Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Associations végétales – France – Préalpes (France)'
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Senn, Olivier. "Impact du pâturage ovin sur la végétation de parcours clôturés et fertilisés dans les Préalpes du Sud." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20299.
Full textLadrat, Nathalie. "Contribution à l'étude botanique du massif forestier de la Braconne (Charente) : phytosiologie et phytogéographie." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMO0314.
Full textGillet, François. "Les Phytocoénoses forestières du Jura Nord-occidental : Essai de phytosociologie intégrée." Besançon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BESA2031.
Full textArlot, Christine. "Contribution à l'étude des groupements préforestiers du centre-sud du Bassin Parisien : essai de synthèse sur les Prunetalia spinosae Tx. 52 des domaines atlantiques et médioeuropéen." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112386.
Full textBioret, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'étude de la flore et de la végétation de quelques îles et archipels ouest et sud armoricains." Nantes, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NANT2042.
Full textMuller, Serge. "La végétation du Pays de Bitche (Vosges du Nord) : analyse phytosociologique : application à l'étude synchronique des successions végétales." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112076.
Full textThis thesis consists in a phytosociological and phytodynamical study of an area on sanstone in the North-East of France. The vegetation has been studied according to the principles of the "sigmatist" method, by using numerical analysis to recognize the plant communities. 19 associations, corresponding to forests, outskirts, heaths, sandy lawns, initial stages and peat bogs are described on the floristical and phytosociological level. Their ecological and chorological features are precised and these communities are compared to their equivalents of Eastern and Central Europe. The different plant successions and series, primary and secondary, progressive and regressive, are then defined by synchronical way, and compared to their equivalents, recognized in other phytogeographical areas. These results are applied to the protective gestion of secondary communities of great floristical and phytogeographical interest, specially heaths, lawns, initial stages and some peat bog communities. In conclusion, the original phytogeographical position of this area, forming an enclave with boreo-continental affinities in the subatlantic belt, is stated
Bachiri, Taoufiq Naïma. "Etude palynologique dans le néogène et le pléistocène inférieur de Bresse, France : sondage P et C de Beaune, Côte d'Or." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11742.
Full textMédail, Frédéric. "Structuration de la biodiversité de peuplements végétaux méditérranéens en situation d'isolement." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30049.
Full textGallon, Régis. "Diversité, structure et fonctions des communautés à Rhodophytes en Bretagne : réponses aux forçages environnementaux dans le contexte du changement global." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0017.
Full textThis thesis approaches the link structure - function of red seaweed communities across different spatial and temporal scales. For these studies, we based our approach on a methodology previously developed to assess the accuracy of our parameters based on sampling carried effort. First, we described the existing organization patterns across the Brittany coasts by comparing assemblages observed between 1992 and 1998 and those observed today. Then we focused on organization patterns present in the Normand Breton Gulf and how they are expressed through the : (1) species composition, (2) structure, (3) biomass of these communities. Red seaweeds communities are driven by the temperature, in the context of global changes their structure may be altered whereas their associated functions are relatively stable by the implementation of redundancy mechanisms. In a second part, we followed the species composition and structure of macroalgal communities in a process of colonization, biomass and productivity were then set up relationship with the characteristics of communities. The estimated biomasses reveal an important role in the primary production of red seaweeds communities in coastal systems. Finally, we examined the fate of organic matter produced by red seaweeds communities. We based on the complementarity of isotopes and fatty acid markers to follow organic matter through food webs. The organic matter produced by red algae is integrated directly and/or indirectly (detrital way) in benthic food webs
Lalanne, Arnault. "Système sylvicole, exploitation forestière : impacts respectifs sur l'état de conservation d'habitats forestiers planitiaires atlantiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0009.
Full textThe European “Habitats” directive urges EU state members to evaluate the state of conservation of their habitats listed in the Annex I, which form in France the so-called “Natura 2000” network. In France, the “Office National des Forets” is in a leader position, being in charge of 20% of all Natura 2000 sites. However, there is a concern about the compatibility of forest management practices commonly performed by this institution and the protective rules edicted by EU. In particular the maintenance of a good state of conservation of forest habitats can be questioned. The purpose of the present thesis was first to define a good state of conservation for forests of the Paris Basin, then to see, through several examples, whether their state of conservation was impacted by forest management. Herbs and humus/soil dwelling mosses were used as indicators, according to the phytosociological approach, as well as humus forms, using Humus Index and depth of holorganic horizons. Sampling was done in different management units, describing the forest cycle (synchronic approach) in homogeneous site conditions. For the habitat “Acidophilic atlantic beech-oak forest” (DH 9120), we showed an example of conversion of coppices-with-standards to full-grown stands, with sessile oak as a target timber species, and an example of an acidophilic beech forest where sylviculture was made more dynamic. For the habitat “Beech forest of the Asperulo-Fagion type” (DH 9130), our study was performed in three forests belonging to the same phytosociological syntaxon but located in three different climatic regions. In this case, too, we measured the effects of a more dynamic sylviculture. As a general rule, species richness increases under the influence of new sylvicultural practices. However, such an increase was not shown by mosses as well as by higher plants typically living in woodland. One explanation is the surface state of forest soils, which is strongly affected by exploitation traffic, mainly through soil compaction. Soil compaction disfavours geophytes, which are the main component of typical forest vegetation. Another explanation lies in the more dynamic sylviculture. The decreasing standing crop imposes a change in climate conditions, with more light and less humidity. This disfavours typical forest species, which commonly live in a shady and moist environment. Another important result concerns changes in humus forms under the new sylviculture. The Humus Index indicates a more rapid humification and mineralisation of topsoil organic matter. We hypothesize that soil biological processes are activated by more light arriving at the ground surface. At last, we want to highlight the importance of the geograhical range over which our results can be considered valid. The example of neutrocline beech forests shows that the appropriate scale for extrapolating our results is that of the natural (climatic) region
Gerbaud, Eric. "Dynamique des communautés végétales en écosystèmes perturbés : le cas des espèces adventices des cultures extensives du Parc naturel régional du Luberon (Sud-Est de la France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11010.
Full textBricaud, Olivier. "Les peuplements lichéniques corticoles sciaphiles et foliicoles méditerranéens de la France méridionale." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30061.
Full textLabadille, Charles-Erick. "Le système intermédiaire dans le Val-d'Orne (14,61, France) : associations, paysages végétaux et valeur patrimoniale d'une zone de contact géomorphologique." Lille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL2P259.
Full textRoche, Philip. "Structuration de la végétation et organisation du paysage en Provence calcaire : approche spatiale et hiérarchique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11008.
Full textBuisson, Elise. "Restauration écologique de communautés végétales herbacées méditerranéennes : exemples dans le sud-est de la France et sur la côte californienne (USA)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30071.
Full textDisturbance and resilience maintain ecosystem dynamics. The first objective of this thesis was to assess the resilience of two plant communities after anthropogenic disturbances. Resilience was low, suggesting that the ecosystems were dysfunctional. The second objective was thus to isolate several functions of these degraded ecosystems to better understand their functioning. Perennial species were sown and transplanted to degraded ecosystems and functions manipulated. In both the Mediterranean regions studied, emergence of perennial species in the field was low. Transplanted seedlings established well if habitat was improved. In France, stone cover has to be restored, and grazing and arable plant competition decreased. In California, exotic plant competition has to be decreased drastically and topsoil removal is a good technique to reduce competition
Jarry, Vincent. "Etude pluridisciplinaire en écologie lagunaire (étang de Thau, France) : stratégie d'échantillonnage et organisation spatiale du phytoplancton." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20204.
Full textRameau, Jean-Claude. "Contribution phytoécologique et dynamique à l'étude des écosystèmes forestiers : applications aux forêts du nord-est de la France." Besançon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BESA2016.
Full textVidal, Éric. "Organisation des phytocénoses en milieu insulaire méditerranéen perturbé : analyse des inter-relations entre les colonies de goélands leucophées et la végétation des îles de Marseille." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30090.
Full textRolland, Thierry. "Adaptation des méthodes d'échantillonnage et d'analyse en rivières méditerranéennes du Sud-est de la France : étude de l'hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle de l'épilithon et de la dérive algale." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30071.
Full textChaïb, Jérôme. "Flore et végétation des milieux aquatiques et amphibies de Haute-Normandie : Chorologie, phytosociologie, écologie, gestion." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES041.
Full textAfter a short presentation, of the physical geography of Upper-Normandy, where we can find more widely shown unpublished climatic datas, we describe all the ecologic factors which govern the aquatic and amphibious ecosystems of this area : ponds, watercourses, pool, alluvial gravel-pits, canals, dykes, marshes, moorlands. Then we examine how the notion of ecological niche, of ecocomplex, of vegetal sequencies could be applied, to these environments. From a pattern extracted from 300 plant distribution maps drawn for this research, a chorologic study founded, for the major part, on climatic datas shows a close correlation between the distribution of some species with peculiar repartition and the setting up of 3 contrasted climatic regions : a wide zone with an oceanic regime, several areas marked by a more or less strong continentality, an important zone penetrated by south influences. The phytosociologic study is based on a previous reflexion in order to restore the classical approach of aquatic and amphibious environments. The whole "stucturalist" knowledge is analysed : morphological structures and adaptation to the environment, the structure of communities in space and time, the structures in relation with the partition of the ecological niche. From the notion of adaptation which is very bound with aquatic communities liable to change under numerous forms, we suggest the notion of "waiting sociations". This notion enables us, more especially, to better understand the place occupied by some phytocenoses in the ecocomplex and to introduce the synsystem in a more natural way. The we study, with 160 associations, from Lemnetea to Alnetea, the application of these new concepts and a revision of the customary classifications, more especially for Potametea. Finally, to organize the protection of aquatic environment, solutions of ecologic management oriented on the control of flood are purposed. Those solutions are illustrated by experiments conducted in Upper-Normandy for ten years
Doche, Bernard. "Déterminisme et expression cartographique des successions végétales : exemple de l'Aubrac montagnard (Massif Central français)." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10139.
Full textAlfonsi, Elsa. "Processus d’assemblage des communautés végétales dans les zones humides de Gironde : du diagnostic aux services écosystémiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0092/document.
Full textWetlands are dynamic ecosystems, constantly changing in time and space, and remaining among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. This thesis contribute to wetland knowledge and conservation. We studied the vegetation of different communities belonging to a network of wetlands in Gironde and ranging from wet heathlands to alluvial meadows. Wetlands were selected from the department council historical interest and management issues. We used several descriptive and experimental approaches. The first part aims to study the organization of the communities of the two major systems, heathlands and alluvial grasslands, along environmental gradients. Then, in a second time, an approach combining old and recent data allowed us to characterize long-term vegetation changes according to different strategies of vegetation study. The third part was conducted on a plant community with a strong conservation issue: Molinia caerulea wet meadow (Code 6410 of the Natura 2000 Directive) with an experimental approach. We highlight here the importance of stochastic filters (seed dispersion) and deterministic filters (competition) in a community controlled by environmental constraints (flooding). Finally, within a prospective analysis, we considered biodiversity issues and supply in ecosystems services at the departmental level. This analysis investigate tools to develop for a multi-taxon and multi-service approach in any Gironde wetlands. This work allowed us to create a monitoring device for plant biodiversity in the department. These results lead to consider nowadays the management of these plant communities in an integrated way and offer tools of decision support for the management of these communities
Maillet, Jacques. "Constitution et dynamique des communautés de mauvaises herbes des vignes de France et des rizières de Camargue." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20045.
Full textAl-Samman, Winkel Noura. "Quelques mécanismes contribuant au comportement pionnier de trois espèces méditerranéennes pérennes : "Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop.", "Euphorbia nicaensis All.", et "Aphyllantes monspeliensis L."." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20263.
Full textChalumeau, Aurélie. "Typologie, cartographie et évaluation des impacts anthropiques des séries de végétation forestière du Massif armoricain." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0093/document.
Full textThe first human uses of forests date back to the Paleolithic period. Since then, man has constantly modified the forest cover. Based on the history of human forest use, three research questions emerge: 1- what is the forest landscapes composition? 2- How is the forest vegetation landscape distributed? 3- How the human impact on the forest vegetation landscape could be assessed?To answer these questions, the armorican Massif, the most least-forested territory in France with large agricultural areas, is studied. This project is part of the CarHAB national program initiated by the FrenchEcological Ministry in 2010, based on a dynamiccatenal phytosociology approach. Symphytosociology and geosymphytosociology focus on both dynamical aspects (series) and spatial distribution of communities at different scales (geoseries), and are consequently particularly well-adapted for the forest ecocomplexes study. First, a typology of the forest vegetation series and geoseries in the armorican Massif is proposed. Then, a mapping of actual vegetation (VA) and potential natural vegetation (PNV) is done on study area representative sites.Finally, a diachronic study on the Andaine massif (61) is used to assess past and present human impact and to simulate the future evolution of the forest vegetation landscape. Those informations, combined with the PNV site map, are used to develop management guidelines and provide to forest managers a tool to get closer to the PNV while ensuring a multifunctional site operation at the same time
Choisnet, Guillaume. "Approche phytosociologique et symphytosociologique des végétations et des paysages du Bas-Vivarais (nord du Bassin méditerranéen français)." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0008/document.
Full textOccupying about 1800 km², the Bas-Vivarais Region corresponds to the sedimentary part of the Ardèche department, located on the south-eastern edge of the Massif Central. Due to varied lithology and geomorphology features, to a climatic context forming part of a latitudinal mediterranean gradient, and despite an apparent homogeneity, the vegetation appears to be very diversified and original, compared to the vegetation of the rest of the Mediterranean Basin.The study of plant communities and complexes communities was undertaken following the principles of the Braun-Blanqueto-Tüxenian phytosociology and on the methodology of the French-Spanish (geo)synphytosociology. The analysis of 2.619 relevés and 388 synrelevés allows to highlight 144 syntaxa of association level among which 58 units appear new, 54 synassociations and hypogeosynassociations.The phytosociological study allows to increase the knowledge about Mediterranean vegetations and proposes a analysis framework based on synecological and structural and synchorological criteria that can be transposed to the entire Mediterranean basin.In the Bas-Vivarais, the study of the complexes (groups) of communities following the French-Spanish methodology, shows the limits of community complexes study based on a purely phytodynamic and serial approach. It obliges to come back to the fundamentals of integrated inductive landscape phytosociology, (TÜXEN 1973, 1979), that is to say the causal description of ecologically homogeneous synassociations through the demonstration of repetitive combinations of communities. Methodological recommendations are therefore proposed for the in situ delineation of communities complexes and the characterization of homogeneous units both at synecological and physiognomic levels
Bison, Marjorie. "Approches taxonomique et fonctionnelle des interactions trophiques entre grands herbivores et communautés végétales dans un écosystème de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV068/document.
Full textGiven the key role of large herbivores on species and functional plant diversity, we aimed at better understanding the relationship between herbivory and plant communities mainly at a fine-scale, in order to reconcile objectives of population management and plant conservation. For this purpose, we used both taxonomic and functional approaches, and studied interactions at the inter- and intra-specific levels. We combined information coming from three databases: (1) diet data from DNA-metabarcoding applied on chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) faeces from the Bauges Massif, (2) characteristics of plant communities (plant composition, biomass, phenology), (3) plant functional traits. Analyses of intra-specific variability of the three large herbivores allowed us to upscale the niche variation hypothesis (NVH) of Van Valen from the intra- to the inter-specific level, i.e. we observed a positive relationship between the species niche breadth and among-individual variation. Then, based on two chamois subpopulations living in pastures, one living in sympatry with the mouflon and the other living in allopatry, we revealed the absence of negative effects of the introduced mouflon population on native chamois population diet, both for the taxonomic and functional dietary niche. Analyses of diet selection criteria allowed us to highlight differences in choice criteria between chamois and mouflon in some seasons, which helped to explain the taxonomic and functional niche partitioning of the two species. Furthermore, the proposed scenario of the evolution of diet selection over the year for both species were consistent with ungulate-specific morpho-physiological features. Finally, contrary to the literature where no studies could discriminate the direct and indirect effects of functional traits on diet selection because of correlations, we used path analyses, which allowed us to show that in most cases, biomechanical traits had a direct effect on diet choices, whereas chemical traits had an indirect effect. Furthermore, from a methodological point of view, we advised to use nitrogen fecal indices only to study the evolution of species-specific and location-specific population long-term diet quality, but not to compare diet quality between species, nor to study slight fluctuations at the intra-seasonal level. The complementarity of the approaches allowed us to better account for the structuration of herbivore communities, which should help to better assess the actual state and the evolution of relationships among individuals, species and their environment.Key-words: ungulates, intra- and inter-specific interactions, taxonomic and functional approach, DNA metabarcoding, NIRS, Bauges Massif, diet selection
Strasberg, Dominique. "Dynamique des forêts tropicales de l'île de La Réunion : processus d'invasions et de régénération sur les coulées volcaniques." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954484.
Full textBernard-Verdier, Maud. "Structure et assemblage des communautés végétales de parcours des Grands Causses : approche fonctionnelle, phénologique et phylogénétique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20047/document.
Full textUnderstanding how the environment influences plant species distribution is a fundamental question in plant ecology. This work aims at understanding how soil resource availability influences plant community assembly and structure in Mediterranean rangelands of Southern France. To do this, the niche structure of plant communities has been described in terms resource use, regeneration strategy, phenology and evolutionary history along a soil resource gradient. Using a trait-based approach, we show that (1) filtering processes, both abiotic and biotic, may restrain trait ranges within communities and sort species along a gradient of soil resource availability, and (2) patterns of functional convergence and divergence among species within communities may reveal different processes of local species coexistence under different soil conditions. Within productive habitats, we found a strong convergence in resource use strategies, possibly resulting from strong aboveground competition, which was accompanied by a divergence in reproductive and regenerative strategies. By contrast, towards more constrained habitats, and despite a strong abiotic filter, a diversity of resource use strategies coexisted, creating a maximum of functional diversity at intermediate levels of constraints. Moreover, the strong phylogenetic convergence in these rangeland communities, mainly related to the dominance of graminoid species, diminished towards the more constrained soils where a diversity of drought-adapted lineages coexisted. In addition, we were able to relate dominance in these rangelands to a few general characters – namely high leaf dry matter content, large seeds and high reproductive heights – which were modulated at a finer spatial scale by local soil conditions influencing different criteria such as specific leaf area. Finally, we highlight the strong phenological response of communities to soil resource availability and the timing of summer drought. However, results also suggest a role of biotic factors, such as competition, in limiting flowering overlap among coexisting species in productive habitats. Combining functional, phenological and phylogenetic approaches allowed us to provide an integrative understanding of the complex processes driving community assembly in these rangelands
Reynier, Philippe. "Etude phyto-écologique, pédologique et statistique de stations sur schistes lustrés en Haute-Ubaye et régions avoisinantes aux étages alpin et subalpin supérieur d'adret." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10010.
Full textDemartini, Charlotte. "Les végétations des côtes Manche-Atlantique françaises : essai de typologie et de cartographie dynamico-caténales." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0112/document.
Full textSince 2011, the French Ministry of Environment, Energy and Sea has launched a national program aimed on habitats and vegetation mapping (CarHAB), based on the dynamic-catenal phytosociological approach. The purpose of this program is to produce a 1: 25 000 scaled map of the natural and semi-natural vegetation of metropolitan France by 2025. The dynamiccatenal phytosociology, which originated in 1973, has emerged as the most appropriate method to fulfill these objectives. Even though the principles and methods of landscape phytosociology to study vegetation dynamics are quite commonly used in Europe, this science remains underdeveloped in France. Within this context, the Channel-Atlantic coasts have been selected as test areas, due to the diversity of ecological gradients governing the spatial organization of different coastal plant communities on the one hand, and to their great heritage value on the other hand.This thesis presents a methodology to identify, characterize and map vegetation geopermaseries, minoriseries and geominoriseries of the Channel-Atlantic coastlines.This study begins by a state of the art presenting the concepts and the state of knowledge in the field of phytosociology and landscape phytosociology. It provides some answers regarding both to methodological techniques for characterization of series and geoseries and mapping of their individuals, and to landscape phytosociology applications.The analysis of the general features of coastlines shows the inherent characteristics of these environments, mainly related to wind and salinity exposure and edaphic conditions. The importance of geology, geomorphology and climate in the differentiation of the various plant coastal associations is demonstrated. The identification of the role of uses in the structure and the evolution of vegetation justifies the need to take current and former human activities into consideration for describing series and geoseries.The general methodological principles of landscape phytosociology are transposed and adapted to the coastal vegetations. The different categories of identified series and geoseries are described through typological sheets (features of the characteristic association, geology, geomorphology, bioclimate, chorology, dynamics). The mapping of individuals of different categories of series is displayed in a cartographic atlas.Twenty-three landscape units have been defined, based on the distribution of the identified series and geoseries.A bioevaluation method is proposed and tested on a set of saltmarshes sites of the Channel- Atlantic French coastline, in a conservation objective. A first assessment of coastal geopermaseries heritage is proposed, in order to elaborate a series and geoseries red list
Moinardeau, Cannelle. "L’éco-pastoralisme un outil adapté pour la gestion conservatoire des écosystèmes très anthropisés ? : le cas des digues artificielles du canal de dérivation de Donzère-Mondragon dans la vallée du Rhône (Vaucluse-Drôme, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0345/document.
Full textThe main objective of the thesis was to characterize the impacts of different types of pastoral management (cattle, horses, goats) on "new ecosystems" plant communities. Our experimentations were conducted in highly anthropized dykes and embankments of the Donzère-Mondragon reserve in the lower Rhone valley. Various tools were used (i.e. vegetation surveys, soil analyzes, grassland mineral analyzes, remote sensing, GIS, etc.), and at different spatial scales in order to identify the interrelationships between the different levels of vegetation organization and functions. Indeed, the emergence of "new ecosystems" requires managers to reconsider the initial principles of conservation management. Our study showed that, in the short term (3-5 years), grazing systems using herds of herbivores, whose organization is adapted to maintain open habitats, increase species richness, diversity and heterogeneity of plant communities compared to lack of management or mechanical interventions. Moreover, the annual species that appear are appetizing and contribute to increase the forage value of the site grazed by horses. These herbivores also have an impact on the permanent seed bank by increasing both its heterogeneity and the density of viable seeds under the most grazed patches. Grazing of cattle and horses confirm a correlation between the vegetation index (NDVI), biomass and plant species richness. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of goats’ action on bramble via consumption indices calculated using GIS. Our different results are in the line with those already obtained in natural environments. Future experiments should test the effects of mixed grazing systems, particularly cattle, goats and horses, on the colonization dynamic of competitive shrubs such as brambles. Applied pastoral management should be considered in the medium term, via multi-year contracts to promote the sustainability of this management method and its effects over time
Pellet, Gilles. "Phytoécologie, phytosociologie et potentialités fourragères des pelouses d'altitude en Oisans (Alpes françaises) : application à la vallée du Chazelet (la Grave, Hautes-Alpes)." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10126.
Full textDelbosc, Pauline. "Phytosociologie dynamico-caténale des végétations de la Corse : méthodologies typologique et cartographique." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0069/document.
Full textSince the 1970’s and particularly through the works of Tüxen (1978) and Géhu & Rivas-Martínez (1981), the dynamico-catenal phytosociology allowed to better integrate vegetation dynamics, by describing more precisely the dynamic trajectories of vegetation series. If vegetations dynamic study methodologies have been developped over the recent decades in Europe, such works still remain scarce in France. A national program of habitat mapping (CarHAB), launched by the Ministry of Ecology, since 2011, aims to map the vegetation and vegetation series of metropolitan France at the scale of 1: 25 000 up to 2025. Within this context, Corsica has been chosen as a "pilot" region, due to its peculiarities regarding mediterranean and alticole vegetations. Beyond this singularity, the evolution of agropastoral society over the twentieth century caused main changes the landscape of Corsica and represents a major issue to understand the changes of dynamic trajectories of vegetation. Our methodology, based on an inductive and semi-deductive phytosociological approach, allows to describe vegetationsystems of Corsica.This study, firstly focused on bioclimatology, geomorphology and phytogeography, allows to typify and spatialize ecological units, in order to better understand ecological patterns that govern the layout and the zonation of vegetation and more widely vegetation series and geoseries. The principles of landscape phytosociology have been revised and adapted to the conservation management aims and spatial planning of the CarHAB program. 78 units, 34 series, 14 minoriseries and 30 geopermaseries are presented according to several descriptive criteria: ecology, chorology, serie head structure and nomenclature, dynamics trajectories and conservation.A mapping method was developed to spatialize sigmetal and geosigmetal units : the outcomes are presented in a mapping atlas concerning eight valleys and trays (Asco, Cap Corse, Niolu, Fium-Alto, Haut-Vénacais, Cuscione, Bonifacio) and 31 coastal sites.A few bioevaluation methods are tested and discussed to match the challenges of conservation series and vegetation géoséries, as well as evaluation protected sites (Biguglia, Haut-Vénacais)
Chenot, Julie. "Réhabilitation écologique d’écosystèmes dégradés par l’exploitation des carrières : faire avec, refaire ou laisser faire la nature ?" Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0344/document.
Full textRestoration ecology is a scientific discipline that has emerged forty years ago to try to compensate the negative impacts of society development on ecosystems. Today, following global meta-analyzes revealing the relative success of ecological restoration, a new question emerges: should we actively or passively restore degraded ecosystems? It is in this context that this thesis project took place with a multidisciplinary approach and focused on the study of quarrying impacts on the Mediterranean steppe of Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Two cases were taken into account: (i) old quarries operated in the 1970s and abandoned then, presenting a variety of exploitation types or rehabilitation modalities, and (ii) a quarry still in the process of exploitation, the legislation now requiring repairs. The aim is to better identify possible scientific obstacles in the field of knowledge for ecological restoration and better define societal expectations in order to finally propose a general strategy intended to serve the future management of these ecosystems. The research of this thesis was based on two major questions, reflections: (1) Do ecological restoration actions restore the reference ecosystem (= the pre-existing ecosystem)? By comparing different long-term restoration treatments (various types of soil transfers, anthropogenic deposits, lack of rehabilitation), we were able to show that soil transfer is still the best method, especially when the initial characteristics of the soil are respected. However, it still does not compensate in the medium term (35 years) for the destruction of the pre-existing ecosystem: the soil and the plant community of the reference steppe are not completely restored yet. A second soil mixing technique used when the original soil is no longer available has also been tested, but it is not very successful either in the short-term (3 years). A second question arose in parallel: (2) Without active restoration, what is the value of biodiversity generated by human activities? And more generally, what kind of nature do we want? Quarries have destroyed the pre-existing steppe ecosystem but have also created new conditions (soil, new habitats) that support the functioning and connectivity of pioneer species and shelter important heritage biodiversity that is absent from the pre-existing ecosystem. In addition, the comparison between the quarry landscapes and the reference ecosystem landscapes with different stakeholders and the general public has shown that the old quarries are perceived as being much more natural than the reference steppe and that they are also associated to an important biodiversity. These results could therefore reorient the choice of restoration or management, in order to choose between 1) what is currently recommended (active restoration applied after the end of quarry exploitation with the historical ecosystem as a reference) and 2) the free expression of feral nature also called passive restoration (with or without reclamation, i.e. where the reference ecosystem is different from the pre-existing ecosystem)