Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Assignment of receivables'

Factoring is a financial tool, which allows companies to gain money before the maturity of the invoices issued by them. Factoring can be provided as a regression or non-recourse. The accounting of factoring is based on the form of factoring. Recognition should be fundamentally based on economic substance of transactions rather than the legal status declared for example by contracts. Non-recourse factoring is based on assignment of receivables and regressive factoring is rather receivables management. The issue of accounting for factoring is not yet finally resolved officially.

Legal systems around the world vary widely in how they deal with the assignment of receivables. This legal variety makes it difficult for financiers to conduct their international receivables financing business. This thesis suggests an International Registration System for the Assignment and Security Interest of Receivables (‘IRSAR’) and proposes a model international convention for the IRSAR (‘proposed IRSAR Convention’), which could help financiers to overcome the obstacles they currently encounter. Under the proposed IRSAR Convention, the international assignment of receivables would be regulated by a unified legal system with respect to priority and perfection. The IRSAR would facilitate international project financing. Furthermore, the IRSAR would enable companies to raise finance from greater ranges of investors around the world through international receivables financing and to dispose of non-performing loans more easily. The proposed IRSAR Convention would succeed the UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade in the attempt of establishing a registration system for international assignments of receivables. The proposed IRSAR Convention confines its scope of application by defining the assignor (or the security provider), inventing the concept of ‘Vehicle for the International Registration System’ (‘VIRS’). The proposed IRSAR Convention applies where the assignor or security provider is a VIRS. An assignment of a receivable where the assignor is a VIRS and a security interest in a receivable where the security provider is a VIRS could be registered in the IRSAR. Under the proposed IRSAR Convention, priority of assignments of and security interests in receivables is determined by the order of registration in the IRSAR. The proposed IRSAR Convention would be a receivables version of the Cape Town Convention. With respect to the contents and effect of registration, it would prescribe a notice-filing system along the lines of that adopted in the UCC Article 9. With respect to the operation of the registration, it would adopt an automatic online registration system operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year like the International Registry under the Cape Town Convention.

This diploma thesis is focused on overdue receivables of the selected entity, especially from the tax perspective. The theoretical part deals with the key concepts used in this thesis. The analytical part describes the current method of dealing with overdue receivables of the selected entity from the tax point of view. The practical part contains recommendations for tax optimization of the entity’s receivables.

The conflict of laws relating to the assignment of receivables raises characterisation difficulties. Based on the property-contract approach currently employed in legal systems, the characterisation of legal issues as contractual and proprietary results in complications. No general solution can be reached regarding the proprietary aspects of assignment, especially third parties’ effectiveness and priority issues. This thesis establishes that the core cause of the difficulty resides in the property-contract approach itself. It therefore attempts to provide a new approach to the conflict of laws for assignment, namely, a rights-based approach. It argues against the property-contract approach on the ground that assignment is not a hybrid of contract and property. Rather, it proves that the true legal nature of assignment is not the transfer of items of property, but a contractual method for transferring contractual rights to payment in receivables. The assignment of receivables not only creates triangular relationships between assignor, assignee and debtor, but also has external effects on third parties. In the rights-based approach, there is no need to differentiate between the contractual and proprietary aspects of assignment. The conflict of laws for assignment is established based on the relationships of rights between relevant persons, i.e. the relationship of rights between assignor and assignee, that between assignee and debtor, and the relationship of rights as it affects third parties including priority issues. These are proposed as being governed by the law of assignment and of assigned receivables. The rights-based approach eliminates the need to refer to property law and resolves characterisation difficulties. Consequentially, it grants an opportunity to modernise and harmonise the law of assignment based on contract law. In this way, positive outcomes vis-à-vis the financial practice concerning the assignment of receivables are the end result of this approach.

La propriété-sûreté a été introduite en droit de l’OHADA à l’occasion de la réforme de l’Acte uniforme portant organisation des sûretés en date du 15 décembre 2010. La présente thèse a pour ambition de montrer les points de convergence et de divergence de la propriété-sûreté du droit de l’OHADA par rapport au droit français. Elle démontre également l’inexactitude de la reconnaissance au titulaire de la propriété-sûreté d’un droit réel sur le bien objet de la sûreté, eu égard au fait que la propriété-sûreté ne saurait juridiquement être assimilée à la propriété ordinaire. Elle montre au contraire que la propriété-sûreté est réductible aux sûretés réelles traditionnelles. Elle invite, ce faisant, les législateurs du droit de l’OHADA et du droit français à aligner le régime de la propriété-sûreté sur celui des sûretés réelles traditionnelles<br>Property-security (title for security purposes) was enshrined in the OHADA law during the reform of the Uniform Act on the organization of security rights on December 15, 2010. This thesis then aims at pointing out the similarities and the differences between the OHADA’s property-security law and the French law. It also challenges the accuracy of recognizing to the owner of the title for security purposes a right in rem in connection with the property concerned, as property-security cannot, as to the law, be assimilated to an ordinary property. By contrast, this study shows that property-security has to be seen as other traditional real guarantees. Therefore, both the OHADA and the French legislators are called to shape the legal regime of the property-security in accordance with that of the traditional real guarantees

The thesis aims to explore the differences between the two Conventions namely the Unidroit Convention on International Factoring and the UNCITRAL Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade and the effects of American and English laws on these Conventions. In this connection, apart from introduction and conclusion chapters, the thesis contains chapters examining harmonisation of secured transactions laws, applicability policies of these two Conventions, formal validity of assignments under these Conventions, party autonomy provisions, absence of positive liability, debtor protection issues, assignments of bulk and future receivables, anti-assigriment provisions and priority issues. The thesis includes four appendices. These are the texts of the UNCITRAL and Unidroit Conventions, a chart describing the variants on applicability of the UNCITRAL Convention with regard to priority and the current status of these Conventions. The thesis also includes bibliography, table of cases comprised of cases from different jurisdictions and table of contents.

The aim of this thesis is to provide detailed analysis of selected legal aspects with practical importance of the assignment of business receivables. Particular topics are focused on problematic legal features of cession, that have so far not been sufficiently elaborated in expert literature, mainly with regards to the impacts of the recent transformation of the Czech civil law. The issues are approached as comparison between the previous law and the current law, which is in force since 1st January 2014, alongside taking account of solutions for chosen issues under German law.

Avant d’accorder un crédit, tout créancier entend naturellement s’assurer que la restitution des sommes prêtées sera effective quelle que soit la situation de l’emprunteur le jour de l’exigibilité du remboursement. C’est particulièrement l’hypothèse de l’ouverture d’une procédure collective à l’encontre du débiteur emprunteur qui concentre les craintes des créanciers. La socialisation croissante du droit des entreprises en difficulté a en effet sensiblement réduit l’efficacité des sûretés réelles traditionnelles en cas de faillite du débiteur. C’est dans ce contexte que les créanciers ont cherché ailleurs une sûreté réelle susceptible de satisfaire à leur exigence de sécurité. Le trust d’une part, la fiducie d’autre part, pouvaient apparaître comme des oasis de tranquillité en période de troubles financiers affectant le débiteur. Universitaires et praticiens ont alors redécouvert les vertus du transfert de propriété réalisé à des fins de garantie, et plus précisément la cession fiduciaire de créance<br>Before granting a loan, any creditor naturally intends to ensure that the return of the money lent will be effective regardless of the situation of the borrower on the day of the repayment of the refund. This is particularly the case of the opening of insolvency proceedings against the debtor which concentrates the creditors fears. The increasing socialization of the insolvency law has indeed significantly reduced the effectiveness of traditional collateral in case of bankruptcy of the debtor. It is in this context that the creditors have also sought a security that would satisfy their security requirements. The trust one hand, the other hand trust, could appear as oasis of tranquility in times of financial turmoil affecting the debtor. Academics and practitioners then rediscovered the virtues of transfer of title made for guarantee purposes, specifically fiduciary assignment of receivables

Technique de connection d'un élément juridique à son environnement, l'opposabilité présente un caractère crucial pour les opérations translatives de créances en ce que l'efficacité de l'opération va en dépendre dans un contexte d'enchevêtrement des relations juridiques. L'accomplissement d'une formalité d'opposabilité, distincte du transfert de propriété inter partes et de la possession, va permettre à l'opération de s'intégrer dans le système juridique en paralysant certains événements telles les cessions concurrentes et la procédure collective du cédant. L'allègement constaté du formalisme d'opposabilité appelle une protection adéquate des droits des tiers. La cession ne sera pas hermétique à son milieu, puisque l'opposabilité de certains éléments juridiques va avoir un impact sur l'opération conclue par les parties. Consolidée par la technique d'opposabilité, la cession sera vulnérable au rayonnement de l'objet du transfert ainsi qu'à certains droits réels et personnels externes<br>As a technique connecting a legal element to its environment, "opposabilité" is a crucial caracter to assignment of receivables, as it will determine the efficiency of the operation in a context of entanglement of legal relations. The accomplishment of an "opposabilité" formality, distinct from the transfer of the property right between the parties and from possession, will enable the transfert to integrate the legal system by paralysing certains events, as for example competing assignments or the bankruptcy of the assignor. The identified lightening of the "opposabilité" formalism requires an adequate protection of the rights of third parties. The assignment will not be hermetic to its environment, as the radiation of certain legal elements will have an impact ont the contract concluded by the parties. Consolidated by the "opposabilité" technique, the assignment will remain vulnerable to the influence of the object of the transfert and to external real and personal rights

Les créances monétaires constituent une excellente source de crédit et les sûretés sur créances existent en droit français, droit anglais et droit vietnamien. Cependant, si elles sont reconnues de longue date en droit anglais, l’évolution de leur régime juridique est récente en droits français et vietnamien. Par ailleurs, si ces trois droits connaissent tous les sûretés traditionnelles sans transfert de propriété (nantissement de créances, charges sur les créances et hypothèque de créances), l’admission en droit français des seules fiducie sur créances et cession de créances professionnelles à titre de garantie par bordereau Dailly ainsi que le rejet par les juges vietnamiens des cessions innommées à titre de garantie démontrent que l’exploitation de la fonction de garantie de la propriété d’une créance n’est pas encore généralisée en France et au Vietnam à la différence de ce que l’on peut observer en droit anglais à travers la "mortgage"par voie d’"assignment" ou de novation. Enfin, l’hypothèque de créance de droit vietnamien et la "fixed charge" sur les "bookdebts" de droit anglais démontrent qu’une sûreté non basée sur le transfert de propriété peut être tout à fait efficace que ce soit dans un contexte de solvabilité ou de procédure collective du titulaire de la créance.Ces approches révèlent tout l’intérêt d’une entreprise doctorale mise en perspective des nombreux investissements économiques et montages financiers impliquant, de façon croissante, des acteurs économiques et partenaires bancaires internationaux dont les intérêts, les enjeux et les stratégies relèvent par construction, ou nécessité,des ordres juridiques précités<br>Receivables constitute an excellent source of credit and security over receivables is available under French, English and Vietnamese law. However, if they have been recognised in English law for a long period of time, their development is quite recent in French and Vietnamese law. Moreover, although these three legal systems recognise all traditional security interests which are not based on the transfer of ownership over secur ed receivables (nantissement de créances in French law, floating and fixed charge over book debts in English law and hypothecation over debt claims in Vietnamese law), the fact that French law only recognises fiducia over receivables and assignment of trade receivables by way of security and Vietnamese judges have rejected the transfer ofownership by means of security, demonstrates that the use of functionality of ownership over receivables has not become widespread in France and in Vietnam. In contrast, in England, mortgages over receivables allow for the transfer of ownership as security, whether by way of an assignment or a novation. Finally, the hypothecation over debt claims of Vietnamese law and the fixed charge over book debts of English law show that security that does not entail the transfer of ownership can be perfectly efficient inside and outside insolvency proceedings.These approaches reveal the interests of a doctoral enterprise put in perspective from numerous economic investments and financing structures involving, in a rising fashion, economic stakeholders and international bank partners whose interests,stakes and strategies fall under (by construction, or necessity) the aforementioned jurisdictions

A presente dissertação examina a cessão fiduciária do direito do acionista aos dividendos, bem como a titularidade fiduciária (garantia real) dela resultante. A razão para a análise desses institutos deve-se ao aumento no uso desta forma de garantia em operações financeiras complexas realizadas no mercado nacional. Primeiramente, é feita uma análise das diversas acepções (perfis) que o direito do acionista ao dividendo pode assumir no contexto do ordenamento jurídico nacional, para daí concluir que tal direito é passível de cessão tanto em sua condição de crédito, presente ou futuro (a depender, justamente, da existência ou não de lucros sociais já deliberados), quanto em sua condição de direito expectativo. Isto é, de direito que o acionista detém, a partir do momento em que se torna titular de ações, de vir a adquirir direitos de créditos de dividendos a serem distribuídos pela companhia de tempos em tempos. Em razão da necessidade da imediata constituição da garantia real, especialmente diante de uma eventual falência ou recuperação judicial do devedor, este trabalho conclui que a titularidade fiduciária deve recair sobre o direito expectativo aos dividendos, visto ser ele um direito já existente e que permite ao seu respectivo titular se tornar, direta e imediatamente, proprietário dos créditos de dividendos que vierem a ser futuramente distribuídos pela companhia, desde que estes estejam limitados a certos valores e/ou períodos previamente acordados entre o credor/financiador e o devedor/acionista. Ademais, apesar de ser um direito inerente à participação social, o destaque e a cessão autônoma do direito expectativo aos dividendos não conflita com o disposto no art. 28 da LSA. O presente estudo argumenta também que o credor fiduciário pode, nos termos do art. 113 da LSA, exercer certos direitos de voto na companhia, desde que (1) o objeto da garantia seja o direito expectativo aos dividendos e (2) a sua influência nas deliberações sociais restrinja-se a estabelecer a forma como o lucro social será apurado e distribuído pela sociedade. Por fim, é argumentado também que, por ser uma garantia que recai sobre direitos patrimoniais pagos em dinheiro, duas consequências imediatas revelam- se aplicáveis: (i) durante o período em que não existe qualquer inadimplemento ou vencimento regular da dívida garantida, os dividendos que vierem a ser pagos pela companhia deverão ser destinados ao acionista devedor, podendo o credor deles se beneficiar apenas quando existir o efetivo vencimento ou inadimplemento da dívida; e (ii) durante o período de inadimplemento ou na data de vencimento regular da dívida, o credor pode reter os recursos necessários à satisfação de seu crédito, desde que restitua o eventual excedente ao acionista devedor, não havendo, por isso, razão que justifique o enquadramento da excussão da garantia como sendo uma violação à proibição do pacto comissório, conforme prevista no Direito brasileiro.<br>This dissertation examines the fiduciary assignment of shareholders rights to dividends, as well as the fiduciary ownership (security interest) resulting from it. The reason for the analysis of these legal institutes comes from the increasing use of this type of security interest in complex financial transactions carried out in the local markets. Firstly, this works conducts the analysis of the various meanings (perspectives) which shareholders\' rights to dividends may have in different contexts of the Brazilian legal system, concluding that this right may be transferred either as a credit right, existing in the present or in the future (depending precisely on the existence of corporate profits already distributed or not), or as an expectance right. By this last one, we mean the right held by the shareholder as soon as he/she/it becomes the owner of the shares issued by a certain company that enables him/her/it to become the owner of the dividends distributed by the company from time to time. Due to the importance of the immediate granting of the security interest, especially in light of a possible bankruptcy or judicial reorganization process involving the debtor, this paper concludes that the fiduciary ownership should have the expectance right to dividends as its underlying asset. This is so because such right is already an existing right that allows the shareholder to become, directly and immediately, the owner of the dividends to be distributed by the company in the future, as long as those dividends are limited to certain amounts or periods previously agreed between the creditor/financier and the debtor/shareholder. Furthermore, despite being an inherent right to the equity stake, the detach of the expectance right to dividends from the shares which comes from, following by its assignment to other parties, does not conflict with the provision set forth in Section 28 of the Brazilian Corporation Act. This study also argues that the secured creditor may exercise certain voting rights in the company responsible for the payment of the dividends, pursuant to Section 113 of the Brazilian Corporation Act, provided that: (1) the underlying asset of the security interest is the expectance right to dividends; and (2) his/her/its influence in the companys decisions is limited to the manner according to which the corporate profits will be accounted and distributed by the company. Finally, it is also argued that, for being a security interest that has receivables as its underlying assets, two consequences turn out to be applicable. (i) Over the period in which there is no default or regular maturity of the secured debt, dividends paid by the company shall be allocated in favor of the shareholder/debtor. The creditor will be able to receive them in the maturity date or upon the occurrence of a default only. (ii) Over a default period or on the regular maturity date, the creditor may retain the necessary amount of dividends to satisfy his/her/its credit, provided that any excess cash shall be transferred to the shareholder/debtor, reason for which there are reasonable grounds to sustain that this foreclosure mechanism does not violate the non-retention of collateral assets convention rule (pacto comissório) provided under Brazilian law.

This diploma thesis is concerned with a financial tool called factoring. It involves an assignment of account receivables before their maturity date onto the factoring company and thus taking over their administration while providing immediate cash to the original creditor in order to sustain liquidity. Legislation of this method of financing is not yet fully resolved therefore it is crucial to focus primarily on the ecnomic substance of individual contracts. Basically, there are two major types of factoring: recourse and non-recourse depending on the level of assumed risk, together with transfer of ownerwhip of the account receivable. This fundamental distinction is inevitable for correct financial reporting which should reflect not only the accounting principles but also it should respect other implications, such as taxation.

O presente estudo examina, sob o enfoque do Direito Brasileiro, a captação de recursos por empresas viáveis em crise, durante o processo de recuperação judicial, por meio do mercado de capitais, especificamente com a cessão de direitos creditórios a Fundos de Investimento em Direitos Creditórios. Em alguns casos, os FIDCs podem consistir em uma alternativa constante de captação de recursos, a custos consideravelmente menores que os praticados por instituições financeiras. Todavia, muitos cuidados e precauções devem ser tomados nas cessões de créditos a FIDCs, a fim de garantir segurança e transparência aos investidores e aos credores das empresas em recuperação.<br>This research examines, from the Brazilian Law focus, the fund-raising for viable Companies in crisis, during the judiciary reorganization procedure, through the capital markets, specifically with the assignment of receivables to Receivables Funds. In some cases, these investment funds may consist of an usual-recurrent alternative, with considerably lower costs than those charged by financial institutions. However, many precautions should be taken in the FIDCs credit assignments in order to ensure safety and transparency to investors and companies creditors.

碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>96<br>Because of the transformation in the patterns of international trade practices, factoring, with its financing, risk-bearing and debt-management/collection function, has helped enhancing export businesses which seek to elevate market competitiveness. Although factoring business has been widely adopted by the international community for many years, there are, however, only a few discussions in Taiwan with respect to the legal relationship between the parties and available resolutions for potential disputes. The thesis intends to provide some clarification and analysis, based on domestic jurisprudence and academic comments, as well as legal regimes of other jurisdictions. The thesis first introduces the meaning, the nature (Section 2-1) and the legal effect (Section 2-2) of assignment of account receivables under factoring business in Taiwan, and the legal connotation, the functions and the varieties of factoring (Section 3-1), and relevant banking regulations with respect to factoring (Section 3-2-1), and compares factoring with other related financial commodities such as forfeiting (Section 3-2-2) and export insurance (Section 3-2-3),. Secondly the thesis further organizes domestic jurisprudence and academic comments, as well as legal regimes of Japan, Germany, and US Uniform Commercial Code and major international regulations including UN Convention on International Factoring and UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade, to provide some analytical views to three critical disputes in practices— the transfer of future creditor’s rights (Section 4), the contractual terms prohibiting assignments (Section 5), and the effects to third parties (Section 6), which form the center of the thesis. The final part of the thesis concludes from aforesaid domestic and international sources, and attempts to provide some legal advises regarding factoring disputes in Taiwan.

Assignment of a receivable arising from a business relation, bulk assignment, factoring The thesis deals with several selected questionable issues related to the assignment of a receivable arising from a business relation. I have chosen this theme because the Czech legal theory doesn't offer satisfactory answers to all of the questions that arise from this topic. The thesis seeks to analyse the selected issues and to offer reasonable solutions to the problems relating to the selected issues. The method of the thesis is based on a comprehensive analysis of the relevant Czech case law as well as the relevant literature. The realized legal conclusions are afterwards put into a broader context and critically evaluated. The thesis is composed of ten chapters. Chapter One defines aims of the thesis. Chapter Two is introductory and explains the basic concept of the assignment of a receivable under the Czech commercial law. Chapter Three contains a basic overview of the receivables which are generally assignable under the Czech commercial law including the assignment of future receivables. It also deals with the topic of another assignment of a future receivable before its origin which is in my opinion allowable. Chapter Four describes cases of prohibitions of an assignment of a receivable. The chapter is...

Předkládaná diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou transakcí s pohledávkami v daňovém právu a to se zaměřením na postoupení a vklady pohledávek a poskytuje ucelený pohled na danou oblast, jak z pohledu obecné právní úpravy, tak z pohledu finančněprávních norem. Problematika je řešena nejdříve v obecné části, kde jsou vymezeny základní právní normy a pojmy v dané oblasti spojené s pohledávkami. Vzhledem k rekodifikaci soukromého práva účinné počínaje 1. lednem 2014 jsou rovněž analyzovány změny, které přináší nový občanský zákoník a zákon o obchodních korporacích. Rovněž je pojednáno o ekonomických aspektech možných způsobů (forfaiting, faktoring, vklad) financování prostřednictvím pohledávek. V aplikační části diplomové práce jsou analyzovány jednotlivé právní normy daňového práva z pohledu zvoleného tématu s hlavním zaměřením na zákon o daních z příjmů, který obsahuje nejobsáhlejší úpravu a pokrývá velké množství odlišných situací v případě transakcí s pohledávkami (např. speciální režim pro obchodníky s pohledávkami). Vzhledem k otevřenosti české ekonomiky jsou rovněž rozebírány daňové implikace v případě účasti daňových nerezidentů na transakcích s pohledávkami. Ekonomická realita se vyvíjí velmi rychle a daňová legislativa nemusí být vždy schopna reflektovat tyto změny včas, proto je velmi...