Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Association of savings and credits'

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>Union Régionale des Coopèratives d’Epargne et de Crédit (URCOOPEC) is a network of 10 savings and credit cooperatives, established in 1990 by UNDP in Chad to support the government’s strategy of strengthening and improving access to financial services to the population. All the cooperatives are located in and around N’djaména the capital city of Chad. URCOOPEC has developed as a microfinance model owned by the community that is able to help the poor population that is excluded from the formal financial services accessing these services. Despite its potential of reaching people even in remote areas, literature about previous studies in other countries has indicated that sustainability of savings and credit cooperatives is hampered by the issues in corporate governance, management, skills, product development amongst others. This study examines the viability of this model in the context of Chad; particularly it examines the conditions for which this model can better contribute to financial sector development in Chad. The findings reveal that the model was helpful and accepted by many users at its earlier stage. However, weaknesses in corporate governance, credit management and shortage of skills have led this URCOOPEC into difficulties. There is a need for training of technical staff and for the board to develop more products, sensitize the members about their rights and duties. URCOOPEC also needs financial support from government and donors as well as linkage with commercial banks to better contribute to the provision of financial services to the population.

The study investigated the informal savings approach as an income-generating and poverty alleviation tool for women. The focus of the study is specifically in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. The purpose of the study was to explore the reasons behind the involvement of women, in particular, to the use of informal savings as a tool for income generation and poverty alleviation. South Africa is characterised by inequitable growth and development, a high degree of poverty, increasing demands and limited resources. It is because of this backdrop that many women in poor communities, both rural and urban, devised brilliant plans to overcome this setback. Women, particularly African women, have for a long time been side-lined in economic decision making activities, both in their homes and elsewhere. For the purposes of this study, a mixed method research approach was employed, meaning that the study will follow both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The respondents are a mixture of both literate and illiterate persons, and because of that, the researcher had to use both English and the home language of the respondents to explain the contents of the questionnaires and obtain the relevant information. The study identified the reasons that stokvels, which were believed to be popular in the past, and still are, because Black people in South Africa did not have access to formal financial institutions, remain popular long after the demise of apartheid. It is in the interest of the citizens of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality to archive the financial activities of its inhabitants as this valuable information will be needed by future generations. This can be done by creating a website or adding a link to the existing ones where the information is readily available for the users. For future research purposes, stokvels in various parts of the Municipality and South Africa as a whole need to be studied in order to identify and compare to the available literature the general success factors.

Research for the past decade has examined academic performance gaps among students from the perspective of sex, race and ethnicity groups, and low socio-economic status. Across those studies school attendance has been identified as a primary correlate with academic success. I used a descriptive non-experimental design to investigate the relationship of student academic outcomes (i.e., GPA, credits earned toward graduation) among student groups (i.e., sex, race, and special education status) on attendance type of unexcused or excused absences. This study included two cohorts of 9th grade high school students (n = 2,262) from the Eugene 4J School District during the 2013 to 2016 school year. I calculated Chi-square tests, Independent t-tests, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to examine the relationship of attendance with student academic outcomes for GPA and credits earned toward graduation and to further compare attendance type (i.e., unexcused or excused absences) among student groups. Findings indicated statistically significant differences for unexcused and excused absences and for GPA and credits earned by specific demographic subgroups – males v. females, white v. minority, special education v. not special education. There were also statistically significant correlations for GPA and credits earned based on unexcused and excused absences among demographic subgroups. In addition, there were statistically significant differences by academic and attendance variables for students who remained in comparison to students who left Eugene 4J.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el impacto financiero de la aplicación los conceptos de la NIA 315 (Identificación y valoración de los riesgos de incorrección material mediante el conocimiento de la entidad y de su entorno) en el proceso de otorgamiento de créditos en las cajas municipales en la Provincia de Barranca, durante el año 2017. Para el desarrollo del presente trabajo, hemos realizado una investigación mixta (cuantitativa y cualitativa). Para la primera metodología se utilizaron la herramienta de Encuestas con Escalas y el Análisis de Casos, para la segunda metodología se utilizó las Entrevistas a Profundidad. Para validar nuestra hipótesis general e hipótesis específicas, se han realizado trabajos de campo en las principales cajas municipales de ahorro y créditos localizados en la Provincia de Barranca, a las cuales se realizaron encuestas a los asesores de negocios y, además, se contactó y realizo entrevistas a profundidad a expertos en el sector microfinanciero. Finalmente, se realizó un caso práctico para evaluar el impacto financiero de la presente investigación. De los resultados analizados se llegó a la conclusión de que las prácticas de la NIA 315 generan un impacto financiero positivo en el proceso de otorgamiento de créditos.<br>The objective of this research is to determine the financial impact of the application of the concepts of the IAS 315 (Identification and assessment of material misstatement risks through knowledge of the entity and its environment) in the process of granting loans in the municipal funds in the Province of Barranca, during the year 2017. For the development of this investigation paper, we have conducted a mixed research (quantitative and qualitative). For which we used the Surveys with Likert Scales and the Case Analysis, while for the qualitative work we used the In-Depth Interviews to experts in the Field. To validate our general hypothesis and specific hypotheses, fieldwork has been carried out to the main savings and credit local savings banks located in the Province of Barranca, to which business advisors were surveyed and, in addition, experts were contacted. The microfinance sector, to which it was interviewed and finally, a case study was carried out to evaluate the financial impact of the present investigation. From the results analyzed, it was concluded that the practices of IAS 315 generate a positive financial impact in the process of granting loans.<br>Tesis

La présente thèse porte sur l'analyse des impacts du crédit dans le cadre d'une problématique générale de la microfinance et en particulier sur un terrain empirique de la ville de Ouagadougou, au Burkina Faso. Notre thèse démontre d'abord les mécanismes par lesquels les crédits sont octroyés et gérés en mettant en perspective certains aspects de la théorie de l'agence. Du côté de l'offre, nous étudions trois Systèmes Financiers Décentralisés (SFD) et leurs politiques de crédit. Nous analysons comment les trois SFD s’efforcent de servir les exclus aux financements des banques classiques et d'encadrer toute recherche de profit dans cette même vision. De l'autre côté, il est question de la demande et de la gestion du crédit par les PME. Là, nous découvrons les facteurs déterminants de la demande de crédit ainsi que les modes de fonctionnement des PME. Cette thèse procède aussi à l'analyse de la performance socio-économique des SFD. Cette analyse nous révèle des signaux importants sur leurs performances et des questions pertinentes en ce qui concerne leur gestion. Nous saisissons également la dynamisation du milieu rural par le transfert de l'épargne de la ville vers la campagne comme une perspective de solidarité qui mérite un approfondissement et des appuis. La thèse expose la ramification des impacts notamment sur le revenu, l’emploi et l'exclusion sociale à l'instar du concept de la chaîne d'impacts tel que prôné par David Hulme. Par ailleurs, notre thèse révèle la nécessité d'évaluer les actions à partir des objectifs des acteurs en proposant une théorie dans ce sens. Enfin, la thèse fait une analyse critique des options possibles pour l'avenir de la microfinance. Dans tout cela, notre thèse démontre que les acteurs continuent d'afficher des positions souvent contradictoires en fonction de leurs logiques et stratégies. C'est en effet, dans ces conditions et particulièrement dans l'observation et l'analyse de ces logiques et stratégies que nous suggérons des recommandations par type d'acteurs avant de tirer des conclusions. / The present thesis relates on the analysis of the impact of the credit within the framework of general problems of microfinance and in particular to an empirical ground of the town of Ouagadougou, in Burkina Faso. This thesis shows initially the mechanisms by which the credits are given and managed by putting into perspective certain aspects of the agency theory. On the offer side, we study three Decentralized Financial Systems (DFS) and their credit policies. We analyse how the three DFS endeavour to finance people excluded from the financings of the traditional banks and to frame any search for profit in this same vision. On the demand side, it is a question of the demand and the management of the credit by SME. There, we discover the determining factors of the application for credit as well as the operating modes of SME. This thesis also carries out the analysis of the socio-economic performance of the DFS. This analysis reveals to us important signals on their performances and relevant issues with regard to their management. We also seize the dynamisation of the rural area by the transfer of the savings of the city towards the countryside as a prospect for solidarity which deserves a deepening and supports. The thesis exposes the ramification of the impact in particular in terms of income, employment and social exclusion following the concept of the chain of impacts as preached by David Hulme. In addition, this thesis reveals the need for evaluating the actions starting from the objectives of the actors by proposing a theory in this direction. Lastly, the thesis makes a critical analysis of the possible options for the future of microfinance. All in all, our thesis shows that the actors continue to post often contradictory positions according to their logics and strategies. It is indeed, under these conditions and particularly in the observation and the analysis of these logics and strategies, that we suggest recommendations by type of actors before drawing the conclusions.

The major goal of this work is to compare positions of different institutional types active in the banking sector in the Czech Republic. The emphasis is being given to the description of gradual mutual convergence and interactions of particular institutional types in the context of changes undergoing in a transition economy since 1990. The second part of this work analyses the framework for the operation of different institutional types and compares their positions against clients, owners and supervisor. The last part of the work is a comparative analysis of economic indicators for each institutional type in the context of changes in the market and legal environment since 2004.

This diploma thesis describes by a feasibility study the introduction of a new product, which has the name Green credits. This project responds to a flexible manner on a prospective and dynamically growing market for environmentally friendly and energy-saving solutions and its implementation may allow a particular financial institution to obtain the position of leader and new business in this market.

Les diodes électroluminescentes (LEDs) constituent de nouvelles solutions pour créer des luminaires plus robustes, ayant un meilleur rendement de conversion et plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Malgré les avantages indiscutables déjà obtenus aujourd'hui, ce type de luminaire présente encore quelques optimisations possibles et offre des possibilités de fonctionnalités multiples. A travers plusieurs campagnes de tests, l'auteur montre sur des LEDs du commerce, que les points d'optimisation non encore exploités dans les luminaires commerciaux. Ces LEDs ont ainsi été testés sur de larges plages de fonctionnement du point de vue photométrique, électrique mais aussi thermique pour connaitre la reproductibilité des résultats obtenus. Ainsi les influences des conditions d'utilisation notamment en température de fonctionnement et niveaux de courant d'alimentation ont été étudiées. Pour dimensionner au mieux une alimentation électrique spécifique, une recherche de modèles de LED élémentaires a été effectuée. L'objectif est que les modèles tiennent compte des principaux paramètres mais soit suffisamment simple pour être inséré dans un environnement système afin de simuler le luminaire dans son environnement complet. Ainsi, l'étude comparative de plusieurs associations de LEDs a été effectuée permettant d'en déduire des compromis pour proposer de nouvelles solutions faibles consommatrices d'énergie à coût réduit incluant de nouveaux types d'alimentation<br>Light emitting diodes (LEDs) bring new possibilities to get luminaires more robust with an improved efficiency and more environmentally respectfull. Despite the benefits already achieved today, this type of luminaire still presents some possible optimizations and provides opportunities for multiple features. Through several tests, the author shows on LEDs in market that optimization points are not operated in commercial luminaires. These LEDs have been tested over a wide range of operation in photometric, electrical but also thermal to know the reproducibility of the results. Thus the influences of operating conditions including operating temperature and supply current levels were studied. To design a specific power supply for each LED type, a search of elementary LED models was performed. The objective is to take into account the main parameters of the models but also to be enough simple to be inserted into a system environment to simulate the luminaire in whole environment. Thus, the comparative study of several associations of LEDs was conducted to deduce the best compromise and propose new solutions to reduce energy consumptions and production costs, including new types of power supply

Au carrefour du droit du travail, du droit civil et du droit des sociétés siège la notion de rémunération. À l’image du contrat de travail, la rémunération peut se métamorphoser pour devenir un outil d’association financière des salariés à la performance de l’entreprise. L’association financière des salariés aux performances de l’entreprise ne présente pas un visage unique. Elle déploie d’abord ses effets dans le périmètre du Code du travail : l’individuel et le collectif se rejoignent pour dessiner une première forme d’association. Salaire et épargne salariale constituent les fruits du contrat de travail exécuté sous la seule bannière de la qualité de salarié. Celle-ci constitue l’élément primaire de l’association financière. L’actionnariat salarié emporte, en revanche, une double qualité : à celle de salarié s’ajoute celle d’associé. L’association financière devient alors parfaite<br>At the crossroads between civil law and corporate law lies the notion of remuneration. Modelled on the contract of employment, remuneration can turn into a tool to share profits with the employees according to the performance of the company. Sharing profits with the employees according to the company’s performance is a multifaceted action. Its first effects appear within the scope of the labor code: the notions of individual and collective meet to give a first draft of profit sharing. Salaries and employee savings plans are at the core of profit sharing. On the contrary, employee share ownership presents a twofold position: employee and associate. Profits then become perfectly shared

Magister Artium - MA<br>According to Professor Muhammed Yunus, Nobel Prize winner in 2006 and the founder of the internationally acclaimed Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, microfinance is a viable solution to poverty alleviation among the poorest people residing in rural areas. Microfinance programs have led to poverty alleviation and empowerment of especially rural based women of developing societies, as they enable the poor to manage their finances and cope with unpredictable shocks and emergencies (Yunus, 2007). This research evaluated the developmental impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation and women empowerment. It assessed the impact of the existing microfinance programmes among the members of the three microfinance Savings and Credit Associations (SCAs) in the rural areas of the Caprivi region of Namibia. This study explored whether microfinance programs have helped their members to minimize financial vulnerability through diversification of income sources and accumulation of assets. The research employed both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Data were collected through different qualitative and quantitative techniques (in-depth individual interviews, faceto- face interviews, questionnaire and questionnaire schedule). Summary findings indicate that the SCAs has positively contributed to the socio-economic improvement in the living standards (contribution to livelihood – increased income, enhanced health, and food status), improved education/healthcare, women empowerment through micro enterprise training and skill development. However, SCAs are still struggling with challenges, such as lack of income, high default rates and unprofitable micro enterprises. This research makes several recommendations, including: MFIs should concentrate on women’s economic empowerment as their main aim, incentives should be provided to the MFIs to encourage savings and investment amongst the poor, and if microfinance is to be used as a promotional tool for credit and saving services for the poor, then the socio-economic consequences of micro-credit lending have to be re-investigated, especially when they negatively impact on poverty reduction.

The present master thesis deals with non-banking microfinance institutions and examines its abilities and role in the poverty alleviation process. It is more than necessary to pay attention to the rural sector and its development as any successful transition of the economy requires transition of the rural sector as well. In many transition economies people in the rural areas continue to live on the edge of poverty, engaged in subsistence agriculture and remain susceptible to wide range of shocks. In such countries rural population unlike urban one did not benefit to the same extend from transition and need special attention and supporting policy measures. Due to low penetration rate of microfinance institutions into rural areas, lacking or insufficient size of collateral, financial illiteracy many poor but active man face problems to obtaining finance for the development of new income opportunities. In this context the master thesis emphasizes the role of savings and credit associations, which unlike the commercial banks operate mainly in rural sector, have the most significant effect on poverty alleviation. Finally, the author analyses the activity of 3 non-banking microfinance institutions of the Republic of Moldova and uses publicly available data to calculate the outreach, efficiency and...

碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>熱帶農業暨國際合作系所<br>98<br>Credit to the agricultural sector in the Gambia is heavily dependent on commercial banks which provide approximately two-thirds, while other Microfinance Institutions such as the Village Saving and Credit Association VISACA Banks provide the remaining third. The VISACA Banks are managed by the community as savings and credit associations and are a means of providing tools to combat factors that cause poverty and prevent people from breaking out of it. This is achieved through the provision of loans to finance income generating activities and to stimulate voluntary savings. The VISACA model target financially disadvantaged group in the community especially women. However, VISACA Banks have a very limited penetration rate. They are challenged by the need to reach the poorest customers and at the same time being financially self sufficient. The main objective of this research was to conduct an in depth study of the VISCA Banks in the Gambian in order to determine their growth and performances in terms of outreach to the poor and their sustainability. This research was based primarily on primary data collection in the Southern and Northern Regions of the Central River Region of the Gambia. Five VISACA Banks from the Southern Region and another Five from the Northern region were conveniently selected for the survey. In each of the ten selected Banks, Five executive members of the Bank and ten non-executive members were interviewed. Correspondently, two sets of questionnaire were designed for the survey, one set for the executive members of the VISACA Banks and another set for the non-executive members. Interviews were conducted by face-face methods. Descriptive analysis of survey results shows that VISACA Banks general membership was 52% males and 48% females and 54% falls within the age brackets of 36-51years and that 72% of household constitute more than five people. It was concluded that Village saving and credit association Banks performance on depth of outreach measured by the percentage of women clients, occupation of members and household size was good. However, they exhibit poor performances in terms of breadth of outreach measured by number of borrowers and membership growth. Their sustainability seems to be affected by the non-repayment of loans and low amount of deposits and savings.

This research established the determinants of the investment choices between the RSA Government Retail Bonds and the stokvel by salaried individuals. The research carried out a comparative analysis between the two investment instruments. The main data was drawn from FinMark for the period 2011 to 2015. The research used a combination of data tables and graphs to analyse frequency (distribution) of use in each of the investment choices. The research used Pearson’s Chi square and Fishers’ t-test to determine the distribution, independence and Cramer’s V coefficient was applied to establish the correlation between the investment choices and the demographic under review. The outcome of the research indicated that more than risk or return inherent in the investment instruments under review, social, psychological and cultural disposition towards these investment instruments played a significant part in influencing the investment choices under review. Furthermore, lower educated individuals at low salary levels had the highest usage in stokvel and the highly educated at the higher level of education opted to invest in the RSA Government Retail Bonds. There was a very low usage in both the investment instruments by the ‘no formal education’ and primary education levels. Pearson’s Chi square and Fishers’ exact tests indicated that, race, education, location and salary levels can be used to explain the differences in investment choices between the RSA Government Retail Bonds and stokvel. According to these tests, age was statistically insignificant to explain the effects of the demographics under review on making investment choices. The results indicate that racial, educational, salary and location differences need to be properly factored into the policy development in so far as investment and savings are concerned.<br>Finance, Risk Management and Banking<br>M. Com. (Business Management)

Student Number : 0204752J - MSc research report - School of Construction Economics and Management - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment<br>Most governments in developing countries are unable to assist in the ever-growing housing needs of the informal sector, which constitutes the major part of most economies. The two reasons for this state of affairs are (i) the ever-shrinking resource base of countries, which makes the provision of subsidies impractical; and (ii) the fact that this sector is normally characterized by irregular incomes, which makes provision for loans by financial institutions difficult. This situation is particularly true for the Kingdom of Lesotho. Due to their unfortunate predicament, the informal sector has become innovative in addressing their housing needs. Various informal credit methods are widely employed to finance their houses, which are built progressively. This research therefore investigates the possibilities of linking the progressive housing investment to bank housing finance, using Maseru - Lesotho as the research focus. In order to achieve the above aim, a household survey was conducted coupled with structured interviews. The structured interviews were held with the commercial banks as well as the government housing authorities. These interviews were mainly to elicit their views about the option of Microfinance of housing. It was established that the respondents as well as the government authorities were not aware of this option. The banks were equally unaware of it and in addition to this, the perceived risk led to skepticism. As such these made Microfinance of housing impractical in the short-run. However it would be advisable to mobilize the formation of a revolving fund to which the commercial banks could on-lend, as a solution to the lack of housing finance.