Academic literature on the topic 'Assessment; Monitoring; Point cloud'
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Journal articles on the topic "Assessment; Monitoring; Point cloud"
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Jaalama, Kaisa, Heikki Kauhanen, Aino Keitaanniemi, et al. "3D Point Cloud Data in Conveying Information for Local Green Factor Assessment." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 11 (2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110762.
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The importance of ensuring the adequacy of urban ecosystem services and green infrastructure has been widely highlighted in multidisciplinary research. Meanwhile, the consolidation of cities has been a dominant trend in urban development and has led to the development and implementation of the green factor tool in cities such as Berlin, Melbourne, and Helsinki. In this study, elements of the green factor tool were monitored with laser-scanned and photogrammetrically derived point cloud datasets encompassing a yard in Espoo, Finland. The results show that with the support of 3D point clouds, it is possible to support the monitoring of the local green infrastructure, including elements of smaller size in green areas and yards. However, point clouds generated by distinct means have differing abilities in conveying information on green elements, and canopy covers, for example, might hinder these abilities. Additionally, some green factor elements are more promising for 3D measurement-based monitoring than others, such as those with clear geometrical form. The results encourage the involvement of 3D measuring technologies for monitoring local urban green infrastructure (UGI), also of small scale.
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Mayr, A., M. Rutzinger, and C. Geitner. "MULTITEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF OBJECTS IN 3D POINT CLOUDS FOR LANDSLIDE MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-691-2018.
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To date multi-temporal 3D point clouds from close-range sensing are used for landslide and erosion monitoring in an operational manner. Morphological changes are typically derived by calculating distances between points from different acquisition epochs. The identification of the underlying processes resulting in surface changes, however, is often challenging, for example due to the complex surface structures and influences from seasonal vegetation dynamics. We present an approach for object-based 3D landslide monitoring based on topographic LiDAR point cloud time series separating specific surface change types automatically. The workflow removes vegetation and relates surface changes derived from a point cloud time series directly to (i) geomorphological object classes (landslide scarp, eroded area, deposit) and (ii) to individual, spatially contiguous objects (such as parts of the landslide scarp and clods of material moving in the landslide). We apply this approach to a time series of nine point cloud epochs from a slope affected by two shallow landslides. A parameter test addresses the influence of the registration error and the associated level of detection on the magnitude of derived object changes. The results of our case study are in accordance with field observations at the test site as well as conceptual landslide models, where retrogressive erosion of the scarp and downslope movement of the sliding mass are major principles of secondary landslide development. We conclude that the presented methods are well suited to extract information on geomorphological process dynamics from the complex point clouds and aggregate it at different levels of abstraction to assist landslide and erosion assessment.
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Kyriou, Aggeliki, Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos, and Ioannis Koukouvelas. "Timely and Low-Cost Remote Sensing Practices for the Assessment of Landslide Activity in the Service of Hazard Management." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (2022): 4745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194745.
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Landslides are among the most dangerous and catastrophic events in the world. The increasing progress in remote sensing technology made landslide observations timely, systematic and less costly. In this context, we collected multi-dated data obtained by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) campaigns and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) surveys for the accurate and immediate monitoring of a landslide located in a steep and v-shaped valley, in order to provide operational information concerning the stability of the area to the local authorities. The derived data were processed appropriately, and UAV-based as well as TLS point clouds were generated. The monitoring and assessment of the evolution of the landslide were based on the identification of instability phenomena between the multi-dated UAV and TLS point clouds using the direct cloud-to-cloud comparison and the estimation of the deviation between surface sections. The overall evaluation of the results revealed that the landslide remains active for three years but is progressing particularly slowly. Moreover, point clouds arising from a UAV or a TLS sensor can be effectively utilized for landslide monitoring with comparable accuracies. Nevertheless, TLS point clouds proved to be denser and more appropriate in terms of enhancing the accuracy of the monitoring process. The outcomes were validated using measurements, acquired by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
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Liu, Dan, Dajun Li, Meizhen Wang, and Zhiming Wang. "3D Change Detection Using Adaptive Thresholds Based on Local Point Cloud Density." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030127.
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In recent years, because of highly developed LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technologies, there has been increasing demand for 3D change detection in urban monitoring, urban model updating, and disaster assessment. In order to improve the effectiveness of 3D change detection based on point clouds, an approach for 3D change detection using point-based comparison is presented in this paper. To avoid density variation in point clouds, adaptive thresholds are calculated through the k-neighboring average distance and the local point cloud density. A series of experiments for quantitative evaluation is performed. In the experiments, the influencing factors including threshold, registration error, and neighboring number of 3D change detection are discussed and analyzed. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the approach using adaptive thresholds based on local point cloud density are effective and suitable.
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Gonizzi Barsanti, Sara, Marco Raoul Marini, Saverio Giulio Malatesta, and Adriana Rossi. "Evaluation of Denoising and Voxelization Algorithms on 3D Point Clouds." Remote Sensing 16, no. 14 (2024): 2632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16142632.
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Proper documentation is fundamental to providing structural health monitoring, damage identification and failure assessment for Cultural Heritage (CH). Three-dimensional models from photogrammetric and laser scanning surveys usually provide 3D point clouds that can be converted into meshes. The point clouds usually contain noise data due to different causes: non-cooperative material or surfaces, bad lighting, complex geometry and low accuracy of the instruments utilized. Point cloud denoising has become one of the hot topics of 3D geometric data processing, removing these noise data to recover the ground-truth point cloud and adding smoothing to the ideal surface. These cleaned point clouds can be converted in volumes with different algorithms, suitable for different uses, mainly for structural analysis. This paper aimed to analyse the geometric accuracy of algorithms available for the conversion of 3D point clouds into volumetric models that can be used for structural analyses through the FEA process. The process is evaluated, highlighting problems and difficulties that lie in poor reconstruction results of volumes from denoised point clouds due to the geometric complexity of the objects.
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Zhang, Ju, Qingwu Hu, Hongyu Wu, Junying Su, and Pengcheng Zhao. "Application of Fractal Dimension of Terrestrial Laser Point Cloud in Classification of Independent Trees." Fractal and Fractional 5, no. 1 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract5010014.
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Tree precise classification and identification of forest species is a core issue of forestry resource monitoring and ecological effect assessment. In this paper, an independent tree species classification method based on fractal features of terrestrial laser point cloud is proposed. Firstly, the terrestrial laser point cloud data of an independent tree is preprocessed to obtain terrestrial point clouds of independent tree canopy. Secondly, the multi-scale box-counting dimension calculation algorithm of independent tree canopy dense terrestrial laser point cloud is proposed. Furthermore, a robust box-counting algorithm is proposed to improve the stability and accuracy of fractal dimension expression of independent tree point cloud, which implementing gross error elimination based on Random Sample Consensus. Finally, the fractal dimension of a dense terrestrial laser point cloud of independent trees is used to classify different types of independent tree species. Experiments on nine independent trees of three types show that the fractal dimension can be stabilized under large density variations, proving that the fractal features of terrestrial laser point cloud can stably express tree species characteristics, and can be used for accurate classification and recognition of forest species.
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Sirmacek, Beril, Roderik Lindenbergh, and Jinhu Wang. "QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON OF SMARTPHONE AND LEICA C10 LASER SCANNER BASED POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-581-2016.
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3D urban models are valuable for urban map generation, environment monitoring, safety planning and educational purposes. For 3D measurement of urban structures, generally airborne laser scanning sensors or multi-view satellite images are used as a data source. However, close-range sensors (such as terrestrial laser scanners) and low cost cameras (which can generate point clouds based on photogrammetry) can provide denser sampling of 3D surface geometry. Unfortunately, terrestrial laser scanning sensors are expensive and trained persons are needed to use them for point cloud acquisition. A potential effective 3D modelling can be generated based on a low cost smartphone sensor. Herein, we show examples of using smartphone camera images to generate 3D models of urban structures. We compare a smartphone based 3D model of an example structure with a terrestrial laser scanning point cloud of the structure. This comparison gives us opportunity to discuss the differences in terms of geometrical correctness, as well as the advantages, disadvantages and limitations in data acquisition and processing. We also discuss how smartphone based point clouds can help to solve further problems with 3D urban model generation in a practical way. We show that terrestrial laser scanning point clouds which do not have color information can be colored using smartphones. The experiments, discussions and scientific findings might be insightful for the future studies in fast, easy and low-cost 3D urban model generation field.
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Sirmacek, Beril, Roderik Lindenbergh, and Jinhu Wang. "QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON OF SMARTPHONE AND LEICA C10 LASER SCANNER BASED POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-581-2016.
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3D urban models are valuable for urban map generation, environment monitoring, safety planning and educational purposes. For 3D measurement of urban structures, generally airborne laser scanning sensors or multi-view satellite images are used as a data source. However, close-range sensors (such as terrestrial laser scanners) and low cost cameras (which can generate point clouds based on photogrammetry) can provide denser sampling of 3D surface geometry. Unfortunately, terrestrial laser scanning sensors are expensive and trained persons are needed to use them for point cloud acquisition. A potential effective 3D modelling can be generated based on a low cost smartphone sensor. Herein, we show examples of using smartphone camera images to generate 3D models of urban structures. We compare a smartphone based 3D model of an example structure with a terrestrial laser scanning point cloud of the structure. This comparison gives us opportunity to discuss the differences in terms of geometrical correctness, as well as the advantages, disadvantages and limitations in data acquisition and processing. We also discuss how smartphone based point clouds can help to solve further problems with 3D urban model generation in a practical way. We show that terrestrial laser scanning point clouds which do not have color information can be colored using smartphones. The experiments, discussions and scientific findings might be insightful for the future studies in fast, easy and low-cost 3D urban model generation field.
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Dhruwa, L., and P. K. Garg. "POSITIONAL ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF FEATURES USING LIDAR POINT CLOUD." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-M-3-2023 (September 5, 2023): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-m-3-2023-77-2023.
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Abstract. Nowadays, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data acquisition technology is gaining popularity due to its accuracy, precision, and rapid data collection. In recent years, many applications have demanded 3-D models and 3-D mapping for fly-through views of cities. LiDAR data is used to map topographic features as well as the height and density of high-rise objects, such as trees and buildings, on the earth's surface. Although there are numerous traditional surveying and space-based technologies existing to determine the elevation or height of any object are time-consuming, inaccurate, and require additional effort. Therefore, the present study focused on developing a large-scale 3D map and accuracy assessment for existing high-rise features in the study area using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). Further, LiDAR point cloud data has been used to estimate the position and elevation of the building. It can acquire data anytime, i.e., day and night, and collects more than 1.5 million points per second. The FARO Scene software has been used to process the data, and the processed data is then automatically registered and verified. The point cloud data's overall registration RMSE error is 36 mm. This file with an extension *.LAS format contains the positional coordinates of the features.The approach provided here for positional accuracy of features with improved accuracy will be helpful for identifying and monitoring the shift and deformations in the buildings and other features. It may also be used for site analysis, planning, and building information modeling.
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del Río-Barral, Pablo, Mario Soilán, Silvia María González-Collazo, and Pedro Arias. "Pavement Crack Detection and Clustering via Region-Growing Algorithm from 3D MLS Point Clouds." Remote Sensing 14, no. 22 (2022): 5866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225866.
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Road condition monitoring plays a critical role in transportation infrastructure maintenance and traffic safety assurance. This research introduces a methodology to detect cracks on pavement point clouds acquired with Mobile Laser Scanning systems, which offer more versatility and comprehensive information about the road environment than other specific surveying systems (i.e., profilometers, 3D cameras). The methodology comprises the following steps: (1) Road segmentation; (2) the detection of candidate crack points in individual scanning lines of the point cloud, based on point elevation; (3) crack point clustering via a region-growing algorithm; and (4) crack geometrical attributes extraction. Both the profile evaluation and the region-growing clustering algorithms have been developed from scratch to detect cracks directly from 3D point clouds instead of using raster data or Geo-Referenced Feature images, offering a quick and effective pre-rating tool for pavement condition assessment. Crack detection is validated with data from damaged roads in Portugal.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Assessment; Monitoring; Point cloud"
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Quach, Maurice. "Deep learning-based Point Cloud Compression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG051.
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Les nuages de points deviennent essentiels dans de nombreuses applications et les progrès des technologies de capture conduisent à des volumes de données croissants.La compression est donc essentielle pour le stockage et la transmission.La compression des nuages de points peut être divisée en deux parties : la compression de la géométrie et des attributs.En outre, l'évaluation de la qualité des nuages de points est nécessaire afin d'évaluer les méthodes de compression des nuages de points.La compression de la géométrie, la compression des attributs et l'évaluation de la qualité constituent les trois parties principales de cette thèse.Le défi commun à ces trois problèmes est la parcimonie et l'irrégularité des nuages de points.En effet, alors que d'autres modalités telles que les images reposent sur une grille régulière, la géométrie des nuages de points peut être considérée comme un signal binaire parcimonieux dans un espace 3D et les attributs sont définis sur la géométrie qui peut être à la fois parcimonieuse et irrégulière.Dans un premier temps, l'état de l'art des méthodes de compression de la géométrie et des attributs est passé en revue, en mettant l'accent sur les approches basées sur l'apprentissage profond.Les défis rencontrés lors de la compression de la géométrie et des attributs sont examinés, avec une analyse des approches actuelles pour les résoudre, leurs limites et les relations entre l'apprentissage profond et les approches traditionnelles.Nous présentons nos travaux sur la compression de la géométrie : une approche de compression de la géométrie avec perte basée sur la convolution avec une étude sur les facteurs de performance clés pour ces méthodes et un modèle génératif pour la compression de la géométrie sans perte avec une variante multi-échelle atténuant ses problèmes de complexité.Ensuite, nous présentons une approche basée sur le pliage pour la compression d'attributs qui apprend un mapping du nuage de points à une grille 2D afin de réduire la compression d'attributs de nuages de points à un problème de compression d'images.De plus, nous proposons une métrique de qualité perceptive profonde différentiable qui peut être utilisée pour entraîner des réseaux de compression géométrique de nuages de points avec perte tout en étant corrélée avec la qualité visuelle perçue, ainsi qu'un réseau neuronal convolutif pour l'évaluation de la qualité des nuages de points basé sur une approche d'extraction de patchs.Enfin, nous concluons la thèse et discutons des questions ouvertes dans la compression des nuages de points, des solutions existantes et des perspectives. Nous soulignons le lien entre la recherche actuelle sur la compression des nuages de points et les problèmes de recherche dans des domaines adjacents, tels que le rendu dans l'infographie, la compression des maillages et l'évaluation de la qualité des nuages de points<br>Point clouds are becoming essential in key applications with advances in capture technologies leading to large volumes of data.Compression is thus essential for storage and transmission.Point Cloud Compression can be divided into two parts: geometry and attribute compression.In addition, point cloud quality assessment is necessary in order to evaluate point cloud compression methods.Geometry compression, attribute compression and quality assessment form the three main parts of this dissertation.The common challenge across these three problems is the sparsity and irregularity of point clouds.Indeed, while other modalities such as images lie on a regular grid, point cloud geometry can be considered as a sparse binary signal over 3D space and attributes are defined on the geometry which can be both sparse and irregular.First, the state of the art for geometry and attribute compression methods with a focus on deep learning based approaches is reviewed.The challenges faced when compressing geometry and attributes are considered, with an analysis of the current approaches to address them, their limitations and the relations between deep learning and traditional ones.We present our work on geometry compression: a convolutional lossy geometry compression approach with a study on the key performance factors of such methods and a generative model for lossless geometry compression with a multiscale variant addressing its complexity issues.Then, we present a folding-based approach for attribute compression that learns a mapping from the point cloud to a 2D grid in order to reduce point cloud attribute compression to an image compression problem.Furthermore, we propose a differentiable deep perceptual quality metric that can be used to train lossy point cloud geometry compression networks while being well correlated with perceived visual quality and a convolutional neural network for point cloud quality assessment based on a patch extraction approach.Finally, we conclude the dissertation and discuss open questions in point cloud compression, existing solutions and perspectives. We highlight the link between existing point cloud compression research and research problems to relevant areas of adjacent fields, such as rendering in computer graphics, mesh compression and point cloud quality assessment
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Megahed, Fadel M. "The Use of Image and Point Cloud Data in Statistical Process Control." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26511.
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The volume of data acquired in production systems continues to expand. Emerging imaging technologies, such as machine vision systems (MVSs) and 3D surface scanners, diversify the types of data being collected, further pushing data collection beyond discrete dimensional data. These large and diverse datasets increase the challenge of extracting useful information. Unfortunately, industry still relies heavily on traditional quality methods that are limited to fault detection, which fails to consider important diagnostic information needed for process recovery. Modern measurement technologies should spur the transformation of statistical process control (SPC) to provide practitioners with additional diagnostic information. This dissertation focuses on how MVSs and 3D laser scanners can be further utilized to meet that goal. More specifically, this work: 1) reviews image-based control charts while highlighting their advantages and disadvantages; 2) integrates spatiotemporal methods with digital image processing to detect process faults and estimate their location, size, and time of occurrence; and 3) shows how point cloud data (3D laser scans) can be used to detect and locate unknown faults in complex geometries. Overall, the research goal is to create new quality control tools that utilize high density data available in manufacturing environments to generate knowledge that supports decision-making beyond just indicating the existence of a process issue. This allows industrial practitioners to have a rapid process recovery once a process issue has been detected, and consequently reduce the associated downtime.<br>Ph. D.
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Dinh-Xuan, Lam [Verfasser], and Phuoc [Gutachter] Tran-Gia. "Quality of Experience Assessment of Cloud Applications and Performance Evaluation of VNF-Based QoE Monitoring / Lam Dinh-Xuan ; Gutachter: Phuoc Tran-Gia." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169573053/34.
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Gray, Michelle Anya. "Assessing non-point source pollution in agricultural regions of the upper St. John River basin using the slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus)." Thesis, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1882/48.
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The overall objective of this research project was to assess whether fish populations in areas of potato cultivation responded to changes in environmental conditions. An effects-based assessment was conducted in the ‘potato belt’ of northwestern New Brunswick in the Little River catchment. From 1999-2001, the health and performance of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) was monitored in agricultural and forested sections of the river. In the fall of 1999 and 2000, agricultural sites had fewer young-of-the-year (YOY) sculpin than the forested region. Adult sculpin were larger in the agricultural region, but had significantly smaller gonads, and female sculpin had smaller livers, and fewer and smaller eggs than the forested region. By the fall of 2001, only female gonad size showed a difference from the forested region. These results were used to design a follow-up study designed to investigate the relative importance of environmental factors influencing sculpin responses. <br><br>
The second study investigated the relative influence of temperature and sediment deposition on slimy sculpin populations across 20 sites on 19 streams in forested and agricultural catchments in northwestern New Brunswick. YOY sculpin were present at all forested sites, but only at 2 of 11 agricultural sites. There were no relationships between body size or density and sediment deposition in either the agricultural or forested regions, but sculpin density decreased and median YOY size increased with increasing temperatures. The variability in density of YOY sculpin at agricultural sites suggested that additional factors beyond temperature might be contributing to responses.
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A secondary overall objective was to evaluate the slimy sculpin as a sentinel and indicator of site-specific conditions. Stable isotopes of muscle tissues showed little variability in isotopic signatures, and significant differences between adjacent sites. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags implanted in 112 adult sculpin showed that 75% of sculpin captured over 10 months moved less than 30m. Both isotopes and PIT tags suggested high spatial and temporal residency of slimy sculpin.
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This PhD project showed biological impacts on sculpin populations residing in streams influenced by non-point source agricultural stressors, and provided support for the ability of the slimy sculpin to reflect local environmental conditions.
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Lama, Salomon Abraham. "Digital State Models for Infrastructure Condition Assessment and Structural Testing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84502.
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This research introduces and applies the concept of digital state models for civil infrastructure condition assessment and structural testing. Digital state models are defined herein as any transient or permanent 3D model of an object (e.g. textured meshes and point clouds) combined with any electromagnetic radiation (e.g., visible light, infrared, X-ray) or other two-dimensional image-like representation. In this study, digital state models are built using visible light and used to document the transient state of a wide variety of structures (ranging from concrete elements to cold-formed steel columns and hot-rolled steel shear-walls) and civil infrastructures (bridges). The accuracy of digital state models was validated in comparison to traditional sensors (e.g., digital caliper, crack microscope, wire potentiometer). Overall, features measured from the 3D point clouds data presented a maximum error of ±0.10 in. (±2.5 mm); and surface features (i.e., crack widths) measured from the texture information in textured polygon meshes had a maximum error of ±0.010 in. (±0.25 mm). Results showed that digital state models have a similar performance between all specimen surface types and between laboratory and field experiments. Also, it is shown that digital state models have great potential for structural assessment by significantly improving data collection, automation, change detection, visualization, and augmented reality, with significant opportunities for commercial development. Algorithms to analyze and extract information from digital state models such as cracks, displacement, and buckling deformation are developed and tested. Finally, the extensive data sets collected in this effort are shared for research development in computer vision-based infrastructure condition assessment, eliminating the major obstacle for advancing in this field, the absence of publicly available data sets.<br>Ph. D.
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Scharf, Alexander. "Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Wooden Facade-system Inspection." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-77159.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of measuring movement, deformation and displacement in wooden façade-systems by terrestrial laser scanning. An overview of different surveying techniques and methods has been created. Point cloud structure and processing was explained in detail as it is the foundation for understanding the advantages and disadvantages of laser scanning. The boundaries of monitoring façades with simple and complex façade structures were tested with the phase-based laser scanner FARO Focus 3DS. In-field measurements of existing facades were done to show the capabilities of extracting defect features such as cracks by laser scanning. The high noise in the data caused by the limited precision of 3D laser scanners is problematic. Details on a scale of several mm are hidden by the data noise. Methods to reduce the noise during point cloud processing have proven to be very data-specific. The uneven point cloud structure of a façade scan made it therefore difficult to find a method working for the whole scans. Dividing the point cloud data automatically into different façade parts by a process called segmentation could make it possible. However, no suitable segmentation algorithm was found and developing an own algorithm would have exceeded the scope of this thesis. Therefore, the goal of automatic point cloud processing was not fulfilled and neglected in the further analyses of outdoor facades and laboratory experiments. The experimental scans showed that several information could be extracted out of the scans. The accuracy of measured board and gap dimensions were, however, highly depended on the point cloud cleaning steps but provided information which could be used for tracking development of a facade’s features. Extensive calibration might improve the accuracy of the measurements. Deviation of façade structures from flat planes were clearly visible when using colorization of point clouds and might be the main benefit of measuring spatial information of facades by non-contact methods. The determination of façade displacement was done under laboratory conditions. A façade panel was displaced manually, and displacement was calculated with different algorithms. The algorithm determining distance to the closest point in a pair of point clouds provided the best results, while being the simplest one in terms of computational complexity. Out-of-plane displacement was the most suitable to detect with this method. Displacement sideways or upwards required more advanced point cloud processing and manual interpretation by the software operator. Based on the findings during the study it can be concluded that laser scanning is not the correct methods for structural health monitoring of facades when the tracking of small deformations, especially deformations below 5 mm and defects like cracks are the main goal. Displacements, defects and deformations of larger scale can be detected but are tied to a large amount of point cloud processing. It is not clear if the equipment costs, surveying time and the problems caused by high variability of scans results based on façade color, shape and texture are in a positive relation to the benefits obtained from using laser scanning over manually surveying.
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Crabtree, Gärdin David, and Alexander Jimenez. "Optical methods for 3D-reconstruction of railway bridges : Infrared scanning, Close range photogrammetry and Terrestrial laser scanning." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67716.
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The forecast of the next upcoming years estimates a growth of demand in transport. As the railway sector in Europe has developed over many years, the infrastructure presents performance issues because of, among other factors, asset maintenance activities being difficult and time consuming. There are currently 4000 railway bridges in Sweden managed by Trafikverket which are submitted to inspections at least every six years. The most common survey is done visually to determine the physical and functional condition of the bridges as well as finding damages that may exist on them. Because visual inspection is a subjective evaluation technique, the results of these bridge inspections may vary from inspector to inspector. The data collection is time consuming and written in standard inspection reports which may not provide sufficient visualization of damages. The inspector also needs to move around the bridge at close distance which could lead to unsafe working conditions. 3D modelling technology is becoming more and more common. Methods such as Close Ranged Photogrammetry (CRP) and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) are starting to be used for architecture and heritage preservation as well as engineering applications. Infrared (IR) scanning is also showing potential in creating 3D models but has yet not been used for structural analysis and inspections. A result from these methods is a point cloud, a 3D representation of a model in points that can be used for creating as-built Building Information Modeling (BIM)-models. In this study, the authors put these three methods to test to see if IR scanning and CRP are suitable ways, such as TLS is, to gather data for 3D-reconstruction of concrete railway bridges in fast, safe and non-disturbing ways. For this, the three technologies are performed on six bridges chosen by Trafikverket. The further aim is to determine if the 3D-reconstructions can be used for acquiring BIM-information to, among other things, create as-built drawings and to perform structural evaluations. As a result from the study, IR scanning and CRP show great potential as well as TLS in 3D-reconstruction of concrete railway bridges in fast, safe and non-disturbing ways. Still, there is a need of development regarding the technologies before we can start to rely on them completely.
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Benneyworth, Laura Mahoney. "Distribution of Trace Elements in Cumberland River Basin Reservoir Sediments." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1113.
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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District, maintains ten reservoirs in the Cumberland River Basin in Kentucky and Tennessee, and has been monitoring sediment chemistry in the reservoirs since 1994. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sediment data collected from the reservoirs from 1994 to 2010 to determine if there are any spatial patterns of the trace elements: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc. The results indicated that trace element levels were consistent with national baseline concentrations measured by the U.S. Geological Survey. Center Hill reservoir had the greatest number of trace element concentrations (all except cadmium) that were significantly higher when compared to all other reservoirs. The degree of urbanization in the reservoir basins was based on population density from the 2000 Census and the percentage of developed land using the 2006 national land cover dataset. Aquatic toxicity values were used as a measure of sediment quality. The reservoirs with the worst aquatic toxicity rankings were not the most urban, instead they were the reservoirs with the longest retention times. Therefore, it may be concluded that retention time has a larger effect on Cumberland River Basin sediment concentrations than the type of land use or the degree of urbanization. The results also indicate that it may be prudent to include an evaluation of quality based on aquatic toxicity when monitoring sediment quality, and that when reservoirs are the subject of sediment quality assessments, the consideration of the physical properties of the reservoir, especially the retention time, is essential for a comprehensive evaluation. This may also imply that sediment quality in reservoirs may effectively be regulated by water resource management techniques at the reservoirs that affect retention time.
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Williams, Keith E. "Accuracy assessment of LiDAR point cloud geo-referencing." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30209.
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Three-dimensional laser scanning has revolutionized spatial data acquisition and can be completed from a variety of platforms including airborne (ALS), mobile (MLS), and static terrestrial (TLS) laser scanning. MLS is a rapidly evolving technology that provides increases in efficiency and safety over static TLS, while still providing similar levels of accuracy and resolution. The componentry that make up a MLS system are more parallel to Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) than to that of TLS. However, achievable accuracies, precisions, and resolution results are not clearly defined for MLS systems. As such, industry professionals need guidelines to standardize the process of data collection, processing, and reporting. This thesis lays the foundation for MLS guidelines with a thorough review of currently available literature that has been completed in order to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of a generic MLS system.
A key difference between MLS and TLS is that a mobile platform is able to collect a continuous path of geo-referenced points along the navigation path, while a TLS collects points from many separate reference frames as the scanner is moved from location to location. Each individual TLS setup must be registered (linked with a common coordinate system) to adjoining scan setups. A study was completed comparing common methods of TLS registration and geo-referencing (e.g., target, cloud-cloud, and hybrid methods) to assist a TLS surveyor in deciding the most appropriate method for their projects. Results provide insight into the level of accuracy (mm to cm level) that can be achieved using the various methods as well as the field collection and office processing time required to obtain a fully geo-referenced point cloud.
Lastly, a quality assurance methodology has been developed for any form of LiDAR data to verify both the absolute and relative accuracy of a point cloud without the use of retro-reflective targets. This methodology incorporates total station validation of a scanners point cloud to compare slopes of common features. The comparison of 2D slope features across a complex geometry of cross-sections provides 3D positional error in both horizontal and vertical component. This methodology lowers the uncertainty of single point accuracy statistics for point clouds by utilizing a larger portion of a point cloud for statistical accuracy verification. This use of physical features for accuracy validation is particularly important for MLS systems because MLS systems cannot produce sufficient resolution on targets for accuracy validation unless they are placed close to the vehicle.<br>Graduation date: 2012
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Bates, Jordan Steven. "Oblique UAS imagery and point cloud processing for 3D rock glacier monitoring." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/94396.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies<br>Rock glaciers play a large ecological role and are heavily relied upon by local communities for water, power, and revenue. With climate change, the rate at which they are deforming has increased over the years and is making it more important to gain a better understanding of these geomorphological movements for improved predictions, correlations, and decision making. It is becoming increasingly more practical to examine a rock glacier with 3D visualization to have more perspectives and realistic terrain profiles. Recently gaining more attention is the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) used separately and combined to gather high-resolution data for 3D analysis. This data is typically transformed into highly detailed Digital Elevation Models (DEM) where Differences of DEM (DoD) is used to track changes over time. This study compares these commonly used collection methods and analysis to a newly conceived multirotor UAS collection method and to a new point cloud Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M32C) change detection seen from recent studies. Data was collected of the Innere Ölgrube Rock Glacier in Austria with a TLS in 2012 and with a multirotor UAS in 2019. It was found that oblique imagery with terrain height corrections, that creates perspectives similar to what the TLS provides, increased the completeness of data collection for a better reconstruction of a rock glacier in 3D. The new method improves the completeness of data by an average of at least 8.6%. Keeping the data as point clouds provided a much better representation of the terrain. When transforming point clouds into DEMs with common interpolations methods it was found that the average area of surface items could be exaggerated by 2.2 m^2 while point clouds were much more accurate with 0.3 m^2 of accuracy. DoD and M3C2 results were compared and it was found that DoD always provides a maximum increase of at least 1.1 m and decrease of 0.85 m more than M3C2 with larger standard deviation with similar mean values which could attributed to horizontal inaccuracies and smoothing of the interpolated data.
Books on the topic "Assessment; Monitoring; Point cloud"
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Efficiency of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Survey Works: Assessment, Modelling, and Monitoring. https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/pdf/IJESNR.MS.ID.556334.pdf, 2023.
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PointofCare Assessment in Pregnancy and Womens Health. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2014.
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Hegetschweiler, Tessa, Boris Salak, Anne C. Wunderlich, Nicole Bauer, and Marcel Hunziker. Das Verhältnis der Schweizer Bevölkerung zum Wald. Waldmonitoring soziokulturell WaMos3. Ergebnisse der nationalen Umfrage. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55419/wsl:29973.
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The relationship of the Swiss population to the forest has been investigated in surveys since 1978, and in 1997 for the first time as part of the so-called “Sociocultural forest monitoring” or “Waldmonitoring soziokulturell” WaMos. This report describes the results of the national Wa- Mos3 survey 2020. The online panel of the market research institute LINK was used for the sur- vey. In addition to the representative survey of the adult population, a sample of 156 adolescents was also interviewed. The self-assessed level of information on forest topics has declined since WaMos2 (2010), with older people feeling better informed than younger people. The level of knowledge regarding the increase in forest area in Switzerland and the management of mountain forests for protection against natural hazards is also lower among younger people than among older ones. Today, the population attributes greater importance to most forest functions for society than in WaMos2. In particular, the ecological function, the production function and the recreational function have gained importance. More people than in WaMos2 (2010) assume that forest health has deteriorated. Changes due to climate change, such as drought damage, are perceived by the population. The majority of the population is in favour of active forest management for climate adaptation. With regard to the ecological function of the forest, most people know that biodiversity has decreased. Accor- dingly, the acceptance of forest reserves is high, as is that of large carnivores. Climate change, the expansion of settlements, introduced animal and plant species and pests are seen as the greatest threats to the forest. Great importance is attached to the protective function of the forest. Nevertheless, knowledge about the interrelation between the management and the pro- tective function of mountain forests is declining. In principle, the population is satisfied with the management of the most frequently visited forest. The felling of trees and closing of roads for logging are well accepted by the population. Leaving branches lying on the ground after logging is controversial, and is either well accepted or not accepted at all. Sustainability criteria have gained in importance when purchasing timber products. In terms of forest preferences, the population likes mixed forests best. The presence of a shrub layer is better liked than in WaMos2 (2010) and the liking of deadwood is also increasing at a low level. However, recreational infrastructure is valued less and less. For the first time, forest photos were also presented to the respondents for assessment. It turns out that already existing forest preferences, motives for visiting the forest, the importance of the forest in childhood and the language region have an influence on visual attractiveness of forest. Forest characteristics such as visibility range, shrub layer cover and cover of berry bushes, stage of stand development, stand structure and the presence of deadwood also have an influence. In order to get a picture of which forests people visit, they were asked to mark the forest they visit most often on a map using PPGIS. Local recreation dominates; the densest cloud of points is found where Switzerland is most densely populated. As always, most people go to the forest frequently. The most frequently cited motives for visiting the forest are “experiencing nature”, “enjoying fresh air” and “escaping from everyday life”. Adolescents go to the forest less often. Their activities in the forest are dominated by barbecues/bonfires/parties, jogging and sports in general. Satisfaction with forest visits has decreased at a high level compared to 2010. Forest attractiveness is rated lower, the visit to the forest is perceived as less restorative and the per- ceived disturbances are increasing. In sum, the Swiss population highly values the forest, as a recreational area, but also in particu- lar as a habitat for plants and animals. Ecological awareness seems to have risen again in the last 10 years, and with it concerns about the state of the forest and biodiversity. On the other hand, satisfaction with forest recreation – at a high level – has somewhat declined.
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Bilal, Dania. Library Automation. 3rd ed. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400679001.
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Recent advances in technology such as cloud computing, recent industry standards such as RFID, bibliographic standards like RDA and BIBFRAME, the increased adoption of open source integrated library systems (ILS), and continued shift in users' expectations have increased the complexity of the decision regarding ILS for all types of libraries. Recent advances in technology such as cloud computing, recent industry standards such as RFID, bibliographic standards like RDA and BIBFRAME, the increased adoption of open source integrated library systems (ILS), and continued shift in users' expectations have increased the complexity of the decision regarding ILS for all types of libraries. In a complete re-envisioning of the previous edition, Automating Media Centers and Small Libraries: A Microcomputer-Based Approach, Dania Bilal conceptualizes library automation in the Library Automation Life Cycle (LALC) that is informed by the systems development lifecycle (SDLC). She explains how the next-generation discovery services supported in the library services platforms (LSPs) provide a single point of access to library content in all types and formats, thereby offering a unified solution to managing library operations. The book covers methods of analyzing user requirements, describes how to structure these requirements in RFPs, and details proprietary and open-source integrated library systems (ILSs) and LSPs for school, public, special, and academic libraries. Up-to-date information is provided about ILS software installation and testing, software and hardware architecture such as single- and multi-tenant SaaS and Paas and IaaS, and usability assessment strategies for evaluating the ILS or LSP. The author concludes by describing what is likely coming next in the library automation arena.
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Kilkelly, Shannon. Coagulation System. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0090.
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Despite the development of entirely new classes of anticoagulant medication, vitamin K antagonists like warfarin continue to be commonly prescribed for a wide range of cardiovascular diagnoses. Conversely, the advent of low molecular weight heparin has greatly simplified the use of the drug to the point that patients can dose themselves at home with no need for any type of monitoring. Given the widespread use of these medications, it is not surprising that an increasing number of patients requiring urgent or emergent surgery will present with a medically induced coagulopathy. Managing this coagulopathy requires assessment of the urgency of the operation, the patient’s volume status, and the need for reanticoagulation following surgical intervention.
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Moore, Michael R., and Ehab Farag. Unstable Cervical Spine and Airway Management. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0012.
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In patients with cervical myelopathy, the spinal cord is already compromised to a point at which there is little reserve for surgical maneuvers and the slightest adverse action can result in dramatic consequences. Awake fiberoptic intubation and neurological assessment before induction of anesthesia could be the safest way to avoid waking up the patient before proceeding with surgery in the case of absent motor evoke potentials (MEPs) in spite of increasing the stimulating voltage together with increasing the rate of stimulating pulses. Hypotension is an additional factor, which may lead to irreversible neurologic deficit in a partially compressed but functionally intact spinal cord. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring for cervical myelopathy should include somatosensory evoked potentials, transcranial electric MEPs, and electromyography to provide complementary information and monitor different spinal cord tracts and individual nerve roots.
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Pulmonology, AAP Section on Pediatric. Pediatric Pulmonology. Edited by Michael J. Light, Carol Jean Blaisdell, and Douglas N. Homnick. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581104936.
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All new resource expertly guides you through the diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing management of virtually every pulmonary issue you're likely to encounter. This policy book from the American Academy of Pediatrics guides you through the diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing management of virtually every pulmonary issue you're likely to encounter. You'll turn here often for the latest AAP findings and recommenations; assessment and testing how-tos; proven therapeutic strategies; procedures, and techniques; home care and monitoring considerations; and much more. Powerful problem-solving features in each information-rich chapter include illustrative case reports, key point summaries; and definitions of pulmonary-specific terms. Nearly 300 finely detailed images complement the text. Content highlights: Foundation knowledge and know-how - anatomy and physiology; physical examination; pulmonary testing; imaging; bronchoscopy; Allergic conditions - acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; asthma; Anatomical disorders; congenital anomalies; chest wall and spinal deformities and much more.
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De Laurentis, Giacomo, Eugenio Alaio, Elisa Corsi, et al. Rischio di credito 2.0. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00030.
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The EBA Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (hereinafter "GL LOM") undoubtedly represent a substantially new piece of the banking regulatory framework. In fact, for the first time, the regulator moves into a topic that was traditionally outside the scope of financial regulation, so far almost exclusively focused on aspects directly linked to both micro- and macro-prudential stability, notably through capital and liquidity management requirements and guidelines on Business Model and Internal Governance. The credit management process, and in particular loan origination and monitoring, has always been typically considered as a business issue under sole responsibility of banks, as it is considered one of the "core" processes (if not the "core" process) of the banking business. As a matter of fact, since the issue of the capital requirement regulation (i.e., Basel II and Basel III), and the introduction of the use requirements for the rating systems, the regulator moved very close, but not yet, to prescribe specific credit assessment criteria, while dictating methodological and organizational requirements for the authorization of the rating systems, and leaving substantial freedom to banks to define their own models and embedded assessment criteria and indicators. With the GL LOM, the regulator takes a further step, remarkably beyond its traditional remit, dictating principles and rules for the evaluation of the credit quality of borrowers. The starting point for this new approach from the regulator can be found in the ECB guidelines on Non-Performing Loans, later endorsed by the Bank of Italy Guidelines for Less Significant Banks, aimed at encouraging banks to define their NPL management processes and establish reduction plans to achieve NPL ratio targets in line with the regulator's expectations. Consistently with the focus on NPL, the regulation on Calendar Provisioning, amending the CRR was issued; as being a Regulation, it involves all banks, and not only significant ones (for which the ECB Addendum also applies). In addition, the new definition of default (the so-called "new Dod") has defined stricter criteria for the transition of exposures to the default status and also made the return of "cured" exposures to the performing status more difficult. The combined effect of these regulatory changes has been to make the default of counterparties not only more probable but also much more "expensive" for the banks. The natural “next step” of these regulatory changes was to "move backward" into the management process covering loan origination and monitoring . The EBA's stated objective with the issuance of the GL LOM is to define "robust and prudent" standards of lending practices so as to maintain a low level of NPLs in the future. Therefore, the focus of the GL LOM is the definition of requirements (some outlined as prescriptions, others in terms of principles) for the creditworthiness assessment of counterparties and for the management of the related data and information. Notwithstanding the fact that the Final Report has articulated the principle of proportionality much more clearly as compared to the Consultation Paper, the GLs set out three macro-categories of counterparties for which specific requirements are defined: • Individuals • Micro and small businesses • Medium and large companies. The GL LOM also provide recommendations about the valuation of guarantees both at origination and during ongoing monitoring, encouraging the use of advanced statistical models. The GL LOM focus on real estate guarantees, while financial collateral is outside the scope of the GL LOM. In the mind of the regulator, the GL LOM should not only reflect industry practices, but also incorporate the latest supervisory guidance on lending, and provide the stimulus to include ESG, AML/CTF and the use of innovative technologies into banking origination and, where applicable, monitoring processes.
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Kinnear, William, and James H. Hull. A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834397.001.0001.
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A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests is a short, but comprehensive, guide for those who are involved in the supervision of exercise tests and interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) data. It is a clear and concise guide which will also be of interest to those who request CPETs and who wish to understand more about how to use the results. The first four chapters cover the reasons why a CPET may be requested, pre-test assessment, supervision of the test to ensure that it is safe, and the practicalities of the test itself. Subsequent chapters look in detail at the key CPET measurements of heart rate, ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide output. There are chapters on the parameters that can be derived from these basic measurements: ventilatory equivalents, oxygen pulse, and the respiratory exchange ratio. Further chapters show how the anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point are obtained, and how they can be used to interpret the physiological response to exercise. The role of monitoring oxygen saturation and flow–volume loops during the test is described. The third section of the book has chapters on presentation of results, interpretative strategies, and summaries of classical CPET patterns seen in different diseases. The final chapters consider the role of preoperative CPET testing and how to prescribe exercise. All chapters have pointers to further resources.
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Donaghy, Michael. The clinical approach. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0030.
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This chapter describes the appropriate clinical approach to take when presented with a patient reporting a neurological symptom. Just under 10 per cent of the population consult their general practitioner about a neurological symptom each year in the United Kingdom. About 10 per cent of these are referred for a specialist opinion, usually to a neurologist. Nine conditions account for roughly 75 per cent of general neurological referrals and are diagnosed initially on purely clinical grounds, with the other 25 per cent representing the full range of other, potentially very rare, neurological disorders.This chapter underlines the importance of a thorough and informative history to achieve successful diagnosis. Crucial facets for a good history include information on the time course of symptom development, whether symptoms are negative or positive, previous neurological history (both personal and familial), as well as other potentially contributory general medical disorders. The general neurological examination is also described, as are specific examination manoeuvres that may be added to the general neurological examination in specific clinical circumstances.Reflexes play an important role in diagnostic neurology because they reflect the integrity of, or alterations in, the neural structures responsible for their arc. Loss of a reflex may be due to interruption of the afferent path by a lesion involving the first sensory neurone in the peripheral nerves, plexuses, spinal nerves, or dorsal roots, by damage to the central paths of the arc in the brainstem or spinal cord, by lesions of the lower motor neurone at any point between the anterior horn cells and the muscles, of the muscles themselves, or by the neural depression produced by neural shock. In clinical practice, the most useful and oft-elicited reflexes are the tendon reflexes of the limbs, the jaw jerk, the plantar response, the superficial abdominal reflexes, the pupil-light response, and in infants, the Moro reflex. The place of these particular reflexes in the routine neurological examination is outlined, and the elicitation and significance of these reflexes and of a wide variety of others which are used occasionally are described.Examinations that allow localization lesions that are responsible for muscle weaknesses and the assessment of somatosensory abnormalities are described, as are neurological disorders that result in identifiable gait disorders. The clinical signs and examinations relevant to autonomic disorders are also discussed.Intensive care may be required for patients critically ill either as a result of primary neurological disease, or in those in whom a neurological disorder is a component of, or secondary to, a general medical disorder. Indications for admission to neurological intensive care have been defined (Howard et al. 2003): impaired consciousness, bulbar muscle failure, severe ventilatory respiratory failure, uncontrolled seizures, severely raised intracranial pressure, some monitoring and interventional treatments, and unforeseen general medical complications. Naturally specific treatments indicated for the particular diagnosis should be instituted along with general intensive care measures.Finally, the discussion of diagnoses of chronic or terminal conditions with patients is discussed, with particular focus on the best way to present the diagnosis to the patient.
Book chapters on the topic "Assessment; Monitoring; Point cloud"
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Beaubien-Souligny, William, and André Denault. "Extra-cardiac Doppler Hemodynamic Assessment Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound." In Cardiopulmonary Monitoring. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73387-2_26.
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Wang, Xinyu, Ruijun Liu, and Xiaochuan Wang. "No-Reference Point Cloud Quality Assessment via Contextual Point-Wise Deep Learning Network." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8021-5_17.
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Cedillo, Priscila, Javier Gonzalez-Huerta, Silvia Abrahao, and Emilio Insfran. "A Monitoring Infrastructure for the Quality Assessment of Cloud Services." In Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30133-4_2.
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Zeng, Qingli, and ZhiQiang Chen. "Scalable and Probabilistic Point-Cloud Generation for UAS-Based Structural Assessment." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93236-7_49.
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Do, Sy Tien, Hiep Hoang, and Dat Ho Quang Che. "Error Assessment of Point Cloud and BIM Models to Actual Works." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3303-5_20.
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Dolan, D. M., and A. H. El-Shaarawi. "Inferences about Point Source Loadings from Upstream/Downstream River Monitoring Data." In Statistical Methods for the Assessment of Point Source Pollution. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1960-0_16.
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Iffländer, Lukas, Christopher Metter, Florian Wamser, Phuoc Tran-Gia, and Samuel Kounev. "Performance Assessment of Cloud Migrations from Network and Application Point of View." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90775-8_21.
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Cohen, E., T. Deffieux, C. Demené, L. D. Cohen, and M. Tanter. "4D Point Cloud Registration for Tumor Vascular Networks Monitoring from Ultrasensitive Doppler Images." In Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43195-2_35.
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Proulx-Bourque, Jean-Samuel, Heather McGrath, Denis Bergeron, and Charles Fortin. "Extraction of Building Footprints from LiDAR: An Assessment of Classification and Point Density Requirements." In Advances in Remote Sensing for Infrastructure Monitoring. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59109-0_11.
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Lin, Si-jian, Xiao-lie Liao, Wei Long, and Jun-bi Liao. "Cloud Service Model for Safety Monitoring and Assessment of Oil and Gas Pipelines." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38442-4_117.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Assessment; Monitoring; Point cloud"
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Bolkas, Dimitrios, Matthew O’Banion, Jakeb Prickett, Gregory Ellsworth, Gerald Rusek, and Hannah Corson. "Comparison of TLS and sUAS point clouds for monitoring embankment dams." In 5th Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring. Editorial de la Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jisdm2022.2022.13868.
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Monitoring of dams is an essential surveying task to guarantee the safety of operation and understand the physical processes concerning their movement. Point cloud generating technologies are increasingly being utilized for monitoring of engineered structures. This paper compares point clouds acquired from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS)-based photogrammetry for monitoring of the Francis E. Walter dam in northeast Pennsylvania. Authorized for construction by the Flood Control Act of 1946, and with renewed interest due to extensive flooding in 1955 caused by the back-to-back hurricanes Connie and Diane, this earth-filled embankment dam was completed in June of 1961 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It is currently operated in conjunction with Beltzville Lake for stage reductions on the Lehigh River. The dam is being monitored through conventional surveying methods (total station) every five years. In spring of 2021 a TLS and sUAS data acquisition took place to assess the feasibility and utility of using modern point cloud technologies for monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison and accuracy assessment of the two point cloud collection methods, considering several parameters for the generation of the sUAS photogrammetric point cloud. Results show the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. For instance, TLS offers high accuracy (cm-level), but suffers from data gaps due to line of sight blockage/occlusion. On the other hand, sUAS photogrammetry offers more complete point clouds, but presents more challenges in georeferencing and in the generation of accurate point clouds. Similar insights and lessons learned are useful for future surveying tasks and monitoring of similar embankment dam structures.
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Jing, Yixiong, Brian Sheil, and Sinan Acikgoz. "Extraction of key geometric parameters from segmented masonry arch bridge point clouds." In 5th Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring. Editorial de la Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jisdm2022.2022.13814.
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Masonry arch bridges constitute the majority of the European bridge stock. Most of these bridges were constructed in the 19th century and feature a wide range of geometric characteristics. Since construction drawings rarely exist, the first step in the assessment of these bridges is the characterisation of their in-situ geometry, which may involve significant geometric distortions. In recent years, LIDAR devices have been widely used by bridge owners due to their ability to remotely and rapidly collect point cloud data. To enable the engineering assessment practice to benefit from this data, this research uses the recently developed deep learning (DL) neural network BridgeNet to autonomously segment masonry bridge point clouds into different components. Due to the limited availability of 3D point clouds, BridgeNet is trained using a synthetic multi-span masonry arch bridge dataset; the network is then tested on real arch bridge point clouds. By fitting appropriate primitive shapes to bridge component point clouds using Random Consensus Sampling (RANSAC) techniques the bridge geometry is effectively characterised by a few parameters.
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Psimoulis, Panos, Ali Algadhi, Athina Grizi, and Luis Neves. "Assessment of accuracy and performance of terrestrial laser scanner in monitoring of retaining walls." In 5th Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring. Editorial de la Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jisdm2022.2022.13917.
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Retaining walls are a critical infrastructure of transportation networks and the monitoring of their condition is crucial for the efficient and reliable maintenance of the network. The condition of retaining walls is frequently assessed using qualitative criteria and visual inspection, which are susceptible to human-bias and errors. To improve the management of these structures, reducing the probability of failure and the maintenance costs, it is critical to develop more efficient, reliable and quantitative monitoring approaches for these structures. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) in deformation monitoring of retaining walls, based on the analysis of single scans (without registering the point clouds to build 3D models). The evaluation was based on a controlled experiment, where a wooden frame (1.5m x 1m) was used to simulate deformation scenarios for retaining walls, with an amplitude between 2 to 16 mm. A Leica RTC360 scanner was used to scan the wooden frame from distances varying between 10 to 27 m and angles varying between 0° to 20°. Five methods were applied to analyse the laser-scanner data and estimate the displacement: a target-based approach and four cloud-based approaches including the Cloud-to-Cloud (C2C), the Cloud-to-Mesh (C2M), the Multiscale-Model-to-Model-Cloud-Comparison (M3C2), and an alternative cloud-based method where the mean average of the point-cloud was used to estimate the displacement in the axis of the deformation. A Robotic Total Station Leica TS30 was also used to measure the deformation of the wooden frame and provide the ground truth values of the introduced deformation for each scenario. The results showed that the RTC360 had an accuracy of 1.3 mm with a confidence level of 95%.
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DARGAHI, MOZGHAN MOMTAZ, SARA MOHAMADI, and DAVID LATTANZI. "Temporal Modeling of Point-cloud Evolution for Predictive Structural Assessments." In Structural Health Monitoring 2019. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2019/32460.
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Mirzazade, Ali, Cosmin Popescu, Thomas Blanksvärd, and Björn Täljsten. "Application of close range photogrammetry in structural health monitoring by processing generated point cloud datasets." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0450.
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<p>In bridge inspection, vertical displacement is a relevant parameter for both short and long-term health monitoring. Assessing change in deflections could also simplify the assessment work for inspectors. Recent developments in digital camera technology and photogrammetry software enables point cloud with colour information (RGB values) to be generated. Thus, close range photogrammetry offers the potential of monitoring big and small-scale damages by point clouds. The current paper aims to monitor geometrical deviations in Pahtajokk Bridge, Northern Sweden, using an optical data acquisition technique. The bridge in this study is scanned two times by almost one year a part. After point cloud generation the datasets were compared to detect geometrical deviations. First scanning was carried out by both close range photogrammetry (CRP) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), while second scanning was performed by CRP only. Analyzing the results has shown the potential of CRP in bridge inspection.</p>
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Popescu, Cosmin, Björn Täljsten, Thomas Blanksvärd, et al. "Optical methods and wireless sensors for monitoring of bridges." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1191.
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<p>Six railway bridges have been scanned using infrared scanning (IR), close range photogrammetry (CRP) and terrestrial laser scanning (TRS) to reconstruct point clouds and evaluate the potential of the technologies for building information modelling (BIM) and assessment purposes. The results may also help to improve bridge inspection routines. This is done by evaluating the accuracy and quality of the point clouds, time consumption, safety and traffic disturbance.</p><p>Wireless Monitoring has been used in a demonstration project in Sweden. It consists of a base station and nodes. The base station receives signals from the node antennas and transmits the signals to the cloud. The nodes are equipped with strain gauges, crack opening devices, temperature sensors or other suitable sensors for the investigation purpose. Results from the methods and conclusions regarding further use will be presented.</p>
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Dargahi, Mozhgan Momtaz, and David Lattanzi. "Spatial Statistical Methods for Complexity-Based Point Cloud Analysis." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2294.
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Abstract Modern remote sensing technologies now provide the basis for flexible and highly accurate three-dimensional geometric modeling of structures in the form of point clouds. To date, most efforts are focused on how to use these point clouds to form a digital twin of an asset, but these models can also be used to augment and improve condition assessment and structural health monitoring (SHM). However, point cloud analytics require unique approaches given the complexity and scale of the data. To illustrate these capabilities, we propose a new SHM method that leverages 3D point cloud data and the evolution of this data over time. Taking inspiration from recent work on the use of complexity measures for sensor driven SHM, here we adapt the concept for spatial analysis of 3D digital twins. The fundamental assumption that underpins the approach presented here is that, as a structure degrades in integrity, the randomness of the data increases when compared against the null model of the homogeneous Poisson process, otherwise described as ‘complete spatial randomness’ (CSR). In spatial point analysis, points from a baseline model are generated and placed within a normalized Cartesian reference frame. The spatial randomness of this baseline is considered the null model of the homogeneous Poisson process. In subsequent 3D models of an asset, spatial complexity metrics are recomputed on a local neighborhood level, with increased complexity corresponding to potential damage or degradation of the asset. Another question of interest is to provide a suitable mathematical model for this underlying temporal evolution. Compared to more conventional analytical approaches that can only detect data anomalies via a single computation, this complexity-based approach enables us to further integrate multi-level information, in the form of first and second order moment metrics, to evaluate data anomalies in more depth. In this method we use the variation of the first and second moments of the average intensity of the points in space. A first order metric of a point pattern represents the density change across the study region such as Quadrat density or Kernel density. The second-order metric of the point pattern considers the distance between points, effectively quantifying how points are distributed relative to one another. Examples include Ripley’s K-function, the L-function or Baddeley’s J-function. This analytical approach was tested on a variety of laboratory scale specimens with varying levels of damage and degradation. The results show that this new technique provides rapid analytical capabilities for finding damage and quantifying both damage and evolution in point clouds. Ongoing work seeks to scale up these measures to full-scale specimens, and to explore methods of using the results for damage prognosis through statistical time-series modeling of the evolution of the complexity metrics.
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Liu, Yiyan, Sinan Acikgoz, and Harvey Burd. "Terrestrial Laser Scanning based deformation monitoring for masonry buildings subjected to ground movements induced by underground construction." In 5th Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring. Editorial de la Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jisdm2022.2022.13872.
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Tunnelling and deep excavation activities cause ground movements. Monitoring the influence of these ground movements on nearby surface assets is a major component of urban underground construction projects. Such projects often require large-scale and comprehensive monitoring of nearby buildings to track displacements and identify structural damage. Masonry assets are particularly vulnerable to ground movements due to the low tensile strength of the material; these structures may experience unsightly cracking and structural stability issues. Current monitoring practice for these buildings is labour intensive and cannot fully characterise the response of the assets due to the limited number of measurement points. This paper presents a non-contact monitoring solution using terrestrial laser scan (TLS) data, which develops a modified non-rigid iterative closest point (N-ICP) algorithm. This algorithm optimises the displacement fields by establishing point to point correspondences that penalise non-smooth deformations and deviations from landmarks (i.e. feature points where displacements are known). The algorithm outputs rich 3D displacement fields that can be used in established assessment and decision-making procedures. To demonstrate this algorithm's ability to estimate 3D displacement fields from point clouds, several synthetic datasets are processed in this study. The results demonstrate the algorithm's potential for recovering underlying deformations with the help of landmarks and optimisation weightings.
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SHI, ZHENHUA, HAIBIN ZHANG, TARUTAL GHOSH MONDAL, BRYAN A. HARTNAGEL, and GENDA CHEN. "A STREAMLINING REMOTE SENSING AND DIGITALIZATION PROCESS FOR BRIDGE INSPECTION." In Structural Health Monitoring 2023. Destech Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2023/36976.
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One of the major challenges that prohibited the wide application of remote sensing photogrammetry in modern bridge inspection is the lack of advanced sensing platforms with a data analysis process. This study explores remote sensing for bridge inspection with a suite of unmanned aerial system (UAS) platforms accompanied by a follow-up digitization process for bridge inspection. To fully inspect a bridge of interest, a team of four complementary remote sensing UASs and equipment is employed, including a confined-space-specific Elios2 drone for bridge underdeck inspection, a DJI M600 equipped with LiDAR, thermal and hyperspectral sensors for above bridge deck sensing, an Anafi Parrot for side and above bridge deck RGB imaging, and a supplementary hand-held high-resolution camera for drone-inaccessible and highpriority areas. The digitized bridge inspection results cover multiple aspects of the bridge, including an interactive digital object represented by a dense point cloud, RGB images to reflect any visible surface deterioration (such as cracks, spalling, corrosion, and efflorescence), thermal images to reflect bridge deck near-subsurface delamination, and hyperspectral images to reflect any invisible bridge surface change. The digitized bridge model provides a comprehensive but intuitive digital representation of the inspected bridge. Compared to traditional bridge inspection practices with descriptive and subjective results, remote sensing photogrammetry shows great potential in efficient and consistent bridge inspection with fine details, which is believed to be necessary for reliable bridge condition assessment and long-term bridge health monitoring.
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Markovic-Petrovic, Jasna, and Mirjana Stojanovic. "PROCENA BEZBEDNOSNIH RIZIKA U IIoT SISTEMIMA." In SIMPOZIJUM Upravljanje i telekomunikacije u elektroenergetskom sistemu. Srpski nacionalni komitet Međunarodnog saveta za velike električne mreže CIGRE Srbija, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/cigre20s.113mp.
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Industrial digitization, in addition to its undeniable advantages, causes significant changes in the security of industrial systems. The implementation of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) concept and technology in industrial facilities y (IIoT) hierarchically structures the control and automation, speeds up the data processing at all three hierarchically levels (edge, fog, and cloud), and improves the overall production process. The IIoT implementation significantly improves condition maintenance, real-time monitoring of the degradation process, shortens downtime, and better fault and aging prediction. From the risk security point of view, the paper draws attention to the risk of cyber-attack vulnerability. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the traditional approach to risk assessment and propose new methods for security risk assessment in industrial systems. The paper presents the systematization of security risk assessment methods in IIoT systems.
Reports on the topic "Assessment; Monitoring; Point cloud"
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Bianchi, J. C., Stephen P. Farrington, and Bruce Neilson. Direct Push Monitoring Point Assessment. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387114.
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Berney, Ernest, Naveen Ganesh, Andrew Ward, J. Newman, and John Rushing. Methodology for remote assessment of pavement distresses from point cloud analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40401.
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The ability to remotely assess road and airfield pavement condition is critical to dynamic basing, contingency deployment, convoy entry and sustainment, and post-attack reconnaissance. Current Army processes to evaluate surface condition are time-consuming and require Soldier presence. Recent developments in the area of photogrammetry and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) enable rapid generation of three-dimensional point cloud models of the pavement surface. Point clouds were generated from data collected on a series of asphalt, concrete, and unsurfaced pavements using ground- and aerial-based sensors. ERDC-developed algorithms automatically discretize the pavement surface into cross- and grid-based sections to identify physical surface distresses such as depressions, ruts, and cracks. Depressions can be sized from the point-to-point distances bounding each depression, and surface roughness is determined based on the point heights along a given cross section. Noted distresses are exported to a distress map file containing only the distress points and their locations for later visualization and quality control along with classification and quantification. Further research and automation into point cloud analysis is ongoing with the goal of enabling Soldiers with limited training the capability to rapidly assess pavement surface condition from a remote platform.
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Berney, Ernest, Andrew Ward, and Naveen Ganesh. First generation automated assessment of airfield damage using LiDAR point clouds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40042.
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This research developed an automated software technique for identifying type, size, and location of man-made airfield damage including craters, spalls, and camouflets from a digitized three-dimensional point cloud of the airfield surface. Point clouds were initially generated from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors mounted on elevated lifts to simulate aerial data collection and, later, an actual unmanned aerial system. LiDAR data provided a high-resolution, globally positioned, and dimensionally scaled point cloud exported in a LAS file format that was automatically retrieved and processed using volumetric detection algorithms developed in the MATLAB software environment. Developed MATLAB algorithms used a three-stage filling technique to identify the boundaries of craters first, then spalls, then camouflets, and scaled their sizes based on the greatest pointwise extents. All pavement damages and their locations were saved as shapefiles and uploaded into the GeoExPT processing environment for visualization and quality control. This technique requires no user input between data collection and GeoExPT visualization, allowing for a completely automated software analysis with all filters and data processing hidden from the user.
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Barajas and George. PR-015-05600-R01 Assessment of Sampling Systems for Monitoring Water Vapor in Natural Gas Streams. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011197.
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Research has been conducted to assess the usefulness of various sampling and delivery methods in transporting a representative sample of a natural gas stream for analysis of moisture content. Three sampling configurations commonly used by the natural gas industry were evaluated, including a sample system with a regulated probe heated above ambient conditions, the same system held at a constant temperature simulating ambient conditions, and a heated sample system incorporating a membrane filter. Each configuration was used to transport samples of distribution-quality natural gas with levels of water vapor within common tariff limits, as well as samples of a water-saturated stream of methane simulating a common dehydration system upset. The time response of samples in each configuration to step changes in water vapor content between these two conditions was also evaluated. Measurements were performed using both manual chilled mirror dew point testers and automated analyzers.
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Tutumluer, Erol, Bill Spencer, Riley Edwards, Kirill Mechitov, Syed Husain, and Issam Qamhia. Sensing Infrastructure for Smart Mobility—Wireless Continuous Monitoring for I-ACT. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-019.
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This report proposes a suite of wireless sensing solutions for continuous transportation-infrastructure monitoring. First, various traditional and modern sensors and sensing platforms are described in detail, based on their principles of operation, suitability for transportation-infrastructure monitoring, and issues concerning their use. Then, a suitability-assessment survey conducted to select suitable inter-sensor and sensor-to-cloud communication technology for lower bandwidth and higher bandwidth requiring sensors is presented. Important observations are made, and conclusions are drawn based on multidisciplinary analyses of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of various communication technologies and proposed wireless architectures for sensing infrastructure for smart mobility (SISM). Finally, recommendations are made concerning the implementation of proposed wireless architectures for wireless and continuous monitoring of the Illinois Autonomous and Connected Track (I-ACT).
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Banco de España, Banco de España. In-person access to banking services in Spain: 2023 Monitoring Report. Banco de España, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/35912.
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This paper presents an analysis of recent developments in the accessibility of banking services in Spain, from the perspective of both supply (the in-person access points available) and demand (customer use and assessment). According to the results obtained, the following main conclusions can be drawn: i) The reduction in the number of bank branches between 2021 and 2022 was offset by the establishment of mobile branches in smaller municipalities and financial agents in larger municipalities. ii) Between 2021 and 2022, the number of municipalities without any in-person points of access to banking services was reduced by 167 (2.1% of municipalities and 0.13% of the population). iii) The percentage of municipalities without any in-person point of access to banking services decreased to a greater extent than in the case of other services, both those provided privately (shops and bars) and those with a certain component of public provision (health care and pharmacies).
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Harrington, Matthew, Amanda Lanik, Chad Hults, and Patrick Druckenmiller. Focused condition assessment of paleontological resources within Katmai National Park and Preserve. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2298782.
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The paleontological resources (fossils) of Katmai National Park and Preserve (also referred to as ?the park? or ?Katmai? throughout this report) record the evolution of the park?s ancient life throughout most of the Mesozoic Era and portions of the Cenozoic Era (see Table 1 for a geologic time scale). A focused condition assessment (FCA) of the paleontological resources of Katmai was conducted in 2021; this report summarizes the findings of the FCA, including information on the park?s geology and paleontology, management issues related to paleontological resources, and the results of a field survey of the Kamishak Bay area. The FCA project also included fieldwork to monitor fossils at Kaguyak Point. The results of the Kaguyak Point monitoring are presented in Harrington et al. (In preparation). The first section of this report (?Paleontology?) examines the fossiliferous geologic units within Katmai as well as the fossils found within them. Fossils range from small bivalves and belemnites to large ammonites and a possible dinosaur bone. Plant fossils are abundant in the Eocene-aged Copper Lake Formation, Ketavik Formation, and Hemlock Conglomerate. The Jurassic-aged Naknek and Cretaceous-aged Kaguyak Formations are the most abundantly fossiliferous units within the park, containing ammonites, bivalves, brachiopods, gastropods, and other invertebrates. The ?Paleontological Resources Monitoring and Management? section of this report discusses potential threats to paleontological resources and management recommendations. The fossils within Katmai are nonrenewable resources that the NPS is mandated to protect, preserve, and manage. Fossils can be at risk of damage or loss from natural (e.g., erosion) and/or anthropogenic (e.g., unauthorized collection) forces. Damage or loss of fossils greatly reduces the scientific value they possess, as well as degrades the overall heritage of the park. Most of the park?s fossils have a low risk for anthropogenic impacts because many fossil sites are remote and receive little visitation. Areas in the park that contain fossils and receive visitors include the Brooks Camp area, Ukak Falls, the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Hallo Bay, and Kaguyak Point. Fieldwork was conducted during the summer of 2021 to explore Katmai for new vertebrate fossil localities (?Kamishak Bay Reconnaissance? section of this report). The current extent of vertebrate fossils within Katmai is limited to a single heavily worn bone chunk that was found in the vicinity of Ukak Falls. Vertebrate fossils have been uncovered south of the park near Becharof Lake and near Chignik Bay in the Indecision Creek Member of the Naknek Formation. To search for vertebrate fossils, exposures of the Indecision Creek Member of the Naknek Formation were surveyed along the coast of Kamishak Bay. Bluffs and outcrops were examined for fossils and evidence supporting the existence of vertebrate trackways or remains. The study determined that exposures of the Indecision Creek Member along Kamishak Bay are unlikely to contain vertebrate fossils. This portion of the member contained marine fossils and driftwood, indicating deposition in a marine environment, and the rock outcrops fractured perpendicularly to the bedding plane, limiting the potential for preserving fossil trackways. Future exploration for vertebrate fossils in Katmai could target Mt Katolinat and Ukak Falls.
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Cathles, Alison, Claudia Suaznabar, and Fernando Vargas. The 360 on Digital Transformation in Firms in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004635.
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Are firms in Latin America and the Caribbean lagging in terms of their adoption of digital technologies? Using the most updated and, in many cases, new data, this publication provides a 360-degree assessment on the adoption of technologies ranging from artificial intelligence, big data, and the internet of things, to “backbone” tools such as cloud computing and basic digital technologies (e.g., the percent of firms with websites). On certain dimensions, some firms in the region compare favorably with firms in OECD countries. However, in general, as with artificial intelligence and big data, the data point to considerable gaps in uptake. With a comprehensive outlook, this work also assesses enabling conditions for digital technology adoption and current trends in the digital economy.
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Sanders, Suzanne, and Jessica Kirschbaum. Forest health monitoring at Mississippi National River and Recreation Area: 2022 field season. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301407.
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The Mississippi National River and Recreation area (MISS), situated along a 116 km stretch of the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis and St. Paul urban corridor, encompasses ~21,800 ha of public and private land. In 2022, the Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network (GLKN) resampled permanent forest monitoring sites in the park, marking the second assessment of these sites, which were established and initially sampled in 2011. The goal of this long-term monitoring project is to provides managers with routine updates on which to base management decisions; these data can also be used to tease apart impacts and elucidate causal agents when novel problems or situations arise. We initiated a comprehensive forest monitoring program at MISS in 2011, establishing 33 sites at that time. High water levels during our sampling window that year precluded sampling on many of our planned sites while on others, water levels had only recently subsided. Here, the full complement of herbs had not yet emerged. In 2022, we resampled existing sites and established additional locations, bringing the total to 50. Sampled and derived metrics included trees (density and basal area of live trees, seedlings, and snags (i.e., standing dead trees)), understory (herb and shrub frequency), browse (bite marks on woody species and presence and height of herbaceous species), and taxa richness. We classified sites into four broad forest types using the newer (2022) dataset, resulting in two upland types (upland rich, upland disturbed) and two floodplain types (box elder-dominated and silver maple-dominated). Because of sampling difficulties in 2011, we are only comparing tree, sapling, and snag data between years. At upland rich sites, overall tree (? 2.5 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) density declined 22%, while that for just the small sapling component (? 2.5 cm, < 5 cm DBH) fell 41%. Species experiencing notable losses include basswood (Tilia americana L.), elm (Ulmus L.), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.). All three resampled sites are located in Spring Lake Park Reserve and subjected to high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) browse pressure. We sampled seven sites in upland disturbed forests, where overall tree density fell 17% from 778 ? 215 trees/ha to 648 ? 72 trees/ha, largely due to declines in elm, ash (Fraxinus sp. L.), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.). While changes in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) mirrored this pattern in diameter classes above 5 cm, density of saplings increased 12-fold, largely due to a swamping effect from one site, possibly in response to buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) removal. In the nine box elder-dominated sites, overall tree density declined from 635 ? 47 in 2011 to 500 ? 58 trees/ha in 2022, mainly reflecting changes in box elder (Acer negundo L.), elm, and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). In these sites, density of large (? 30 cm DBH) snags increased from 2.5 ? 1.6 to 11.1 ? 4.4 snags/ha. In silver maple-dominated floodplain forests, tree density in the 12 sites fell from 421 ? 63 to 291 ? 23 trees/ha, with declines observed in all five dominant species. Sapling density was low in these sites, falling from 62.6 ? 36 in 2011 to 23.6 ? 11 saplings/ha in 2022. Our observations likely reflect both deer browse and alteration of the flow regime by river impoundment. At upland sites, deer browse is impeding regeneration of all major upland species: red oak, bitternut hickory, basswood, and elm. While browse is also occurring in floodplain sites, prolonged inundation may play a larger role in regeneration failure here. Saplings of silver maple, box elder, cottonwood, elm, and hackberry all have some degree of susceptibility to inundation, ranging from moderate tolerance to completely intolerant. The Mississippi River experienced flooding in 2014, 2017, and again in 2019 when flood stage was exceeded for a record number of days in St. Paul. Sapling decline at floodplain sites is likely a direct result of this. Forest management within the park should focus both on invasive species control and floodplain reforestation. Several sites with heavy invasive weed species are in areas where leveraging local volunteers for removal projects may be possible. Floodplain reforestation requires a dual approach of research and active management. Research is needed to determine preferred propagule types and planting stock, as well as the most effective ways to control invasives, especially reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Active floodplain reforestation can alleviate many of the issues we found here, although this is expensive, limited in scope, and carries with it a great deal of uncertainty. Nonetheless, projects undertaken at a small scale can provide lessons to managers, based on which aspects were successful and which were not. Many of the park forests at MISS are nearing an inflection point and are at risk of becoming irreversibly altered if countermeasures are not undertaken in the near future. At this point, steps taken to promote ecosystem integrity are likely to be less costly and more effective than those which may be needed after further ecosystem decline. The river system through the Twin Cities metro area provides numerous services, both ecological and otherwise. As the need to act is becoming a pressing issue, it is incumbent on land managers to recognize this, and address it.
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Habib, Ayman, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin, and Raja Manish. Road Ditch Line Mapping with Mobile LiDAR. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317354.
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Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas requiring excavation of long-term sediment accumulation. High-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) provide an opportunity for effective monitoring of roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. This study evaluated the applicability of mobile LiDAR for mapping roadside ditches for slope and drainage analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units was performed. These MLMS included an unmanned ground vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a portable backpack system along with its vehicle-mounted version, a medium-grade wheel-based system, and a high-grade wheel-based system. Point cloud from all the MLMS units were in agreement in the vertical direction within the ±3 cm range for solid surfaces, such as paved roads, and ±7 cm range for surfaces with vegetation. The portable backpack system that could be carried by a surveyor or mounted on a vehicle and was the most flexible MLMS. The report concludes that due to flexibility and cost effectiveness of the portable backpack system, it is the preferred platform for mapping roadside ditches, followed by the medium-grade wheel-based system. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulders, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data, and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulder, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively.