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1
ADEJOH, PIUS. "Feeling of Safety among Residents in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 6, no. 11 (December 3, 2019): 288–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.611.7384.
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This study examines the social factors that underpin the feeling of safety among residents in metropolitan Lagos. The paper is anchored on the instrumental and expressive theories of fear of crime and feeling of safety. It utilized quantitative data that were generated from 1,107 community members aged 18 who were drawn from four Local Government Areas of Lagos state. The study found a strong positive association between sex, employment, ethnicity, income; perceived neighbourhood crime level, experience of victimization, neighbourhood disorderliness and feeling of safety.It was recommended that relevant agencies of government-the police especially, must strive harder to improve citizens’ feeling of safety, because of its profound implications for the flourishing of democracy, economic development, social capital, associational life and the quality of life.
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Voitovich, V. Yu. "ON SOME THEORETICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE PROBLEMS OF MODERN RUSSIAN STATEHOOD." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 30, no. 5 (November 12, 2020): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2020-30-5-714-719.
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The article examines the main provisions related to the implementation of the goals of the Russian state, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. They received their legislative form in the Political program of the state, principles, forms, goals, tasks and functions of its implementation. The proclamation in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of building a democratic legal state as the highest goal has theoretical, methodological, practical-political and ideological significance. It is noted that democracy is reflected, above all, in the actual implementation of citizens' political, social and economic rights and freedoms, their active participation in public and political life, in the management of the society not only through state agencies but through a system of local government, public associations. Today we can speak with certainty about the emergence of such a function as social. It is expressed in the main program and political goal: to increase the material and cultural standard of living of Russian workers.
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Bailey, Nick. "Competitiveness, Partnership - and Democracy?" Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 12, no. 3 (November 1997): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690949708726393.
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The division of the powers and responsibilities of government in London has been a constant source of friction and debate between central and local government. In the wake of the abolition of the Greater London Council, the Conservative government waited for the corporate sector to take the lead. When this failed to materialise, a complicated array of unelected agencies and partnerships were constructed to promote London, deliver services and allocate expenditure. This paper reviews the nature and function of these organisations and examines proposals for regional development agencies and an elected strategic authority for the capital arising from the election of a Labour government in May 1997. While pointing to considerable organisational innovation, for instance in the setting up of the Government Office for London, it is argued that, during 18 years of Conservative government, the emphasis on policy delivery through a variety of discrete partnership agencies deliberately overlooked issues of subsidiarity and local accountability. Thus the debate about the relationship between central and local government in London reflects substantial philosophical differences between the two parties. The Labour government's proposals for a strategic authority and regional development agency will require a substantial reallocation of powers and functions between a number of overlapping and competing agencies and a redefinition of what are legitimately local and central functions.
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Appadurai, Arjun. "Deep Democracy: Urban Governmentality and the Horizon of Politics." Urbanisation 4, no. 1 (May 2019): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747119863891.
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This paper describes the work of an alliance formed by three civic organisations in Mumbai to address poverty—the NGO SPARC, the National Slum Dwellers Federation and Mahila Milan, a cooperative representing women’s savings groups.* It highlights key features of their work which include putting the knowledge and capacity of the poor and the savings groups that they form at the core of all their work (with NGOs in a supporting role); keeping politically neutral and negotiating with whoever is in power; driving change through setting precedents (for example, a community-designed and managed toilet, a house design developed collectively by the urban poor that they can build far cheaper than public or private agencies) and using these to negotiate support and changed policies (a strategy that develops new ‘legal’ solutions on the poor’s own terms); a horizontal structure as the Alliance is underpinned by, accountable to and serves thousands of small savings groups formed mostly by poor women; community-to-community exchange visits that root innovation and learning in what urban poor groups do; and urban poor groups undertaking surveys and censuses to produce their own data about ‘slums’ which official policies lack and need) to help build partnerships with official agencies in ways that strengthen and support their own organisations. The paper notes that these are features shared with urban poor federations and alliances in other countries and it describes the international community exchanges and other links between them. These groups are internationalising themselves, creating networks of globalisation from below. Individually and collectively, they seek to demonstrate to governments (local, regional, national) and international agencies that urban poor groups are more capable than they in poverty reduction, and they also provide these agencies with strong community-based partners through which to do so. They are, or can be, instruments of deep democracy, rooted in local context and able to mediate globalising forces in ways that benefit the poor. In so doing, both within nations and globally, they are seeking to redefine what governance and governability mean.
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Čermák, Daniel, and Renáta Mikešová. "Notions of local democracy among Czech mayors." Geografie 125, no. 1 (2020): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2020125010093.
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The aim of this manuscript is to analyze notions of democracy among Czech mayors. Czechia is dotted with municipalities of various sizes, each with its own mayor, each of whom has a vision of how democracy at the local level should be practiced. Our focus here is on two types of democracies that are seen as alternatives: participatory democracy and representative democracy. For the analyses, two mutually interleaved data sources concerning the Czech mayors were employed: Political Leaders in European Cities (2015) and European Mayor II (2016). Based on an analysis of mayors’ attitudes towards local democracy, our findings suggest that municipal size is an important predictor of local democracy in Czechia - although an association of these attitudes with the mayor’s partisanship and age was found as well. The data also shows a relatively strong connection between attitudes towards local democracy and the mayors’ support for reform at the local level, including the instruments of direct democracy.
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Sadioğlu, Uğur, Kadir Dede, and Volkan Göçoğlu. "Regional Development Agencies in Turkey on the Scope of Governance and Local Elites: An Evaluation after 10-years-experience." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.2.371-394(2020).
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Under the influence of globalization and the European Union membership accession process, important administrative reform initiatives have been taken in Turkey in the 2000s in the framework of economic, social, political, cultural and technological needs. In this process, central government agencies and administrations, public financial management, local governments and similar public organizations have undergone important transitions. The most important initiative taken to achieve regional governance is the establishment of Regional Development Agencies (RDAs). The present study performs a 10-year longitudinal analysis of RDAs in Turkey in the context of governance and local elites. The first phase of the study was conducted in 2010, and the second phase was conducted in 2019. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether RDAs have realized their potential in local democracy, sustainable development and decentralization, as well as to define the characteristics of policies to be pursued in line with further development of these agencies. Consequently, it has been observed that maintaining a centralized state tradition, along with institutional deficiencies, has transformed RDAs into an apparatus of the central government.
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Amal, M. Khusna. "Protecting Civil Rights Amidst Rising Illiberalism in Indonesia’s Democracy: State’s Response to Sharia-Based Violence Against Shi’a Groups." Ulumuna 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 296–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v24i2.407.
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This article examines the local government and state representation in response to religious violence against Shi’a minority groups. Intensive scholarly debates on this issue have ignited, especially on what made the government showed an exclusive response to religious violence. Scholars have argued that state agencies commonly tend to take a safe position though no contradictory policies that please conservative groups. This research was conducted through six-month fieldwork in Bondowoso regency, East Java province, in 2017 and 2018. The data was collected through ethnography and in-depth interviews with relevant sources. In this study, I argue that not all government agencies respond exclusively to violence against minority communities. Through a case study on Sunni-Shi'a tension in Bondowoso, East Java, this study reveals that the local government showed inclusive attitudes to protect the rights of Shi'a adherents to practice their faiths. Such responses are aimed to maintain well-developed plurality, harmony, and civil rights for minority citizens of Bondowoso. This study confirms that inclusive local state officials become the critical factor to the sustainability of human rights, religious freedom for the minority and democratization.
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Broszkiewicz, Roman, Barbara Krzyskow, and Halina Szejnwald Brown. "The Occupational Safety and Health System in Poland during the Transition to Democracy and a Market Economy." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 8, no. 2 (August 1998): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/vc5g-ca39-0nkh-6ufy.
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Since the fall of communism, the occupational health and safety system in Poland, which was extensively developed during the post-war period, has been incrementally adapting to the new social order. The reforms of the 1990s aimed at stimulating active participation by workers and labor unions, increasing the responsibility of employers, reducing the paternalistic role of the state, and strengthening the enforcement branch. The emergent system has many strengths, including a highly branched-out system of regional and local enforcement agencies, competent and self-confident government institutions familiar with the firms under their jurisdiction and adept at balancing competing social objectives; a tradition of cooperation among agencies and employers; and strong advocacy by the government agencies on behalf of workers. The system also exhibits characteristics that may weaken it in the future, such as lack of support from labor unions; low interest among workers; a generally low safety culture; stringent, often unimplementable exposure standards; and lack of “ownership” of the system by social groups other than the state bureaucracy.
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Roberts, Aki, John M. Roberts, and Raymond V. Liedka. "Elements of Terrorism Preparedness in Local Police Agencies, 2003-2007." Crime & Delinquency 58, no. 5 (September 2012): 720–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128712452960.
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Different elements of local police agencies’ terrorism preparedness may be associated with different organizational/environmental variables. We use 2003-2007 data (showing considerable adoption and desistance of practices) on medium-to-large-sized local agencies to examine relationships between contingency (vulnerability, organizational characteristics) and contagion (network/isomorphic influence) measures and preparedness elements, including terrorism special units, dedicated assignment of personnel, terrorism-related community outreach, computerized intelligence files, and interagency-shared radio frequencies. Modeling 2007 preparedness revealed consistencies and some differences in the associations between these measures and the different preparedness elements. The finding of no association between objective vulnerability score and any terrorism preparedness action particularly warrants further research attention. It will also be important to extend preparedness research into the recent period of economic recession.
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Donaldson, Rachel C. "Teaching Democracy: Folkways Records and Cold War Education." History of Education Quarterly 55, no. 1 (February 2015): 58–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12092.
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By the waning years of the 1940s America had lost much of what remained of its postwar optimism as fears of Communism came to dominate the national political conversation. Left-leaning citizens had particular cause for disillusionment as politicians continued to trample many vestiges of New Deal programs and ideals in their rightward trek. The passage of the antilabor Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 and Progressive Party presidential candidate Henry Wallace's abysmal failure at the polls in the 1948 election hammered more nails into the coffin of leftwing activism. What ultimately caused the Old Left to retreat from mainstream political discourse was, of course, the new ideological war that loomed on the horizon. While U.S. foreign policy focused on containing Communism abroad, local and federal governlnent agencies and civilian vigilante groups rallied to fight suspected communists at home, Government agencies and private organizations compiled lists of alleged subversives, such asRed Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Televisionthat the right-wing publicationCounterattackreleased in 1950. The attacks on those in the media and government were well documented, as news sources reported the trials of iconic groups like the Hollywood Ten and televised the Army-McCarthy hearings. At the same time that anticommunists focused on rooting out subversives in the State Department, organized labor, and the entertainment industry, they also turned their attention to education. Many political leaders, both liberal and conservative, viewed education as the “key factor” in securing American victory in the Cold War; as a result, between the end of WWII and the 1960s, anticommunists devoted an unprecedented amount of scrutiny to public schools, administrators, and teachers.
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Fyfe, James J. "Too Many Missing Cases: Holes in Our Knowledge about Police Use of Force." Justice Research and Policy 4, no. 1-2 (December 2002): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3818/jrp.4.1.2002.87.
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This paper argues that one of the primary responsibilities of a democracy is to report accurately on how often its own agents kill or injure its citizens. The United States fails this responsibility: there are available to citizens no systematic or meaningful national data describing the frequency and consequences of police use of force in this country. Instead there exist only some local data provided by unrepresentative police agencies or obtained by the media under court order, and some aggregate data and estimates that cannot be linked with specific agencies. The paper reviews existing data and offers suggestions that would provide both citizens and public officials with a clearer picture of the efforts of their police to minimize use of force.
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Schumacher, Kelsea A., and Vivek Shandas. "Rescaling Air Quality Management: An Assessment of Local Air Quality Authorities in the United States." Air, Soil and Water Research 12 (January 2019): 117862211984212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622119842125.
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Institutional design for local air quality management is an underdeveloped area for research and practice. Although the United States has more than a century of organizational experience managing air quality at the Federal level, the recent years have seen a surge of interest in addressing municipal-scale solutions. Without information about the institutional designs, governance structures, and implications of localizing air quality management, practitioners may face challenges reducing population exposure to air pollutants. We offer a US national perspective on managing local air quality by assessing and surveying 117 local air quality authorities identified by the National Association of Clean Air Agencies. The results expose many commonalities and differences among local air quality management agencies across the United States. We find that the authority type and motivations for creating the local air quality agency drive much of the organization structure and capacity to fulfill mandates. The results further provide a means for evaluating the opportunities and challenges for creating local air quality agencies, while recognizing the factors that support effective institutional designs.
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Shahib, Habib Muhammad, and Firman Rato Risky. "Accountability in the Internet Era: A Lesson from Local Governments in Indonesia." Hasanuddin Economics and Business Review 1, no. 1 (August 22, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26487/hebr.v1i1.940.
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Nowadays, Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest internet user growth. In line with it, the local governments in Indonesia use their official website to report the government’s activities as an accountability form to the society. Thus, this study conducted for knowing the accountability characteristics and the factors that affect the level of internet accountability reports in the local government websites.Using content analysis based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) index in government agencies and OLS statistical approach on the 34 provinces’ official websites, this study finds, in general, the provinces’ websites have reported 63% of the total numbers that suggested by GRI. Furthermore, there are two main factors, i.e. the number of population and districts/cities, which positively affect the level of accountability reports in provinces’ website. However, no empirical evidence shows the press pressure affects the broad of website reporting in the Indonesia provinces context.Overall, this research indicates that the Indonesia local governments, in this case, provincial governments have focused on delivering their accountability to the society. Moreover, this is a good sign for the democracy growth in Indonesia. Furthermore, the Indonesia local governments may have to give more portions on their official website for answering the headline news from the mass media, specifically for the environmental and social themes. Therefore, it will further strengthen the governance-sustainability and democracy in Indonesia local government environment.
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Crain, Benjamin J., James N. Sanchirico, Kailin Kroetz, Amy E. Benefield, and Paul R. Armsworth. "Species protection in areas conserved through community-driven direct democracy as compared with a large private land trust in California." Environmental Conservation 47, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000407.
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SummaryProtected area systems include sites preserved by various institutions and mechanisms, but the benefits to biodiversity provided by different types of sites are poorly understood. Protected areas established by local communities for various reasons may provide complementary benefits to those established by large-scale agencies and organizations. Local communities are geographically constrained, however, and it remains unclear how effectively they protect biodiversity. We explored this issue by focusing on protected areas established through direct democracy via local ballot initiatives whereby communities vote to tax themselves for open space preservation. We compared the effectiveness of local ballot-protected areas to areas protected by a large-scale conservation actor, The Nature Conservancy (TNC). We evaluated how well the two protected area types correspond with amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and special status elements of natural diversity. Local ballot-protected areas differed from those of TNC in terms of size, location, proximity to urban areas and habitat diversity. In terms of potential habitat coverage, local ballot-protected areas outperformed TNC sites for all species groups with the exception of special status elements of natural diversity. While not necessarily targeting wildlife and habitats, we conclude that locally established protected areas can make an important contribution to biodiversity conservation.
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Holmgren, A. Jay, Nate C. Apathy, and Julia Adler-Milstein. "Barriers to hospital electronic public health reporting and implications for the COVID-19 pandemic." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): 1306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa112.
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Abstract We sought to identify barriers to hospital reporting of electronic surveillance data to local, state, and federal public health agencies and the impact on areas projected to be overwhelmed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using 2018 American Hospital Association data, we identified barriers to surveillance data reporting and combined this with data on the projected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital capacity at the hospital referral region level. Our results find the most common barrier was public health agencies lacked the capacity to electronically receive data, with 41.2% of all hospitals reporting it. We also identified 31 hospital referral regions in the top quartile of projected bed capacity needed for COVID-19 patients in which over half of hospitals in the area reported that the relevant public health agency was unable to receive electronic data. Public health agencies’ inability to receive electronic data is the most prominent hospital-reported barrier to effective syndromic surveillance. This reflects the policy commitment of investing in information technology for hospitals without a concomitant investment in IT infrastructure for state and local public health agencies.
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Amal, M. Khusna. "Towards a Deliberative Conflict Resolution? A Reflection on State Inclusive Response to Sunni-Shi’a Tension in Indonesia’s Democracy." QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v8i2.7146.
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<p>Most studies on the Sunni-Shi'a conflict concentrates on the failed peaceful resolution due to the state’s discrimination against the minority religious groups in Indonesia. However, these studies overlook other spectrums of the progressive role of the state agencies in religious conflict resolution. This paper examines the state engagement in the peaceful resolution of religious conflict through an inclusive policy-making. A case study of the Sunni-Shi’a conflict 2016 in Bondowoso (East Java) showed that the local government is committed and has an inclusive policy to protect or strengthen civil rights, especially for groups that are crucial to the quality of democracy. Based on Carson and Hartz-Karp’s theoretical framework, this paper shows that the local government policy has represented a model of limited deliberative conflict resolution. Although this policy was a product of public openness and willingness to hold a discussion, negotiation, and to compromise, the decision made was still exclusionary to the involvement of the Shi’a minority group.</p>
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Amal, M. Khusna. "Towards a Deliberative Conflict Resolution? A Reflection on State Inclusive Response to Sunni-Shi’a Tension in Indonesia’s Democracy." QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v8i2.7146.
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<p>Most studies on the Sunni-Shi'a conflict concentrates on the failed peaceful resolution due to the state’s discrimination against the minority religious groups in Indonesia. However, these studies overlook other spectrums of the progressive role of the state agencies in religious conflict resolution. This paper examines the state engagement in the peaceful resolution of religious conflict through an inclusive policy-making. A case study of the Sunni-Shi’a conflict 2016 in Bondowoso (East Java) showed that the local government is committed and has an inclusive policy to protect or strengthen civil rights, especially for groups that are crucial to the quality of democracy. Based on Carson and Hartz-Karp’s theoretical framework, this paper shows that the local government policy has represented a model of limited deliberative conflict resolution. Although this policy was a product of public openness and willingness to hold a discussion, negotiation, and to compromise, the decision made was still exclusionary to the involvement of the Shi’a minority group.</p>
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Miller, Michelle. "The Difficulties and Promise of an Interagency Public Information Campaign for Water Quality Issues." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0404.
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The following case study addresses the difficulties and promise of developing a statewide interagency public information campaign to raise general awareness of water quality issues and governmental programs to address them. Due to only moderate success of voluntary programs to curb nonpoint source pollution, agencies are looking toward information and education programs to motivate the public toward conservation behavior. One of the biggest obstacles in developing an effective information/education program is institutional barriers to interagency cooperation, mirroring difficulties local conservationists encounter in their work to restore and maintain water quality at the watershed level. Cooperation between federal agencies, and resource commitment to public information is necessary at the federal level, as well as state and local levels. Agencies involved to date include the United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service; Wisconsin State Departments of Natural Resources, and Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection and Administration; University of Wisconsin-Extension; Wisconsin Land Conservation Association.
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Boyle, Sarah, and David Byers. "LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND TRIBAL EQUIPMENT CACHING IN WASHINGTON STATE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-475.
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ABSTRACT During the 2006 Legislative session, the Washington Department of Ecology received $1.45 million to pre-stage oil spill response equipment throughout the state. In the event of a spill, this equipment can be rapidly mobilized and deployed for spill containment or to protect local resources. Equipment caches are customized for each recipient. Available equipment includes storage trailers, boom vanes, containment boom, anchor systems, navigation lights, adsorbent materials, responder protective clothing, and safety and decontamination equipment. Recipients also receive equipment familiarization training with their mutual aid response agencies. Eligible recipients include local government public agencies, such as Counties, Fire and Police Departments, Port Districts, Public Utility Districts, Emergency Management Departments, and Tribes. Grant are awarded based on: substantial threat of an oil spill, resources that will be protected, recipient'S ability and willingness to deploy the equipment, proximity of nearby response equipment, and partnerships with other agencies. As of March 2007, Ecology and its contractor, Global Diving and Salvage have:Delivered equipment to 36 of 60 recipients.Pre-staged 47 of 97 equipment caches.Pre-staged 32,600’ of 52,600’ of containment boomTrained approximately 400 of 1,000 first responders. Equipment delivery and training will be completed by June 2007. This equipment has been used to avert potentially devastating spills. Examples of successful use of the pre-staged response equipment include:The City of Gig Harbor initiated a spill response by deploying containment boom and adsorbent materials at the Peninsula Yatch Basin Marina when a vessel carrying 200 gallons of diesel caught fire.Tacoma'S Fire and Police Departments deployed adsorbent materials when a vessel sank at the Delin Docks Marina on the Thea Foss Waterway.The San Juan DEM and the Island Oil Spill Association established a protection zone with containment boom during the raising of the sunken F/V Stanley.
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Conradson, D., and E. Pawson. "Reworking the Geography of the Long Boom; The Small Town Experience of Restructuring in Reefton, New Zealand." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 8 (August 1997): 1381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291381.
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During the postwar long boom, the economic, political, and cultural configurations adopted to regulate the crisis tendencies of capitalism in New Zealand were broadly those of social democracy. Key features of social democratic policy in this period were the assistance of primary production through subsidies, the protection of domestic industry, a well-developed welfare state, and the promotion of economic development in marginal places and regions. These regulatory arrangements found expression as a distinctive geography of the long boom. In small towns this was typified by clusters of agencies associated with the state's intervention in production and its provision of infrastructure. Local employment was often concentrated in these agencies. We examine the nature of such a geography during the long boom in Reefton, a small town on the West Coast of the South Island, and its subsequent reworking during the restructuring of the 1980s. This reworking is explored through a focus on the major state and private sector workplaces within the town's economic base and their employees. As key influences upon the newly emerging geography of the town, the forms of local governance that are being adopted in order to attract the spending and investment lost during restructuring are examined.
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Feuchtwang, Stephan. "Peasants, Democracy and Anthropology." Critique of Anthropology 23, no. 1 (March 2003): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x03023001814.
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The gulf between intellectuals and peasants, in which the latter are perceived to be a drag on the modernization led by the former, is usually selfaggrandizement. When, as in China, peasants have the ambivalent status of being the base of revolution and the drag on political reform in the direction of democracy, anthropologists are in a good position to challenge the intellectuals’ pretensions. But we don’t. This article asks why, points out the ways in which we can, and then refutes the notion that Chinese peasants have no democratic tradition with an example. It is an example of self-organization around an incense burner, a religious tradition of territorial association. I put it to the test of a number of concepts of democracy, most of which it passes. But its leaders are chosen by divine selection, raising the question whether this is a form of benign charisma rather than standard electoral democracy. The institution persists into the present of the People’s Republic of China and the government of Taiwan, where it functions as a public good, a test of local loyalty, and a moral basis by which the conduct of state officials and elected representatives are judged. It is a civil institution, but now the issue is whether it will last or be soaked up by central state cultural policies. Whatever the answer, the example also throws down a challenge to anthropologists in other regions to explore ‘peasant’ self-organization and cultural resources for democracy and civil judgement.
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Setran, David P. "“From Moral Aristocracy to Christian Social Democracy”: The Transformation of Character Education in the Hi-Y, 1910–1940." History of Education Quarterly 45, no. 2 (2005): 207–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00035.x.
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In the early twentieth century, many American educators pinned their hopes for a revitalized nation on the character education of “youth,” especially adolescent boys. Although the emphasis on student morality was far from novel—nineteenth-century common and secondary schools operated as bastions of Protestant republican virtue—new perceptions of moral decay, institutional failure, and general cultural anomie prompted a marked increase in urgency. Among the many agencies confronting this impending moral crisis, the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) had perhaps the most comprehensive program of regeneration for American youth, encompassing a carefully articulated system extending from boyhood to collegiate and employed young men. Despite this expansive role, historians have produced only cursory glimpses of this organization, neglecting in particular the YMCA's work in developing an extracurricular program of moral education in public high schools.
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Sule, Babayo, Hamza Sule Wurobokki, and Usman Sambo. "International Donor Agencies and Electoral Support in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic (1999-2015): The Missing Link." International Journal of Social Science Research 6, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v6i1.12320.
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International donor agencies are international organisations that operate globally and promote certain values such as democracy, good governance, conflict resolution, humanitarian aid and support and overall global agenda. This paper is an attempt to examine the role of international donor agencies in supporting electoral process in Nigeria from 1999 to 2015 particularly the missing links from the previous studies in terms of their activities in the country. The problem is the nature and method of operation of the international agencies in supporting elections in Nigeria which failed to achieve the desired result. The paper used a qualitative method of data analysis where primary and secondary sources were used. The in-depth interview was conducted with some selected senior officials from the international donors in Nigeria, INEC officials and civil societies in addition to academicians. The secondary source was the used of documented data and materials on the subject matter. The data obtained were analysed using simple statistical analysis such as tables and charts. The research discovered that international donor agencies did not impact much on financing of elections in Nigeria as the country is rich enough to finance her elections comfortably but, they contributed in the process through provisions of technical support to INEC staff, civil societies and weak groups but it was not adequate to ensure a transparent election in the country. The research recommends for a holistic approach that will avoid suspicion locally and be a community-driven and indigenous in nature by the donors to ensure success at the local level.
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Arahori, Tomohiko. "The role of disease maps in influenza epidemiological surveillance in Japan." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-13-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Since movement between countries has become easier for people, preventing the spread of various infectious diseases occurring around the world has become an international public health challenge. The use of “disease maps” in infectious disease prevention can encourage a range of studies on patterns of occurrence and modes of transmission to create thematic visual guides charting the geographical spread of diseases, and infectious disease research agencies around the world are conducting epidemiological surveillance for tracking and analyzing the occurrence of infectious diseases. In the case of Japan, influenza is a recurring and widespread infectious disease for which surveillance programs involving mapping are ongoing. With the development of Information-Communication Technology (ICT), surveillance information is easily accessible on the Web to both medical professions and ordinary citizens, as are online Geographical Information Systems (GIS) utilizing these data. Adapting to these transformations in the environment of information delivery requires that disease maps reflect an accurate grasp of local trends and real-time information delivery.</p><p> Most studies of disease mapping have focused on the technical dimensions of the utilization of disease maps and WebGIS, and very little research has evaluated the use of disease maps and the quality of surveillance information on a regional scale. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to examine the current status of utilization of disease maps in Japan and issues for health crisis management, with a focus on local influenza surveillance.</p><p> We conducted a survey of the websites of specialized agencies and local governments in Japan and we engaged in semi-structured interviews with officials from nine agencies that deliver epidemiological information using disease maps. The website survey assessed the quality of information provided by 82 public health institutes, 552 public health centers, 1,042 medical associations, and 1,977 local governments based on an index of 15 items measuring spatial scale along with map forms and usage. Interview items encompassed the “history of construction and management of the local surveillance system,” “users and utilization of local surveillance,” “impact of introduction and relationship with other surveillance measures,” “new developments and enhancements.”</p><p> From the results of website survey, we found that only 332 agencies and local governments delivered original information on infectious disease jurisdictional districts, namely 116 public health centers, 108 medical associations, and 51 local governments. The spatial scale of surveillance generally corresponded to the jurisdictions of agencies and local governments; however, medical associations are provided at various levels, such as the county and city medical association level, municipal district level, public school district level, chome and aza (block) level, school facility level, and hospital and clinic levels. Among a total of 56 agencies and local governments conducting visualization, only few three were found to be using WebGIS.</p><p> The semi-structured interviews revealed that the construction of local surveillance systems was necessary due to limitation of existing nationwide surveillance in rapid information delivery. Specialized agencies and local governments operating regional surveillance pointed out three problems of current nationwide infectious disease surveillance. First, the number of patients reported is limited because a few sentinel medical institutions report this kind of information. Second, use of the FAX information delivery system results in a time lag of two weeks for data aggregation and delivery. Third, because the minimum spatial unit is the public health center level, detailed information at the level under jurisdiction is not available. Such challenges arose amidst the crisis caused by the influenza A/H1N1pdm09 pandemic in 2009. In the aftermath of the failures of the 2009 epidemiological response, agencies and local governments cooperated with local government departments and the board of education to establish a system to collect information from all medical institutions and school facilities in the jurisdiction. Through visualizing such data as a disease map and sharing progress online, local surveillance has been effective in supporting medical consultations among local doctors, infection prevention at school facilities, and emergency response for night-time medical treatment, among other interventions.</p><p> Local surveillance is informed by data in the jurisdiction of each specialized agency and local government; however, disease maps utilizing these information are maintained by 56 agencies and local governments. To construct the information delivery system on the local scale, we recommend the promotion of cooperation between agencies and local government departments and the strengthening of interactions between medical professionals, and mapping and GIS experts. In addition, it is evident that disease maps are effective for medical consultation support and infection control measures in familiar areas. From this perspective, local-scale disease maps have potential to be utilized as a communication tool for the sharing of risk management information between medical profession and residents.</p>
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Lidgieva, Irina V. "Sources on Regulatory Activity of the Inorodtsy Local Self-Government Agencies in the South of Russia in the 19th - Early 20th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2018): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-364-374.
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The article analyses public censure as a source of regulatory activity of the inorodsty (non-Russian indigenous ethnicities) local authorities in the South of Russia in the 19th – early 20th century. Integration of nomadic peoples in the all-Empire legal and economic sphere made provisions for continuation of some common law institutions. Among these were local self-government bodies. Local self-government activities in indigenous societies incorporate practices of representative democracy within the framework of customary and positive law and also interactions between state and society, all of which has much relevance to this day and age. Assembly (skhod) produced public censure that included purview with majority decision. Most sources come from the State archive of Stavropol Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. General and special scientific research methods assess public censure as a source on the history of the inorodsty in the South of Russia in the 19th – early 20th century. The form of sentence was not fixed by law, and yet content analysis of documentary materials from the State Archive of the Stavropol Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia concludes that it remained unchanged throughout the 19th – early 20th century. Content of public censure allows to reconstruct the spectrum of issues put before the assembly and to classify them by topic: legal, social, and financial and economic. The author concludes that verdicts of the inorodsty societies of the period, as legal acts of local significance and great information value, are one of the main sources on socio-political and socio-economic history of the region.
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Murray, Gail Schmunk. "Taming the War on Poverty." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215574696.
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President Johnson’s War on Poverty encountered significant opposition in southern states where impoverishment and race served to reinforce both social and economic systems. In Memphis, the War on Poverty underwent political attacks primarily aimed at neighborhood organizing. However, two agencies used Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) recruits to implement significant antipoverty initiatives. VISTAs developed a prisoner release–mentoring program and a pretrial release for indigent detainees who could not post bail. The Metropolitan Inter Faith Association recruited savvy local residents to design VISTA services for the poor. The latter drew on local volunteers and reflected a paternalistic approach rather than one that reflected the voice of the poor.
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Betke, Carl. "Sports Promotion in the Western Canadian City: The Example of Early Edmonton." Perspectives on Sports and Urban Studies 12, no. 2 (October 23, 2013): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018956ar.
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Edmonton's rapid growth in the early 1900s was accompanied by an equally rapid growth in both professional and amateur sports. This paper explores the objectives of the city's sports promoter. In the main, Edmonton's boosters implemented recreation and entertainment plans similar to ones established elsewhere by agencies such as the Young Men's Christian Association, the American National Baseball Commission and international sports news services. These programmes, neither distinctive nor unusually exploitative, were put in place by local entrepreneurs with a minimum amount of contention.
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Villagomez, JT. "AIDS in the Pacific." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 2, no. 4 (October 1988): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958800200403.
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This article summarises current AIDS and HIV infection epidemiology, population risk behaviour factors, local public health and governmental responses to AIDS and cooperative strategic plans for a Pacific “War on AIDS” among the United States Public Health Service and the Pacific jurisdiction public health agencies. The Pacific Island Health Officers Association is comprised of the Republic of Palau, the Government of Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, American Samoa and the State of Hawaii.
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Herthel, W. F., J. Madigan, and T. W. Graham. "(P2-35) Loose Livestock in Disaster and Emergency Situations, Risks to the Public and Emergency Responders." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004791.
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IntroductionThe general public's association with livestock (cattle, sheep and horses) raises a need for public safety. During emergency/disasters, animals are accidentally/intentionally released from containment structures. Loose livestock become agitated with unpredictable behavior which is a risk to both humans and animals. Specific training/protocols for responders are necessary for dealing with livestock.ProblemLivestock running loose in populated areas raises risks to people, especially during capture attempts. Untrained personnel subject themselves to undue danger when assisting with livestock capture. Capture plans should be in place in advance and training should be provided to first responders on safety issues regarding animals.MethodsA review of a loose livestock event brought forth the following considerations: (1) Evaluate the risks of a loose livestock/public event; (2) Inspect containment facility and identify secondary containment barriers, including fencing, buildings, rivers, etc.; (3) Develop plan for capture and containment within the immediate facility and surrounding area; (4) Provide training: training exercises, animal capture, basic animal behavior, and Incident Command System for first responders; (5) Arrange for emergency care or humane euthanasia for injured animals; (6) Coordinate capture and transport activities with local livestock experts.ResultsProduction of a comprehensive loose livestock plan can prevent injury and/or death to both people/animals. Agencies involved in safety and emergency response should have a well written plan that can be used by all appropriate local agencies involved in loose livestock response. The utilization of a loose livestock worksheet (template) with professional training is essential for emergency response agencies.ConclusionDisaster managers should develop a comprehensive plan and training program with other local agencies in advance of an event to respond effectively to capture loose livestock.
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Øien, Henning. "Do Local Governments Respond to (Perverse) Financial Incentives in Long-Term Care Funding Schemes?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, no. 2 (August 28, 2013): 525–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2012-0066.
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Abstract A highlighted issue in long-term care (LTC) financing is the presence of unfortunate incentives in financing schemes. For instance, in Norway, a high share of high-income recipients provides financial incentives to the local governments (the agencies in charge of the LTC system) to increase reliance on nursing home care relative to community housing and home-based care. This article examines the effects of the Norwegian LTC funding system on the composition of LTC services at the local government level. I use a cross-section from 2009 of 391 local governments to estimate a fractional probit model using quasi-maximum likelihood estimation. Controlling for need and geographical variations in care costs, I find that the share of “rich” elderly has a significant association with three measures of the volume of nursing home care relative to home-based care.
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Arley, Brian. "Island Watch: The New Front Line in Torres Strait Island Telecommunications." Media International Australia 88, no. 1 (August 1998): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9808800109.
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This article explores a unique Networking the Nation Remote Telecommunications Infrastructure Fund $8 million funding application made by the Torres Strait Islanders Media Association Inc (TISMA). The purpose is to install and operate state-of-the-art telecommunication infrastructure on each inhabited Torres Strait Island to enhance the services and operations of the 27 Commonwealth and state government agencies operating in this region and to better meet the education, employment, training, socio-economic, cultural and linguistic needs of the region's inhabitants and to increase production, promotion and revenue-generation of their local cultural industries.
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Guziana, Bozena. "Only for Citizens? Local Political Engagement in Sweden and Inclusiveness of Terms." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 7839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147839.
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In both policy and research, civic engagement and citizen participation are concepts commonly used as important dimensions of social sustainability. However, as migration is a global phenomenon of huge magnitude and complexity, citizen participation is incomplete without considering the political and ethical concerns about immigrants being citizens or non-citizens, or ‘the others’. Although research on citizen participation has been a frequent topic in local government studies in Sweden, the inclusiveness and exclusiveness of terms used in the context of local political engagement, which are addressed in this article, has not received attention. This article examines the Swedish case by analyzing information provided by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and by websites of all 290 municipalities as well terms used in selected research publications on local participation. Additionally, this article studies the effectiveness of municipal websites in providing information to their residents about how they can participate in local democracy. The results show that the term citizen is commonly and incorrectly used both by local authorities and the Association. The article concludes that the term citizen is a social construction of exclusiveness and the use of the term citizen should be avoided in political and civic engagement except for the limited topics that require formal citizenship.
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Mokwunye, Idongesit, Folaranmi Babalola, Uche Asogwa, Ndagi Idris, Ismail Aderolu, Francis Mokwunye, and Mohammed Idrisu. "Compliance of agrochemical marketers with banned cocoa pesticides in southwest Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 59, no. 2 (2014): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1402161m.
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This study investigated the compliance of marketers of agrochemicals with the approved and banned cocoa pesticides in selected cocoa producing states of southwest Nigeria. Primary data was collected through the use of structured questionnaire administered to randomly selected agrochemical marketers. All the marketers (100%) were aware of the recently banned cocoa pesticides, however, majority still have the pesticides in stock. About 70.6% of the marketers in Osun state and 58.8% in Ogun state stated that they did not receive information on the banned pesticides from government agencies but through other channels. More than half of the marketers (52.9% in Ogun, 55% in Kwara and 47.1% in Osun) strongly disagreed that government should place a ban on pesticides. Availability of banned pesticides in their stock, insufficient information from the concerned government agricultural agencies, and fear of short supply of approved pesticides are among the reasons proffered by the marketers for not supporting the ban of pesticides. Relevant government regulatory agencies should conduct a comprehensive inventory of pesticides offered for sale by the marketers of agrochemicals. There should be massive public awareness programme, and wellcoordinated association for all the marketers of agrochemicals. Agrochemical manufacturers should translate instructions and warnings on pesticide labels to local languages understood by the farmers.
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Mellinger, Larissa, and Dimas Floriani. "Democratic participation in the management of common natural resources and the native populations in the Southern Coast of Paraná." Ambiente & Sociedade 18, no. 2 (June 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asocex01v1822015en.
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This project aims to contextualize what today is known in environmental or socio-environmental conservation in Brazil as "social participation" or "participatory management", by using social and political theory, more specifically on participatory and deliberative democracy, its criticisms and complementation. A case study of the traditional population around Guaratuba Bay, southern coast of Parana State, Brazil, showed that family units are the foundations of the local organization and social reproduction of the native population, where relations and rules for the use of common natural resources were established based on pluri-activity and on their daily decisions. The management council of Guaratuba APA (a protected area category established by Brazilian legislation) - the official social participation forum on environmental issues - despite being an important decision-making body, affecting the management of common natural resources on Garatuba Bay, presents weak deliberation and is deficient in terms of its civil society representation. It reflects a legacy of conflicts and disagreement between the local community and environmental agencies and legislation in which civil society did not effectively take part in drafting. These different levels of management of common natural resources are still poorly integrated and democratic official bodies are not sufficiently adequate to address all the cultural diversity and the different situations that pervade the relationship between nature and society.
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Datta, Pratim, Laurie Walker, and Fabrizio Amarilli. "Digital transformation: Learning from Italy’s public administration." Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases 10, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043886920910437.
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Companies and governments have embraced digital transformation as the elixir of the 21st century. But what impedes digital transformation? This case study article is based on data gathered from field research with the Italian Parliament and the Digital Transformation High Commissioner’s Office in the Ministry of the Interior. The case surfaces the context, challenges, and solutions for large-scale public administration digital transformation. The case study highlights how public administration digital transformation in a large democracy is never a technical but a sociotechnical solution. Successful digital transformation needs to understand, address, and change sociopolitical and sociotechnical mores that often define the culture. Underscoring this research is an analysis of digital transformation within the Italian public administration. Public administration encompasses all governmental and public services, including services provided by federal, regional (e.g. states and provinces), municipalities, and local agencies. The Italian public administration, with 60 million people, 8000 municipalities, and 22,000 local administrations, highlights how a digital renaissance is a preface for innovative disruption challenges. The Digital Transformation case uses Italy as the backdrop and Team Digitale, a team of talented individuals embarked on building public administration efficiencies and rebooting Italy’s digital innovation footprint, as the protagonist. For granularity, the case focuses on two digital transformation projects: ANPR, a unified public registry for all Italian residents, and PagoPA, a universal digital payment platform for public administration. This case surfaces the best practices and challenges faced when trying to tackle a mega-project across an entire economy. The case offers digital transformation recommendations, generalizable across any global democracy. The case analysis and recommendations bring to light how, contrary to private organizations, institutionalizing a disruptive innovation in a democratic country at a time of fiscal austerity highlights interesting decision-making issues and facets.
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Smith, David Horton. "Explaining the Prevalence of Voluntary Associations among 351 Massachusetts Municipalities circa 1965: Testing a Theory." China Nonprofit Review 5, no. 1 (2013): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341259.
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Abstract Data from an extensive research project in the state of Massachusetts (USA), collected in the 1960s and never before reported, are used to test a theory of association prevalence among 351 municipalities. The dependent variable to be explained was an Association Prevalence Index (total number existing) in each municipality. The Index was derived from Massachusetts Statehouse physical records for all incorporated Nonprofit Organizations (NPOs), and showed an average of 33 associations per municipality. Using bivariate correlations, the results confirmed the theory generally. Association prevalence (raw number of associations) in a municipality was positively and significantly related to larger population size, being a county administrative center, more business telephones, greater circulation of weekly newspapers (local newspapers), more service businesses, more state government agencies, more churches, larger percentage of African-Americans, and more halls/buildings available for association gatherings (meetings, events). Contrary to the theory, the socioeconomic status of municipalities was not significantly related to association prevalence. The Statehouse Association Prevalence Index was correlated very highly (r = .92) with an independent measure of association prevalence, derived from coding the “Yellow Pages” of phone books. This result indicates the reliability and general validity of both prevalence measures.
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Klein, Markus, Frederik Springer, Philipp Becker, and Yvonne Lüdecke. "Wer kandidiert für wen? Rekrutierungspotenziale politischer Parteien und kommunaler Wählergemeinschaften im Vergleich." Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 52, no. 1 (2021): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2021-1-43.
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In Germany, there are an estimated 200,000 seats to be filled at the local level in city and municipal councils, city council assemblies, and district councils . It is of fundamental importance for the functioning of local democracy that a sufficient number of candidates can be found for these mandates . Against this background, the recruitment potential of political parties and municipal voters’ associations with regard to candidates for mandates at the local level is examined comparatively . The data basis is a representative population survey conducted as part of the 2017 German Party Membership Study . It is shown that a good quarter of the population can in principle be won over to a candidacy at the municipal level . Ten percent would only run for a party, six percent only for a municipal voters’ association and a further ten percent for both political groups . These three candidate potentials each have a specific profile regarding their socio-structural composition and their political attitudes .
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Mitrasinovic, Miodrag. "Agoraphobia: New York City Public Space in the Time of COVID-19." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 5 n. 3 (November 30, 2020): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v5i3.1361.
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This paper explores how the first two waves of the Covid-19 pandemic (February – May 2020) in New York City had magnified extreme polarization between two different visions of public space: one clearly represented by the Hudson Yards Plaza in Manhattan, and the other epitomized by the Corona Plaza in Queens. It argues that the phenomenon of agoraphobia, the fear of others, translates into the fear of public space and by extension the fear of democracy driven by deep anxieties surrounding the definition of “the social.” This is clearly exemplified by Hudson Yards, which closed its doors to the public in May and approached early bankruptcy. On the other hand, Corona Plaza is still a vibrant public space providing vital social and community services. The Plaza was co-produced by the local communities, city agencies, the non-profit sector and public-private partnership, and it provides a resilient model for the production of public space in NYC. The paper argues that the process of producing an infrastructure of inclusion in Corona, which had preceded the construction of Corona Plaza and was strengthen through it, has enabled the Plaza to strive even during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Besser, Terry L., and Nancy J. Miller. "The Company They Keep: How Formal Associations Impact Business Social Performance." Business Ethics Quarterly 21, no. 3 (July 2011): 503–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201121328.
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ABSTRACT:Business networks, which include joint ventures, supply chains, industry and trade associations, industrial districts, and community business associations, are considered the signature organizational form of the global economy. However, little is known about how they affect the social performance of their members. We utilize institutional theory to develop the position that business social performance has collectivist roots that deserve at least as much scholarly attention as owner/manager characteristics and business attributes. Hypotheses are tested using multilevel analysis on data gathered from 898 members of twenty-nine business associations. Support is provided for institutional theory’s explanation for business social performance. Members of business associations are likely to conform to the pattern of social performance prevailing in their association, but not necessarily to the articulated values of the association. The potential of business associations to influence members’ social performance should be considered by agencies that start and support them as mechanisms for regional and local economic development.
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Mecha, I. Putu Sudhyana. "Rekomendasi untuk Situs Web DMO (Destination Management Organization) Wonderful Indonesia Berdasarkan Dimensi Informasi pada Model ICTRT." Jurnal Pariwisata Terapan 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpt.48627.
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Website is one kind of information media that can be used as intermediaries of tourism information. Related to that matter, Wonderful Indonesia tourism website has an important role as national-level DMO (Destination Management Organization). However, it has not been recognized yet as something important in term of tourism, especially when viewed from information dimension. Therefore, evaluation based on IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) was carried out in order to arrange recommendation for Wonderful Indonesia tourism website. Sampling was conducted to travel agencies from ASITA (Association of Indonesian Tours & Travel Agencies) Bali, as the representative of tourism practitioners. Moreover, considering their role as intermediaries between tourism information and the tourists. Based on the results of evaluation, there was two indicators, such as accommodation information and local weather information that needed to be paid more attention. Regarding the evaluation above, further interviews were also conducted in order to get cross-check feedback, so it can be more convincing as recommendation. The interview was based on the experts that coming from government, practitioner, and academics related to tourism as stakeholders, so the recommendation for Wonderful Indonesia website is expected to be proper use according to the needs of users of tourism information.
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Kanbara, Sakiko, Nlandu Roger Ngatu (Corresponding author), Tara Pokhrel T, Apsara Pandey, Chandrakara Sharma, Hyeon J. Lee, Shoko Miyagawa, Hiroyuki Miyazaki, Sayumi Nojima, and Nursing Association of Nepal (NAN). "The 2015 Nepal Earthquake Disaster: Is the Threat of Occurrence of Communicable Disease Epidemic Over?" International Journal of Indonesian National Nurses Association (IJINNA) 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32944/ijinna.v1i1.32.
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This opinion paper highlights the state of public health assessment in evacuation centers following the 2015 Nepal earthquake. It also suggests an approach to reinforce risk assessment and surveillance of communicable diseases (CD) in remote Nepalese districts. A short surveillance research was conducted on outbreaks of infectious diseases in Nepal in the post-2015 earthquake in evacuation centers in Kathmandu and Dhading districts. In collaboration with the Nursing Association of Nepal
(NAN), the researchers have established a monitoring and surveillance system, named ‘EpiNurse’ program, in remote Nepalese districts. Periodic shelter to shelter visits, CD risk assessment and relief needs inventory in local communities are implemented, whereas health events with a potential to cause a CD outbreak are being reported to governmental agencies and health clusters involved in post-disaster relief in Nepal. Several cases of diarrheal diseases were identi fied in Nepalese districts
after the 2015 earthquake, suggesting the existence of potential risk for the occurrence of new CD epidemics. Onsite risk assessment and monitoring of the effectiveness of actions and interventions implemented, as well as improvement of risk communication between relief agencies should be expanded to less resourced districts to reduce the risk of CD outbreak occurrence.
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Ahmad, Puziah, Alamah Misni, Siti Mazwin Kamaruddin, and Nurazureen Daud. "Green Neighbourhood Adaptive Model for Urban Living: A Conceptual Review." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 2, no. 5 (March 19, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v2i5.690.
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Green Neighborhood can be defined as a neighborhood area that meets the needs of peoples’ daily activities and allows communities to control pollution, save energy, increase employment, decrease crime rates, develop friendships, practice on-site renewable energy methods and preserve agricultural and environmentally sensitive areas. In such an environment, people make easy access to their home, workplaces, public facilities, transit facilities and green spaces within a comfortable walking scale. The guidance is aimed at assisting local authorities and agencies to implement five (5) selected green neighborhood initiatives; Provision of Pedestrian Walkway, Provision of Bicycle Lane, rainwater Harvesting System, Waste Composting and Community Farming.Keywords: Green Neighbourhood; Environment; CommunityISSN: 2398-4287© 2017. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Baker, Daniel, and Sara Paton. "Leveraging Local and Regional Partners to Implement Hospital Closed Point of Dispensing Sites." Ohio Journal of Public Health 4, no. 1 (June 21, 2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojph.v4i1.8078.
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Background: Point of dispensing (POD) sites are critical to local public health agencies (LPHA) when an emergen-cy occurs requiring medications or vaccinations. Delivering medical countermeasures (MCM) ensures community support mechanisms and the general public are provided with a pharmaceutical intervention to limit untoward outcomes caused by the emergency. While LPHAs are required to have an MCM response plan, these plans vary based on jurisdictional size and geographical location in Ohio. This study evaluated the implementation potential of an MCM toolkit developed for LPHAs and hospitals across Ohio. Methods: An MCM toolkit was created consisting of planning resources, training modules, sample exercises, and custom graphics. The toolkit was evaluated using Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs by public health, hospital, hospital association, and emergency management professionals across Ohio by an electronic sur-vey and phone interview. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected to determine overall implementation potential. Results: Thirty-eight (n=38) respondents with jurisdictional influence over 44 Ohio counties participated. Electronic survey results demonstrated high implementation potential for the MCM toolkit (weighted average 4.71/5.00). Phone interviews highlighted: (1) jurisdictional and regionalized planning approaches were necessary for MCM delivery, and (2) hospitals should function as closed POD sites for jurisdictional LPHAs. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the importance of MCM response planning for LPHAs and hospitals. Imple-mentation and planning materials for this work could be adopted into practice by LPHAs and hospitals across the United States to further assist in emergency preparedness planning.
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Ngin, Chanrith, and Andreas Neef. "Contested Land Restitution Processes in Cambodia." Land 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050482.
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Cambodia has experienced rapid economic growth due partly to excessive natural resource extraction. Land conflicts have been pervasive between local communities and companies that invest in land and other natural resources. Despite substantial research into land conflict resolution, knowledge about how land is returned to wronged parties and what happens to the returned land is fragmented. This review aims to provide a holistic understanding of land restitution in Cambodia by examining different types of land conflict, actors involved, and restitution processes. It provides both a macro perspective on land restitution and conflict-specific perspectives regarding how actors engage in different processes that produce various outcomes for disputants. We find both complications and ambivalence of the actors involved, particularly concerning their roles and influences in resolution processes. Specifically, we find contentious and ambivalent roles that non-governmental organisations (NGOs), donor agencies, and government authorities played in mixed results of resolution mechanisms in the cases that have yielded outcomes in terms of land restitution. Our review also suggests that the neoliberal policy that favours commoditisation of resources and the authoritarian patronage state disguised in a hybrid democracy allowed some grassroots resistance, civil society space, and responses from other concerned economic and political actors in the resolution processes. However, the state controlled and manipulated their engagement to benefit and maintain its economic and political bases, and it never allowed any transformative approach that could tackle the root causes of the problems. This understanding of complexities in land restitution is crucial to achieving land tenure security, particularly for local communities.
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Webb, Stephen L., Randy W. DeYoung, Stephen Demarais, Bronson K. Strickland, and Kenneth L. Gee. "Testing a Local Inbreeding Hypothesis as a Cause of Observed Antler Characteristics in Managed Populations of White-Tailed Deer." Diversity 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13030116.
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The increased use of antler restrictions by state game agencies has led to a focus on antlers by the hunting public, particularly the potential for an association between genetics and antler characteristics. We analyzed microsatellite data from 1231 male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from three states (Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Texas) within USA to determine if genetic relatedness, internal relatedness (IR), homozygosity weighted by locus (HL), or correlations among uniting gametes (Fis) influenced total antler points, antler score, non-typical points or antler malformations. Within each location, deer in the lower and upper quartile intervals for number of antler points and score were unrelated (95% CI included 0 or was <0) and relatively heterozygous for four measures of inbreeding. Antler score and points were positively influenced by age but negatively influenced by IR and HL, except for antler score in Mississippi. Relatedness, HL, IR and Fis did not differ between groups of deer with and without antler malformations. Perceived differences in antler quality do not appear to be affected by heterozygosity or a result of close inbreeding because we found deer were unrelated and measures of inbreeding and genome-wide heterozygosity were not correlated with antler characteristics.
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MACLURE, RICHARD. "No Longer Overlooked and Undervalued? The Evolving Dynamics of Endogenous Educational Research in Sub-Saharan Africa." Harvard Educational Review 76, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.1.1855703m42272353.
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Multilateral donors like the World Bank and bilateral agencies such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the British Department for International Development exert a great deal of influence in international educational development — particularly in sub-Saharan Africa — both in the programs they fund and the types of research they engage in. In this article, Richard Maclure investigates educational research in Africa and juxtaposes research done by large, exogenous, Western, results-oriented organizations with research performed by smaller, endogenous, local researchers aided by local research networks. Maclure argues convincingly that research that falls into the exogenous "donor-control" paradigm far too often is irrelevant to the African educational policy context and does little to develop local research capacity. The cases of two African research networks — the Educational Research Network of West and Central Africa and the Association for the Development of Education in Africa—are presented as exemplars of organizations that promote an alternative type of research that is endogenous, relevant to policy and the process of policymaking, and controlled by Africans. Maclure concludes with a call for increased support for and development of these types of networks, and for the development of the long-term solution to educational research in Africa — the university.
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Hudson, James J. "The Early War of Resistance and the Changsha ymca, 1937-41." Journal of Chinese Military History 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341309.
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During the early stages of the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-1945), organizations such as theymca(Young Men’s Christian Association) were vital to the local and regional humanitarian relief effort in Changsha, the capital of Hunan province. While the city endured intense bombing from Japanese planes,ymcavolunteers cared for the wounded and dug victims out of rubble. The work of Sophia Zhu Tierong 朱铁荣 (1915-2009) and her husband, Zhang Yifan 张以藩 (1906-1957), were integral to theymca’s leadership and organization. Prior to Changsha’s Fire of 1938, theymcaalso organized an evacuation of refugees from the outskirts of the city to West Hunan. This paper argues that, in the wake of the Nationalist government’s preoccupation with the larger war effort, non-state agencies such as theymcawere critical to the humanitarian relief effort in both the city and region.
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Tu, Xuan. "Local Government Capacity and Citizen Co-production: A Review of Theory and Evidence." Studies of Changing Societies 2013, no. 4 (November 5, 2014): 103–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scs-2014-0163.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGovernment capacity is an important topic in the study of public administration (Burgess 1975; Honadle 1981). The terms capacity, capability or ability have become a concern of government agencies because of the need to develop policies and programs (Gargan 1981). More recently failures of public programs and the increasing demands of the public have also brought attention to this important topic (Ingraham 2003; Andrews and Boyne 2010). Despite the common use of capacity, the term is not well defined in the current public administration literature. In this paper the focus is upon the implementation capacity in local government. They are largely responsible for service delivery, whereas higher levels of government are more removed and have coordination and policy development responsibilities. In this study, the researcher undertakes a comprehensive approach to investigate what is currently known about government capacity by integrating the empirical research that has been published in the past fifty years. It reviews 43 articles that rigorously discuss capacity or capacity building at the local level and 62 articles on citizen co-production. The analysis suggests that government capacity only perceived within organizations is limited. The majority of attention has been paid to management capacity particularly policy formulation capacity, leaving implementation capacity less touched. Sub-analyses reveal different dimensions of government capacity which are dominantly studied in western literature. The evidence points to an association between government capacity and citizen co-production. This paper enriches the literature by developing a new relationship of government capacity and citizen co-production at the local level.
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Kerby, Dave S., Michael W. Brand, David L. Johnson, and Farooq S. Ghouri. "Self-Assessment in the Measurement of Public Health Workforce Preparedness for Bioterrorism or other Public Health Disasters." Public Health Reports 120, no. 2 (March 2005): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490512000213.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine effective ways to evaluate public health workers' competence for preparedness. Methods. The Public Health Ready project, developed by the National Association of County and City Public Health Officials and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is a pilot program designed to prepare local public health agencies to respond to emergency events. Workers at a Public Health Ready site ( N=265) rated their need for training and their competence in meeting generic emergency response goals. Cluster analysis of cases was conducted on the self-assessed need for training. Results. Three groups of workers emerged, differing in their overall ratings of need for training. A given worker tended to report similar needs for training across all training goals. Conclusions. In this study, workers' ratings of need for training may reflect an overall interest in training rather than need for training in a particular area. Caution should be exercised in interpretation when generic goals and self-assessment are used to measure need for training. Future assessments of training needs may be more effective if they use objective measures of specific local plans.
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Khaniya, Bharat, and Arun Kumar Sharma. "Election and Development in Federal Nepal: Perspective of APF in Election Security." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v1i1.26711.
Full textAbstract:
Free and fair elections are the elements that contribute in strengthening the democracy. They are more important for the fragile democracies like Nepal. The new constitution promulgated in 2015 by Constituent Assembly led the country to federal state. Elections of all three tiers of government were to be held within two years from the date of promulgation. The constitution granted a number of tasks to be performed by local bodies for the development of the country. Elections and development are interrelated and connected. Elections elect candidates and those candidates are the vehicle of development. But the first year passed by without doing much and later government had to execute the task within the period of eight months. Local elections were planned and held in three phases due to security reason, whereas, provincial and federal elections were completed in two phases. All security forces mobilized in duty performed their duty well and elections went on peacefully except some petty incident in some parts of the country.
This article is centered on the security provision of election and a long-term security plan. It needs to be prioritized by the government, as the security situation deteriorates further each day. Anti-election elements, agitating groups attempting to achieve their rights, lack of law and order, and banditry are just some of the security challenges Nepal is currently facing, and affects the ability to hold free and fair elections. Consequently, security is integral and inseparable part of an election and electoral process. The study concluded that the security agencies were proactive, capable of providing security to the political leaders, candidates and voters perform their functions effectively and peacefully during legislative elections 2017.