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1
Zare-Shahabadi, A., Ali Shokuhfar, and S. Ebrahimi-Nejad. "Microstructure and Properties of Nanoclay Reinforced Asphalt Binders." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.579.
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In this paper, sodium bentonite (BT) and organically modified sodium bentonite (OBT) are used to reinforce and modify asphalt binder. The microstructures of the reinforced asphalt binders are investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Two models for the microstructure of the BT and OBT modified asphalts are suggested considering the colloidal structure of the base asphalt binder. The physical properties of the modified asphalt binders were studied.
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Mohammadi, Iman, and Hadi Khabbaz. "Challenges Associated with Optimisation of Blending, Mixing and Compaction Temperature for Asphalt Mixture Modified with Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 1837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.1837.
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The use of modified asphalt binders has become much more common over the past two decades. Many types of modifier have been used in paving asphalts to enhance the performance of asphalt pavements in a wide range of climates and loading conditions. Among various asphalts binder modifiers, the recycled crumb rubber has been used very successfully for many years. Generally in production of CRM binder, mixing and compaction temperature is determined by measuring of binder viscosity. The ordinary method used for viscosity measurement of unmodified binder leads to a very high Mixing and Compaction Temperature (MCT) for CRM binder. The aims of this paper are to identify, develop and give some recommendations on a reliable laboratory approach for blending of CRM with binder, as well as introducing appropriate laboratory test methods for optimisation of MCT of crumb rubber modified binder asphalt.
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Shi, Peng Cheng, Zhao Xing Xie, Wen Zhong Fan, Li Li Wang, and Ju Nan Shen. "Selecting Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Additives by the Properties of WMA Binders." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.585.
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The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of WMA additives on the properties of WMA binders through a series of laboratory testing such as viscosity, penetration, ductility, and softening points on the binders. The experimental design included the use of three WMA additives of Sasobit, Rediset, and Evotherm at a recommended content of 2, 2 and 0.6% respectively, two base binder sources, and one modified binder sources. The properties of WMA binders were compared to those of original asphalts without the additives as controls. Results from this study showed that: (1) Three WMA additives of Sasobit, Evotherm and Rediset increased the dynamic viscosity (60°C) of asphalt binders; (2) The additives of Evotherm and Rediset reduced the kinematic viscosity (130°C) of tested WMA asphalt binders. Adding 2 % Sasobit did not affect the kinematic viscosity; (3) Adding 2 % Sasobit reduced the penetration of WMA asphalt binder obviously. The most reduced rate of penetration is 22.7 % for SK base asphalt binder; (4) The WMA additives increased the softening point of WMA asphalt binders, except for the case with 0.6 % Evotherm. The effect of adding 2% Sasobit on the softening point of asphalt binders is the most significant, while the effect of adding 0.6 % Evotherm is the least; (5) adding 0.6 % Evotherm increased the ductility of warm asphalt binders by 28.6 %, while adding 2 % Sasobit reduced the ductility of warm asphalt binders obviously.
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Zhang, Ran, Qingli Dai, Zhanping You, Hainian Wang, and Chao Peng. "Rheological Performance of Bio-Char Modified Asphalt with Different Particle Sizes." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091665.
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To improve the performance of petroleum asphalt, bio-char was used as a modifier for a petroleum asphalt binder, in this study. The rheological properties of bio-char modified asphalt binders were compared with different particle sizes and contents, with one control and one flake graphite modified asphalt binder. Specifically, the bio-char modifiers with two particle sizes (ranging from 75 μm–150 μm and less than 75 μm) and three contents of 2%, 4%, and 8% were added into the asphalt binder. A flake graphite powder with particle sizes less than 75 μm was used as a comparison modifier. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image showed the porous structure and rough surface of bio-char as well as dense structure and smooth surface of flake graphite. A Rotational Viscosity (RV) test, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test, aging test, and Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) test were performed to evaluate the properties of bio-char modified asphalt in this study. Both modifiers could improve the rotational viscosities of the asphalt binders. The porous structure and rough surface of bio-char lead to larger adhesion interaction in asphalt binder than the smooth flake graphite. As a result, the bio-char modified asphalts had better high-temperature rutting resistance and anti-aging properties than the graphite modified asphalt, especially for the binders with the smaller-sized and higher content of bio-char particles. Furthermore, the asphalt binder modified by the bio-char with sizes less than 75 μm and about 4% content could also achieve a better low-temperature crack resistance, in comparison to other modified asphalt binders. Thus, this type of bio-char particles is recommended as a favorable modifier for asphalt binder.
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Ma, Tao, Kai Yang, Rui Li, and Jiujian Shen. "Effect of Aging on the Rheological and Molecular Weight Distribution of Asphalt Binder Treated with Polyphosphoric Acid." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (August 16, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9992530.
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Asphalt binder behaves as a viscoelastic material and its inherit performance is dominated by rheological and chemical properties. Aging of asphalt binder is a prominent distress for long-term in-service asphalt pavement. In this work, the effect of aging on base asphalt modified by polyphosphoric acid (PPA) has been investigated. For the objective, virgin asphalt binder was modified by various dosages of PPA, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), and PPA/SBS compound modification. The short- and long-term aging processes were simulated by Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test (RTFOT) and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) procedure. Rheological property of five aged modified binders was evaluated by the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). Meanwhile, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was conducted to measure the molecular weight distribution and dispersion coefficient during the aging process. The high-temperature stiffness of PPA polymer binders is slightly higher than that of SBS and PPA/SBS compound modified asphalts. The aging ratio and molecular weight analysis verify the lower thermal-oxidative susceptibility of PPA/SBS compound modified asphalts. This study offers an understanding for the promotion and application of PPA modifier.
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Salim, Ramadan, Akshay Gundla, Ali Zalghout, B. Shane Underwood, and Kamil E. Kaloush. "Relationship between Asphalt Binder Parameters and Asphalt Mixture Rutting." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 6 (June 2019): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119842129.
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The selection and specification of asphalt binder is one of the factors that ultimately affect the long-term performance of asphalt pavements. Many agencies currently follow AASHTO M320 for their binder specifications, where the ratio of dynamic modulus to the sine of the phase angle, | G*|/sin δ, is the binder rutting parameter. However, an alternative now exists, AASHTO M332, which uses the non-recovered creep compliance, J nr , for this purpose. In this paper, the relative merits of these two parameters are compared using experimental results from 21 different asphalt mixtures from Arizona. The rutting parameters according to AASHTO M332 and M320 were determined for each of the binders in these mixtures and, for each mixture, two rutting performance tests were conducted: Hamburg wheel tracking test and repeated load permanent deformation test. The two binder rutting parameters demonstrated very high correlation to one another for non-polymer modified asphalts, but inconsistent correlation for polymer modified asphalts. Both Hamburg wheel tracking tests and repeated load permanent deformation tests showed positive correlations to both | G*|/sin δ and Jnr. It was concluded that, while both parameters showed good correlation, the Jnr of the binder relates better to mixture rutting than does | G*|/sin δ. Considering the results in this study, it is believed that Jnr is a slightly better rutting parameter for binder specifications.
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Skronka, Gabriel, Martin Jasso, and Otakar Vacin. "Determination of rutting distresses on hot mix asphalts by advanced techniques." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927603004.
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The sustainable use of non-renewable natural resources, such as asphalt binder, can be achieved by adequate planning. The proper assessment of asphalt binders is a prerequisite to the appropriate designing of road constructions that can eventually result in pavements in which the development of pavement distresses can be mitigated. Rutting is the most common distress occurring at high temperatures, which is frequently experienced by such countries as Indonesia; thus, the use of adequate asphalt binder in hot mix asphalt pavements results in long-lasting road constructions. By means of advanced techniques, e.g., multiple stress creep recovery test, conducted on a dynamic shear rheometer, it is possible to determine the rutting potential of asphalt binders. This technique, however, still seems to be imprecise at currently determined shear stress values. This paper aims to investigate on the example of ten different asphalt binders, if creep and recovery measured at higher shear stresses result in better correlation with rutting potential of hot mix asphalts than that at the standardized stress levels. Concurrently, other conventional asphalt binder properties (e.g., penetration, softening point, elastic recovery) are determined and compared with rutting.
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Bairgi, Biswajit K., Umme A. Mannan, and Rafiqul A. Tarefder. "Tribological Evaluation for an In-Depth Understanding of Improved Workability of Foamed Asphalt." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 4 (March 24, 2019): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119835510.
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Asphalt binder acts as a lubricant between two aggregates during mixing and compaction. The frictional behavior of asphalt binder as a lubricant in an asphalt-aggregate system plays an important role in mixing and compaction (workability) of warm-mix asphalt (WMA). This study evaluates the frictional behavior of foamed WMA through tribological characterization using a ball-on-three-plates apparatus assembled inside a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The tribological test was conducted on six foamed asphalts with varying foaming water contents (FWCs) and on a controlled unfoamed asphalt binder at four different temperatures: 25°C, 60°C, 100°C, and 135°C. These binders were also characterized for rheological and chemical properties. Test results show that the foaming process alters the frictional resistance of the foamed asphalts; specifically, the foaming process reduces the coefficient of friction in elastohydrodynamic and hydrodynamic lubrication regimes. Reduced frictional resistance helps in the formation of a better coating during mixing and improves the sliding ability between aggregates during compaction at reduced temperature.
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Wang, Wenqi, Azuo Nili, Ali Rahman, and Xu Chen. "Effects of Wax Molecular Weight Distribution and Branching on Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Binders." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 4206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124206.
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Wax is an important factor that affects the durability of asphalt binder. In order to understand the molecular weight distribution and branching of wax on the moisture sensitivity of asphalt binder, pure wax-doped asphalt binders are prepared and the performance of model asphalt binders are evaluated by surface free-energy (SFE) and binder bond strength (BBS) tests. In addition, asphaltene is regarded as an additive in this study. The results show that the addition of eicosane, triacontane, squalane and asphaltene can reduce the moisture sensitivity of asphalt, but not necessarily improve its moisture-induced damage resistance. The physical hardening effect of high-wax asphalt and its model asphalt is stronger than that of the corresponding low-wax asphalt and its model asphalt, and its moisture sensitivity is weaker than that of the low-wax asphalt. For all the model asphalts, there is a good correlation between the cohesion work, cohesion POTS (pull-off tensile strength), POTS ratio (the BBS moisture sensitivity index) and ER (the SFE moisture sensitivity index). When using the BBS test to characterize the moisture sensitivity of high-wax asphalt, it is recommended to leave the sample for some time until it is physically hardened and stable.
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Jadidi, Kazem, Mehdi Khalili, and Moses Karakouzian. "Feasibility of Using Non-Destructive Ultrasound Measurement Technique to Evaluate Binder Content of Asphalt Mixtures." CivilEng 2, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng2020022.
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The non-destructive ultrasound technique is an easy and inexpensive technique widely used in industry to evaluate the properties of engineering materials. Despite its popularity in industrial applications, such as evaluating steel materials, the ultrasound technique has not been thoroughly investigated for the purpose of characterizing asphalt materials in general, nor specifically determining the asphalt binder content of asphalt mixtures. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of utilizing measurements based on the non-destructive ultrasound technique to detect changes in the asphalt binder content in asphaltic mixture specimens. Two performance-grade binders, PG64-28 and PG76-22, and two rubber-modified binders were selected. The rubber-modified binders were produced by adding crumb rubber to the two performance-grade binders, PG64-28 and PG76-22, and were designated as PG64-28R and PG76-22R. The amount of crumb rubber added to these rubber-modified binders was 15% by weight of the PG64-28 and PG76-22 binders. The aggregate gradations for all of the asphalt mixtures were the same. The asphalt mixture specimens were used to obtain measurements for: (1) the ultrasound wave speed through the specimens; and (2) and the integrated response (IR) of the specimens. The results indicated that, generally, the ultrasound wave speed decreases with an increase in binder content. This is expected due to the binder’s attenuation and slowing effect on the wave speed. The results also indicated that, generally, the integrated response (IR) decreases with an increase in binder content. This can be explained by the fact that the increased binder content in asphalt mixture specimens increases their tendency to absorb more energy.
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Mujtaba, Shoaib, and Imran Hafeez. "Effect of Stress Levels and Temperatures on Stress Recovery of Asphalt Binders." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 1458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48781.
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Abstract: HMA's rut resistance comes from the asphalt binder and aggregates. Rutting, which causes depressions in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements along wheel paths, is a common type of distress. Both the loading and recovery phases of asphalt pavement performance are significantly impacted by the asphalt binder. In contrast to the extensive study conducted during the loading phase, the recovery phase receives comparatively little attention. Percent recovery tests asphalt binder elastic behaviour and stress dependence. Asphalt binder can self-repair and improve over time. Using a dynamic shear rheometer's multiple stress creep recovery method, virgin and modified asphalt binder were compared. Different temperatures and stresses were applied to the asphalt binders, and their responses were analysed. The results of the tests showed that the retrieval proportion of asphalt binder could be significantly increased by using admixtures, nanostructured materials, and viscous fluids. This case study shows that unmodified binders do not exhibit significant sensitivity to stress or strain under reasonable stress or tension conditions, nor do they showed considerable restoration under creep conditions; as a result, MSCR testing is not required for testing unmodified binders. Because of its potential as a modified binder performance indicator, Super Pave binder specification includes it. Furthermore, the data presented above demonstrates that certain modified binders provide better percentage recovery than neat binders. The viscous fluids were the ones that performed the best out of all the samples that we examined, closely followed by the nanostructured materials and the virgin binders
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Hou, Yueqin, Yun Chen, Haiwei Zou, Xiaoping Ji, Dongye Shao, Zhengming Zhang, and Ye Chen. "Investigation of Surface Micro-Mechanical Properties of Various Asphalt Binders Using AFM." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 4358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124358.
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The microstructure of asphalt affects the micro-mechanical properties. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the surface elastic modulus and nanohardness of asphalt binder. Relevant mechanical indexes were quantitatively evaluated by contact mechanical model. Five types of asphalts, including different grades, oil sources, and before and after modification, were selected as test objects, and the effects of asphalt binder type, aging, water, and anti-stripping agent on the asphalt micromechanics were explored. The results showed that the micromechanical properties of asphalt binder are affected by grade, oil source, and modification. The aging resistance of modified asphalt binder is better than that of unmodified asphalt binder. Water immersion reduces the surface micromechanical properties of the asphalt binder. The effect of the anti-stripping agent on the modified asphalt binder is greater than that of the unmodified asphalt binder.
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Al-Khateeb, Ghazi, Xicheng Qi, Aroon Shenoy, Kevin Stuart, and Terry Mitchell. "Assessment of Aging at FHWA's Pavement Testing Facility." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1940, no. 1 (January 2005): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194000116.
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Field cores were taken in 1995 and 2002 from eight asphalt pavements constructed in 1993 at FHWA's pavement testing facility to evaluate in situ pavement aging. Dynamic mechanical properties of these cores were evaluated by using the Superpave® shear tester. The moduli of aged pavements were also predicted from binder, aggregate, and mixture properties with available prediction models, and the aging severity levels of all pavements were compared between the lab-measured and model-predicted. Eight pavements with two polymer-modified and six unmodified binders were evaluated in this study. Polymer-modified asphalt pavements showed comparatively lower aging than unmodified asphalt pavements. For unmodified asphalt pavements, stiffer asphalts tended to have higher aging indices. The binder aging index was found to be inversely proportional to the loading frequency, and differences between the aging indices for different binders were higher at lower frequency. Comparison of lab-measured and model-predicted binder aging indices showed similar rankings for all binders. Low stiffness binders, for example, AC-5, showed higher aging indices than high stiffness binders, for example, Styrelf. Pavement depth significantly affected binder aging. The aging index near the surface (6.35 mm) was found to be about four to five times the aging index at a depth of 139.7 mm in pavement. Comparison of lab-measured and model-predicted mixture aging indices showed large variations, from overpredicted to quite underpredicted, depending on the binder type and nominal maximum aggregate size.
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Hossain, Zahid, and Musharraf Zaman. "Prediction of Dynamic Modulus of Hot Mix Asphalts with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 19, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8672654.
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This study evaluated the viscoelastic properties of a performance grade (PG) binder blended with different percentages of binders recovered from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for conditions (materials, climate, and specifications) prevailing in Oklahoma. The viscoelastic properties of the blended binders were then used to estimate dynamic modulus ( E ∗ ) values of the new mixes with RAP by using the Witczak model through time-temperature superposition (TTS) principles. The recovered binder from RAP was found to be significantly stiffer than the virgin binder (PG 64-22). The addition of RAP increased the complex modulus ( G ∗ ) of the base binder, so did the E ∗ of the corresponding mix. The creep stiffness resistance of the asphalt binder at low service temperatures decreased with the addition of RAP. With up to 10% RAP binder, no notable changes were observed in the viscosity and PG grade of the virgin binder. With 25% and 40% RAP binder, the PGs of the blended binders were found to be PG 70-16 and PG 76-16, respectively. It was observed that the E ∗ master curves predicted from PGs of the blended binders were in close agreement with those estimated from the laboratory-measured E ∗ data. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) data of rotational thin film oven (RTFO)-aged blended binders predicted significantly lower E ∗ values compared to the measured ones. The E ∗ values predicted from rotational viscosity (RV) test data were found to be higher than the measured E ∗ values. The findings of this study are expected to provide transportation professionals with a better understanding of new mixes with high RAPs.
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Al-Khateeb, Ghazi G., Waleed Zeiada, Mohammed Ismail, Ahmad Shabib, and Adel Tayara. "Mechanistic-empirical evaluation of specific polymer-modified asphalt binders effect on the rheological performance." Science Progress 103, no. 4 (October 2020): 003685042095987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850420959876.
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Major distresses such as rutting, fatigue, and thermal cracking are facing asphalt pavement structures due to continuous heavy traffic loading and climate change. The modification of asphalt binders (one of the main components of the asphalt paving mix) has the potential to mitigate distresses through using different additives. Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) binders showed a noticeable resistance to pavement distresses as reported in previous studies. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of polymer modification on the rheological properties of asphalt binders through laboratory tests. The polymers included styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and epolene emulsifiable (EE2) types. The 60/70 binder was used as a control for comparison. The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) was also utilized to simulate the effect of PMA binders on the rheological properties under different climatic conditions and structural capacities. Additionally, the MEPDG was further utilized to compare the effect of asphalt binders on rheological properties using four different binder input levels. Findings of the study showed that laboratory tests experienced varying outcomes regarding the most efficient asphalt binder by means of distresses resistance. However, the MEPDG evaluation showed that the overall ranking of asphalt binders positively impacting the rheological properties was as following: (1) 4.5% EE2 PMA, (2) 4% EE2 PMA, (3) 60/70 binder, (4) 5% SBS PMA, and (5) 4% SBS PMA binders. Furthermore, statistical analysis illustrated that the effect of using different binder input levels on the performance of pavement varied relatively to the evaluated distresses. The analysis showed that using different binder input levels would affect, to a certain extent, the asphalt binder influence on rheological properties only when evaluating rutting and fatigue distresses. Therefore, it is recommended that precise asphalt binder inputs, that is, shear complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) are used when designing pavement structures in regions with hot and mild climate conditions.
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Gundla, Akshay, Ramadan Salim, B. Shane Underwood, and Kamil E. Kaloush. "Implementation of the AASHTO M 332 Specification: A Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 9 (July 17, 2020): 959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120933266.
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Over the past 20 years, changes in asphalt binders, the widespread adoption of polymer modified asphalts, and the need to bump asphalt binder grades to consider traffic conditions have exposed the gaps in the AASHTO M 320 specification, and subsequently led to the AASHTO M 332 specification. The State of Arizona initiated an experimental study to explore the possibility of adopting AASHTO M 332 into its binder specifications. In this paper, the specific challenges, technical implications of some key differences in the current Arizona standard compared with the AASHTO M 332 standard, and the approach taken to overcome the differences are explored and documented. Some of the key issues include the shortcomings of the Jnr difference parameter, uncertainty of the pressurized aging vessel (PAV) temperature to be used, effect on the intermediate temperature parameter, |G*|sin δ, and the prospective distribution of asphalt binder grades if the new specification is adopted. Overall, the AASHTO M 332 specification is promising for the State of Arizona with minor changes recommended to prevent changes in binder formulations and influx of asphalt binders inferior to those currently available.
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Motamedi, Mana, Gholamali Shafabakhsh, and Mohammad Azadi. "Linking fatigue response of asphalt binders, mastics, and asphalt concrete mixture modified by nano-silica and synthesized polyurethane." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 30, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789520950766.
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Asphalt concrete is composed of stone, sand, filler, and asphalt binder. Fatigue can be considered as a phenomenon affecting both the binder (asphalt binder or mastic) and the mixture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatigue damage response in asphalt binders, mastics, and asphalt concrete mixtures modified with nano-silica and synthesized polyurethane. The continuum damage mechanics method and phenomenological approaches in this study were used to investigate the fatigue performance. Obtained results indicated that the effect of the synthesized polyurethane on improving the fatigue life was far greater than that of nano-silica. The damage process in asphalt binders differed from that in the mastic and asphalt concrete mixture. Damage intensity parameter is an appropriate criterion for evaluating fatigue performance of asphalt binders and mastics. Concerning the fatigue of asphalt concrete mixture, the results of this study indicated a better convergence between the fatigue parameters of mastics and asphalt concrete mixture compared to asphalt binders, especially with increasing aging. Also, there was greater convergence between the fatigue life of the asphalt concrete mixture and asphalt binder and mastics in the method of continuum damage mechanics as compared to the phenomenological approach.
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Tang, Bang Yan, Hui Yao, Yu Feng, and Xu Dong Hu. "Performance of Nanomodified Asphalt Binder and Mixture." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.219.
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The nanopowdered VP108 was selected and applied into the base asphalt binder and mixture. The Marshall binder and mixture tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical and pavement performance of base and VP108 modified asphalt binders and mixtures. The test results present that the penetration, softening point, penetration index and ductility of VP108 modified asphalt binder improved compared to the base asphalt binder. The mixture test results display that the compression strength, water susceptibility, resilient modulus and cleavage strength of VP108 modified asphalt mixture enhance compared to the base asphalt mixture. Therefore, the overall performance of VP108 modified asphalt binder and mixture improves compared to the base asphalt binder and mixture, such as the high temperature performance, resilient modulus and water resistance property.
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Deef-Allah, Eslam, and Magdy Abdelrahman. "Performance Evaluation of Extracted Asphalt Binders from Field Cores Containing Recycled Components: Load- and Non-Load-Associated Cracking Resistance." Advanced Materials Research 1175 (February 20, 2023): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2bdlta.
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Modifying asphalt mixtures with recycled components is common practice due to their environmental and economic merits. However, due to the oxidized air-blown asphalt binders in recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and aged binders in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), adopting RAP and/or RAS as recycled components in asphalt mixtures influences the performance of the overall asphalt binder in these mixtures. The percentages of recycled components and performance grade (PG) of virgin asphalt binders (VABs) in the asphalt mixtures govern the performance of the overall asphalt binder. Therefore, the main idea of this study was to investigate the effect of the percentages of RAP/RAS and PGs of the VABs on the load- and non-load-associated cracking resistance of the extracted asphalt binders (EABs) from field cores. Rheological tests were performed on the EABs to assess the load-associated cracking (fatigue cracking) and non-load-associated cracking (low-temperature and block cracking) resistance. The VAB's PGs, mixtures' ages, and the percentages of RAP/RAS affected the EABs' cracking resistance. When compared to EABs from mixtures with lower amounts of RAP, employing RAS in the asphaltic mixtures improved EABs' resistance to fatigue and block cracking. However, using RAS deteriorated EABs' resistance to low-temperature cracking. Increasing the RAP's percentage in the asphaltic mixtures decreased the cracking resistance of the EABs. Strong relationships were established between EABs' load- and non-load-associated cracking resistance.
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Wang, Weiying, Songchang Huang, Yongchun Qin, Yiren Sun, Rui Dong, and Jingyun Chen. "Research on Rheological Properties of High-Percentage Artificial RAP Binder with WMA Additives." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (August 6, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1238378.
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With the development of pavement recycling technology, the requirement of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is substantially increasing. Warm-mix recycled asphalt (WMRA) technology has made great progress, which can effectively decrease the working temperature and improve the RAP content. In this study, the rheological properties of recycled binders with incorporation of high-percentage artificial RAP binder (30–70%) were evaluated using two types of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additives, i.e., polyethylene wax R and surfactant M. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and beam bending rheometer (BBR) tests were conducted on the recycled binders. The results showed that the temperature and frequency played an important role in determining the complex shear modulus of the high-percentage WMRA binders. The dependency of phase angle on frequency increased after the long-term aging. The WMA additive R had a relatively huge impact on the rheological properties of asphalt, which mainly occurred before the PAV aging of recycled asphalt binder; the WMA additive M had no significant impact on the rheological properties of recycled asphalt binder. The WMA additive R enhanced the low-temperature rheology of recycled asphalt binder, while the WMA additive M enhanced the high-temperature rheology of recycled asphalt binder. Both of these types of WMA additives improved the antifatigue performance of recycled asphalt binder. The increased content of RAP binder improved the high-temperature performance and reduced the low-temperature performance of the recycled asphalt binder. However, it had no obvious impact on the fatigue performance. In addition, there was a good linear relation between the RAP binder content and the two indexes of the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test.
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Torres, Alexandra. "Engineering Properties of Asphalt Binders from Different Sources and Their Influence on Stiffness of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 6 (May 7, 2019): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843482.
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The quality and quantity of asphalt binder are crucial for proper adhesion, cohesion, and performance of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures. The current Superpave grading system for asphalt binders provides engineers with the high and low temperature ranges at which the asphalt binder should perform satisfactorily. The objectives of this study are to document the differences in the performance of different asphalt binders with the same nominal performance grade (PG) acquired from different refineries and to investigate the impact that binder properties may have on the stiffness of the AC mixes. To that end, five PG 64-22 and five PG 70-22 binders were studied. Each binder was graded twice, in the original state and extracted from the mix conditions. The conventional performance grading tests such as the bending beam rheometer, dynamic shear rheometer, pressure aging vessel, and rolling thin-film oven were conducted on all asphalt binders. Alternative binder parameters (e.g., parameter ΔTc, viscosity) that can potentially supplement the current PG system were measured and documented. The stiffness properties of the ten mixes as measured with the dynamic modulus tests were correlated with the measured binder properties. The asphalt binders with the same performance grades yielded different cracking, rutting, and stiffness properties, which may explain the differences in their performance when used to design AC mixes.
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Vacin, Ota, Jiri Stastna, and Ludo Zanzotto. "Creep Compliance of Polymer-Modified Asphalt, Asphalt Mastic, and Hot-Mix Asphalt." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1829, no. 1 (January 2003): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1829-05.
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The possibility of using commercial rheometers for comprehensive testing of asphalt binders, asphalt mastics, and hot-mix asphalts (HMA) is explored. Samples of one polymer-modified asphalt, its mix with fine mineral filler (mastic), and one HMA prepared with the same modified asphalt as binders were tested in the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and the bending beam rheometer (BBR). All tested materials can be characterized by their discrete relaxation and retardation spectra (under the condition of small deformations). DSR testing was performed in the plate–plate and the torsion bar geometry. From the obtained relaxation and retardation spectra, the shear compliance, J(t), was calculated and compared with the tensile creep compliance, D(t), measured in BBR (both creep and recovery experiments were run). A simple relationship between J(t) and D(t) was found for the asphalt binder and the asphalt mastic. In the case of HMA, the bulk compliance, B(t), contributes to D(t) at short and long times. Both the Boltzmann superposition principle and the time–temperature superposition principle hold very well for all tested materials at low temperatures. There are qualitative differences, in the rheological behavior, of the asphalt binder and asphalt mastic on one side and the HMA on the other. These differences can be seen in dynamic (DSR) as well as in transient (BBR) experiments.
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Ghasemirad, Amirhossein, Nura Bala, and Leila Hashemian. "High-Temperature Performance Evaluation of Asphaltenes-Modified Asphalt Binders." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 3326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153326.
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Asphalt binder comprises four main fractions—asphaltenes (A), saturates (S), aromatics (A), and resins (R)—referred to as “SARA”. Asphaltenes plays an important role in determining the linear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt binders. In this research, asphaltenes are added as a distinct modifier to improve the performance properties of asphalt binder. The modified binders are aged using a rolling thin film oven. A dynamic shear rheometer is then used to measure the rheological properties of the binders at high temperatures. Changes in the chemical composition of the modified binders are also studied through the determination of SARA fractions, using precipitation and gravity-driven chromatography methods. The rheological results show that asphaltenes improve the stiffness and elasticity of asphalt binder. It is also shown that the addition of asphaltenes raises the high Performance grade (PG) temperature of the asphalt binder, with every 6% of asphaltenes added resulting in a one-interval increase in high PG temperature grade. SARA analysis shows that the increase in polar fraction content due to the addition of asphaltenes causes the stiffness, elasticity, and viscosity of asphalt binders to increase. The results indicate that asphaltenes are an effective yet inexpensive additive to improve asphalt binder properties at high temperatures.
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Barghabany, Peyman, Wei Cao, Louay N. Mohammad, Samuel B. Cooper, and Samuel B. Cooper. "Relationships among Chemistry, Rheology, and Fracture/Fatigue Performance of Recovered Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 10 (August 17, 2020): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120938779.
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Because of limited amounts of natural resources, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has gained popularity in the asphalt pavement industry to meet sustainability requirements in asphalt pavement. Concerns have been raised in relation to the intermediate temperature cracking performance of asphalt mixtures containing RAP. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intermediate temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures and recovered asphalt binders containing RAP. Seven plant-produced asphalt mixtures from three transportation agencies with various RAP contents and the extracted asphalt binders were evaluated with respect to intermediate temperature cracking resistance. Asphalt binder experiments included chemical and rheological characterization of recovered asphalt binders. Chemical characterization consisted of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and saturates/aromatics/resins/asphaltenes component analysis. Linear amplitude sweep and time sweep tests were also performed to characterize the rheological properties of asphalt binders. Asphalt mixture experiments included four-point bending beam fatigue and semi-circular bend tests. Results indicated that, as expected, asphalt mixtures with high RAP contents resulted in asphalt binders and mixtures with reduced cracking resistance. Relationships between the asphalt binder chemical and rheological parameters and asphalt mixture cracking resistance were also investigated. Asphalt binder rheological and chemical parameters were well correlated. Asphalt binder rheological parameters showed reasonable to strong relationships with the four-point bending beam fatigue test result. The work presented in this paper is part of FHWA Transportation Pooled Fund Project TPF-5(294) “Develop Mix Design and Analysis Procedure for Asphalt Mixtures Containing High RAP and/or RAS Contents.”
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Bao, Binshuo, Jie Liu, Song Li, Chundi Si, and Qipeng Zhang. "Laboratory Evaluation of the Relationship of Asphalt Binder and Asphalt Mastic via a Modified MSCR Test." Coatings 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020304.
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Asphalt mastic, which consists of an asphalt binder and a mineral filler, provides critical adhesion and viscoelasticity to an asphalt mixture. The rheological response of the asphalt mastic is mainly derived from its asphalt binder. In this study, a simple laboratory test method is proposed to estimate the relationship of asphalt binder and its mastic. Two modified binders (3.5% and 4.0% styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) of asphalt binder by mass) were blended with a limestone filler at six different mineral filler contents to produce mastic samples. A modified multiple stress creep-recovery (MSCR) test was conducted on both the asphalt binder and its mastic with the same testing protocols, and the stress conditions and rheological response of asphalt binder in the mastic with linear or nonlinear viscoelasticity were both investigated. The results show that the stress of the asphalt binder in its mastic decreased with increasing filler contents. However, for the linear-viscoelasticity mastic, the decrease rate of the stress began to slow down when the filler content had reached 100% or 120%. For the rheological properties of the asphalt binder in the mastic, the %R of the asphalt binder was improved by adding filler, especially for the nonlinear-viscoelasticity mastic. The asphalt binder of the linear-viscoelasticity asphalt mastic also showed a linear viscoelastic response and a good recovery property. The performance of the asphalt mastic and rheological properties of its asphalt binder were highly related to its filler content.
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Kim, Hyun Hwan, Mithil Mazumder, Soon-Jae Lee, and Moon-Sup Lee. "Laboratory Evaluation of Sustainable PMA Binder Containing Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS) and Thermoplastic Polyurethane." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 10057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310057.
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In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) were utilized to enhance asphalt binder properties. Superpave asphalt binder tests and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) were conducted to evaluate the physical and rheological performance (viscosity, rutting, and cracking properties) of the asphalt binders before and after short-term aging and after the long-term aging process. The results showed that (i) TPU has a positive effect on workability, including the mixing and compaction processes, which was evident from the reduced binder viscosity; (ii) asphalt binders with TPU and SIS showed better rutting resistance compared to the SIS binders without TPU; (iii) the cracking resistance of asphalt binders was found to be improved significantly with the addition of TPU; and (iv) TPU has the potential to be considered as a sustainable polymer modifier for producing bearable asphalt binders by improving rutting and crack resistance without increasing the melting temperature of the asphalt binders.
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Chomicz-Kowalska, Anna. "A Study of Adhesion in Foamed WMA Binder-Aggregate Systems Using Boiling Water Stripping Tests." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 6248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216248.
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The paper investigates the phenomena of adhesion in binder-aggregate systems produced to reflect warm-mix asphalt with water-foamed bitumen. The investigated materials included limestone and quartzite aggregates and a total of four asphalt binders: 50/70 and 45/80–55 bituminous binders obtained from two sources. The adhesive bonding between the asphalt binders and aggregates was evaluated in boiling water stripping tests, which results were quantified using digital image analysis. The bituminous binders were additionally tested for their dynamic viscosities, and their chemical composition was probed using FTIR spectroscopy. The tests were carried out using traditional liquid and foamed bituminous binders on samples prepared at temperatures characteristic of hot-mix asphalt and warm-mix asphalt production (20 °C decrease). The use of foamed binders yielded higher values of residual asphalt binder coverage of the aggregates. Limestone aggregates provided superior adhesion, with the lowest result amounting to approximately 88%, while with quartzite aggregates, the results ranged from approximately 40% to 87%. The refinery from which the asphalt binders were sourced had a significant influence on the results; however, the additional rheological and chemical analyses were insufficient to explain those differences. It was concluded that the process of asphalt binder foaming, per se, may have a beneficial impact on the resistance of the asphalt binder-aggregate system to the action of water.
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Ghabchi, Rouzbeh. "Effect of Lignin Type as an Additive on Rheology and Adhesion Properties of Asphalt Binder." Solids 3, no. 4 (October 26, 2022): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solids3040038.
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Utilization of alternative asphalt binders and additives from renewable sources, given the scale and the impact of the asphalt pavement industry, is an important step toward a sustainable future for the surface transportation infrastructure. Among several sources available for harvesting sustainable construction materials, bio-based materials from agricultural feedstock are known to be one of the most reliable, renewable, environmentally friendly, and economically feasible solutions to achieve this goal. Lignin, one of the most abundant materials in nature, is the byproduct of several industries, specifically pulp processing and biofuel production facilities. Given its physical properties, the use of lignin as a partial replacement for petroleum-based asphalt binder has been studied and proven promising. However, lignin’s properties vary depending on its source and processing techniques. Therefore, incorporating lignin in asphalt binders can result in different mechanical properties, depending on its type and chemical composition. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of three different lignin types, when used as an asphalt binder modifier, on the rheological properties of the asphalt binder, aging characteristics, and its adhesion to different aggregates. This study’s findings showed that, when incorporated in an asphalt binder at the same amount, different lignin types have significantly different effects on asphalt binder blends’ rheological, aging, and adhesion properties. Different rheological, aging, and adhesion properties of the binders result in different mechanical characteristics in asphalt mixes containing lignin-modified asphalt binders.
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Fatemi, Saeed, Jafar Bolouri Bazaz, and Seyed Ali Ziaee. "Evaluation of Rutting and Fatigue Behaviors of Asphalt Binders Modified with Calcium Lignosulfonate." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (September 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6894514.
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Asphalt mixes encounter different distress during the life cycle of asphalt pavements, among which rutting and fatigue failure are prominent. Moreover, the addition of environmentally friendly modifiers into the asphalt binder to increase the performance of asphalt mixes has been a challenging phenomenon for researchers. Calcium lignosulfonate (CL) is a waste material that is a by-product of the wood industry. In this paper, the impact of the calcium lignosulfonate on the rutting and fatigue performance of the asphalt binder was investigated. For this purpose, the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) was utilized to run the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test and evaluate G ∗ /sinδ and G ∗ ·sinδ indices for the asphalt binder containing different percentages of CL. The elastic recovery test was also conducted on the asphalt binder. In order to analyze the thermal storage stability of CL-modified asphalt binders, the storage stability test was considered. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope test showed that using CL as a binder modifier makes the texture of the asphalt binder spongy and porous. The conventional test results indicated that increasing the CL amount in the asphalt binder led to an increase in the stiffness of the asphalt binder. The rheological test results showed that the rutting resistance of the asphalt binder improved by adding up to 15% of the CL powder; however, the fatigue performance and the elasticity of the asphalt binder declined by increasing the CL content in the asphalt binder. The storage stability test revealed that the dispersion of CL in the asphalt binder was uniform; moreover, the presence of CL in the asphalt binder could not adversely affect the thermal storage stability of the modified asphalt binder.
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Feng, Zhen Gang, Jian Ying Yu, Heng Long Zhang, and Dong Liang Kuang. "Preparation and Properties of Ageing Resistant Asphalt Binder with Various Anti-Ageing Additives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1062.
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The modified asphalt binders with various anti-ageing additives, including ultraviolet (UV) absorber, antioxidant and combination of them, were prepared, and the effects of UV absorber contents, antioxidant contents and combination of UV absorber and antioxidant on physical properties and ageing characteristics of the asphalt binder were investigated. Results show that the ductility of asphalt binder increases whereas the softening point and viscosity decrease with addition of anti-ageing additives. UV absorbers and antioxidants exhibit different influences on the ageing properties of asphalt binder. The thermal- and photo-oxidative ageing performance of asphalt binder can be simultaneously improved by the compound modification with UV absorber and antioxidant. The combination of UV326 and antioxidant 1010 shows synergistic effect in preventing the asphalt binder from thermal- and photo-oxidative ageing, which contributes to excellent ageing resistance of modified asphalt binder.
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Yu, Huanan, Xianping Bai, Guoping Qian, Hui Wei, Xiangbing Gong, Jiao Jin, and Zhijie Li. "Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Aging Properties of SBS-Modified Asphalt Binders." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071111.
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Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) polymer-modified asphalt binders have become widely used in asphalt pavement because of their advantages in high- and low-temperature performance and fatigue resistance. Asphalt pavement is inevitably exposed to sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) radiation during its construction and service life. However, consideration of the aging effect of UV radiation is still limited in current pavement design and evaluation systems. In order to evaluate the impact of UV radiation on the aging properties of SBS-modified asphalt binders, UV aging tests were performed on Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT)-aged samples with different UV radiation intensities and aging times. Sixteen different groups of tests were conducted to compare the rheological properties and functional group characteristics of SBS-modified asphalt binders. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), FTIR, and SEM tests were conducted to evaluate the aging mechanisms in various UV aging conditions. The results found that UV radiation seriously destroys the network structure formed by the cross-linking effect in SBS-modified asphalt binders, which aggravates the degradation of SBS and results in a great change of rheological properties after UV aging. The nature of SBS-modified asphalt binder aging resulted from the degradation of SBS and the changes of asphalt binder base composition, which lead to the transformation of colloidal structure and the deterioration of asphalt binder performance. The tests also found that continuous UV radiation can increase shrinkage stress in the asphalt binder surface and leads to surface cracking of the asphalt binder.
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Moraes, Raquel, and Hussain Bahia. "Developing Simple Binder Indices for Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Binders at Intermediate and Low Temperatures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (September 6, 2018): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118792999.
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Oxidative aging causes hardening of asphalt binders and, consequently, contributes to deterioration of asphalt pavements. Non-load related cracking of asphalt pavements (i.e., transverse and block cracks) is related to original properties and hardening of the asphalt binder. In recent years, researchers have proposed new indices derived from Superpave Performance Graded (PG) testing to identify changes in asphalt cracking susceptibility with aging. These indices include the parameter G′/(η′/G′) and the difference between continuous low temperature binder grade measured via Superpave creep stiffness and m-value (ΔTc). This study aims to develop interrelationships between tests allowing choice selection for the determination of simpler parameters that could be used for specification tests of asphalt binders. Two simpler asphalt binder indices for cracking resistance are investigated by means of Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) and Single Edge Notched Bending (SENB) tests results. At intermediate temperatures, the slope of the |G*|-frequency curve obtained from a simple frequency sweep test is proposed as an alternative approach to directly calculate the durability parameter G′/(η′/G′). At low temperatures, results indicated a direct correlation between failure energy at fracture obtained from SENB and ΔTc. To confim the validity of these indices and the changes at molecular level, Gel Permeation Chromatograph (GPC) results are presented to indicate that asphalts with higher content of large molecular size (LMS) molecules are likely to crack. Limits for specifcations for the slope of |G*|-frequency curve and ΔTc can be derived based on testing a wide range of binders and field experience.
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Fakhri, Mansour, Sajad Javadi, Reza Sedghi, Alireza Sassani, Ali Arabzadeh, and Behnam Baveli Bahmai. "Microwave Induction Heating of Polymer-Modified Asphalt Materials for Self-Healing and Deicing." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 10129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810129.
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This study evaluates the influence of polymer-modification on the induction heating capability of asphalt mastic in a microwave field, and investigates how effectively this approach can be utilized for ice melting and self-healing purposes. To this end, different asphalt mastic mixtures with different polymer-modification and mixing procedures were tested under microwave field exposure for induction heating capability, ice-melting ability, and self-healing capacity. The mixtures were made through warm-mix and hot-mix procedures with four bituminous binders, including virgin (unmodified) asphalt and the same binder modified with three types of polymers. The results showed the effectiveness of microwave induction heating of asphalt mastic for both crack-healing and deicing purposes. The binder type was found to influence the ice melting and crack healing rates, such that using a warm-mix asphalt binder resulted in a more efficient heat generation and conduction than using a virgin asphalt binder. While polymer-modification undermined induction-heating, ice-melting, and self-healing performances, SBS-modified asphalt binders exhibited better performance than the other polymer-modified binders.
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Putman, Bradley J. "Effects of Fiber Finish on the Performance of Asphalt Binders and Mastics." Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/172634.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of finishes applied to polyester fibers on the properties of asphalt binders and mastics. Asphalt binders were mixed with finishes that were extracted from the fibers, and mastics were also made with binder and fibers (with and without finish) to isolate the effects of the finish. The results indicated that crude source plays a significant role in how the fiber finish affects the binders and mastics. Additionally different finishes had different effects on binder properties. The major finding of this study is that different polyester fibers, even from the same manufacturer, may not necessarily perform the same in an asphalt mixture. It is important to use fibers that are compatible with the particular asphalt binder that is being used because of the significance of the binder source on the interaction between the finish and the binder.
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Lushinga, Nonde, Liping Cao, Zejiao Dong, Chen Yang, and Cyriaque O. Assogba. "Performance Evaluation of Crumb Rubber Asphalt Modified with Silicone-Based Warm Mix Additives." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 30, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4840825.
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This research was conducted to elucidate better understanding of the performance of crumb rubber asphalt modified with silicone-based warm mix additives. Two different silicone-based warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives (herein Tego XP and Addibit) were used to prepare crumb rubber modified (CRM) warm mix asphalt binders. The viscosity of these CRM binders was measured at different temperatures and shearing rates. Furthermore, softening point and penetration tests, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), Time Sweep (TS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Frequency sweep (FS), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) tests were also conducted on prepared samples. Based on these robust and rigorous laboratory experiments, it was established that viscosity of CRM binders was reduced by addition of Tego XP and Addibit WMA additives. However, WMA additives had different influence on rheological properties of the binder. CRM binder with Tego XP improved resistance to rutting of the binders but would degrade the fatigue performance. On the contrary, viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) model results and those of phase angle approach revealed that the binder with Addibit improved resistance to fatigue cracking of the binders but had no adverse effects on high temperature rutting performance. FTIR test results established a presence of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in CRM binders with Tego XP and Addibit. PDMS is a well-known hydrophobic organic and inorganic polymer that is water repellent; therefore, binders containing these silicone-based warm mix additives could be beneficial in resisting moisture damage in asphalt binders and mixtures. Morphology of CRM binders with and without WMA revealed good distribution of the rubber particles in asphalt binder matrix. Further addition of WMA increased surface roughness of the binder, which can be correlated to changes in microstructure properties of the binder. Therefore, the study concluded that addition of Tego XP and Addibit reduces viscosity and improves mechanical properties of the asphalt binder.
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Zhang, Weiguang, Shihui Shen, Shenghua Wu, and Louay N. Mohammad. "Long-Term Field Aging of Warm-Mix and Hot-Mix Asphalt Binders." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2632, no. 1 (January 2017): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2632-15.
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Limited field studies have considered the aging of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) binders, especially from the perspective of long-term aging. This paper quantifies the long-term (10 to 82 months) field aging properties of WMA binders and the control hot-mix asphalt (HMA) binders and identifies the key factors associated with long-term field aging of asphalt. Asphalt binders from 23 field projects consisting of 65 HMA and WMA pavements were recovered, and high-temperature performance grade (PG) was tested. The effects of climate, month of aging, WMA technologies, and original binder high-temperature PG on field asphalt aging were analyzed. A prediction model that included multiple parameters was developed and validated. Results indicated that Evotherm WMA binder had a lower high-temperature PG than HMA binder shortly after construction, but this difference reduced with time. No statistical difference of field aging between HMA and WMA binders was observed. The climate effect on asphalt field aging was apparent within dry areas or freeze areas, whereas the aging difference between dry and freeze areas was inconclusive and requires further research. Other conclusions were that ( a) the field asphalt aging affects more of top-down longitudinal wheelpath crack than transverse crack, ( b) foaming WMA binder ages slowest of all binders considered, ( c) PG 64-XX and PG 70-XX binders aged more than PG 58-XX and PG 76-XX binders, and ( d) the prediction model had good agreement with test results and was well validated. The identified factors that affected field asphalt aging were overlay thickness, in-place air voids, effective binder content, complex shear modulus, and solar radiation.
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Khiong, Lim Min, Md Safiuddin, Mohammad Abdul Mannan, and Resdiansyah. "Material Properties and Environmental Benefits of Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixes Including Local Crumb Rubber Obtained from Scrap Tires." Environments 8, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8060047.
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This paper presents the results of a laboratory-based experimental investigation on the properties of asphalt binder and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixes modified by locally available crumb rubber, which was used as a partial replacement of asphalt by weight. In this study, fine crumb rubber with a particle size in the range of 0.3–0.6 mm, obtained from scrap tires, was added to the asphalt binder through the wet process. Crumb rubber contents of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 19% by weight of asphalt were added to the virgin binder in order to prepare the modified asphalt binder samples, while the unmodified asphalt binder was used as the control sample. The crumb rubber modified binder samples were examined for measuring viscosity indirectly using the penetration test, and temperature resistance using the softening point test. Later, both the modified and unmodified asphalt binders were used to produce HMA mixes. Two categories of HMA mix commonly used in Malaysia—namely, AC 14 (dense-graded) and SMA 14 (gap-graded)—were produced using the modified asphalt binders containing 5%, 10%, 15%, and 19% crumb rubber. Two AC 14 and SMA 14 control mixes were also produced, incorporating the unmodified asphalt binder (0% crumb rubber). All of the AC 14 and SMA 14 asphalt mixes were examined in order to determine their volumetric properties, such as bulk density, voids in total mix (VTM), voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids filled with asphalt (VFA). In addition, the Marshall stability, Marshall flow, and stiffness of all of the AC 14 and SMA 14 mixes were determined. Test results indicated that the modified asphalt binders possessed higher viscosity and temperature resistance than the unmodified asphalt binder. The viscosity and temperature resistance of the asphalt binders increased with the increase in their crumb rubber content. The increased crumb rubber content also led to improvements in the volumetric properties (bulk density, VTM, VMA, and VFA) of the AC 14 and SMA 14 mixes. In addition, the performance characteristics of the AC 14 and SMA 14 mixes—such as Marshall stability, Marshall flow, and stiffness—increased with the increase in crumb rubber content. However, the AC 14 mixes performed much better than the SMA 14 mixes. The overall research findings suggest that crumb rubber can be used to produce durable and sustainable HMA mixes, with manifold environmental benefits, for use in flexible pavements carrying the heavy traffic load of highways.
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Krcmova, Iva, Petr Hyzl, Pavla Nekulova, Pavel Coufalik, and Ondrej Dasek. "Use of Rejuvenators to Rejuvenate Asphalt Binders in RAP." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.547.
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With increased demand and limited aggregate and binder supply, hot mix asphalt (HMA) producers discovered that reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a valuable component in HMA. This paper is concerned with the current issue of higher using RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) in asphalt mixtures for pavement wearing courses. It describes the effects of application of three types of rejuvenation additives on properties of aged asphalt binders made from a regular RAP. These rejuvenation additives restore the physical and chemical properties of aged binders. In addition, the aged asphalt binder with rejuvenators applied was subjected to a short-term laboratory aging using the RTFOT (Rolling Thin Film Oven Test). This method simulate aging asphalt binder during the manufacturing process and laying. To assess the binder properties, both the standard empirical tests and more advanced functional tests (dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer) have been performed. Last part of the paper provides an evaluation of the individual rejuvenation additives. Based on the results it can be concluded that a positive change in properties of aged asphalt binder after applying all the three rejuvenators has been proven.
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Wang, Han, Yinchuan Guo, Aiqin Shen, Xiaolong Yang, and Peng Li. "Effect of Nanoclays on Moisture Susceptibility of SBS-Modified Asphalt Binder." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (February 26, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2074232.
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Moisture susceptibility plays an important role in the damage of asphalt pavement. Failure occurs when asphalt is removed from the aggregate particles due to the decreased adhesion between the asphalt and aggregate in comparison with that between water and the aggregate. In recent years, efforts utilizing nanomaterials to improve the diverse properties of asphalt have proven to be effective. In this study, three types of nanoclays were used to modify styrene-butadiene-styrene- (SBS-) modified asphalt. The resistances to water damage of the modified binders were evaluated using the surface free energy (SFE) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results revealed that the total SFE decreased and the energy ratio (ER) increased when the asphalt binder was modified with the nanoclays, indicating that the addition of nanoclays can improve the moisture resistance of these aggregate-binder systems. After immersion, a decreased amount of bee structures was observed in both the SBS and nanoclay-modified asphalts due to the interactions between water and bitumen. However, the residual amount of bee structures was higher in the nanoclay-modified asphalts than in the SBS-modified asphalt, indicating that the addition of nanoclay makes the surface morphology of asphalt more resistant to water damage. Finally, freeze-thaw splitting tests were used to verify the results obtained through the SFE and AFM tests.
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Wang, Tao, Xuelei Wei, De Zhang, Hai Shi, and Zhiqiang Cheng. "Evaluation for Low Temperature Performance of SBS Modified Asphalt by Dynamic Shear Rheometer Method." Buildings 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090408.
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Finding an alternative or supplementary test method to evaluating the low temperature performance of asphalt is an area of considerable interest. This paper tries to explore the possibility of using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) method for assessing the low temperature properties of styrenebutadienestyrene (SBS) modified asphalt. In the study, 60/80 and 80/100 pen grade asphalt binders, named binder A-70, binder B-70 and binder C-90, are used to produce the SBS modified asphalt samples. After that, the low temperature performance of the asphalt binders is characterized by using bending beam rheometer (BBR) test. The results indicate that the low temperature performance of the different binders is related to the source of the binder. The low temperature performance of asphalt could be improved with the addition of the SBS. The DSR test is used to develop the complex modulus master curves for binders. Based on the principle of time–temperature conversion, the glass transition temperature of asphalt is calculated by the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) equation. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of base asphalt and the SBS modified asphalt are determined by the viscoelastic parameters of the master curve and the WLF equation coefficients based on the time–temperature superposition principle. By establishing the relationship between the critical temperature and the Tg of the asphalt binder, the effectiveness of the method established in this paper is verified. The advantage of this method is the ability to use the DSR test for the rapid evaluation of the low temperature performance of asphalt, which is able to reduce testing materials and save testing time as well. The glass transition temperature of the SBS modified asphalt is closely associated with aging degree, asphalt source and the SBS content.
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Al-Abdul Wahhab, H. I., and I. Abaker. "Performance Modification of Asphalt Binders using Thermoplastic Polymers." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol1iss1pp19-28.
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There is a need to improve the performance of asphalt binders to minimize stress cracking that occurs at low temperatures and plastic deformation at high temperatures. Importation of used asphalt-polymers from abroad, leads to an increase in the total construction cost as compared to the cost if the used polymers were of local origin. The main objective of this research was to modify locally produced asphalt. Ten polymers were identified as potential asphalt modifiers based on their physical properties and chemical composition. After preliminary laboratory evaluation for the melting point of these polymers, five polymers were selected for local asphalt modification. In the initial stage, required mixing time was decided based on the relation between shear loss modulus and mixing time .The optimum polymer content was selected based on Superpave binder performance grade specifications.The suitability of improvement was verified through the evaluation of permanent deformation and fatigue behavior of laboratory prepared asphalt concrete mixes. The results indicated that the rheological properties of the modified binders improved significantly with sufficient polymer content (3%). The aging properties of the modified binders were found to be dependent on the type of polymer.The fatigue life and resistance to permanent deformation were significantly improved due to enhanced binder rheological properties. Thus, local asphalts can be modified using thermoplastic polymers.
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Masirin, Mohd Idrus Mohd, Ahmed Suliman B. Ali, Mohammad Sukri Mustapa, Raha Abdul Rahman, Abdullah Wagiman, and Muhammad Isom Aziz. "Analysis of Physical and Microstructural Properties on Parit Nipah Peat Particles as Sustainable Asphalt Modifier." Materials Science Forum 975 (January 2020): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.975.197.
Full textAbstract:
Innovations were conducted continuously to create sustainable asphalt modifier. In this research it is focused on the investigation work of the asphalt binder modified properties with different percentages of one different micro material. This material is Parit Nipah Peat. The investigation is about the physical properties of asphalt binders modified with Parit Nipah Peat PNpt.M.A. PNpt leads to make a lot of changes in internal and external of the samples that checked via penetration test, ductility test, and Scanning Electron Microscopic. The Parit Nipah Peat was added to the original binder with a high shear blender then used at 1500 rpm to mix the PNpt with the binder. Three (3) different percentages were mixed by weight of binder to modify the asphalt binder with the binder at 0, 3%, 5% and 7%. This material has a high ability to distribution with asphalt, appears to be plain and homogeneous and different structure after blended with bitumen. The physical property of modified binders enhanced the binder properties, as the results of penetration test, ductility test and distribution inside the binder showed that. Adding a different concentration of PNpt to base binder had significant effects of high resistant changing volume and increased hardness.
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Mwanza, Aaron D., Pei Wen Hao, and Hai Nian Wang. "Effects of Hydrated Lime on Consistency Properties of Asphalt Binders." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.214.
Full textAbstract:
Although the addition of hydrated lime to mineral aggregates at asphalt production plants has become mandatory for use in all asphalt concrete mixtures, the consequences of such additives at asphalt binder- mineral aggregate contact in the hot bin have shown a great effect on the consistency properties of the resulting asphalt mastics as compared to that of a neat asphalt binder. Considering that many highway agencies in developing countries still use asphalt binders consistency properties to verify material specifications for acceptance and construction practices control to build sustainable highways, it is eminent that asphalt mastic other than neat asphalt binder should provide pertinent information for consistency characterization of the neat asphalt binder in question. Fundamental consistency properties of asphalt binder containing hydrated lime to a conventional No. 70 asphalt binder (Penetration Grade) designed to meet the JTG F40-2004 specification of China were investigated. Hydrated lime was dry mixed with neat asphalt binder at hydrated lime to binder ratio’s ranging from 0.0 to 1.5 in ratio increments of 0.3% by weight of asphalt. Analyses of test results show that asphalt mastic consistency properties are well-defined linear functions of hydrated lime content. Penetration and ductility shows a linear reduction at increased hydrated lime content estimated at 14 (0.1mm) and 15cm per 0.1% of hydrated lime increment respectively while softening point and apparent viscosity increases at the rate of 6oC and 0.1 centipoises per 0.1% of hydrated lime increment respectively.
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Roy-Chowdhury, Abhirup B., Mofreh F. Saleh, and Miguel Moyers-Gonzalez. "Characterisation of Permanent Deformation Behaviour of Asphalt Mix Based on a Combined Elastic Plastic (CEP) Parameter." Infrastructures 6, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6120183.
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Permanent deformation or rutting is a major mode of failure in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements. The binder used in the asphalt mixture plays an important role in the rutting resistance performance of the mixture. Currently, the Superpave rutting parameter and a more advanced test called multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) are the most widely used tests for rutting characterisation of asphalt binders. However, they both have their own merits and demerits. This study was undertaken to introduce a combined Elastic-Plastic (CEP) parameter as an additional binder rheological rutting parameters. The study also aimed at investigating the applicability and potential of this parameter to supplement the existing binder rheological parameters to characterise the properties of asphalt binder related to HMA rutting performance. Additionally, the correlations of the binder rheological parameters with the asphalt mix rutting parameters generated by the dynamic creep and the dynamic modulus tests were investigated. For the polymer-modified binders, Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) was added to the PG 70-16 binder at two concentration levels (4, and 6% by the mass of the binder). A dense-graded HMA AC 14 was tested in the Dynamic Modulus (DM) and Dynamic Creep (DC) tests for evaluating the rutting performance. The CEP parameter was found to be much more reliable than the traditional G*/sin (δ) and the non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr) parameters for evaluating the rutting behaviour of polymer modified asphalt binders, evident from better correlations of CEP with the asphalt mix performance. Unlike Jnr, the CEP parameter revealed a wider range of values, which is comparable with asphalt mixture test results.
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Mohammadafzali, Mojtaba, Hesham Ali, James A. Musselman, Gregory A. Sholar, and Wayne A. Rilko. "Aging of Rejuvenated Asphalt Binders." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8426475.
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An important concern that limits the RAP content in asphalt mixtures is the fact that the aged binder that is present in the RAP can cause premature cracking. Rejuvenators are frequently added to high RAP mixtures to enhance the properties of the binder. There is no existing method to predict the longevity of a rejuvenated asphalt. This study investigated the aging of rejuvenated binders and compared their durability with that of virgin asphalt. Various samples with different types and proportions of RAP, virgin binder, and rejuvenator were aged by RTFO and three cycles of PAV. DSR and BBR tests were conducted to examine the high-temperature and low-temperature rheological properties of binders. Results indicated that the type and dosage of the rejuvenator have a great influence on the aging rate and durability of the binder. Some rejuvenators make the binder age slower, while others accelerate aging. These observations confirm the importance of evaluating the long-term aging of recycled binders. For this purpose, critical PAV time was proposed as a measure of binder’s longevity.
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Cheng, Peifeng, Zhanming Zhang, Zonghao Yang, Jin Xu, and Yiming Li. "Investigating the Effectiveness of Nano-Montmorillonite on Asphalt Binder from Rheological, Thermodynamics, and Chemical Perspectives." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061433.
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In this research, the feasibility of using nano-montmorillonite (MMT) in asphalt binders was investigated in terms of rheological properties, thermomechanical properties, and chemical structure composition. Different doses of MMT were added to the base asphalt and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) asphalt as test subjects. The effect of nanomaterials on the high-temperature resistance of asphalt binders to permanent deformation was analyzed from dynamic mechanical rheology using the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test. The sessile drop method test based on surface free energy (SFE) theory was employed and thermodynamic parameters such as surface free energy, cohesive work, and adhesion work were calculated to analysis the change in energy of the asphalt binder. In addition, changes in the chemical structure and composition of the asphalt binder were examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests. The results showed that MMT can effectively enhance the high-temperature elastic recovery and plastic deformation resistance of the asphalt binder. The intercalation structure produced in the asphalt binder enhanced the overall cohesive power and adhesion to the aggregate. The anchoring effect of the intercalation structure resulted in an increase in the macromolecular weight of the binder was demonstrated, indicating that MMT enhanced the overall intermolecular forces of the binder. In addition, the molecular crystal structure was characterized by characteristic functional groups in the infrared spectra, while demonstrating that no chemical reaction occurs during the modification of the binder by the nanomaterials.
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Ma, Fuquan, Xue Luo, Zhiyi Huang, and Jinchang Wang. "Characterization of Recovery in Asphalt Binders." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040920.
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The recovery property of asphalt binders plays an important role in the performance and service life of asphalt pavements. Since the internal stress is the driving force for the recovery of asphalt binders, the accurate measurement of the internal stress is full of significance. Based on this rationale, this paper aims to measure the internal stress of asphalt binders using a creep and step-loading recovery (CSR) test and characterizing the recovery behaviors by the internal stress. One base asphalt binder and one styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified binder are selected in this study. The key elements of the CSR test are carefully designed and its accuracy is verified in three aspects, including the loading conditions, the effect of disturbance by step-loads, and accuracy of measured internal stress. Then, a kinetics-based recovery model is proposed to evaluate and predict the recovery properties of asphalt binders from its causal relationship. The constant-rate recovery activation energy indicates a major difference with nondestructive and destructive loading conditions, while the fast-rate recovery activation energy keeps almost constant regardless of the loading conditions. After that, the healing activation energy is calculated by using the kinetics-based recovery model and the results indicate that SBS modified asphalt binder shows better healing abilities than a base binder.
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Wang, Wenqi, Ali Rahman, Haibo Ding, and Yanjun Qiu. "Assessment of Aging Impact on Wax Crystallization in Selected Asphalt Binders." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228248.
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For a better understanding of the changing trend in crystalline components of asphalt binders, asphalt binders originating from the SHRP Materials Reference Library with different oxidation degrees (unaged, 20 h PAV, and 60 h PAV) were prepared. The native asphalt binders and their oxidized residues were characterized by liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC). The results showed that, compared with other carbon types, the content of internal methylene carbons of long paraffinic chains between different SHRP binders was quite different. The NMR average length of a long paraffinic internal methylene chain showed a good correlation with the wax content obtained at −20 °C using the methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) precipitation method and also the recently developed variable-temperature Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (VT-FTIR) method. In most cases, the average length of straight internal methylene carbons of a long paraffinic chain terminated by a methyl group increased with the oxidation of the asphalt binder. However, the difference caused by oxidation was significantly smaller than the difference caused by the source of the asphalt binder. In general, oxidation will make the n-alkanes distributed in asphalt binder fall within a narrower range. The carbon number of n-alkanes in the asphalt binder generally grew with oxidation.
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Chen, Jian-Shiuh, Yang-Chou Sun, Min-Chih Liao, and Chien-Chung Huang. "Effect of Binder Types on Engineering Properties and Performance of Porous Asphalt Concrete." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2293, no. 1 (January 2012): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2293-07.
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Porous asphalt concrete (PAC) has an open-graded aggregate mixture to yield high air voids; PAC is mainly applied to the surface drainage layer on high-speed trafficked highway pavements. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of binder types on the engineering properties and field performance of PAC mixtures. Three binder types were selected for a 19-mm nominal maximum aggregate size gradation: conventional asphalt AR-80, polymer-modified asphalt, and high-viscosity asphalt. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the engineering properties of the PAC mixture, including permeability, resistance to draindown, resistance to disintegration, resistance to rutting, and resistance to indirect traction. A 3-km in-service test road was constructed to monitor the performance of PAC pavements using these three binders. Polymer-modified binder was shown to minimize abrasion loss and enhance the durability of the PAC mixture. Test results indicated that the use of polymer-modified binder, instead of unmodified binder, reduced rutting and raveling. When the mixture contained high-viscosity binder, it showed the best performance in the field. Field measurements indicated improved drainage as a result of replacement of the conventional asphalt AR-80 binder with the polymer-modified and high-viscosity binders. PAC pavement surfaces provided good frictional characteristics once the asphalt binder film was worn from the aggregate.
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Kumar, Abhinay, Rajan Choudhary, and Ankush Kumar. "Aging characteristics of asphalt binders modified with waste tire and plastic pyrolytic chars." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0256030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256030.
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Globally, the growing volume of waste tires and plastics has posed significant concerns about their sustainable and economical disposal. Pyrolysis provides a way for effective treatment and management of these wastes, enabling recovery of energy and produces solid pyrolytic char as a by-product. The use of pyrolytic chars in asphalt binder modification has recently gained significant interest among researchers. As asphalt binder aging influences the cracking, rutting, and moisture damage performance of asphalt binder and the mixtures, evaluation of aging characteristics of char modified asphalt binders is quite important. The main objective of this study is the investigation of the aging characteristics of asphalt binders modified with waste tire pyrolytic char (TPC) and waste plastic pyrolytic char (PPC) through rheological and spectroscopic evaluations. To imitate short-term and long-term aging conditions, the asphalt binders were first treated in a rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and then in a pressure aging vessel (PAV). The aging characteristics were determined using four rheological aging indices based on complex modulus (G*), phase angle (δ), zero shear viscosity (ZSV), and non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr) from multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test. The fatigue cracking potential was then measured through binder yield energy test (BYET). These parameters were measured through a dynamic shear rheometer. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy analyses were then used to investigate changes in chemical composition due to aging in the char modified binders. Both TPC and PPC improved the high-temperature deformation resistance properties of asphalt binder. The TPC-modified binder showed better aging resistance than the control and PPC-modified binders, based on the different rheological and spectroscopic indices. The pyrolytic char modified binders also demonstrated good fatigue performance.