To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions.
Journal articles on the topic 'Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Zeleke, Gizaw Fetene, and Shibeshi Fekadu Tolesa. "Role of Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopian Economy: A Review." Journal of Business and Economic Development 9, no. 1 (March 13, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jbed.20240901.11.
Full textAbstract:
This work reviews the role of microfinance institutions in the Ethiopian economy, which was done by using a balanced scorecard (BSC) performance review approach that integrates both financial and nonfinancial metrics. The BSC framework of the review was developed using a total of performance indicators that were equally categorized under BSC perspectives (financial, customer, internal business processes, and learning and growth). The developed framework was applied to MFIs operating in Ethiopia, which have head offices in all regional capitals of the country and report to the Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions (AEMFI) starting in 2010–2012 consecutively. The work of the review shows that based on their financial role, on average, the institutions reviewed are sustainable with high relative productivity and low profitability. The average non-financial performance is also high, indicating that the reviewed institutions are highly performing in both non-financial and financial measures. Beside the role performance, the work of this review confirmed the relationship assumption of BSC perspectives and it shows a positive correlation among them. The review concludes that comprehensive performance is observed when it is measured in a collective way. So, Ethiopian MFIs suggested paying attention to the use of BSC as a performance measurement tool and as a hub for specified role indicators that need enhancement.
2
Ejigu Wale, Letenah. "Board structure and performance in Ethiopian microfinance institutions." Corporate Board role duties and composition 11, no. 1 (2015): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv11i1c1art2.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigated the effect of one governance dimension, board structure on the sustainability and outreach performance of Ethiopian MFIs. A panel data of 13 MFIs for 6 years (2003-2008) is used for the study. No study of such type is conducted in the past for the Ethiopian environment. The results indicate an experienced manager, a larger board size and educated board members all help to increase sustainability with board education having the largest effect. Manager experience and board size also have a negative effect on depth of outreach (i.e. less lending to women). Board independence has no visible effect on either sustainability or outreach. Surprisingly, no governance variable explains breath of outreach.
3
Ahmed, Amina. "Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions and their Financial Self-Sufficiency." Journal of Developing Areas 56, no. 1 (2022): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2022.0004.
Full text
4
Malela, Ismael Hussein. "A review of microfinance and women empowerment in Ethiopia." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 12, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v12i3.7001.
Full textAbstract:
Microfinance has a positive impact on the living standard of the poor people in particular and alleviates poverty in their households in general. It is not only undermining poverty in the city but also empowering women through surviving and making their life prosperous with dignity and self-reliance by providing financial services. This study aims to provide information for a better understanding of the constraints of women to access microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Ethiopia and establishes a knowledge base that helps to make a sound decision by providing information for policymakers and identifying research gaps, MFIs, and other lending institutions, and stakeholders. The study uses the literature review methods. From the findings of the study, Ethiopian Microfinance is facing different challenges in empowerment such as lack of collateral assets, lack of information, work burden, production failures, verbal abuse, lack of infrastructure and low institutional capacity. Keywords: Collateral, empowering women, microfinance, poverty eradication
5
Wale, Letenah Ejigu. "Board diversity, external governance, ownership structure and performance in Ethiopian microfinance institutions." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 3 (2015): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i3c1p7.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigated the effect of governance dimensions such as board diversity, external governance and ownership structures on the sustainability and outreach performance of Ethiopian MFIs. A panel data of 13 MFIs for 6 years (2003-2008) is used for the study. No study of such type is conducted in the past for the Ethiopian environment. The result indicates that more women on board of directors help in depth of outreach whereas board members with a financial skill and local businessmen reduce depth of outreach. Regulation has an opposite effect in that it reduces sustainability without curtailing depth of outreach. Rating of MFIs activity by rating agencies is found to have a good effect of increasing sustainability and at the same time cater for more women borrowers. On ownership structure it is found that MFIs dominantly owned by individual investors lends less to women and more profitable indicating the commercial orientation of their operation
6
Bakker, Anuschka, Jaap Schaveling, and André Nijhof. "Governance and microfinance institutions." Corporate Governance 14, no. 5 (September 30, 2014): 637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-03-2014-0032.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to determine the influence of governance mechanisms on sustainability and outreach of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Corporate governance has been identified as a key bottleneck in strengthening MFIs’ sustainability (financial performance) and increasing their outreach (social impact). Design/methodology/approach – First, a literature study to give insight in the microfinance sector is provided. Subsequently, the data research has been performed based on the statistics of one of the funds of a Dutch independent investment manager, which is focused on responsible investments in developing countries. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between governance mechanisms and the respective dependent variables. Findings – The results show that boards of a MFI with insiders (for example, employees) are a significant predictor of sustainability. Regulation impacts sustainability significantly in a negative way. Overall, the study shows that only a limited number of variables influence the sustainability and outreach of an MFI. Research limitations/implications – The limitation of the studied investment fund is that it invests in expanding and mature MFI’s. So the results of this research can only be generalized to expanding and mature MFI’s. Practical implications – The governance mechanisms that are recommended in the industry guidelines and which are studied here are often not relevant in respect to sustainability and outreach of MFIs. The approach to microfinance governance should be broadened by focusing more on stakeholders and the decision making process in an MFI. Social implications – Good governance is key for the microfinance institutions and even more complicated than for regular companies that do not have a double bottom line (sustainability and outreach). to be successful in the future, and for clients to reach the best end result, it is essential that the governance mechanisms that influence the bottom line are determined. Originality/value – Not much research has been done with respect to the governance mechanisms, which have impact on the sustainability and outreach of MFIs.
7
Shifa, Mitiku Zena, and LaJuan Perronoski Fuller. "The Performance of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions in Balancing Social Responsibility and Financial Sustainability." Modern Economy 13, no. 10 (2022): 1269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2022.1310068.
Full text
8
Kadima, Aggrey, Mary Nelima Sindani, and Muli Maingi. "Credit Risk Management on Financial Performance of Selected Microfinance Institutions." African Journal of Empirical Research 4, no. 2 (November 4, 2023): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.4.2.79.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to look at the impact of credit risk management on the financial performance of a few Kenyan microfinance firms. The study's approach was a descriptive survey research design and a panel data analysis technique. The study comprised credit managers from all 52 Kenyan microfinance institutions registered in the Association of Microfinance Institutions in Kenya (AMFI) database. The study included all of the institutions that were targeted. The questionnaire, which had previously been tested on local microfinance banks in Kakamega County, was used to collect data. Data analysis included regression analysis and correlation. Throughout the data collection process, the researcher observed integrity. Tables were used to present the study's findings. According to the model summary, credit risk management accounts for 49.1% of the variance in the financial performance of Kenyan MFIs, while other factors not included in the study model account for the remaining 50.9%. With a p-value of 0.01 that is statistically significant. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that a one-unit change in credit risk management resulted in a significant improvement of 0.672 units in microfinance institution performance (= 0.672 (0.087); at p.01). The study found that prudent and effective credit risk management boosts net profit margins, return on capital invested, and cash flow. The study adds to existing theories by emphasizing the importance of credit risk management in microfinance, lays the groundwork for future research, and advises Kenyan microfinance organizations to invest in efficient credit risk management to improve their financial performance. The report also suggests that studies on Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) be conducted to compare study findings and that the Association of Microfinance Institutions do studies on non-registered microfinance across the country.
9
Muriithi Njue, Alex, Samuel Nduati Kariuki, and Duncan Mugambi Njeru. "Liquidity Management and Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Kenya." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 611 (November 19, 2020): 943–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.611.943.953.
Full textAbstract:
Sound liquidity management is integral for any financial institution’s stability and profitability, since deteriorating liquidity management is the most frequent cause of poor financial performance. As with any financial institution, the biggest risk in microfinance sector is lending money and not getting it back leading to liquidity problems as most of them have no access to lender of the last resort which is the Central Bank of Kenya. The study sought to investigate the effect of liquidity management on financial performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. The target population of the study was all the twenty-six microfinance in Kenya that are members of Association of Microfinance Institutions and were licensed by the Central Bank of Kenya as at 2017. A census of all the twenty-six 26 Microfinance Institutions in Kenya was conducted for five years from 2012 to 2016. Secondary data on the study variables was gathered from the audited financial statements of the Microfinance Institutions. The study employed random effect model on a 5-year panel data from 2012 to 2016 on all the 26 Microfinance Institutions in Kenya. The study found a positive relationship between capital adequacy and financial performance and a negative relationship between asset quality, maturity gap and financial performance. The study would help Microfinance Institutions as they would use the research findings to develop liquidity management strategies to enable Microfinance Institutions improve on their financial performance.
10
Joseph, Owino O., and Francis Kibera. "Organizational Culture and Performance: Evidence From Microfinance Institutions in Kenya." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401983593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019835934.
Full textAbstract:
The study aimed at determining the influence of organizational culture on the performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Secondary data were collected from annual reports by the Association of Microfinance Institutions in Kenya and the Microfinance Rating Africa. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire targeting the chief executive officer, human resource manager, and marketing manager. Data were analyzed using factor analysis and hierarchical regression. Our analysis identifies clan and hierarchy as the dominant cultural typologies in the microfinance industry. The results obtained demonstrate that organizational culture has a significant influence on non market performance. In addition, market culture is inversely associated with debt/equity ratio. We conclude that organizational culture is a major source of sustainable competitive advantage in the microfinance industry. Furthermore, we conclude that market culture promotes financial independence and sustainability in the long term.
11
The, Hery Verianto, Marvello Yang, Syed Ali Fazal, Maran, Jingzu Gao, Qing Yang, and Abdullah Al Mamun. "Modeling the significance of dynamic capability on the performance of microfinance institutions." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 23, 2023): e0285814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285814.
Full textAbstract:
According to strategic management theory, dynamic capability plays a significant role in enhancing organizational performance. Using a cross-sectional research design, the current study quantitatively assesses the mediating effect of dynamic capability on the relationships of total quality management, customer intellectual capital, and human resource management practice with the performance of microfinance institutions. An online survey involving 120 members of Induk Koperasi Kredit, a credit union association in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, is conducted. All the data are subjected to variance-based partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis. The obtained results demonstrate the significant and positive influence of total quality management and human resource management practice on dynamic capability. Furthermore, dynamic capability is found to mediate the relationship between total quality management and human resource management practice on the performance of microfinance institutions. However, this study is unable to conclude that total quality management and human resource management practice have any significant impact on the performance of microfinance institutions. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates the crucial need for microfinance institutions to enhance their management activities via dynamic capability to enhance performance. This is one of the earliest studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic to examine the capabilities and performance of microfinance institutions in Indonesia. Notably, the performance of microfinance institutions can be further sustained by improving customers’ intellectual and dynamic capabilities.
12
Njagi, Joram Nyaga, and Charity Njoka. "Microfinance Reforms and Financial Inclusion in Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects in Finance, Banking and Accounting 3, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcfa.v3i1.181.
Full textAbstract:
Statistics indicate that about 1.7 billion people can’t access a savings account and slightly above 200 million small and medium-sized enterprises are deprived access to satisfactory financial solution. Kenya views microfinances as a development instrument for poverty lessening and economic growth through ensuring financial inclusion. It is due to the acceptance of this vital role of Microfinance that Kenya has undertaken strategic microfinance reforms and regulations aimed at promoting financial inclusion through microfinance business. The research’s general objective is to examine the effect of microfinance reforms on financial inclusion. Specifically, to determine the influence of microfinance transformation from non-deposit taking into a deposit-taking microfinance institutions on financial inclusion, to examine the association between microfinance board characteristics and public trust, to investigate the effect of microfinance licensing requirements on financial inclusion and to examine the effect of microfinance prudential standards requirements on financial inclusion in Kenya. The research adopted Financial Intermediation Theory and Public Interest Theory of Regulation. This research utilized descriptive research design and the population targeted included all the thirteen Microfinance institutions, which were licensed by the central bank of Kenya as at 2018. The study used purposive sampling to select six microfinance banks. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were done by use of multiple linear regression analysis. The research results indicated that microfinance transformation (pvalue=0.001), board characteristics (pvalue=0.042), licensing requirements (pvalue=0.035) and prudential standards (pvalue=0.002) significantly influenced financial inclusion. Results from regression analysis indicated a strong relationship between microfinance transformation, board characteristics, licensing requirements and prudential standards and financial inclusion. The study concluded that financial inclusion in micro financial institutions increases when there is sound microfinance transformation, board characteristics, legal requirements, and prudential standards. From the findings, the study recommended that micro financial institutions should support institutions reform functions and processes. Further the study recommended that micro financial institutions should recruit adequate and proficient workers and offer satisfactory training as well as certification for professional appreciation on strategies for microfinance reform processes and their influence on the financial inclusion of the micro financial institution. The research recommends that board members should be reliable and open so as to substantially contribute to financial performance.
13
Salem Al-Harethi, Abobakr Ramadhan. "The Role Of Islamic Banks In Yemen In Supporting Microfinance Institutions." IKONOMIKA 3, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/febi.v3i2.3515.
Full textAbstract:
Islamic banks become the best solution to the crisis of the global financial system at present.in addition, it become also a real player in dealing with economic crises and the financial complexities of the traditional banking system prevailing in the world today. moreover, countries and governments in both developed and developing countries have become increasingly interested in the issue of microfinance because of their close association with the development in various countries and may be interested in supporting countries and governments for microfinance by enacting the necessary laws and legislation. And the establishment of institutions and bodies specialized in financing and support these microfinance in addition to the microfinance in many developed countries have become a specialty taught in universities and specialized institutes. Scientific seminars and conferences are held in order to support and develop it so that it achieves the objectives set for it and thus meets the aspirations of society in development. This study focus on the role of Islamic banks that can play an active and influential role in generating wealth and reducing poverty through financing for Microfinance institutions where the study showed the social role of the nature of contracts in Islamic banks through which Islamic banks can be the best in Microfinance. Keywords : Islamic banks, Microfinance institutions, Yemen
14
Qadri, Syed Muhammad Younus, and Roohi Ahmed. "Influence of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction in Pakistan: An Analytical Approach." International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.58661/ijsse.v3i2.92.
Full textAbstract:
This study's goal is to empirically examine how microfinance tools have affected Pakistan's efforts to combat poverty. The panel data of Pakistani microfinance institutions—both deposit-taking and non-deposit-taking institutions—was selected from Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) and the World Bank data resources between 2004 and 2018. Due to the presence of endogeneity and heteroskedasticity in the model we apply One Step Robust System GMM model. This paper's major objective is to determine how gross loan portfolio affects the country's efforts to combat poverty. The assertion made in the hypothesis that there is a negative association between them was disproved by our findings. The other macro level control variable unemployment rates is significant and accepting the hypothesis that unemployment is negative to poverty. When applied to the regression analysis, the other variables show that OSS and TA are negatively related to poverty. This suggests that loans should be distributed through large size microfinance institutions that are capable of sustaining themselves in such a way that it will increase employment, which will ultimately lead to a reduction in poverty.
15
Quayes, Shakil, and Tanweer Hasan. "Financial disclosure and performance of microfinance institutions." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 10, no. 3 (August 26, 2014): 314–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-12-2011-0067.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between financial disclosure and the financial performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes ordinary least squares method to analyze the impact of disclosure on financial performance, an ordered probit model to investigate the possible effect of financial performance on disclosure and utilizes a three-stage least squares method to delineate the endogenous relationship between disclosure and financial performance of MFIs. Findings – The paper finds that better disclosure has a statistically significant positive impact on operational performance of MFIs; second, it also shows that improved financial performance results in better financial disclosure. Keeping the endogenous nature of the relationship between disclosure and performance, the paper uses a three-stage least squares method to show that disclosure and financial performance positively affect each other simultaneously. Research limitations/implications – The paper attempts to delineate a positive association between better disclosure on financial performance of MFIs, which can be used for developing a better disclosure policy by management, formulating more effective guidelines for disclosure by the stakeholders and mandating more appropriate laws and uniform disclosure practice by regulators. Originality/value – This is the first study that uses a large number of MFIs from 75 countries; second, it uses a uniform scale of designating a disclosure rating (assigned by MIX Market) to show the relationship between disclosure and performance. Finally, it uses three-stage least squares method to address the possible endogeneity between disclosure and performance.
16
Nininahazwe, Pacifique, and Christopher Mutembei. "Analyzing the Effects of Credit Management Practices on Loan Repayment Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Makamba, Burundi." International Journal of Current Aspects in Finance, Banking and Accounting 5, no. 2 (October 15, 2023): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/416j5039.
Full textAbstract:
The ability to obtain funding is crucial to the success of microfinance institutions. To give credit to micro entrepreneurs, an individual’s credit history and worthiness is pivotal. However, loan payback performance is a barrier. Burundi's financial institutions have collapsed as a result of poor credit management. The purpose of this study was analyzing the effects of credit management practices on loan performance in Microfinance institutions. The study was based on the subsequent goals: to ascertain the impact of client evaluation on loan repayment performance benchmark; to assess how credit risk management control affect MFI loan payback performance; to determine how credit terms affects MFI’ ability to collect loan; and to ascertain how credit collection practices affect MFI loan repayment performance. Ten microfinance Institutions registered in the Makamba province of Burundi were used. Purposive sampling was employed as the sample method in this investigation. Target population of study was 134 and sample size was 100 from using Yamane’s formula. Mean, frequency and standard deviation were also the main descriptive statics employed. Primary data from credit officers, managers’ officers, finance and accounting officers, cashiers, control officers and recovery officers of all microfinance Makamba, Burundi were used. To be utilized to gather main information on credit management techniques, structured questionnaires were used to gather primary data on existing microfinance loan records. The secondary data about the documentation reports related to the loan performance of microfinance institutions for the period 2018-2021 was verified to ensure whether those MFIs recorded loan repayment performance or not. Findings revealed that the Pearson Chi-Square value is 85.226, and the Likelihood Ratio value is 85.656. These values represent the chi-square test statistics for the association between the variables of interest (credit collection policy and loan repayment performance). In both cases, the p-value is 0.000, indicating a statistically significant association between the variables. Multiple linear regressions indicated that client evaluation had the highest positive correlation of 0.141 proves that there existed a positive significant relationship between client evaluation and loan repayment performance while credit risk control had a negative correlation of -0.014, credit terms had no correlation since its beta value was found to be 0.00 and credit collection policy had a negative correlation of -0.014. Evaluating clients' characteristics, such as moral character and creditworthiness, before granting loans is important for microfinance institutions. Microfinance institutions should focus on implementing robust credit risk control mechanisms to mitigate default risk and improve overall repayment rates. There is need for investigate the long-term effects of credit management practices on loan repayment performance by conducting longitudinal studies that track borrowers and analyze their repayment behavior over an extended period.
17
Alzain, Elham, and Ali Saleh Alshebami. "The role of awareness in predicting the intention of microfinance entrepreneurs to buy microinsurance services in Yemen." Innovative Marketing 18, no. 2 (May 3, 2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.18(2).2022.09.
Full textAbstract:
The study looks into the role of microinsurance awareness in predicting microfinance entrepreneurs’ intentions to purchase microinsurance in Yemen. It is based on a survey of 201 microfinance entrepreneurs who received loans from Yemen’s National Microfinance Foundation (NMF) for various purposes. The analysis and hypothesis testing used PLS-SEM. Along with additional tests regression analysis was employed to examine the effect among the study variables. According to the results, microinsurance awareness and the intention of microfinance entrepreneurs in Yemen to acquire microinsurance services were found to have a significant positive association. The study specifically demonstrated the potential of microinsurance awareness to predict the desire of around 17% of microfinance entrepreneurs to purchase microinsurance services. The study proposes focusing more on increasing microinsurance awareness among microfinance entrepreneurs to attain optimal benefits. The sample size of the prospective study could be expanded to include more microfinance organizations. It could also investigate the role of formal and informal institutions in the country’s acceptance or rejection of microinsurance services.
18
Farhan, Muhammad, Media Kusumawardani, Achmad Soediro, and Patmawati Patmawati. "PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN LEMBAGA KEUANGAN MIKRO SYARIAH PADA PENGURUS MASJID DAN ANGGOTA IKADI KOTA PELAMBANG." SELAPARANG: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan 7, no. 1 (March 10, 2023): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpmb.v7i1.13639.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRAKLembaga keuangan mikro syariah cukup berkembang di Indonesia. Lembaga keuangan syariah dapat membantu masyarakat untuk menyelesaikan masalah ekonomi yang mendorong program pemerintah untuk menurunkan angka kemiskinan. Lembaga keuangan mikro syariah perkembangannya dapat dibantu melalui masjid. Masjid yang merupakan tempat ibadah umat muslim, berpotensi untuk mendorong program pemerintah melalui salah satu bentuk lembaga keuangan mikro syariah yaitu BMT (Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil). Masjid memiliki aset yang cukup dari masyarakat dan dapat dikelola secara produktif untuk kepentingan dan kebutuhan masyarakat khususnya masyarakat di sekitar masjid. Pelaksanakan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman peserta mengenai Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syariah. Peserta pada kegiatan pengabdian adalah pengurus Masjid Mu’allimin dan anggota IKADI (Ikatan Da’I Indonesia) Kota Palembang. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah peserta dapat memahami lebih jelas mengenai materi optimalisasi dan pendayagunaan dana masjid dan manfaat Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syariah bagi masyarakat. Harapan kedapan dari kegiatan pengabdian peningkatan pemahaman Lembaga keuangan mikro syariah yaitu masjid dapat berperan pada bidang ekonomi untuk kesejahteran umat. Kata kunci: lembaga keuangan mikro syariah; BMT; masjid; IKADI ABSTRACTIslamic microfinance institutions are quite developed in Indonesia. Islamic financial institutions can help people to solve economic problems that encourage government programs to reduce poverty. Islamic microfinance institutions can be assisted in their development through mosques. The mosque, which is a place of worship for Muslims, has the potential to encourage government programs through a form of sharia microfinance institution, namely BMT (Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil). The mosque has sufficient assets from the community and can be managed productively for the interests and needs of the community, especially the community around the mosque. The implementation of this service aims to increase participants' understanding of Islamic Microfinance Institutions. Participants in the service activities were the administrators of the Mu'allimin Mosque and members of IKADI (Indonesian Da'I Association) Palembang City. The result of this service activity is that participants can understand more clearly about the material for optimizing and utilizing mosque funds and the benefits of Islamic Microfinance Institutions for the community. It is hoped that in the future the service activities will increase the understanding of Islamic microfinance institutions, namely that mosques can play a role in the economic sector for the welfare of the people. Keywords: islamic microfinance institutions; BMT (Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil); mosque
19
Morshed, Zakir, Mohshin Habib, and Christine Jubb. "Does Regulation Influence Microfinance Institutions to Be More Client-Responsive?" International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8040063.
Full textAbstract:
The regulation of microfinance services is likely to have a wide-ranging influence on the microfinance sector, particularly on institutions and their clients. This paper reveals the impact of a specific regulatory regime, the “Microcredit Regulatory Authority Act, 2006”, enacted by the Bangladesh government to monitor and supervise nonprofit nongovernment organizations (NGOs). We analyzed survey and interview data provided by clients of both nonprofit microfinance institutions (MFIs) registered under the Act and nonprofit institutions that are unregistered, all lending only to women. Client-level analysis using fixed effects for specific MFI membership is applied, focusing on the role of regulation by comparing protections as consumers of financial intermediations in terms of financial literacy, awareness, and status of clients of registered and unregistered MFIs. We found compelling evidence of a positive association between the financial status, financial literacy, and financial awareness of clients of registered MFIs, but not unregistered MFIs. These findings support the need for MFIs to implement consumer protection measures and inform their consumers about key issues to achieve improved client outcomes.
20
Darwis, Valeriana, Rika R. Rachmawati, Chairul Muslim, Chanifah, Asma Sembiring, Nyak Ilham, Lyli Mufidah, et al. "Transformation of financial institutions grants from the government to inclusive financial institutions in Indonesia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 23, 2023): e0286482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286482.
Full textAbstract:
Low-income communities have limited capital and access to money or loans from formal financial institutions. To solve the problems, the government provides solutions, one of them is by forming a microfinance program, namely Rural Agribusiness Business Development (PUAP). PUAP program is one of the grant activities to farmer group association (Gapoktan) with a total capital assistance of IDR 100 million. The problem with the 52,186 Gapoktan units that participated in PUAP activities, only 7,703 units (15%) were transformed into Agribusiness Microfinance Institutions (LKMA). This paper differs from others as it briefly explains the PUAP/MFI’s institutional transformation and the factors that affect its sustainability, which is so far still limited discussed. The paper aims to see what transformations Gapoktan becomes an inclusive LKMA and the level of sustainability of the LKMA. The research was conducted in Kendal Regency, Central Java- Indonesia, in 2022 on 5 LKMA. The process of transforming LKMA into an inclusive financial institution is analyzed descriptively. LKMA sustainability levels were analyzed using a multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach with the Rapfish application. So far, MDS with the Rapfish application is still very limited for microfinance analysis. MDS analysis is employed because it is relatively simple and effective for looking at sensitive attributes in improving sustainability and generating leverage attributes that can be used for policy-making. The result study shows that the transformation of PUAP into LKMA is driven by the ability to improve legality, financial governance and diversify the customer’s business field. The five LKMAs have a sustainability status of ’sufficient’ in running their business, with an index value of more than 50%. The study recommends 1) the Indonesian government could assist LKMA in improving its legality and 2) LKMA’s management should get training by experts to improve its financial capability to manage the cost saving.
21
Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, and Wahida Shahan Tinne. "ASA: Cost-effective and Sustainable Microfinance Model NGO in Bangladesh." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977917730445.
Full textAbstract:
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) focus on understanding the needs of the poor and assisting them to improve their livelihoods by developing the most efficient and effective mechanisms to deliver finance. This case study concentrates on how the Association for Social Advancement, or ASA, approaches working with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on microfinance using its diversified service portfolios and operational structures in Bangladesh. The achievements and threats of NGOs have been discussed in terms of current changes and challenges for a microcredit concept to alleviate poverty in Bangladesh.
22
Munala, Daniel Ambundo, and Dr Julius Korir. "CONSTRAINTS TO GROWTH OF MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA." International Journal of Finance 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.45.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the constraints to growth of micro finance institutions in Nairobi County, KenyaMethodology:The study adopted a descriptive survey research design to study the factors constraining the growth of the MFls. A census of all the 54 MFIs registered with the Association of Microfinance Institutions of Kenya AMFI was carried out. The informants for the study were drawn from the senior employees.Data was collected using questionnaires. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics by use of graphs and pie charts.Results: The study findings revealed that Only 36 per cent MFIs offer micro savings as a service, the reason being that the rest (64%) are not registered as Deposit Taking Microfinance institutions by the Central bank of Kenya.Policy recommendation: The study recommends that loan repayment should be constantly monitored and whenever there is a default in repayment, a quick action should be taken. The Microfinance should also avoid granting loans to the risky customers or for speculative ventures, monitor loan repayments, and renegotiate loans whenever borrowers get into difficulties. Credit analysis of potential borrowers should be carried out in order to judge the credit risk with the borrower and to reach a lending decision
23
Singh, Vijeta, and Puja Padhi. "Dynamic Incentives and Microfinance Borrowers." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 5, no. 1 (January 2017): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024916677609.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years microfinance has been recognised as one of the policy mechanisms to achieve the goal of financial inclusion. Different lending models have been appropriated in microfinance sector to provide micro-loans to microfinance borrowers and their likely socio-economic impact on microfinance borrowers varies across different lending models. In case of microfinance, credit contracts between lenders and borrowers are designed in such a manner that borrowers’ initial loans are smaller but increases with each loan cycle over a period of time, termed as progressive lending.2 The present study using primary data collected from Mirzapur district in Uttar Pradesh attempts to explore the determinants/variables that explain progressive loan demand by microfinance borrowers in self-help groups (SHGs) and joint liability groups (JLGs). Using logit model, the paper concludes that in both SHGs and JLGs, longer association with microfinance groups helps in availing progressive loans from SHGs/microfinance institutions (MFIs) followed by loans procured from other sources also compel microfinance borrowers to demand larger loans from MFIs primarily for paying loan instalments. In addition to this income, size of group, number of dependents in household and asset endowment characteristics of SHG/JLG members also affect progressive loan demand by SHG/JLG members.
24
Muhangi, Bernard Wakabi Muhangi, Professor BadarAlam Iqbal, and Dr Saturninus Kasozi Mulindwa. "The Mediation Effect of Competitive Advantage on Managerial Competencies-Financial Performance Nexus of Microfinance Institutions in Uganda." American Journal of Finance 10, no. 1 (February 17, 2024): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajf.1775.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: This study examined the mediating effect of competitive advantage in the relationship between managerial competencies and financial performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Uganda.
Materials and Methods: Adopting a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach, the study covered 94 Ugandan microfinance institutions, which are members of the Association of Microfinance Institutions in Uganda (AMFIU) in all regions of Uganda. A sample size of 76 MFIs was utilized to collect questionnaire data. The mediating effect of competitive advantage was tested using Hierarchical regression while
Findings: The study established that competitive advantage partially mediates the relationship between managerial competencies and the financial performance of MFIs in Uganda. The study also concluded that MFIs that survive competition are only those that nourish their competitive strategies and refine their strategic direction, thus improving their financial performance.
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends MFIs design policies aimed at attracting competent managers with the relevant skills, knowledge, and abilities. Besides investment in physical capital, MFIs should devise deliberate competitive strategies aimed at enhancing their ability to develop attributes that allow them to outperform their competitors.
25
Sherwani, Dr Faizan Khan, Sanna Zafar Shaikh, and Zoya Zafar Shaikh. "Interest-Free Microfinance Arrangements and Its Impact on the Livelihood of Women in India." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(48).
Full textAbstract:
This study is based on the impact of interest-free microfinance arrangements on the livelihood of women in India. Studies revealed the existence of interest-free microfinance, as well as its outcome on the livelihood of weaker sections of society (particularly women), improved their well-being. Moreover, the interest-free microfinance model can also offer an alternative paradigm for millions of poor individuals who are currently not accommodated by conventional microfinancing. However, the association to Interest Free Micro Financing may be due to religious constraints, easy documentation & procedure, and low rates of processing fees, or any other motive. Interest-free microfinance products like Zakat, Sadaqah, and Karze Hasna will successfully meet micro financing core objectives of poverty alleviation, women empowerment, gender equality, prosperity, and employment. Interest-free microfinance agencies are working as unorganized institutions and not availing any support from the State. In this study, data was drawn from interest-free microfinance users in the areas of 20 districts in 5 states in India, namely UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Kerala. The discussions in the study are mainly concerned with the empirical review of the impacts and influences of interest-free microfinance on the lifestyle of microfinance users before a loan and after a taken loan i.e., their income, expenditure, saving, entrepreneurship, consumption, and women's participation in earning income in India. The analysis showed that the performance of interest-free microfinance consumers is better than conventional microfinance consumers. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Livelihood, Education Development, Living Standards, Women Empowerment
26
Sohrab Uddin, S. M., Nahid Afroz, and Tasfika Khanam. "Is the Islamic Microfinance Model a Viable Alternative to Conventional Counterparts: An Institutional Comparison." Journal of Emerging Financial Markets and Policy 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jefmp.v2i1.9.
Full textAbstract:
Microfinance, a commendable means of poverty alleviation, is considered a sustainable tool for lifting the impoverished portion of society from extreme poverty. Through institutional comparison among conventional micro-credit and Islamic microfinance models in Bangladesh, this study aims to investigate whether Islamic microfinance models can be established as viable alternatives to mitigate the loopholes of their conventional counterparts. The study involves qualitative analysis, specifically content analysis of institutional models. Moreover, descriptive statistics for representing data of conventional microfinance institutions (MFIs) from 2010 to 2020 for Grameen Bank and Association for Social Advancement (ASA); 2010 to 2019 for Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) along with Islamic banks from 2010 to 2020 for Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL); 2016 to 2020 for Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited (AIBL); 2015 to 2020 for Social Islami Bank Limited (SIBL) have been performed. Similarities are identified in focus groups, sectorial preferences, basic lending activities, and concentration of deposits. However, the Shari’ah-based products’ upgradation opportunities, cooperative approach for loan repayment, gender neutrality, and prevention of fund diversification adopted by Islamic models can appease the respective loopholes. This study has significant implications for policymakers and microfinance providers in developing countries to ensure smooth microfinance services to achieve the first goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
27
Bananuka, Juma, Zainabu Tumwebaze, Doreen Musimenta, and Patience Nuwagaba. "Determinants of adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards in Ugandan micro finance institutions." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 10, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 336–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-08-2018-0236.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on the results of a study carried out to establish the contribution of board of directors’ effectiveness, intellectual capital (IC) and managerial attitude to the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) in microfinance institutions (MFIs). Design/methodology/approach This study is cross-sectional and correlational. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 67 MFIs that are members of the Association of Microfinance Institutions of Uganda. The data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences. Findings Both board of director’s effectiveness and IC positively and significantly contribute to the adoption of IFRSs. Managerial attitude is positively and significantly associated with the adoption of IFRSs, but its explanatory power is subsumed in IC. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the contribution of board of director’s effectiveness, IC and managerial attitude to the adoption of IFRSs in MFIs using evidence from a developing African country like Uganda.
28
Kebede, H. A., and W. Berhanu. "How Efficient Are the Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions in Extending Financial Services to the Poor? A Comparison with the Commercial Banks." Journal of African Economies 22, no. 1 (June 13, 2012): 112–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs012.
Full text
29
Durie, Aschalew Degoma. "Financing rural industrialization and employment creation:The case of Ethiopia." Independent Journal of Management & Production 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v9i4.803.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the study was to examine financing rural industrialization and employment creation practices and possibilities in Ethiopia. In this context, rural industrialization refers to encouraging small to large industries to be established in rural areas. As rural industrialization is a new concept at a policy level let alone to the practice on the ground in Ethiopia, a full-fledged data regarding the rural industrialization and the rural financing practice is inadequate. However, attempts were made to see at least the trends in agricultural commercialization, off farm practices, the government’s policy, the financial institutions practices, and above all how other countries approached rural industrialization and financing such industries. Hence, relevant data were collected from CSA, NBE, DHS, World Bank, and Ethiopian Investment Commission and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The major finding of the study indicates rural industrialization process is at conception stage and financing the rural strategy is still poorly developed despite the immense economic and social implications. Hence, a combination of centralized financing rural industrialization through commercial banks and a decentralized financing rural industrialization through microfinance institutions is recommended for the country to get better depth and breadth of rural industrialization.
30
Ascarya, Ascarya, and Ali Sakti. "Designing micro-fintech models for Islamic micro financial institutions in Indonesia." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 15, no. 2 (March 16, 2022): 236–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-05-2020-0233.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study aims to design appropriate micro-fintech models for Islamic microfinance institutions (IMFIs), especially Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) in Indonesia, thus enabling BMT to combine Islamic social and commercial microfinance optimally. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the analytic network process and Delphi methods, with three groups of experts as the respondents, namely, academician-regulators, BMT practitioners and Fintech practitioners. Findings The first results show that the micro-fintech tools needed by IMFI/BMT are digital banking, payment, peer-to-peer (P2P) financing, P2P social and e-commerce. These could be developed by a BMT alone or with an APEX or Association, which could also collaborate with an existing fintech company that specialises in micro-fintech, applying the offline to online approach. This means that commercial funding, as well as social fundraising of zakat and waqf, would be conducted online, whereas commercial financing for micro and small enterprise customers and the disbursement of zakat and waqf would be conducted offline. The second results show that the limited open ecosystem and hybrid ecosystem are the most appropriate micro-fintech ecosystems for IMFIs/BMT, with various alternative models. In addition, the private closed ecosystem preferred by BMT would be feasible if all criteria show improvement in the future. Research limitations/implications This study is qualitative in nature. The methods used have limitations, meaning the models could be improved by incorporating other methods. Moreover, the case and respondents are all Indonesian, which means that the results may only be applicable to BMTs in Indonesia. Practical implications A BMT and/or BMT association could immediately apply micro-fintech with a limited open ecosystem, while in the future, they could apply micro-fintech with a private closed ecosystem. Social implications The micro-fintech model could be used to optimise the collections of zakat, infaq and waqf, meaning BMT could provide more social programmes for those in need. Originality/value The growth of fintech in Islamic microfinance has occurred only recently, while only a limited number of studies have been conducted; therefore, no study exists on the development of a micro-fintech model appropriate for IMFIs, especially BMT.
31
HASHIM, MARYAM JAMEELAH, MOHD RAHIM KHAMIS, NUR AFIZAH MUHAMAD ARIFIN, and IDRIS OSMAN. "Bank Specific as Moderator Between Intellectual Capital and The Performance of Malaysian Microfinance Institutions." International Journal of Economics and Management 16, no. 3 (December 27, 2022): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ijeam.16.3.09.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to investigate whether intellectual capital (IC) impacts the performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs). This study also attempted to uncover the effect of microfinance institution specification (banks or non-banks) as a moderating variable in the association between intellectual capital and MFIs performance. There were 300 respondents, however, only 156 managers answered the structured questionnaires that were sent out using the purposive sample technique. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the research model in this study. The findings show that human capital and structural capital have a favorable impact on MFI performance. This influence, however, does not extend to the MFIs' customer capital and social capital. Furthermore, the research model can explain 59.9 percent of the significant variance in MFI performance. This study contributes to the theoretical expansion of the resource-based view (RBV) in forecasting the MFIs success. The framework suggested in this study can be used as a reference to assist MFIs management in selecting relevant intellectual capital aspects to improve Malaysian MFIs.
32
Singh, Vijeta, and Puja Padhi. "Factors Influencing Outreach Performance of Microfinance Sector in India." Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation 15, no. 4 (December 2019): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319510x19883705.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years microfinance institutions (MFIs) have been duly recognised as an important component of financial system as MFIs can facilitate the agenda of financial inclusion. MFIs provide unbanked and poor appropriately designed financial products and services. MFIs have addressed the issues concerning supply-side barriers 1 to financial inclusion by enhancing its outreach across the countries/regions. However, outreach performance of MFIs is affected by factors concerning MFIs such as age, size, profitability, efficiency, productivity and portfolio quality, which affect outreach (breadth/depth) of MFIs. The present study has attempted to study the factors affecting outreach performance of MFIs in India. The study using unbalanced panel data for 39 Indian MFIs concludes that age, assets and productivity indicators have affirmative association with outreach performance of MFIs in India.
33
Iqbal, Zahid, Muhammad Akram, and Hassan Ahmad. "IS MULTIPLE BORROWING A BAD SIGN? EVIDENCE FROM MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN PAKISTAN." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (June 6, 2021): 776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9376.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: To improve the loan repayment performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Pakistan, this research not only analyses the direct effect of multiple borrowing on loan repayment performance but also determining the indirect impact of multiple borrowing on loan repayment performance through the mediating role of over-indebtedness and moderate role of moral hazard between over-indebtedness and loan repayment performance.
Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on a rich dataset comprised of information provided by the employees of MFIs working in Pakistan. The primary data were collected through the structural questionnaire, reliability and validity of construct were established in the light of different techniques including (1) Factor Loading (2) Cronbach’s Alpha (3) Composite Reliability (4) Average Variance Extracted (5) Variance Inflation Factor (6) Fornell-Larcker Criterion and (7) HTMT Ratio. Moreover, structural equation modeling techniques were applied in this study and, hypotheses were tested through bootstrapping by using PLS-SEM.
Findings: The results confirm not the only direct impact of multiple borrowing on loan repayment performance and over-indebtedness but also mediating role of over-indebtedness between multiple borrowing and loan repayment performances. Aside from the direct influence of over-indebtedness on loan repayment performance, the moderate role of moral hazard on the association between over-indebtedness and loan payback was also found.
Application of the Study: The findings of this study will be communicated with all Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in the future so that policies may be developed to address the factors that negatively affect the loan repayment performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs). Besides this, the outcomes of this study will also enable the MFIs to launch different loaning products that not only fulfill the borrower’s requirements but also ensure the interest of MFIs.
Originality/value: Until now, the impact of multiple borrowing on loan repayment performance through mediating role of over-indebtedness and moderating role of moral hazard in the context of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) of Pakistan have hardly been investigated. This study also enhances the understanding of MFIs regarding multiple borrowing and its subsequent impact on loan repayment performance. Moreover, the findings of this study enable the MFIs of Pakistan to improve their loan repayment performance by formulating the new lending policies in light of the finding of this study with special reference to multiple borrowing.
34
Kinyua, Jane Njeri. "The Effect of Short-Term Debt on Profitability among Deposit-Taking Microfinance Institutions. A Critical Literature Review." Journal of Actuarial Research 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2022): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jar.1045.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: Very few deposit-taking microfinances institutions are profitable. Most of them report loses in every financial year. The making of the losses may be a result of inefficiency in short term debts. The overall objective of this study was to examine influence of equity financing on the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises.
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Findings: From the findings of the study, the study concludes that short term debt had a positive and significant association on the profitability of the deposit-taking microfinance. The study also concludes that short term debt has a positive and significant relationship on the profitability of the deposit-taking microfinance. This means that profitability would increase with a proportionate increase in in the level of the short-term debt when all other factors affecting the profitability of the organizations are held constant. The study showed that when the company borrows, availability of sufficient funds to finance the available assets of the company, which in return improves in the level of performance.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Based on the coefficients of determination, the study recommends that policymakers in the microfinance institutions should use short term debt for the financing of the activities. The cost of the short-term debts is minimal and generally offers lower interest charges, and most lenders do not charge interest until all credit allowance period is breached and therefore becomes useful for companies
35
Minani, Isidore. "Prospects for Partner-Agent Model Practice to Enhance Microinsurance Appropriateness in Tanzania." Sumerianz Journal of Economics and Finance, no. 44 (November 26, 2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjef.44.136.148.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the prospects of the Partner-Agent Model (PAM) practice in enhancing micro-insurance appropriateness among microfinance institutions (MFIs)’ clients, in Tanzania. The study adopts a quantitative technique based on primary and secondary data sampled randomly from 229 MFIs selected from ten regions, the most prone to disaster risks, in Tanzania. The Hierarchical Regression Analysis was used for the empirical investigation. The results indicate that the collaboration between the agent and the partner during microinsurance product design, sharing business information between the agent and the partner, integration of parties’ respective core competencies, transfer of specialized knowledge and parties’ compliance to contractual obligations have a positive and significant effect on microinsurance appropriateness. PAM practice and microinsurance appropriateness are nascent phenomenon in Tanzania. Thus, these areas have not yet attracted the attention of many researchers. This foundational study is, therefore, original and most relevant to MFI managers and insurance regulators to enhance microinsurance appropriateness. The Tanzania Cooperative Development Commission (TCDC), Tanzania Association of Microfinance Institutions (TAMFI) and the Tanzania Insurance Regulatory Authority (TIRA) are recommended to coordinate and regulate the PAM practice to enhance the provision of appropriate microinsurance services.
36
Tambunan, Tulus. "The Importance of Microfinance for Development of MSMEs in ASEAN: Evidence from Indonesia." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2014): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v2i2.298.
Full textAbstract:
Despite studies on microfinance (MF) or development of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Asia developing countries, including countries as member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN), are growing, not so much attention have been given to the role of MF in financing micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Based on a key literature study and analysis of secondary/national data, the main aim of this study is to fill this gap. It shows that in many ASEAN member states (AMS) MF has developed to some significant degree, although the rate of growth (e.g. number of MFIs, number of depositors and debtors, total loans allocated, etc.) as well as the market structure of MF vary across member states. From the Indonesian case this study comes with two most interesting facts. First, majority of MSMEs do not have access to credit from banks and/or other formal non-bank financial institutions. Second, MF services or MFIs are growing fast, and the most popular MF program so far is Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR), or people business credit (i.e. a credit scheme without collateral), introduced during the SBY period.
37
Nyabiba, Jully Kemunto, and E. Maina Kimani. "Portfolio Diversification and Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Nairobi County, Kenya." International Journal of Finance 8, no. 2 (May 12, 2023): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.1270.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The current study sought to establish the effect of portfolio diversification on financial performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. The study focused on establishing the effects of asset class diversification, risk profiling diversification, income diversification and locational diversification on performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. The study was supported by Shiftability Theory, Capital Market Theory, Resource Based Theory and Balanced Score Card Theory.
Methodology: A descriptive research design was used and targeted 57 micro finance institutions operating in Nairobi County and registered under Association of Micro Finance Institutions. The unit of observation comprised of employees in top level management including chief financial officer, operational manager, and chief manager making a total of 171 respondents. The study employed a census approach. Both primary and secondary data were utilized in the study. Primary data was gathered using a five point Likert scale questionnaire while a secondary data collection sheet was utilized to collect secondary data from financial reports of the respective institutions. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the collected data. The statistics were generated through Statistical Package for Social Scientists and MS Excel.
Findings: The results were displayed in form of tables. The study established that portfolio diversification comprising of asset class, risk profiling, and income diversification positively and significantly affect financial performance of the MFIs operating in Nairobi County as shown by respective beta values of 0.318, 0.288 and 0.498 and significant values of 0.000, 0.005 and 0.000. This bears the implications that enhancing aspects of each of the portfolio diversification contributes to improved financial performance of the institutions. Locational diversification on the other had had a positive but insignificant effect on financial performance of the MFIs (beta=0.103, sig=0.000>0.05) which implies that enhancing aspects of locational diversification contributes insignificantly to financial performance of the MFIs.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study provided recommendations to the management of the MFIs to enhance the levels of asset class diversification, risk profiling diversification, and income diversification since the practices bears positive and significant effect on financial performances of the MFIs.
38
Masnita, Yolanda, Hermien Triyowati, and Khomsiyah Khomsiyah. "PEMBERDAYAAN LEMBAGA KEUANGAN SYARIAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN PERAN INKLUSI KEUANGAN." JUARA: Jurnal Wahana Abdimas Sejahtera 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/juara.v1i1.5911.
Full textAbstract:
With a large number of unbanked people in Indonesia, innovative access to Financial Inclusion is needed. Financial inclusion activities that aim to eliminate all forms of obstacles both in the way of prices and non-prices of public access to use or utilize financial services. Community Service - PKM, this time aims to increase the role of the financial services sector, especially to the owners, top management, and employees of several LKMS (Sharia Microfinance Institutions) - Sharia Rural Banks (BPRS), as executors or performers of financial activities inclusive which will have an impact on improving the welfare of the dhu'afa community, poverty alleviation and regional / regional economic development. This PKM is followed by the owner, top management, and employees of BPRS members as ASBISINDO - Indonesian Sharia Bank Association located in Greater Jakarta. The method used is to provide training through lectures, discussions, and questions and answers, then carried out focus group discussions and the distribution of questionnaires. The results show that the quality and speed of sharia banking services must continue to be improved, among others, by developing reliable and adaptive information technology. To accelerate the development of Islamic financial inclusion, it can be done by establishing a micro waqf bank or working together with Micro Sharia Financial Institutions (LKSM) such as Baitul Mal Wattamwil (BMT) or Islamic financial services cooperatives (KKJS), while maintaining prudential principles. BPRS is expected to continue to develop and monitor the implementation of Islamic financial inclusion through microfinance without collateral, qardhul hasan financing, or joint liability through group leaders or financing thaharah for low-income people.Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Unbanked - no bank account, LKMS - Islamic Microfinance Institution, Financial Services.
39
Josephat, Peter Kirigiti, Arnold Kabyemela Fulment, and Benta Matunga. "Determinants and Attitudes of Women on Empowerment through MFIs." Business and Economic Research 8, no. 4 (November 16, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v8i4.13521.
Full textAbstract:
Empowerment is a process, and it does not occur automatically. This has necessitated several studies to have different findings about the evidence for women empowerment. This is because empowerment is a continuous and constantly evolving process. This necessitates investigation of the factors which determine women empowerment in specific areas. This paper examined social factors which determine women empowerment in Kondoa District. Moreover, it establishes the level of attitude towards women empowerment. To determine factors and attitudes towards women empowerment, a survey was done at the household level for both women who are members and those who are not members of Microfinance Institutions in Kondoa District. A purposeful method was used to obtain a sample of 415 women involved in this study whereby 214 were members and 201 were nonmembers of financial institutions. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized to collect and analyse data. Eight factors were analyzed to establish their association with women empowerment. Out of the eight factors, only five factors which include marital status [OR = 1.207], level of education [1.122], number of years lived in the area (residence) [1.018], microfinance membership [2.462] and residence area (urban) [1.008] were positively associated with women empowerment. The women’s attitude towards their empowerment is positive contrary to most men. The study recommends women to work hard with financial support received as they are key players for their success.
40
Mozumdar, L., KS Farid, and PK Sarma. "Relevance of social capital in womens business performance in Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 15, no. 1 (August 11, 2017): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v15i1.33533.
Full textAbstract:
Social capital has been projected as a key resource in entrepreneurial success. While the association between successful business activity by rural women and their ability in building social capital is often seen as a pathway of poverty reduction, a thorough understanding of the relevance of social capital in womens business performance could have crucial insights into ways for alleviating rural poverty in developing countries. Nonetheless, the relevance of social capital in womens business performance has hardly studied in the specific context of Bangladesh. The present review is undertaken to fill this information gap. Social capital has positive impact on gaining legitimacy, building mutual trust and co-operation in womens business. Besides, women enterprises with enhanced social capital are found to possess better access to other forms of capital. The review shows the importance of external actors such as microfinance institutions in developing social capital of women enterprises in Bangladesh. Alongside microfinance, regulative factors such as different rules and regulations of the government can positively facilitate women entrepreneurship development in rural Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(1): 87-94, January 2017
41
Nalukenge, Irene. "Board role performance and compliance with IFRS disclosure requirements among microfinance institutions in Uganda." International Journal of Law and Management 62, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-08-2017-0195.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper was twofold. First, to explore the currently performed board roles. Second, to investigate the relationship between board role performance and compliance with international financial reporting standard (IFRS) disclosure requirements among microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach This study used a mixed methods research design. The relationship between board role performance and compliance with IFRSs requirements was tested using Partial Least Squares. Confirmatory Factory Analysis and interviews were conducted to establish the performed board roles. Findings The findings suggest that among the known board roles of strategic, service and control, the control role is mostly performed. Results further suggest that board role performance is a significant predictor of compliance with IFRS disclosure requirements. In terms of control variables, MFI size and membership to the Association of Microfinance Institutions of Uganda were significant. Other control variables (liquidity, leverage and profitability) are not significantly associated with compliance with IFRS disclosure requirements. Research limitations/implications Compliance with IFRS disclosure requirements was based on one financial year owing to a lack of data for many years. Practical implications The results are important for governing boards regarding improving compliance with IFRS disclosure requirements. The results specifically suggest that MFIs’ boards must focus on performing the control role if compliance with IFRS disclosures requirements is to improve. Originality/value This paper is original because it uses perceptions to measure board role performance, unlike previous studies that used proxies such as board size and proportion of non-executive directors to infer board role performance. The study also reveals that it is only the control role that is important in enhancing compliance with IFRS disclosure requirements. Such evidence does not currently exist.
42
Ahmed, Kamran, and Rakib Khan. "Disclosure practices and governance quality: evidence from micro finance institutions." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 12, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-02-2015-0014.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the role of governance structure and composition and other institution-specific attributes in disclosure practices of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in an emerging market contest. Bangladesh is a country which is considered to be a pioneer in providing micro-finance to the underprivileged people to improve their entrepreneurial capacity. Design/methodology/approach The paper utilises a survey of three groups of users to elicit their opinions and the recommendation of the donor and regulatory agencies to construct a disclosure index. Further ordinary least squares regressions, both parametric and non-parametric, are used to analyse the association between disclosure levels and governance mechanisms and other MFI characteristics. Findings Using a large sample of 564 MFI firm-year reports in Bangladesh, the results show that the overall disclosure levels were around 70 per cent in 2010 and have not improved since 2004. The results also show that the frequency of board meetings, qualifications of MFIs’ board members and MFI size are positively associated with MFIs disclosures. However, board size, board independence, audit firm and other control variables have no such effect on disclosure. This implies that MFIs should focus in board effectiveness rather than its composition. Research limitations/implications Using a general purpose financial reporting framework, the paper examines how effective boards can improve financial reporting standards of MFIs for better monitoring by international donor agencies, regulatory bodies and depositors. Originality/value This is the first substantive study, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, that uses data based on a questionnaire survey and the annual financial statements of a large sample of MFIs from Bangladesh that has been at the forefront of microfinance in emerging countries. Prior studies only used Web-based information, namely, Mix-Market, which ranks country on the basis of its disclosure criteria supplied voluntarily by MFIs, and thus suffer from selection bias. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop an empirical model to explain the role of governance quality in disclosure practices of MFIs.
43
Vishwakarma, Rachana. "Women on Board and its Impact on Performance: Evidence from Microfinance Sector." Indian Journal of Corporate Governance 10, no. 1 (June 2017): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974686217701465.
Full textAbstract:
The board of directors is the most imperative facet of corporate governance for any corporation as it is responsible for approving financial decisions, policy formulation as well as strategic decisions. Consequently, their composition is a solemn issue for the company at all times. Recent years have evidenced a steep amplify in the board diversity by enhancing the representation of women in corporate leadership. Diverse boards with individuals having different background perhaps tends to be more innovative and make better decisions. It could enhance the boards’ functioning, sharpen strength and bring a more diverse perspective. Meanwhile, the participation of women in decision-making is one of the most divergent factors which has been given a push in the form of law with enactment of The Company Act, 2013. Thus, this study mainly illustrates the relevance of women in microfinance and empirically examines the association between participation of women on board and in senior management with the performance of microfinance industry, using a sample of 50 Non-banking Financial Companies–Microfinance Institutions (NBFC–MFIs). It is evident that there is a positive and significant impact of women as board members with the financial performance and of senior management with social performance in context to Indian MFIs. Thus, it is suggested that MFIs should think about the femininity on board and in senior management to improve financial viability and social performance to achieve sustainable growth.
44
Sharma, Arpita, and Shailesh Rastogi. "Impact of Efficiency on Voluntary Disclosure of Non-Banking Financial Company—Microfinance Institutions in India." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14070289.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates how the financial and social efficiency of firms influence the extent of the voluntary disclosure of Non-Banking Financial Companies–Micro Financial Institutions (NBFC-MFI). The study constructed an unweighted index of voluntary disclosure to estimate the level of voluntary disclosure of all of the included firms from the years 2015–2019. The financial and social efficiency, which is analogous to the technical efficiency of production theory and analyses both sustainability and outreach, respectively, was estimated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The panel data analysis was completed, and a positive association of financial efficiency was estimated. The social efficiency was found to have no relationship to the voluntary disclosure level. This paper contributed to the literature by providing new determinants of voluntary disclosure. The study examines the econometric model and suggests that financially sustainable firms that utilize these resources well are more open to outsiders, while socially efficient firms are reluctant to voluntary disclosure, which also includes social activities, and consider this as a wasteful activity. The findings of this study are relevant to industry practitioners and regulators, who need to think upon the sustainability of this crucial sector by meeting the dual objectives of financial and social performance. This study is helpful to all stakeholders as well as for the government, who can use the results to design additional rules for the NBFC–MFI. This study will also help firms to design disclosure strategies to ascertain goodwill and less cost of capital, with easy access to funds.
45
Nyongesa, Stella, Francis Kibera, and Ruth Kiraka. "The role of individual relationship marketing factors in influencing customer retention among microfinance institutions in Kenya." Journal of Research in Emerging Markets 2, no. 3 (June 8, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30585/jrems.v2i3.432.
Full textAbstract:
Organizations seeking a competitive advantage are increasingly embracing relationship marketing programs to manage customer relationships more efficiently. However, despite the deployment of such relationship management programs, customer retention continues to be the greatest challenge facing many organizations. This paper argues that relationship marketing factors - trust, commitment, strong bonds, communication, shared values and keeping promises - each plays a unique role in influencing customer retention, however, the nature of the influence of these individual factors on customer retention moreover in a developing market context has not been empirically investigated much. Relying on social exchange theory and relational market behavior theory, this study sought to determine the relationship between these relational factors and customer retention. Data were collected among 492 customers of Kenya's microfinance sector, using a structured self-administered questionnaire. The association between individual relationship marketing factors and customer retention was tested through simple linear regression analysis. Results showed that among the six relational factors, communication and shared values were the most significant. The study makes a theoretical contribution to the relationship marketing knowledge base by providing empirical evidence on the role of individual relationship marketing factors in predicting customer retention. Marketing practitioners should develop relationship management programs that promote communication effectiveness and shared values.
46
Nalukenge, Irene, Ven Tauringana, and Joseph Mpeera Ntayi. "Corporate governance and internal controls over financial reporting in Ugandan MFIs." Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 7, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 294–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-02-2016-0018.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate governance and internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR) of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach This study was cross-sectional and correlational. In all, 70 Ugandan MFIs were surveyed and the data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 to test the nine hypotheses which were put forward. The hypothesized relationships were tested using the ordinary least squares regression. Findings The findings based on multiple regression analysis suggest that board role performance, expertise and Association of Microfinance Institutions in Uganda (AMFIU) membership are significant predictors of the ICFR. However, board independence and separation of CEO and chairman roles are not significant predictors. The results also show that the firm-specific control variables (auditor type, size, accounting qualification and age) are also not significant. Research limitations/implications This study has limitations in that it is cross-sectional, thus limiting monitoring changes in behavior over time and also because the effectiveness of the ICFR was assessed using perceptions. Practical implications Efforts by regulators and other stakeholders to improve the ICFR must focus on the corporate governance aspects such as board expertise and ensure that the board performs its roles. Originality/value The paper adds to the existing literature on the corporate governance and ICFR by documenting the relationship between the corporate governance and ICFR. The study complements the previous studies on the ICFR by demonstrating that board expertise and board role performance improve the ICFR. Such evidence does not currently exist. The findings also indicate that an MFI which is a member of AMFIU was found to have better ICFR supporting self-regulation.
47
Deb, Joyeeta. "Impact of Competition on Social Performance of MFIs: Comparative Analysis of India and Bangladesh." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 24, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262919875536.
Full textAbstract:
Although studies encompassing the different aspect of microfinance like sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFIs), role of microfinance in poverty alleviation, etc., have enriched the literature from time to time, studies on competition and its impact on social performance of MFIs are scarce. There also exists lacking consensus as to how can competition influence MFIs’ social performance. The empirical evidence reveals duality of opinion. With information asymmetry, competition enhances borrowers’ indebtedness and lowers expected loan repayment and impeding loan quality. Furthermore, in order to overcome these problems, MFIs would engage in more screening that raises their operational costs. This encumbers the sustainability of MFIs. Thus, the socially oriented MFIs, in order to remain sustainable, start targeting the less poor borrowers. But the other view holds that as competition intensifies, it provokes the MFIs to remain committed with the social objective and to strive to retain the clients. The theory on impact of competition on the social performance of MFIs may be either positive or negative, which calls for further investigation. Against this backdrop, this article attempts to assess the impact of competition on social performance of MFIs in India and Bangladesh. The study is conducted over 53 MFIs from India and 20 MFIs from Bangladesh on which a complete set of data is available. The study period is confined to 9 years from 2009 to 2017. In order to establish the association between competition and MFIs’ social performance, panel data regression is used. The study takes into account the depth and breadth of outreach as the dependent variable. The study uses panel data regression to establish the association between competition and social performance of MFIs. The empirical analysis reveals that competition has no significant association with any of the measures of social performance. This implies that social performance in the sector is explained by other factors. Amongst the country-specific variables, it is clear from analyses that gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation are important determining factors of MFIs’ social performance. Country of origin (COO) of the MFIs is one of the determining factors for social performance as it is found to be significant for three out of the four models. It is also evident from the analyses that Bangladeshi MFIs have a greater impact on MFIs’ social performance in terms of outreach in comparison to Indian MFIs. While for percentage of female borrowers (PFB), Indian MFIs account for greater depth of outreach in comparison to Bangladesh.
48
Louise Nyiramaliza, Marie, and Osiemo Kengere. "CREDIT RISK ASSESSMENT PRACTICES AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION IN RWANDA A CASE OF COPEDU PLC." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 06 (June 30, 2024): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18864.
Full textAbstract:
Background: This exploration design, with a case study of COPEDU PLC, aimed to assess the influence of credit risk assessment practices on the financial performance of COPEDU PLC in Rwanda. This exploration design was structured around three specific objects originally, to estimate the influence of customer financial status analysis on the financial performance of COPEDU PLC in Rwanda secondly, to examine the effect of the 5Cs of credit on the financial performance of COPEDU PLC in Rwanda and eventually, to assess the influence of credit risk on the financial performance of COPEDU PLC in Rwanda. Materials and Methods: To achieve the exploration objects, a descriptive and correlation exploration design was used. Data was collected through a combination of both quantitative and qualitative styles, exercising interview attendants and questionnaires. Using tale approach in the slice process, an exploration population of comprising of staff population of 65 at COPEDU PLC headquarters were all be regarded as the sample size. Results: The collected data presented compelling findings grounded on numerical data. specially, the analysis of COPEDU PLCs financial pointers revealed positive comprehensions, with crucial numbers similar as a mean credit score of4.49(SD = 0.75) and a mean debt- to- income rate of4.51(SD = 0.73). These pointers demonstrated a predominant agreement among repliers, with49.23 agreeing on the significance of credit scores and47.69 admitting the significance of the debt- to- income rate. The study also explored the relationship between the 5Cs of Credit and financial performance, revealing specific numbers similar as a mean score of4.35 (SD = 1.15) for collateral and4.42 (SD = 1.13) for capacity. In addition, effective credit risk operation strategies were quantified, with mean probabilities indicating strong agreement (SA) from41.85 of repliers on diversifying the loan portfolio and46.15 on effective loan recovery strategies. The correlation analysis further stressed a robust relationship, with a Pearson Correlation measure of0.894 (p- value = .000), italicizing the statistical significance of the positive association between credit risk assessment practices and the financial performance of microfinance institutions. Conclusion:The exploration study concludes grounding of the findings revealed that COPEDU PLCs credit risk assessment practices significantly impact financial performance, with repliers feting the significanceof crucial financial pointers and the 5Cs of credit. In addition, those effective risk operation strategiesare pivotalfor financial success. still, the study recommends microfinance institutions to upgradecredit riskassessment criteria, train staff on the 5Cs of credit, diversify loan portfolios, ameliorate loan recovery strategies, establish a methodical review process, and invest in technology results to enhance credit risk operationand financial sustainability. Eventually, the study made suggestions for farther exploration on credit risk operation in microfinance institutions, including assayingindividual financial pointers, comparing practices across institutions, assessing risk operation strategies, and tracking long- term goodson financial sustainability and growth. It also suggests comparing variations in credit risk assessment practices and enforcing effective recovery strategies.
49
Dhungana, Bharat Ram. "Does Loan Size Matter for Productive Application? Evidence from Nepalese Micro-finance Institutions." REPOSITIONING The Journal of Business and Hospitality 1 (November 20, 2016): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/repos.v1i0.16043.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the loan size and its productive application after involvement in micro-finance programme in western development region of Nepal. The paper is based on primary sources of data collected through structured questionnaires. The survey includes 500 clients from four districts of western development region both from government and Private microfinance institutions. The study shows that there is positive association between size of savings and loans, size of savings and loan application, current loan size and ethnicity, loan size and duration of membership, and finally loan size and its application. It has been found that clients who have taken small size of loans, they have mostly spent their loans on domestic purposes and found poor application of loans in micro-business whereas big loan size clients have greater application of loans in productive sectors. Micro-finance institutions should increase loan size (as per the provision of monitory policy) with necessary entrepreneurship skills that will help to enhance productive application of loans however, strict monitoring and supervision is essential. Thus, MFIs should give equal priority for non-financial services such as financial literacy and provision of entrepreneurship skills through government and non-government organizations that ultimately helps to utilize micro-credit into productive sectors.Repositioning Vol.1(1) 2016: 63-72
50
Rahayu, Ninik Sri. "The Intersection of Islamic Microfinance and Women’s Empowerment: A Case Study of Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil in Indonesia." International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8020037.
Full textAbstract:
It is largely assumed that Islamic microfinance institutions (IMFIs) deal with family empowerment instead of women’s empowerment. However, women are the main beneficiaries of Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (BMT), Indonesia’s first IMFIs. This paper aims to explore the origins, the initiators, and the visions of BMTs and the extent to which they intersect with women’s empowerment. Employing a qualitative approach, this study selected four BMTs in Yogyakarta as a case study. It found that four critical groups that have a significant role in the development of Indonesian BMTs: ICMI (Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectual), Islamic mass organizations, NGOs, and local governments. The issues of loan sharks and poverty alleviation were the primary factors driving the inception of BMTs. Despite women being crucial clients, none of the studied BMTs explicitly invoked women’s empowerment in their organizational vision. To conclude, the BMTs’ preference for women is not based on an understanding of gender inequality, but rather motivated by pragmatic business considerations, particularly the self-sustainability paradigm that underpins their practices.