar F. D., and Murad A. M. A. "In-silico analysis of Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidases." In THE 2014 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2014 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4895257.

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Hertwig, Aline Morgan von, Maristela da Silva do Nascimento, Maria Helena Pelegrinelli Fungaro, and Marta Hiromi Taniwaki. "Real-Time Pcr for Identification of Aspergillus Niger." In XII Latin American Congress on Food Microbiology and Hygiene. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/foodsci-microal-077.

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W. Hadi, Huda, and Nadeem A. Ramadan. "Genetic effect of Trichodermaharzianum suspension on Aspergillus niger." In The 6th International Conference of Biotechnology, Environment and Engineering Sciences. SRO media, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46617/icbe6009.

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SOARES, T. L. D., K. F. S. KELLY, I. R. BARBOSA, et al. "IMOBILIZAÇÃO DE LIPASE DE Aspergillus niger POR ADSORÇÃO." In XX Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Química. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chemeng-cobeq2014-0585-24830-171608.

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"Antagonistic Test of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum Against the Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus." In The 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (ICAES) 2023. Galaxy Science, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2024.3903.

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Mahdi JABIR, Dhuha, Saba abdulameer Kadhim AL- ZIADI, and Ahmed Abdulameer KADHIM. "INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SOME COMMERCIAL DETERGENTS ON FUNGI ISOLATED FROM INDOOR AIR." In IV.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Appliedand Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress4-27.

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The present study was aimed to investigate about the inhibitory effect of some detergents spread in the Iraqi markets contain a group of fungi that pollute the air of homes for this purpose a group of indoor air pollutant fungi of the following species have been isolated such as(Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, F.oxysporum, Mucore sp., Rhizopus stolanifer and Penicillium) .The species (Penicillium, Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus niger) isolated from six houses chosen randomly in variant residential neighborhoods were selected to test the ability of some commercial deteragent handwashing liquid Ays trade mark, white bleach(sodium hypochlorate) and Al Emlaq super jel(multi uses cleaning jell), which were randomly tested from the local markets of Diwaniyah city in inhibiting their growth, the results showed that Ays brand hand wash did not affect the fungus Penicillium at any concentration of the concentrations used in the study, while it had an inhibitory effect on the other two air pollutant fungi (Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus niger) while hypochlorite sodium and Al Emlaq super jel were effective on all fungi used in the study
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Ali Alzamily, Ihsan, Hassan Ali Tamur, and Murtadha M Hussein. "Evaluation The Efficacy of Ocimum Basilicum Extract & Antifungal Agents Against Some Pathogenic Filamentous Fungi." In IX. International Scientific Congress of Pure, Applied and Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress9-6.

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: The widespread availability of chemical-based medications opened a way for researchers to look for alternatives, returning to the primary source of drugs. Plants have been utilized for their healing abilities since ancient times since they have been proved to cure diseases. some filamentous fungi used such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichophyton and Cladosporium. The study included use of four types of antifungals agents, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, Itraconazole and Nystatin, the study conducted that Fluconazole have the highest effect with inhibition zone of (37mm) against Aspergillus niger followed by Nystatin (24mm) against Trichophyton verrucosum, the antifungal Itraconazole came third with (23mm) against Trichophyton verrucosum and finally Ketoconazole with (21mm) against Aspergillus niger. Regarding to Ocimum basilicum extract, four concentrations 50%,25%,12.5% and 6.250 % respectively were used, the concentration of 25% had the highest effect with inhibition zone of (36mm) against Aspergillus flavus followed by concentration of 6.25 % with (35mm) against Penicillium expansum, concentration of 12.5 % with (33mm) against Penicillium expansum and finally concentration of 50 % with (22mm) against Aspergillus flavus. Synergistic test was done by mixing Ocimum basilicum extract with four types of antifungal agents, itraconazole with different concentrations gave good results with (Itra + 25% 39 mm) against Fusarium oxysporum followed by ketoconazole with (Keto+ 50% 30 mm) against Aspergillus Flavus, Nystatin with (Nyst + 50% 28 mm) against Aspergillus Flavus and finally Fluconazole with (Flu+12.5% 23 mm) against Trichophyton Verrucosum
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Reports on the topic "Aspergillus niger"

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Chulalaksananukul, Warawut. Synthesis and amyl acetate by lipases from various microorgamisms. Chulalongkorn University, 1997. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.1997.15.

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The main objective of this study is to synthesize biofragrance "amyl acetate" naturally extractable from the flowers of the Thai plant called "Nom Maew" (Rauwenhoffia siamenesis Scheff.) by a biotechnological method. Lipases from various microorganisms namely Aspergillus niger, Candida cylindracea, Pseudomonas species and Mucor miehei were applied to catalyze the synthetic reaction between amyl alcohol and octyl acetate through the process of "transesterification". The reaction mixture was incubated in organic solvent, hexane, at 40 ํC, with continous stirring by magnetic stirrer. The products were then sampled after 72 hours and analyzed by HPLC. From the results, the percent conversion of 41, 16.37 and 9.43 were obtained from the lipases of Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas spp and Mucor miehei respectively. The product obtained from the reaction catalysed by lipases from Candida cylindracea was unmeasurably low. When the immobilized enzymes were comparatively studied between Aspergillus niger and Mucor miehei, the results obtained showed highest conversion, i.e. 64.53% from the catalysis by lipases from Aspergillus niger, compared to 56.73% obtained from Mucor miehei. Furthermore, the results from kinetic studies also exhibited rapid conversion to maximal yield obtained from immobilized lipases from Aspergillus niger. It could be seen that both free and immobilized forms of lipases from Aspergillus niger resulted in better conversion than lipases from other studied microorganisms. The transesterification reactions between amyl alcohol and substrates with various numbers of carbon chain length were studied. The reactions were catalysed by immobilized lipase from Aspergillus niger in the presence of n-hexane.Amyl acetate obtained from the transesterification was analyzed by HPLC and the kinetics of the reaction were studied. The V[subscript max]/K[subscript m] from the reactions containing ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexel and octyl as substrated were obtainedas follows, 41.44, 32.97, 29.50, 20.22 and 6.70 [micro]mol/mM/min/gram of enzyme respectively. From this result, it could be postulated that immobilized lipase from Aspergillus niger appeared to be more specific to ethyl acetate than the other studied substrates in producing the required amyl acetate in the presence of n-hexane.
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Gladden, John. Production of extremophilic bacterial cellulase enzymes in aspergillus niger. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1096445.

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Shoseyov, Oded, Steven A. Weinbaum, Raphael Goren, and Abhaya M. Dandekar. Biological Thinning of Fruit Set by RNAase in Deciduous Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568110.bard.

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Fruit thinning is a common and necessary practice for commercial fruit production in many deciduous tree fruit species. Fruit thinning in apple may be accomplished with a variety of chemical thinning agents, but the use of these chemicals is a subject of environmental concern. It has been shown recently that RNase enzyme, secreted from the stigma and the style, inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. In this study we have been able to show that Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase can effectively inhibit peach and apple pollen germination, and tube elongation in-vitro, as well as thin fruit in peach and apple, and reduce the number of seeds in citrus. The objectives of the research were to detrmine the conditions for effective thinning of (USA and Israel), develop fermentation process for cost effective production of RNase from A. niger. (Israel), and clone apple S-RNase cDNA (USA). All the objectives of the research were addressed. We have determined the optimal fermentation conditions for cost effective production of the A. niger at a 20,000 liters scale. TheA. niger B1 RNase was isolated to homogeneity and its kinetic and biochemical properties including its N-terminal sequence were fully characterized. The field test results both in Israel and California have shown variability in effectiveness and more work is needed to define the RNase concentration necessary to completely inhibit pollen development. Plant transformation vectors expressing anti-sense apple S-RNase genes were constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce self compatible transgenic apple trees. Bovine S-Protein cDNA was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli (Israel). Plant transformation vector expressing the S-Protein gene was constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce transgenic plants expressing S-protein in the style. Exogenous application of S-peptide to these plants will result in active RNase and consequently prevention of fertilization.
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ศรีอุบลมาศ, นงลักษณ์, อารี ลออปักษา та สารี วิรุฬหผล. ฤทธิ์ต้านจุลชีพของน้ำผึ้ง. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 1991. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.1991.7.

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น้ำผึ้งทดสอบ 10 ตัวอย่าง มีฤทธิ์ยับยั้งการเจริญเติบโตของ Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum, และ Epidermophyton flocccosum โดยมีค่าเฉลี่ยเส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางของโซนใสอยู่ในช่วง 19.58 ? 0.29, 17.00 ? 0.61 ถึง 29.62 ? 0.29 และ 20.40 ? 1.59 ถึง 46.36 ? 1.06 มิลิลิตร ตามลำดับ น้ำผึ้งจากต่างประเทศมีฤทธิ์ยับยั้งการเจริญต่ำสุด ในขณะที่น้ำผึ้งตัวอย่างจากจังหวัดชุมพรให้ค่าสูงสุดจากตัวอย่างน้ำผึ้งอื่นๆ อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ ตัวอย่างน้ำผึ้งทั้งหมดไม่มีผลยับยั้งการเจริญเติบโตของ Aspergillus niger และเชื้อยีสต์ 2 ชนิด Saccharomyces cerevisiae และ Candida albicans เมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับกลุ่มควบคุมซึ่งประกอบด้วยกลูโคส : ฟรักโทส ในอัตราส่วน 1 : 1 พบว่า ไม่มีฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อทดสอบทุกชนิดในการหาความเข้มข้นต่ำสุดที่สามารถยับยั้งการเจริญเติบโต (MICs) โดยใช้น้ำผึ้ง 2 ตัวอย่าง ได้ค่า MICs ต่อ Trichophyton mentagrophytes เท่ากับ Microsporum gypseum คือ อยู่ในช่วง 10-30 มิลลิกรัม/มิลลิลิตร ส่วน MIC ต่อเชื้อ Epidermophyton floccosum มีค่า 10-20 -มิลลิกรัม/มิลลิลิตรThe antifungal activity of ten honey samples against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccousum was studied. The average inhibition zones were found to be in the range of 19.58 1.05 to 31.00 0.92, 17.00 0.61 to 29.62 0.29 and 20.40 1.59 to 46.36 1.06 mullimeters, respectively. The imported honey provided the lowest antifungal activity whereas the sample from Chumporn provided the highest activity. All samples had no effect on Aspergillus niger and the two yeasts : Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. The control sugar (Glucose : Fructose in ratio 1 : 1X showed no antifungal effect against all test organisms. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the two selected honey samples against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum were both in the range of 10 - 30 milligrams/milliter while the MICs against Epidermophyton floccosum were in the range of 10 - 20 milligrams/milliliterการศึกษาฤทธิ์ต้านแบคทีเรียของน้ำผึ้ง 10 ตัวอย่าง โดยเปรียบเทียบความแรงกับยาเพนิซิลลิน และเตตราซัยคลิน พบว่า ฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อ Staphy lococcus aureus ของน้ำผึ้งสมมูลกับเพนิซิลลินความแรง 0.675 - 1.45 หน่วย/มิลลิลิตร และฤทธิ์ต้านเชื้อ Escherichia coli ของน้ำผึ้งสมมูลกับเตตราซัยคลินความแรง &lt;14.7 - 28.1 ไมโครกรัม/มิลลิลิตร เลือกน้ำผึ้งมา 5 ตัวอย่าง ทีมีฤทธิ์สมมูลกับความแรงของเพนิซิลลินในช่วงต่างๆ ต่อเชื้อ Staphy lococcus aureus นำมาหาค่าความเข้มข้นต่ำสุดที่ยับยั้งการเจริญของเชื้อ Staphy lococcus aureus และ Escherichia coli ชนิดละ 30 สายพันธุ์ รวมทั้งสายพันธุ์มาตรฐาน เชื้อทดสอบส่วนใหญ่เป็นสายพันธุ์ที่ต้านยาปฏิชีวนะ ความเข้มข้นต่ำสุดของน้ำผึ้งที่ยับยั้งการเจริญของเชื่อ Staphy cococcus aureus และ Escherichia coli มีค่าอยู่ระหว่าง 0.1 - 0.3 กรัม/มิลลิลิตร และ 0.15 - 0.35 กรัม/มิลลิลิตร ตามลำดับ สำหรับกลุ่มควบคุมซึ่งประกอบด้วยน้ำตาล 80% คือ กลูโคส : ฟรักโทสในอัตราส่วน 1 : 1 ไม่สามารถยับยั้งการเจริญของแบคทีเรียได้ จากผลการทดลองแสดงให้เห็นว่าน้ำผึ้งต้วอย่างต่างๆ มีฤทธิ์ต้านแบคทีเรียใกล้เคียงกัน และมีฤทธิ์ต้านแบคทีเรียสายพันธุ์ที่ดื้อยาปฏิชีวนะTen samples of honey were studied for the antibiotic equivalent potency. The antibacterial activity of honey was equivalent to 0.675 - 1.45 units/ml of pencillin against Staphylococcus aurenus and to &lt;14.7 - 28.1 mcg/ml of tetracycline against Escherichia coli. Five selected samples, having low to high equivalent potency of penicillin against Staphylococcus aureus, were determined for MICs against 30 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichio coli including standard strains. Most strains were antibiotic - resistant organisms. The MICs against Staphylococcus sureus and Escherichia coli of honey samples were 0.1 - 0.3 g/ml and 0.15 - 0.35 g/ml, respectively. For control solution containing 80% of glucose and fructose in the ratio of 1 : 1, the growth of test organisms was not inhibited. Our study showed that the various samples of honey had approximately the same antibacterial activity.น้ำผึ้ง 10 ตัวอย่าง และกลุ่มควบคุมซึ่งประกอบด้วยน้ำตาล 80% โดยมีกลูโคสและฟรักโทสในอัตราส่วน 1 : 1 ทำให้ร้อนที่อุณหภูมิ 63 องศาเซียเซียส, 80 องศาเซียเซียส, 100 องศาเซียเซียส และ 121 องศาเซียเซียส เป็นเวลา 30 นาที วัดความหนืด และหาฤทธิ์ด้านแบคทีเรียโดยวิธีดัดแปลงจาก disc susceptibility test ตัวอย่างน้ำผึ้งที่ไม่ได้ทำให้ร้อน มีความหนืดแตกต่างกันมาก คือ ระหว่าง 80.43 - 7,507.77 cps แต่เส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางของโซนใส่เชื้อไม่ขึ้นของน้ำผึ้งส่วนใหญ่แตกต่างกัน ความร้อนมีผลต่อ ฤทธิ์ต้านแบคทีเรียของน้ำผึ้ง โดยเฉพาะความร้อนที่อุณหภูมิ 100 องศาเซียเซียส และ 121 องศาเซียเซียส ผลนี้อาจเกิดจากการที่ความร้อนทำลายสารต้านแบคทีเรียบางชนิดในน้ำผึ้ง ความร้อนทำให้น้ำผึ้งมีความหนืดมากขึ้น อย่างไรก็ตามความหนืดไม่มีความสัมพันธ์กับฤทธิ์ต้านแบคทีเรียของน้ำผึ้ง
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5

Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.
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6

Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.

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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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7

Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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