To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Assessor cognition.
Books on the topic 'Assessor cognition'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Assessor cognition.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Uruntaeva, Galina, and Ekaterina Gosheva. Psychology of cognition preschooler in professional and pedagogical activity of the teacher. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1074084.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph is devoted to analysis of professional and pedagogical activity of educator of preschool educational organizations in the aspect of cognition of preschool children. Describes the conceptual presentation of these activities, including structural-functional model of the activities to knowledge and activities for analysis of its process and results in order to assess its effectiveness. In accordance with the business model for knowledge of child the proposed system of professional training of future educators for its development in the learning process at the University, partly experimentally tested.
Intended for researchers, professional and pedagogical activity of the teacher of preschool educational institutions, teachers and practitioners of preschool education and teachers and students of psychological and pedagogical universities.
2
Cavicchio, Federica, and Emanuela Magno Caldognetto, eds. Aspetti emotivi e relazionali nell'e-learning. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-833-8.
Full textAbstract:
This book investigates the role of emotions and multimodal communication in face-to-face teaching and in e-learning, and assesses the incidence of these not merely verbal components on the cognitive processes of the student. It also presents certain types of man-machine interface that utilise natural language in written, vocal and multimodal form; the latter implement a new metaphor of interaction with the computer that is more human-oriented. This is, therefore, a new and interdisciplinary theme of research that highlights the technical and theoretical complexity that e-learning specialists and scholars of multimodal communication and emotions address in order to devise new systems of human-computer communication that are more natural and more motivating for learning.
3
Miskowiak, Kamilla W., and Lars V. Kessing. Cognitive enhancement in bipolar disorder: current evidence and methodological considerations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0026.
Full textAbstract:
Cognitive dysfunction is an emerging treatment target in bipolar disorder (BD). Numerous trials have assessed the efficacy of novel pharmacological and psychological treatments on cognition. Overall, the results are disappointing, possibly due to methodological challenges. A key issue is the lack of consensus on whether and how to screen for cognitive impairment and on how to assess efficacy. We suggest that screening for cognitive impairment is critical and should involve objective neuropsychological tests. We also recommend that the primary outcome is a composite of neuropsychological tests with socio-occupational function as co-primary or secondary outcome. Trials should include fully or partially remitted patients, ensure that concomitant medication is kept stable and that statistical methods include mixed models or similar ways to take account of missing values. Future treatment development should implement a ‘circuit-based’ neuroimaging biomarker model to examine neural target engagement. Interventions targeting multiple treatment modalities may also be beneficial.
4
(Editor), Daniel D. Hutto, and Matthew Ratcliffe (Editor), eds. Folk Psychology Re-Assessed. Springer, 2007.
Find full text
5
Sagiv, Noam, Monika Sobczak-Edmans, and Adrian L. Williams. Personification, Synaesthesia, and Social Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
Defining synaesthesia has proven to be a challenging task as the number of synaesthesia variants and associated phenomena reported by synaesthetes has increased over the past decade or so. This chapter discusses the inclusion of non-sensory concurrents in the category of synaesthesia. For example, many grapheme-colour synaesthetes also attribute gender and personality to letters and numbers consistently and involuntarily. Here we assess the question of including synaesthetic personification as a type of synaesthesia. We also discuss the relationship between synaesthetic personification and other instances of personification and mentalizing. We hope to convince readers that whether or not they embrace atypical forms of personification as a synaesthesia variant, studying the phenomenon is a worthwhile effort that could yield novel insights into human cognition and brain function.
6
Raymont, Vanessa, and Robert D. Stevens. Cognitive Reserve. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0029.
Full textAbstract:
The cognitive reserve hypothesis suggests that the structure and function of an individual’s brain can modulate the clinical expression of brain damage and illness. This chapter describes passive and active models of reserve, their impact on neurological illness, and how these effects can be assessed. Passive models focus on the protective potential of anatomical features, such as brain size, neural density, and synaptic connectivity, while active models emphasize the connectivity and efficiency of neural networks and active compensation by alternative networks. It is likely that both models represent features of a common biological substrate and could help in the development of strategies to improve outcome following critical illness.
7
Le Pelley, Mike E., Oren Griffiths, and Tom Beesley. Associative Accounts of Causal Cognition. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.2.
Full textAbstract:
Humans are clearly sensitive to causal structures—we can describe and understand causal mechanisms and make predictions based on them. But this chapter asks: Is causal learning always causal? Or might seemingly causal behavior sometimes be based on associations that merely encode the information that two events “go together,” not that one causes the other? This associative view supposes that people often (mis)interpret associations as supporting the existence of a causal relationship between events; they make the everyday mistake of confusing correlation with causation. To assess the validity of this view, one must move away from considering specific implementations of associative models and instead focus on the general principle embodied by the associative approach—that the rules governing learning are general-purpose, and so do not differentiate between situations involving cause–effect relationships and those involving signaling relationships that are non-causal.
8
Schulz, Armin W. It's Only Human. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197800188.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract What makes humans cognitively unique—and why are they unique in these ways? These are interesting questions not just because we are humans, but also because we have an outsized influence on the planet as a whole. To answer them, this book begins by providing a clearer characterization of the nature of human cognitive uniqueness: it sets out and justifies an inventory of key features of distinctively human cognition. On this basis, the book assesses the major existing theories seeking to explain distinctively human thought from across the cognitive, social, and human sciences and argues that a new account is needed, one that bridges nativist and learning-based approaches. It then presents exactly such an account. At the heart of this account is a positive feedback loop that links evolved representations, forms of cultural learning, and technology. With the help of this feedback loop, key examples of uniquely human cognition can be explained: distinctively human mindreading, distinctively human moral cognition, and the distinctively human propensity for trade. The book concludes with an application of this interactionist theory of distinctively human cognition to various issues of contemporary importance: the relationship between distinctively human cognition and increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence, the role of religion in human thought and action, and the relationship between extensive patent regimes and human innovation. In doing all this, the book takes a simultaneous methodological and explanatory approach: it shows how to best conduct the study of human cognitive uniqueness and actually engages in this study itself.
9
Hodges, John R. Cognitive Assessment for Clinicians. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book provides clinicians with a theoretically motivated guide to the assessment of patients with cognitive complaints. Its main goal is to teach physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists how to assess cognition in the clinic or at the bedside based around the instrument, the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE), developed in Cambridge over many years and subsequently refined and modified. The latest version is the ACE-III, which is freely available and has been translated into many languages. The early chapters provide a framework in which aspects of cognition are considered as those with a distributed representation in the brain (such as attention and memory) versus those with more focal representation (such as language, praxis, and spatial abilities). There are descriptions of the major syndromes encountered in clinical practice, notably delirium and dementia, which have been updated to incorporate recent discoveries. There follows the all-important section on history taking and the ‘meat of the book’: how to perform bedside cognitive testing. The ACE-III is contrasted to other commonly used brief standardized mental test schedules (such as the Montreal Cognitive Examination). Sixteen cases with a full range of cognitive disorders illustrate the method recommended. Finally, there is an appendix outlining the range of formal tests commonly used in neuropsychological practice.
10
Kane, Robert L., and Thomas D. Parsons, eds. The Role of Technology in Clinical Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234737.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Neuropsychology as a field has been slow to embrace and exploit the potential offered by technology to either make the assessment process more efficient or to develop new capabilities that augment the assessment of cognition. The Role of Technology in Clinical Neuropsychology details current efforts to use technology to enhance cognitive assessment with an emphasis on developing expanded capabilities for clinical assessment. The first sections of the book provide an overview of current approaches to computerized assessment along with newer technologies to assess behavior. The next series of chapters explores the use of novel technologies and approaches in cognitive assessment as they relate to developments in telemedicine, mobile health, and remote monitoring including developing smart environments. While still largely office-based, health care is increasingly moving out of the office with an increased emphasis on connecting patients with providers, and providers with other providers, remotely. Chapters also address the use of technology to enhance cognitive rehabilitation by implementing conceptually-based games to teach cognitive strategies and virtual environments to measure outcomes. Next, the chapters explore the use of virtual reality and scenario-based assessment to capture critical aspects of performance not assessed by traditional means and the implementation of neurobiological metrics to enhance patient assessment. Chapters also address the use of imaging to better define cognitive skills and assessment methods along with the integration of cognitive assessment with imaging to define the functioning of brain networks. The final section of the book discusses the ethical and methodological considerations needed for adopting advanced technologies for neuropsychological assessment. Authored by numerous leading figures in the field of neuropsychology, this volume emphasizes the critical role that virtual environments, neuroimaging, and data analytics will play as clinical neuropsychology moves forward in the future.
11
Ottati, Victor, and Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.
Full textAbstract:
Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.
12
Dexter, Catherine. A checklist designed to assess the story re-telling abilities of kindergartners. 1991.
Find full text
13
Beliveau Ficalora, Margaret. Geriatrics. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0285.
Full textAbstract:
The assessment of elderly patients should differ from that of younger adults. The overall function of elderly patients is influenced by factors other than their medical diagnoses. When the medical problems of elderly patients are assessed, it is important to assess additional factors: functional status, cognitive capacity, financial resources, and the safety and appropriateness of their domicile. It also is wise to address advance directives with all geriatric patients. Appropriate preventive screening should be a part of the assessment of the elderly who are in good health. In addition to an evaluation for conditions common to the geriatric population, such as heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and renal insufficiency, it is important to assess for conditions that can have a negative effect on function, such as impairment of vision or hearing (or both), mobility status, and urinary incontinence, risk of falling, nutrition, and cognitive status. A thorough review of medications taken (prescription, herbal, and over-the-counter) is important.
14
Van Den Bos, Kees. Hot-Cognitive Defense of Worldviews. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657345.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 8 discusses people’s tendencies to defend their views on how the world should look and what exact role affective processes and feelings play in these defensive responses. The chapter delineates that worldview-defense reactions tend to be “hot-cognitive” reactions, consisting of a combination of how situations are interpreted, assessed, and appraised and the feelings associated with these interpretations, assessments, and appraisals. The chapter examines three levels of analysis at which feelings play a role in radicalization: (1) individual defensive responses involve processes of self-esteem perseverance; (2) group responses include the buffering role of culture; and (3) ideological and religious concerns often serve important psychological functions that are of special relevance to radicalizing individuals and radical groups and subcultures.
15
Hodges, John R. Testing Cognitive Function at the Bedside. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192629760.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 5 covers testing cognitive function at the bedside, and how the first part of the examination should assess distributed cognitive functions; deficits in these indicate damage to particular brain systems, but not to focal areas of one hemisphere. The second part of the assessment should deal with more localized functions, divided into those associated with the dominant (i.e. the left side, in right-handers) and non-dominant hemispheres.
16
Brookhart, Susan M. How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills In Your Classroom. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2010.
Find full text
17
Brookhart, Susan M. How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2010.
Find full text
18
Brookhart, Susan M. How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2010.
Find full text
19
Brookhart, Susan M. How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2010.
Find full text
20
Brookhart, Susan M. How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2010.
Find full text
21
Brookhart, Susan M. How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2010.
Find full text
22
Wilson, Deirdre. Relevance Theory. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.25.
Full textAbstract:
This paper outlines the main assumptions of relevance theory (while attempting to clear up some common objections and misconceptions) and points out some new directions for research. After discussing the nature of relevance and its role in communication and cognition, it assesses two alternative ways of drawing the explicit–implicit distinction, compares relevance theory’s approach to lexical pragmatics with those of Grice and neo-Griceans, and discusses the rationale for relevance theory’s conceptual–procedural distinction, reassessing the notion of procedural meaning in the light of recent research. It ends by looking briefly at the relation between the capacity to understand a communicator’s meaning, on the one hand, and the capacity to assess her reliability and the reliability of the communicated content, on the other, and considers how these two capacities might interact.
23
Hodges, John R. Testing Cognitive Function at the Bedside. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the second component of assessment in patients with suspected cognitive dysfunction: testing cognitive function at the bedside. The first part of the examination should assess distributed cognitive functions, notably orientation and attention, episodic and semantic memory, and frontal executive function (initiation in the form of verbal fluency, abstraction, response inhibition, and set shifting); deficits in these indicate damage to particular brain systems, but not to focal areas of one hemisphere. The second part of the assessment deals with localized functions, divided into those associated with the dominant (i.e. the left side, in right-handers) and non-dominant hemispheres. The former relates largely to tests of spoken language with supplementary tests of reading, writing, calculation, and praxis when applicable. Testing right hemisphere function focuses on neglect (personal and extrapersonal), visuospatial and constructional abilities, and the agnosias including object and face agnosia.
24
Lewandowski, Linda Ann. DEVELOPMENT OF A TOOL TO ASSESS COGNITIVE MASTERY OF STRESS IN CHILDREN: A PILOT STUDY. 1988.
Find full text
25
Baune, Bernhard T., and Catherine Harmer, eds. Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198810940.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The lifetime prevalence of 15% for major depressive disorder (MDD) within the general population is among the highest among all mental disorders. MDD is also one of the leading causes of disability and has been estimated to affect 300 million people worldwide. Clinical, functional, and biological correlates of MDD are frequently investigated almost exclusively based on research that defines depression as a categorical disorder assessed by established diagnostic instruments. Given the phenotypic and biological heterogeneity of depression, a refocus of the clinical phenotype of depression is required and widely recommended. Cognitive dimensions of depression have long been implicated in the nature of depression as a disorder that is characterized by typically impaired cognitive and emotional processes. The systems of cognitive function, emotion processing, and social cognitive processing are regarded as comprehensively describing large parts of the clinical symptoms as well as the pathophysiology of the brain-based disorder of depression. The focus on the above cognitive and emotional dimensions of depression offers promising extended and novel diagnostic and treatment approaches ranging from pharmacological to psychological interventions targeting those dimensions of depression. This book aims to provide an improved understanding of the characteristics of the dimensional approach of depression, focusing on the cognitive, emotional, and social cognitive processes.
26
Maguire, James Martin. The use of computational models to assess the cognitive load associated with the worked example and slpit-attention effects. 1997.
Find full text
27
Kimchi, Eitan. Capacity and Decision-Making. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Cognitive loss brings up crucial questions of autonomy and capacity to make one’s decisions. Capacity refers to an assessment of whether a person can make a particular medical, legal, or financial decision, and is commonly assessed in medical settings. Competency, on the other hand, is a global assessment of decision-making abilities and is a legal, not medical, assessment. Most persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) retain capacity to make decisions. As their cognitive deficits progress, this capacity may be lost, impacting their global competency. This chapter reviews the process of assessing capacity in older persons in outpatient settings. It incorporates information from chapters 1-3 regarding the routine office evaluation of cognitive impairment and adds assessments targeting capacity.
28
Herndon, Robert M. Outcome Measures in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the challenges involved in measuring disease activity and progression in multiple sclerosis and how different aspects of the disease are measured in clinical trials. Metrics have been developed to assess multiple aspects of the disease., These include, in addition to more global instruments, measures of specific functions such as, cognition, mobility, quality of life, fatigue, and so on. These scales are discussed along with their strengths and weaknesses.
29
Wesnes, Keith A., and Helen J. Brooker. Current Progress and Future Potential in the Evaluation and Treatment of Age-Related Cognitive Declines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Research data obtained during the past few decades have confirmed the widely acknowledged phenomenon that cognitive function peaks in early adulthood and declines thereafter. Such changes occur in the majority of individuals and precede more dramatic conditions such as dementia. Evidence is emerging that healthier cognitive aging can be achieved via a wide range of treatments, interventions, and lifestyle changes. The field of dementia research is also entering the space of normal cognitive aging with trials aimed at the new condition of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Success in this field depends on having the appropriate cognitive tests to definitively assess the benefits, and automated testing has made excellent inroads here. The opportunity to administer cognitive tasks via the Internet will enable very large, long-term, international trials to be conducted, which will produce the big data necessary to answer many important but unresolved questions in this field.
30
Snyder, James. Coercive Family Processes and the Development of Child Social Behavior and Self-Regulation. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.10.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter (1) examines the multiple ways in which coercive processes may be manifested during family interaction in addition to their more blatant, aversive forms, including emotion dismissing, invalidating, intrusive/controlling social actions; (2) assesses the role of higher cognitive processing and control in coercive social interaction in the context of previous assumptions that coercive processes are primarily overlearned and automatic; (3) examines the utility of extensions of environmental main effects models of coercive processes by explicitly focusing on synergistic models that involve child temperamental self-regulatory capacities (reflecting underlying molecular genetic and neurobiological mechanisms); and (4) assesses the role of coercive family processes in relation to borderline features and trauma/PTSD.
31
Beauchaine, Theodore P., and Sheila E. Crowell, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689285.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Emotion dysregulation—which is often defined as the inability to modulate strong affective states including impulsivity, anger, fear, sadness, and anxiety—is observed in nearly all psychiatric disorders. These include internalizing disorders such as panic disorder and major depression, externalizing disorders such as conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder, and various other disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and borderline personality disorder. Among many affected individuals, precursors to emotion dysregulation appear early in development, and often predate the emergence of diagnosable psychopathology. Collaborative work by Drs. Crowell and Beauchaine, and work by many others, suggests that emotion dysregulation arises from both familial (coercion, invalidation, abuse, neglect) and extrafamilial (deviant peer group affiliations, social reinforcement) mechanisms. These studies point toward strategies for prevention and intervention. The Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation brings together experts whose work cuts across levels of analysis, including neurobiological, cognitive, and social, in studying emotion dysregulation. Contributing authors describe how early environmental risk exposures shape emotion dysregulation, how emotion dysregulation manifests in various forms of mental illness, and how emotion dysregulation is most effectively assessed and treated. This is the first text to assemble a highly accomplished group of authors to address conceptual issues in emotion dysregulation research; define the emotion dysregulation construct at levels of cognition, behavior, and social dynamics; describe cutting-edge assessment techniques at neural, psychophysiological, and behavioral levels of analysis; and present contemporary treatment strategies. Conceptualizing emotion dysregulation as a core vulnerability to psychopathology is consistent with modern transdiagnostic approaches to diagnosis and treatment, including the Research Domain Criteria and the Unified Protocol, respectively.
32
Erickson, Phillip. Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Our Hidden Biases: Uncover Common Thinking Errors, Discover the Connection Between Motivational and Dissonance Processes and Logically Assess Foolish Beliefs. Independently Published, 2019.
Find full text
33
Nowlin, Donald. The development and validation of an instrument to assess cognitive domain status of preservice and inservice elementary teachers in the division of rational numbers. 1990.
Find full text
34
Osborne, David, and Chris Williams. Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses talking therapies, or psychotherapies, for people with depression. For many years the predominant clinical model of depression has relied on medication as the gold standard for treatment. However, the cost of antidepressant medication prescribing is significant and rising. In response, recent government mental health targets also emphasize psychological interventions as an important treatment option. This chapter provides an overview of the characteristics of people who typically access talking therapies before turning to talking therapies that are available, including those that are recommended by national treatment guidelines such as NICE in England and Wales and SIGN in Scotland. In particular, it considers evidence-based talking therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), and psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy. The chapter also assesses the implications of talking therapies for clients of legal professionals.
35
Irving, Zachary C., and Evan Thompson. The Philosophy of Mind-Wandering. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.19.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides an introduction to the philosophy of mind-wandering. It begins with a philosophical critique of the standard psychological definitions of mind-wandering as task-unrelated thought or stimulus-independent thought. Although these definitions have helped bring mind-wandering research onto center stage in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, they have substantial limitations. They do not account for the dynamics of mind-wandering, task-unrelated thought that does not qualify as mind-wandering, or the ways in which mind-wandering can be task-related. The chapter reviews philosophical accounts that improve upon the current psychological definitions, in particular an account of mind-wandering as “unguided thinking.” It critically assesses the view that mind-wandering can be defined as thought lacking meta-awareness and cognitive agency, as well as the view that mind-wandering is disunified thinking. The definition of mind-wandering as unguided thinking not only is conceptually and phenomenologically precise, but also can be operationalized in a principled way for empirical research.
36
Gisborne, Nikolas, and Andrew Hippisley. Defaults in linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The notion of default and override can serve linguistic analysis in different ways. In the lexicon defaults are used for the resolution of rule competition, to capture lexical blocking, to select the right stem where there are choices, and when used in inheritance systems to provide for instances that do not meet every characteristic of their class allowing exceptionality to be expressed as semi-regularity. Defaults in syntax and semantics play a more organizational, ontological role, expressing markedness in lists of features and their possible values and resolving conflicts that may arise when two sub-systems intersect. The chapters discuss how defaults and overrides can address specific linguistic phenomena, suggest an architecture of the grammar, and assess the role of morphology in language and cognition.
37
Gallagher-Thompson, Dolores, and Larry W. Thompson. Treating Late Life Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780195383690.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This therapist guide is designed to give mental health professionals the necessary tools to assess and treat depression, with or without accompanying anxiety, in the elderly. Designed specifically for use with older adults, the three-phase cognitive—behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment described generally is delivered over the course of 16–20 sessions. Phase I provides an introduction to therapy, Phase II helps the client acquire the cognitive and behavioral skills needed to meet the therapy goals, and Phase III deals with termination and how to maintain the gains obtained in therapy. Step-by-step instructions for administering therapy are provided in a user-friendly format, along with information on screening and assessment. Complete with sample dialogues, at-home assignments, and lists of materials needed, this comprehensive guide includes all the tools necessary for facilitating effective treatment.
38
Newman, Judith H. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190212216.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The introduction discusses the impact of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls on understanding the formation of scriptures in the Hellenistic-Roman period. Rather than focusing on the closure of the canon of the Hebrew Bible, this book assesses the processes by which texts become scripture. While the contemporary understanding of “liturgical” in Judaism and Christianity is related to formal fixed prayer, this study expands the concept of liturgical to include a range of practices around the study of sacred texts in Jewish antiquity. A traditioning process occurs through such practices of revelatory discernment in which scriptural interpretation is incorporated into texts which both sacralizes and extends them. The book’s methodological framework is rooted in embodied cognition and draws on insights from anthropology, ritual theory, memory studies, and neuroscience. A center of attention is the mediating role of the liturgical body in both an individual and corporate sense.
39
Cooper, Jill, and Nina Kite. Occupational therapy in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0046.
Full textAbstract:
Occupational therapy in palliative care aims to help patients achieve their optimum independence in activities that are important to them. The specific functional difficulties may include extreme fatigue, anxiety and shortness of breath due to advanced disease including metastatic spinal cord compression, fractures, or peripheral neuropathies. Patients may have problems with cognition and perception, body image, life role, and spiritual issues as well as physical disabilities. This chapter describes the broad range of areas in which the occupational therapist works in palliative care together with the interprofessional team. They take a key role in organizing and facilitating safe discharge and care at home, with the aim of achieving best quality of life and avoiding re-admission to hospital wherever possible. The occupational therapist analyses and assesses specific problems and provides a treatment programme or solution to help the patient remain as independent as possible, using clinical reasoning and evidence-based practice.
40
Gerken, Mikkel. On Folk Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
On Folk Epistemology is a book about how we ascribe knowledge to ourselves and others. Empirical evidence suggests that we do so early and often in thought as well as in talk. Since such knowledge ascriptions are central to how we navigate social life, it is important to understand our basis for making them. A central claim of the book is that factors that have nothing to do with knowledge may lead to systematic mistakes in everyday ascriptions of knowledge. These mistakes are explained by an empirically informed account of how ordinary knowledge ascriptions are the product of cognitive heuristics that are associated with biases. In developing this account, the book presents work in cognitive psychology and pragmatics. But it also contributes to epistemology proper. For example, it develops positive epistemic norms of action and assertion. Moreover, it critically assesses contextualism, knowledge-first methodology, pragmatic encroachment theories, and more. Many of these approaches are argued to overestimate the epistemological significance of folk epistemology. In contrast, the book develops an equilibristic methodology according to which intuitive judgments about knowledge cannot straightforwardly play a role as data for epistemological theorizing. Rather, epistemological theorizing is required to interpret empirical findings. Consequently, On Folk Epistemology helps to lay the foundation for an emerging subfield that intersects philosophy and the cognitive sciences: the empirical study of folk epistemology.
41
Piechowski, Lisa Drago. Empirical Foundations and Limits. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195341096.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on empirical foundations and limitations relevant to disability evaluation. It first considers the prevalence of disability claims and the demographics of disability claimants before turning to a discussion of the relationship between disability outcomes and mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and cognitive disorders. It then reviews research regarding the impact on work-functioning of various mental health conditions and the effect of treatment, along with findings on the use of psychological tests, self-report data, and third-party information in disability evaluations. Finally, it assesses the prevalence of dissimulation in disability claims and describes appropriate methods for addressing this in the evaluation.
42
Pickering, Gisèle. Pain in later life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0040.
Full textAbstract:
The population of Europe is ageing, caused by fewer births and increased longevity. Increasingly the demand for pain assessment and treatment will change and the patients requesting help will present with more complex demands. In this chapter of European Pain Management we focus on the need for translational research, evidence-based randomized clinical trials, and non-pharmacological approaches in older persons, to assess the real-life risk/benefit ratio of recommendations in a context of multiple medication, co-morbidity, cognitive impairment, and frailty. It is essential to study the cognitive and emotional consequences of pain and analgesia in older persons, who are often prone to depression, and to improve their quality of life. Therapeutic education must be developed for older patients, who often have a fatalistic attitude toward pain, with age-related expectations and demands. Pain prevention remains the key to avoiding the consequences of pain, maintaining autonomy, and enabling healthy ageing.
43
Koh, J., and I. Aliason. Anesthetic Management for Patients with Cerebral Palsy. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0036.
Full textAbstract:
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of muscle tone and often of movement, most commonly due to prenatal damage of the immature brain. It is a diagnosis that encompasses a wide range of symptoms, many of which require surgical intervention. Anesthesiologists regularly care for patients with cerebral palsy as they undergo a variety of orthopedic, dental, neuro, and general surgeries. To provide the best possible care for patients with cerebral palsy, anesthesiologists need to understand the commonly associated comorbidities, be able to assess each individual patient’s cognitive and communication abilities, and understand the challenges of perioperative care in this special population
44
Franz, Carleen, Lee Ascherman, and Julia Shaftel. The Psychoeducational Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195383997.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter describes the content and procedures of a comprehensive psychoeducational evaluation. Components include the referral question, review of records, history, observation, and assessment. Rating scales, standardized tests, and interviews make up the assessment portion of the evaluation process. The entire process must use multiple measures and assess multiple viewpoints and settings. Cognitive, academic, behavioral, social skills, and executive functions may be included in the assessment. A thorough integration of the findings from multiple sources must be accomplished to reach meaningful diagnostic conclusions and determine relevant recommendations. IDEA requirements for school-based evaluation processes are explained and contrasted with independent evaluation methods.
45
Woodford, Henry J., and James George. Examining the nervous system of an older patient. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0111.
Full textAbstract:
Ageing is associated with changes in the nervous system, especially the accumulation of neurodegenerative and white matter lesions within the brain. Abnormalities are commonly found when examining older people and some of these are associated with functional impairment and a higher risk of death. In order to reliably interpret examination findings it is important to assess cognition, hearing, vision, and speech first. Clarity of instruction is key. Interpretation of findings must take into account common age-related changes. For example, genuine increased tone should be distinguished from paratonia. Power testing should look for asymmetry within the individual, rather than compare to the strength of the examiner. Parkinsonism should be looked for and gait should be observed. Neurological assessment can incorporate a range of cortical abilities and tests of autonomic function, but the extent of these assessments is likely to be determined by the clinical situation and time available.
46
Radomsky, Adam S., and Gillian M. Alcolado. Information Processing in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Related Problems. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0033.
Full textAbstract:
Information processing research has become increasingly important in understanding a large number of different disorders, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This work, which focuses on the factors affecting attention, encoding (learning), and different types of memory, promises not only to improve our knowledge of the psychopathology of OCD and related problems, but also to influence the treatment of these often severe and debilitating conditions. This chapter reviews the history and research associated with aspects of information processing as they relate to both the psychopathology and treatment of OCD, trichotillomania, and body dysmorphic disorder. This includes descriptions of some experimental methodologies used to assess challenging aspects of cognition in OCD. Consistencies and inconsistencies in the literature are highlighted, and an attempt is made to resolve some of them through conceptualizing information-processing studies as either relevant or irrelevant to the experience of OCD. Ideas and questions for future research are proposed.
47
Gordon, Brian A., Stephanie J. B. Vos, and Anne M. Fagan. Neuroimaging and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0052.
Full textAbstract:
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by a long asymptomatic (preclinical) phase during which disease-related pathology accumulates in the absence of overt cognitive symptoms. The most prominent neuropathologies are extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles. Until recently such pathology was observable only at autopsy. Now these, and other novel pathological markers, can be measured in living individuals using cerebrospinal fluid assays, blood tests, and neuroimaging techniques to track disease progression. Understanding changes in these biomarkers is critical for diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and for the development of disease-modifying therapies. This chapter reviews the current scientific understanding regarding the use of biomarkers to assess Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
48
Nuwer, Marc R. Evoked Potentials. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Visual evoked potentials, brainstem auditory evoked potentials, and somatosensory evoked potentials are established clinical tests that are useful for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Motor evoked potentials, cognitive event-related potentials, and vestibular evoked potentials also are used clinically to test additional pathways and functions. These objective, reproducible tools can identify clinically silent lesions, predict clinical deterioration risk, and localize levels of impairment. They differ from magnetic resonance imaging in that they assess function rather than anatomy and thereby fill a complementary role in clinical care. They also are useful in therapeutic trials because they can predict outcomes in parallel with, or earlier than, clinical examinations.
49
Rafferty, Gerrard, and John Moxham. Assessment of Peripheral and Respiratory Muscle Strength in ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0047.
Full textAbstract:
Skeletal muscle weakness affecting the respiratory and peripheral muscles is common in critically ill patients and can lead to difficulties in weaning, prolonged ICU admission, and significant morbidity in survivors. A number of techniques can be used to assess muscle strength. In the peripheral muscles, volitional techniques employing scoring systems or portable hand dynamometers are relatively simple and quick to use, requiring little or no specialist equipment. Such techniques can, however, only be applied to conscious and cooperative patients, preventing assessment of muscle weakness in many ICU patients. The volitional requirement also limits the ability to distinguish poor motivation and impaired cognition from true loss of muscle function. Non-volitional techniques involving motor nerve stimulation provide measures of muscle force production in non-cooperative patients but require specialist equipment. Normative data for comparative purposes are limited. Also, it is not clear which peripheral muscle best reflects generalized muscle weakness. Measurements of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures are widely used to assess respiratory muscle strength in ICU patients and are applicable to patients who can make some respiratory effort. As with all tests requiring patient cooperation, reliability is limited. Phrenic nerve stimulation allows direct, non-volitional assessment of diaphragm and phrenic nerve function, and normative values for comparative purposes are available. Magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation is well tolerated, can be performed in the presence of vascular catheters, and is used to document respiratory muscle weakness and track progression in critically ill patients.
50
Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Preoperative assessment and preparation of elderly patients undergoing major surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
The benefits to the elderly of current surgical advances are as good as or better than to younger patients. Preassessment serves to individualize operative decisions to optimize the patient’s condition and improve the outcome. These processes require experienced surgical and anaesthetic input. General patient factors are detailed, including communication skills, behavioural adaptation, functional reserve, cognitive function, and frailty. Systematic comorbidities, such as cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, renal and nutritional status are discussed. The risk/benefit of the proposed procedure, which is often assessed using risk-stratification systems, is reviewed. Time to full recovery and the duration of convalescence are identified as lacking appropriate data at present. Finally, the emerging data on active, multidisciplinary ‘prehabilitation’ before surgery to improve and optimize the general fitness, chronic disease states, and medication of elderly patients in the weeks before elective surgery are examined.