Academic literature on the topic 'Assyrians'
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Journal articles on the topic "Assyrians"
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Dewar, Ben. "US AGAINST THEM: IDEOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ASHURNASIRPAL II'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST ASSYRIAN REBELS IN ḪALZILUḪA." Iraq 82 (August 13, 2020): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2020.4.
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This paper is a study of the rebellion against the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II in the city of Ḫalziluḫa in 882 bc, which is an unusual instance of a rebellion by Assyrians being recorded in the Assyrian royal inscriptions. This paper explores the significance of the rebellion from two angles: the ideological problem of rebellion by Assyrians, and the psychological impact on Assyrian troops of killing their fellow Assyrians. Within the ideology of the royal inscriptions, Assyrians did not normally rebel against the incumbent king, who was in all ways presented as a model ruler. It will be argued that Ashurnasirpal therefore made efforts in his inscriptions to stress that the Assyrian rebels in Ḫalziluḫa inhabited territory that had been lost to Assyria prior to his reign, and had become “de-Assyrianised” and “uncivilised.” It will be argued that a similar message was conveyed to the Assyrian soldiers through the ceremonies surrounding the creation of a monument at the source of the River Subnat, and that this message helped the soldiers to “morally disengage” from the act of killing other Assyrians, thus avoiding “moral self-sanctions” for an otherwise morally problematic act.
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Petrosian, Vahram. "Assyrians in Iraq." Iran and the Caucasus 10, no. 1 (2006): 113–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338406777979322.
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AbstractThe article examines the question of the Assyrian identity; certain problems pertaining to the history of the Assyrian-Kurdish relationships; the problem of the Assyrian autonomy; the role of the political parties of the Iraqi Assyrians; the status of the Assyrians in Iraqi Kurdistan; the Assyrians after the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, and several other issues.
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Dewar, Ben. "The Burning of Captives in the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, and Early Neo-Assyrian Conceptions of the Other." Studia Orientalia Electronica 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.88852.
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This paper is a study of the topos of the king burning captives in the Assyrian royal inscriptions. This punishment is notable for both its rarity and its cruelty, being the only time that the royal inscriptions describe violence towards children. I approach this topic in terms of Donald Black’s model of social control, in which the form and severity of social control, including violence, varies in relation to the “social geometry” that separates the parties involved in a dispute or conflict. I argue that in the royal inscriptions burning is inflicted on those that the Assyrians saw as “uncivilized”: peoples inhabiting poorer cities in mountain regions who lacked the infrastructure necessary to stockpile prestige goods, such as precious metals, and were separated at a greater distance from Assyria by “social geometry” than other foreigners. These findings provide a useful insight into Assyrian conceptions of the other and give a better understanding of the variations in the severity of punishments inflicted by the Assyrians on their enemies.
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Feldman, Marian H. "Nineveh to Thebes and back: Art and politics between Assyria and Egypt in the seventh century BCE." Iraq 66 (2004): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002108890000173x.
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In 671 BCE, Esarhaddon advanced south from the Levant and attacked Egypt, sacking Memphis. About seven years later, in response to repeated Kushite uprisings and following an initial campaign into Lower Egypt, Ashurbanipal's army reinvaded Egypt, marching as far as Thebes where, according to Assyrian accounts, the temples and palaces were looted and their treasures brought back to Nineveh. The Assyrians had been in conflict with Egypt for some time, but these clashes had always taken place in Western Asia, where the two states fought for control and influence over the small Levantine kingdoms. Not until Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal did Assyria penetrate into the heart of Egypt, attacking its two traditional capitals of Memphis and Thebes. This period of intensified antagonism, along with its consequence — increasingly direct contact with Egyptian culture — brought into greater focus Assyria's relationship to the Egyptian imperial tradition. I would like to propose here that Assyrian royal ideology, as expressed in art, developed in part out of an awareness of and reaction to the great imperial power of New Kingdom Egypt, in particular that of the Ramesside period of the thirteenth and early twelfth centuries. Indeed, it is more the reaction against Egyptian tradition that seems to have stimulated what we understand as characteristic and distinctive of Assyrian art, but at the same time, even these elements may owe some inspiration to Egypt. In this way, the New Kingdom Egyptian empire served as both precedent and “other” for Assyria, which began to develop its own imperialist ideology during the contemporaneous Middle Assyrian period.
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Highcock, Nancy. "Assyrians Abroad: Expanding Borders Through Mobile Identities in the Middle Bronze Age." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 4, no. 1-2 (June 26, 2018): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2017-0016.
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AbstractRecent work by both archaeologists and Assyriologists has characterized the main Assyrian settlement at Kaneš/Kültepe not as “colony” at all but as a place in which Assyrians fully integrated themselves into Anatolian society to create a hybridized community or “middle ground.” This paper builds upon their work by examining the ways in which Assyrians participated in such an intercultural society whilst still maintaining the bounded social category of “Assyrian.” Through the reconstruction of their civic institutions and social traditions abroad, Assyrian merchants were able to expand their mental topography of what constituted “Assyrian-ness” from northern Mesopotamia across central Anatolia. This phenomenon is framed within wider discussions of mobile societies and the Old Assyrian textual record to illustrate that a community identity founded upon the mother city of Assur and its cultural conventions continued to thrive across various political and cultural borders. Treaties and letters demonstrate that these borders were well defined and maintained by the Assyrians themselves, but concurrently, that the driving forces behind a trader’s life on the road also meant for such borders to be expanded and reconstituted. Analyzing the Old Assyrian mercantile phenomenon through the vector of mobility enables us to better understand the ways in which the Old Assyrian merchants maintained a cohesive social identity and bounded community whilst working and living in “foreign” territories. Mobility is not an inherently disintegrating force, but shape the common cultural and political institutions which act as fibers binding communities together across great distances.
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Özdemi̇r, Bülent. "Making History to/as the Main Pillar of Identity: The Assyrian Paradigm." Belleten 76, no. 276 (August 1, 2012): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2012.631.
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In the 20th century Assyrians living in Diaspora have increased their search of identity because of the social and political conditions of their present countries. In doing so, they utilize the history by picking up certain events which are still kept fresh in the collective memory of the Assyrian society. World War I, which caused a large segment of the Assyrians to emigrate from the Middle East, has been considered as the milestone event of their history. They preferred to use and evaluate the circumstances during WW I in terms of a genocidal attack of the Ottomans against their nation. This political definition dwarfs the promises which were not kept given by their Western allies during the war for an independent Assyrian state. The aspects of Assyrian civilization existed thousands of years ago as one of the real pillars of their identity suffer from the artificially developed political unification around the aspects of their doom in WWI presented as a genocidal case. Additionally, this plays an efficient role in removal of existing religious and sectarian differences for centuries among Assyrians. This paper aims at showing in the framework of primary sources how Assyrian genocidal claims are being used pragmatically in the formation of national consciousness in a very effective way. Not the Assyrian civilization but their constructed history in WWI is used for the formation of their nation definition.
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Nadali, Davide, and Lorenzo Verderame. "Neo-Assyrian Statues of Gods and Kings in Context." Altorientalische Forschungen 46, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2019-0016.
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Abstract Neo-Assyrian letters are a broad and interesting corpus of data to investigate how ancient Assyrians dealt with the manufacture of statues, the shaping of royal and divine effigies, and the final arrangement of sculptures. This paper aims to analyse the ritual and practical aspects of the making of images in the Neo-Assyrian period with reference to this corpus of letters, which reveals how Assyrian kings, officials and sculptors worked together for this purpose. It explores the role of the personnel involved, the process of the creation, and the final display of statues. Based on the interplay of texts and archaeological data, the study reveals the intense activity of making statues of gods and kings in Assyria, with the administration supervising both projects for new statues and the maintenance of already existing ones.
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Woźniak-Bobińska, Marta. "Assyrians Without Borders: Middle Eastern Christians Towards a New Form of Citizenship in Sweden." Studia Religiologica 54, no. 1 (2021): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844077sr.21.005.13929.
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This article presents a case study of a Swedish-based NGO, Assyrians Without Borders (AWB), whose priority objective is to help Middle Eastern Christians, mainly Assyrians/Syriacs, in need in their homeland. The paper argues that Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden have developed three forms of citizenship – religious, political and democratic. All three forms are transnational and have the potential to challenge the idea of national citizenship as being the dominant model of citizenship. Participating in AWB is understood as practising democratic citizenship, a concept seen as the Swedish ideal of model citizenship. The paper claims that AWB empowers its members and helps them to construct a mutually reinforcing dual Assyrian-Swedish identity.
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Zaia, Shana. "State-Sponsored Sacrilege: “Godnapping” and Omission in Neo-Assyrian Inscriptions." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2015-0006.
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AbstractBecause of the symbolic and religious importance of cult statues in ancient Mesopotamia, these images were targeted on numerous occasions by invading forces as part of the conquest of a foreign polity. In the case of the Assyrians, triumphant kings would sometimes list cult statues from a newly-conquered city or group as spoils of war, alongside members of the royal family, their subjects, and their precious goods. Such acts of divine deportation are sometimes called “godnapping” in secondary literature. A conspicuous feature in godnapping reports is the paucity of divine names mentioned. Deported cult images are instead simply called “gods” of a foreign king, people, or city. Because godnapping has thus far been studied purely as a political tactic, the omission of names has been ascribed to the Assyrians’ disinterest in or ignorance of non-Assyrian divinities. This study proposes viewing godnapping not through a political lens but rather a religious one, arguing that the Assyrians would certainly have been aware of which cult statues they were deporting, and that they would have considered the non-Assyrian cult images gods in their own right. Focusing upon the religious and inscriptional traditions of the Assyrians, this paper seeks to demonstrate that omitting divine names in deportation accounts may have been purposeful and meant to prevent these gods from seeking retribution. Instead of using the traditional approach of examining the political ramifications for the conquered polity whose gods have been deported, this paper turns instead to the religious and psychological consequences for those who were deporting the gods and exposes the Assyrian perspective of godnapping as presented in their own inscriptions.
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Hays, Nathan. "Humility and instruction in Zephaniah 3.1-7." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 44, no. 3 (December 20, 2019): 472–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309089219862823.
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The rapid and unmarked transition from the oracle against Assyria/Nineveh in Zephaniah 2.13-15 to the condemnation of Jerusalem in 3.1-7 rhetorically underscores the deep and troubling continuity between Jerusalem and Assyria/Nineveh. This article examines this continuity in light of two important elements of the book of Zephaniah: the depiction of Assyria (and those nations aligned with it) as prideful and the scribal character of 3.1-7. The finding is that Zeph. 3.1-7 presents Jerusalem and its leaders as paralleling the arrogant Assyrians and like-minded nations in a way that spurs Zephaniah’s exilic scribal audience to adopt a fundamental attitude of humility. Such humility accepts the authority of Yahwistic teachers and instructional texts in order to avoid future judgment against Jerusalem. In a scribal context, repudiating Assyrian-style pride may also entail rejecting education (putatively) aligned with Assyria/Babylon.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Assyrians"
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Hunt, A. M. "And I called them Assyrians : an archaeological and archaeometric analysis of Neo-Assyrian Palace Ware." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1376974/.
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My doctoral research is a synthetic archaeological and archaeometric analysis of Assyrian ‘Palace Ware’ to evaluate its social function and semiotic value throughout the Neo-Assyrian empire. Social function is elucidated through analysis of formal and fabric characteristics, informed by archaeological context. Social function is differentiated from practical function by referring to those characteristics, tangible or immaterial, which describe the relationship between the vessel and its cultural audience. Semiotic value is measured through the perpetuation or modification of Palace Ware’s social function, evidenced by changes in formal and fabric characteristics and archaeological context of ‘Palace Ware’ in Assyria proper and outside Neo-Assyrian provincial boundaries. Definitional criteria for Palace Ware are established using vessels from the Assyrian political core, Aššur, Nineveh, and Nimrud, through the statistical analysis of formal attribute measurements (morphometrics) and manufacture behaviours (chaîne opératoire) revealed using radiography, thin section and electron microscopy, and levigation and firing experiments. These criteria are used to evaluate ‘Palace Ware’ from Dur-Katlimmu and Guzana in Assyria proper and Tel Jemmeh in an unincorporated territory. Palace Ware ‘provenance’ using traditional methods, such as neutron activation analysis and ceramic petrology, is complicated by the extreme fineness of the fabric (< 2% inclusions in the fabric; inclusions ≤ 0.05mm). Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and spectrometry of quartz inclusions is successfully developed as an alternative method for the geological grouping and provenance of archaeological ceramics. Palace Ware chaîne opératoire and provenance are used to differentiate the movement of vessels, technology and ideas, and potters throughout the Neo-Assyrian empire. My results indicate that Palace Ware was not traded but produced locally by local potters. The social function of the vessels, ritual drinking, is consistent throughout the empire, however its semiotic meaning alters from personal political loyalty to status symbol as we move farther away from the Neo-Assyrian imperial centre.
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Thomsen, Jenny. "The Assyrians/Syriacs of Turkey - A forgotten people." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22884.
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Uppsatsen behandlar Assyrierna/Syrianerna i Turkiet och deras kamp för erkännande som minoritet. Det eventuella turkiska medlemskapet i den Europeiska Unionen har resulterat i en diskussion kring landets minoritetspolitik och dess ovilja att erkänna vissa minoriteter. Assyrierna/Syrianerna utgör en sådan grupp som riskerar att bli utsatt för diskriminering och våld. Syftet med studien är att redogöra för relationen mellan den turkiska staten och Assyrierna/Syrianerna samt att belysa deras kamp för erkännande som minoritet. För att förstå situationen i Turkiet och få en insikt i Assyriernas/Syrianernas erfarenheter utfördes intervjuer under en fältstudie i Istanbul 2007. Det empiriska materialet är indelat i diskussioner om gruppens anspråk vilka innefattar religionsfrihet, kulturella rättigheter, språkliga rättigheter, yttrandefrihet och erkännande av folkmordet på Assyrier/Syrianer samt turkisk minoritetspolitik och Europeiska Unionens krav på Turkiet. Debatten om multikulturalism inom politisk teori används vid analys av resultaten vilken struktureras i diskussioner kring assimilering, nationalism och religion, och innebörden av erkännande. Studiens huvudresultat innefattar att minoritetens medlemmar tvingas till assimilering i huvudsak som resultat av den nationalistiska attityden i landet. Icke-erkännandet av kristna i massmedia och av offentliga personer tillsammans med marginaliseringen av Assyrierna/Syrianerna och den turkiska nationalismen skapar en situation där diskriminering och våld rättfärdigas och därmed intensifieras.This thesis is focusing on the Assyrians/Syriacs of Turkey and their struggle for recognition in the Turkish context. The potential Turkish membership in the European Union has resulted in a discussion on the country’s minority policies and its reluctance to recognize certain minorities. The Assyrians/Syriacs constitute one of these groups that are at risk of being subjected to discrimination and violence. The aim of the study is to clarify the relation between the Turkish state and the Assyrians/Syriacs and to spread light on their struggle for recognition as a minority. In order to gain an understanding of the situation in Turkey and to get an insight in the experiences and perceptions of the Assyrians/Syriacs, interviews were conducted during a field study in Istanbul in 2007. The empirical findings are discussed in lines of the claims of the group, including freedom of religion, cultural rights, language rights, freedom of expression and the recognition of the Assyrian/Syriac genocide, as well as in terms of the Turkish policies and the demands of the European Union. The debate on multiculturalism within political theory is used to analyze the results, which are discussed in terms of assimilation, nationalism and religion, and the meaning of recognition. The main findings of the study include that the members of the minority are pressured into being assimilated into the larger society, mainly due to the nationalistic attitude in the country. Moreover, the misrecognition of Christians by the mass media and public figures together with the marginalization of the Assyrians/Syriacs and the Turkish nationalism creates a situation in the country where discrimination and violence is justified and thus enhanced.
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Hom, Mary Katherine Yem Hing. "The characterization of the Assyrians in Isaiah : synchronic and diachronic perspectives." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611421.
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GALSTYAN, NARE. "ENGAGING STATELESS AND STATE-LINKED DIASPORAS: ASSYRIANS AND ARMENIANS IN THE NETHERLANDS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/632297.
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The central aim of this research is to examine the complexities of relations between state, homeland, and diaspora by putting the existence and absence of nation-states as a salient divide between diaspora groups. At present, there have been few systematic, comparative studies that reflect commonalities and differences of stateless and state-linked diasporic networks. As the Armenian and Assyrian diasporas are two of the oldest diasporic communities in the world, they provide a backdrop for an expansive illustration of diaspora engagement practices in stateless and state-linked environments.
The research studies pro-active diaspora engagement practices: transnational justice-seeking activities for conflict, post-conflict settings and human rights violations; collective remittances in support of the homeland and other transnational communities in need; diasporas actions in support to newly-arrived migrants.
The findings of this research contribute to the field of diaspora studies by expanding understanding of the importance of homelands for diasporas and the complex relation of diasporas with the statehood dynamics of their homeland. The dissertation argues that “statelessness” and “state-linkedness” are not static and dichotomous, but rather contested and nuanced categories. Despite being neglected and dismembered from the “official” diaspora discourses, stateless diasporas find alternative links with territories within states that they refer to as homelands. Diasporas do this through their trusted networks and transnational institutions. Likewise, the existence of states is not a sufficient condition for diaspora-state cooperation. Despite the influence of structural factors, diasporas have the autonomy to decide on how to position themselves towards their homelands “of nation-state” and “without nation-state.” The research offers a closer look at the plurality of non-state organised actors in shaping both institutionalised and unofficial, non-institutionalised diaspora engagement practices.
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Hughes, Erin Elizabeth. "An American atra? : boundaries of diasporic nation-building amongst Assyrians and Chaldeans in the United States." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30987.
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Voluntary and forced migrations over the past century have given rise to the number of displaced peoples and nations who consider themselves diasporas. The resiliency of these extra-territorial nations after displacement is something of a paradox in nationalism studies. For diaspora, the nation is simultaneously local and transnational, divided and caged by the confines of state borders, often intermixed with other ethnic groups, nations, and cultures, and yet, undeniably, a singular community. Through a comparative examination of the Assyrian and Chaldean diaspora in the United States, this dissertation uses boundary theory to explore the role of diasporic elites in making and sustaining a diasporic nation, and the events, identities, and ideologies that shape diasporic action. It draws from twenty-nine interviews held with Assyrian and Chaldean leaders in Michigan, Illinois, and California, and with policy-makers, as well as research into congressional documents, policy papers, and press reports. The multi-ethnic fabric of American society is formative to boundary-creation, and yet challenges its retention, providing an open society for ethnic expression and civic and political engagement, whilst at the same time facilitating assimilation and loss of diasporic culture and identity. Diasporic elites pursue institutional completeness to sustain diasporic presence in local societies, and cultivate national ideologies that in turn engender activism on behalf of the greater diasporic nation. The Iraq War served as a catalyst to nation-building, providing the first political opening in decades for diasporic actors to mobilize on behalf of Assyrians and Chaldeans in the homeland, seeking constitutional recognition as equal members of the Iraq state. However, the impermeable, exclusionary Iraqi national boundary wrought in conflict instead posed an existential crisis, forcing Assyrians and Chaldeans from Iraq and forcing diasporic leaders to confront questions of what will become of their nation if the homeland is lost. Revealed in the resulting political demands are two distinct strains of nationalism: that for resettlement into diaspora and continued integration into Iraq; and that for territorial autonomy within Iraq’s Nineveh Plain. This dissertation argues diaspora is a continuous, evolving product of boundary-making, often the result of diasporic elite mobilization. Diaspora is a nation not simply born of displacement, but formed through social boundaries encountered and made upon resettlement outside the homeland. Nationalism is a significant component of diasporic nation-building, offering insight into political goals, ideologies, and the dedication of diasporic elites to sustaining an Assyrian and Chaldean homeland, an atra, in diaspora.
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Forshällen, Malin. ""Objudna in över våra generöst öppna gränser" : Den assyriska/syrianska invandringen till Sverige 1975-1982." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-134248.
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This thesis investigates the connection between migration discourses and politics through the assyrian/syrian immigration to Sweden 1975-1982. Using Bacchi’s “What’s the problem (represented to be)?” (WPR) methodology, which is based on Foucault’s theories of governmentality, this thesis investigates how preconceptions of issues forms understanding of them as problems and shapes the possible solutions to the problem concerned. The results of this thesis indicates that the assyrian/syrian immigration to Sweden was understood by the government and its agencies as an issue of control over the population and over immigration. There was a consensus amongst all parties that immigration to Sweden must be regulated both by law and in numbers and in distribution across the country but disagreements existed on solutions. This study aims to increase knowledge of the different responses to the assyrian/syrian immigration in order to further understanding of how political consensus shapes immigration politics and how border politics and integration politics intersect and affect one another.
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Yildiz, Felicia. ""I would never risk being stuck in that hell again" : Dual citizenship and Syrians/Assyrians in Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170778.
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Since the fate of the Syrian/Assyrian minority that has fled Turkey has not received much attention in research, this thesis is made to recognize the group and their experiences as refugees, Christians, and citizens in their old and new countries of Turkey and Sweden. When talking about dual citizenship, in terms of previous research, researchers often argue about how migrants prefer to keep their former citizenship when moving to another country. According to scholars and policymakers, dual citizenship is a benefit since it, for instance, helps immigrants to naturalize into their country of settlement. However, this is not always the case. By interviewing nine Syrians/Assyrians from Turkey, who either hold dual citizenship (Swedish and Turkish citizenship) or only Swedish citizenship (former Turkish citizens), this thesis will focus on how the minority thinks, feels, reasons, and argues about dual citizenship. Because of a history filled with oppression, discrimination, violence, and death (the Syrian/Assyrian genocide in 1915) in Turkey, many Syrians/Assyrians did not want to keep the bond to their country of origin when migrating to Sweden. In the sense of security and safety, belonging, naturalization and integration, and loyalty, this study will focus on what dual citizenship means for the Syrian/Assyrian participants who came to Sweden in the 1970s and if they make use of the possibility to hold more than one citizenship. The main finding is that the minority feels safe and at home in Sweden and not in Turkey. Because of their lack of protection and rights as Christians in their country of origin, Sweden is, as they call it, their new home. Even if some of them hold dual citizenship, while others only have Swedish citizenship, the majority of the Syrian/Assyrian people do not feel any sense of attachment, feeling, or loyalty toward Turkey today. However, there are exceptions. By holding dual citizenship, those Syrians/Assyrians who misses the food, the climate, or the culture can visit their country of origin, whenever they want to, as citizens.
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Kruczek, Gregory John. "Christian Minorities and the Struggle for Nineveh: The Assyrian Democratic Movement in Iraq and the Nineveh Plains Protection Units." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96147.
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Northern Iraq's Christians are a second-order minority. That is, they are a minority within a minority. They occupy a tenuous position between the Arab-dominated central government and the Kurdistan Regional Government. All Christians in northern Iraq desire to remain in their historic homelands. Yet efforts to advance a common political goal have been rare. Differences within the Iraqi Christian community center on three interrelated points: 1) the adoption and advancement of the Assyrian ethno-nationalist identity; 2) the struggle for leadership of the community between secular parties and church officials; and 3) the securing of group rights through either Baghdad or Erbil, which is typified by the debate over a province for minorities in the Nineveh Plain. The Islamic State's invasion in June 2014 made this dynamic even more complex.
This dissertation explores how a second-order minority mobilized to protect its homelands during state breakdown and state recalibration. It examines how an Iraqi Christian political party, the Assyrian Democratic Movement (ADM), responded to the rise and spread of the Islamic State. More specifically, it analyzes the ADM's creation of a self-defense force, the Nineveh Plains Protection Units (NPU), and how the party positioned itself for the post-conflict state. Data generated through ethnographic fieldwork, combined with existing primary and secondary sources, reveals a detailed process whereby security threats shaped mobilization. Notions of historic homelands and distrust of both the central government and KRG were the central factors shaping this outcome.
The ADM created the NPU to liberate occupied lands. More importantly, the NPU was created to ensure Christians retained a place in their historic homelands after the Islamic State was evicted. The use of the name "Nineveh Plains Protection Units" held strategic importance. The binding principle of the NPU was an indigenous-based attachment to the Nineveh Plain, including the right to defend it, and Christianity in Iraq. Both elements captured the common threads among all Iraqi Christians and the claim they make on the state. The ADM, therefore, was particularly attuned to Iraq's pre-Islamic ancient Mesopotamian heritage. This ironically echoed earlier efforts by the Ba'ath regime to instill a Mesopotamian identity among citizens by glorifying a common Assyrian and Babylonian heritage all could presumably share.
Second-order minority status meant the ADM had to eventually align with either Baghdad or Erbil. The ADM chose Baghdad, effectively balancing against ISIS and the KRG in the Nineveh Plain. Baghdad proved a willing partner for a time. The ADM, however, was left alone to navigate the Nineveh Plain's position in the September 2017 Kurdistan referendum on independence.PHD
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Dudas, Victor. "Religiosity and the Development of Ego-Identity : A sequential mixed-methods study of the enculturation and acculturation process of Assyrians/Syrians in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Religionspsykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229085.
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The purpose of the current sequential mixed-methods study is to bring further knowledge to the field of psychology of religion concerning the role of religion for Assyrians/Syrians in Sweden. Guiding the current study are theories concerning enculturation, acculturation, ego-identity, ritualization and communitas. The central research question is: What role does religiosity have for Assyrians/Syrians in Sweden, concerning the development of ego-identity and the practice of ritualization, within a process of enculturation and acculturation? The quantitative phase of the sequential mixed-methods study uses a sample of 244 participants that were part of a previously conducted study. Descriptive statistics, comparing means, correlations, t-tests, and ANOVA are applied to analyze the data retrieved from the questionnaires. The qualitative phase uses a sample of 12 informants collected by a purposive and snowball sampling technique. The methods of data collection are semi-structured interviews and focus group interviews. The data collected are analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The results of the quantitative phase show that there is no statistically significant relationship between religiosity and self-perception of ethnicity or self- perception of being a part of the Swedish society. The results, however, show several significant correlations and differences between males and females as well as between generations. Among others, the results show a medium, positive correlation between self-perception of being Assyrian/Syrian and degrees of using the language Suryoyo with friends and family, where a greater degree of self-perception as Assyrian/Syrian is associated with a greater frequency in using the language Suryoyo with friends and family. The results show that there is a negative, medium correlation between perceived discrimination and the perception of being a part of the Swedish society as well as the perceptions concerning the degree that Swedes perceive the participants as being a part of the Swedish society where greater degrees of perceived discrimination are associated with lesser degrees of perception of being a part of the Swedish society. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the age groups concerning Mass attendance as well as the degree of self-perception of being religious/spiritual. The results show a statistically significant difference between males and females concerning Mass attendance, frequency of fasting, and self-perception as religious/spiritual; where females have a higher mean score than males on all measures. The results of the data analysis in the qualitative phase indicate that religiosity helps the individual to create and maintain a feeling of being a unique and separate individual either by providing a context for the individual’s identity or by being an object from which the informant differentiates. Religiosity provides the individual with the means of learning his or her first culture. The analysis identifies language to be an important component of ego-identity, enculturation, and acculturation. Discrimination, whether within the group Assyrian/Syrian or from outside the group, is seen as an involuntarily differentiation where the informant experiences attempts by others to differentiate him- or herself from the Swedish population. Indications of ritual components and certain life stages are highlighted among the informants. The implications of the study are discussed.Syftet med följande sekventiella mixed-methods studie är att bidra med ytterligare kunskap till det religionspsykologiska fältet angående religionens betydelse för assyrier/syrianer i Sverige. Studien vägleds av teorier om ackulturation, enkulturation, ego-identitet, ritualisering och communitas. Den centrala forskningsfrågan lyder: Vilken roll har religiositet för assyrier/syrianer i Sverige i en process av enkulturation och ackulturation? Den kvantitativa fasen i studien använder sig av ett urval av 244 deltagare från en tidigare genomförd studie. Deskriptiv statistik, jämförelse av medelvärde, korrelation, t-test och ANOVA används för att analysera data i den kvantitativa fasen. Den kvalitativa fasen i studien använder sig av ett urval av tolv deltagare. Deltagarna rekryteras genom ändamålsenlig insamling och snöbollsinsamling. Deltagarna intervjuas med semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en fokusgruppintervju. Insamlat material från intervjuerna analyseras med kvalitativa innehållsanalys. Resultat från den kvantitativa fasen visar att det inte fanns ett statistiskt signifikant samband mellan religiositet, självbild etnicitet och självbild av att vara en del av det svenska samhället. Den kvantitativa fasen visar statistiska signifikanta förhållanden mellan självbild etnicitet och grad av suryoyoanvändning där större grad av självbild etnicitet är associerat med större grad av suryoyoanvändning. Ett statistiskt negativt samband visar sig mellan upplevd diskriminering och självbilden av att vara en del av det svenska samhället där större grad av upplevd diskriminering är associerat med mindre grad av självbild av att vara en del av det svenska samhället. En statistiskt signifikant relation hittas mellan åldersgrupper angående grad av deltagande i gudstjänster och självbild av att vara religiös eller andlig. En statistisk signifikant relation hittas även mellan kvinnor och män angående att delta i gudstjänster, frekvens av att fasta och självbild av att vara religiös eller andlig. Kvinnor visar sig ha ett högre medelvärde än män på dessa mått. Resultat från den kvalitativa fasen indikerar att religiositet hjälper individen att skapa och bibehålla en känsla av att vara en unik och separat individ antingen genom att erbjuda en kontext för individens identitet eller genom att vara ett objekt som individen kan differentiera sig ifrån. Religiositet förser individen med medel att lära sig sin första kultur. Den kvalitativa analysen visar även att språk är en viktig komponent av ego-identitet, enkulturation och ackulturation. Diskriminering ses som en ofrivillig differentiering av individen från den svenska befolkningen. Rituella komponenter och utvecklingsstadier identifieras bland deltagarna i den kvalitativa fasen. Studiens inverkan diskuteras. Föräldrarna rekommenderas även att sträva efter en mångfaldig uppväxt som dels inkluderar assyrisk/syrianska, dels svenska traditioner. Föräldrar bör även sträva efter att introducera sitt modersmål för barnen i syfte att premiera flerspråkighet. Flerspråkighet underlättar integration i kulturer. Föräldrar bör också stödja sina barns erfarenheter som etniska minoriteter, t.ex. diskriminering, fördomar, men även barnets vilja att vistas och integreras i det svenska samhället. Institutioner, t.ex. den svenska skolan och den syrisk ortodoxa kyrkan, bör underlätta individens integration i dess etniska och svenska traditioner. Utbildningsmässigt innebär detta att erbjuda språkkurser is individens modersmål, eller första språk. Det svenska språket bör läras ut tillsammans med svenskar för att undvika en åtskillnad. Skolor måste vara öppna för möjligheten att individer kan identifiera sig utifrån etniciteter i jämförelse med nationaliteter.
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Dangoor, Jonathan. ""No need to exaggerate" : - the 1914 Ottoman Jihad declaration in genocide historiography." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Hugo Valentin-centrum, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324712.
Full textBooks on the topic "Assyrians"
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İris, Muzaffer. Süryani mutfak kültürü ve yemekleri: Binlerce yıllık bir tarih, kadim ve gizemli bir hayat, geçirdikleri zor yollar, canlı tanıklar ve fotoğraflarla en güzel Süryani yemekleri. İstanbul: GDK, 2011.
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B, Davis George. Assyria and Mesopotamia, and the Assyrians: A bibliography. [Arlington, Va.]: G.B. Davis, 1994.
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Malik Loko Shlimon d'bit Badawi. Assyrian struggle for national survival in the 20th and 21st century. [United States]: [publisher not identified], 2012.
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Assyrian Orphanage and School Association of America. The Assyrian Orphanage and School Association of America: Diamond jubilee 1899-1999. Paramus, NJ: Assyrian Orphanage and School Association of America, 1999.
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Stavridis, Stavros T., and David Chibo, eds. The Assyrians in Australian Archives. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463222574.
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Gilliana, Shlimon Z. Assyrians in the wilderness: Memoirs. Chicago, Ill: Assyrian Universal Alliance Foundation, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Assyrians"
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Parker, Bradley J. "The Assyrians Abroad." In A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 867–76. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444360790.ch46.
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Durrani, Nadia, and Brian M. Fagan. "Pharaohs and Assyrians." In A Brief History of Archaeology, 32–44. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003150329-3.
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Tamcke, Martin. "World War I and the Assyrians." In The Christian Heritage of Iraq, edited by John Watt, Sidney H. Griffith, Florence Jullien, Sebastian P. Brock, Suha Rassam, Wassilios Klein, Alexei Savchenko, et al., 203–20. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463217136-018.
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Radner, Karen. "4. Assyrians abroad." In Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction, 61–78. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198715900.003.0004.
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‘Assyrians abroad’ captures snapshots of Assyrian lives far away from the city of Aššur and Assyrian heartland through a range of primary sources from different periods. Accounts of Assyrian traders at the trading colony of Kaneš, c.1900 bc, are seen through letters excavated in the Assyrian quarter. Diplomatic relations between Assyrian ruler Aššur-uballit I and Pharaoh Akhenaten in c.1340 bc are described through the ‘Amarna Letters’ found among the state correspondence of the pharaohs of the later 18th Dynasty of Egypt. Details of the 1082 bc famine; Aššur-reṣuwa, the Assyrian ambassador for client state Kumme in c.710 bc; and the sibling rivalry between Aššurbanipal, king of Assyria, and Šamaš-šumu-ukin, king of Babylon, are also described.
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Radner, Karen. "3. Assyrians at home." In Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction, 45–60. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198715900.003.0003.
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‘Assyrians at home’ describes the great variety of living conditions and human experiences in the Assyrian Empire in the 7th century, the period when the source material is most numerous and diverse. First, it considers the life of King Esarhaddon and the continuing violence that attended his assumption of the title, before describing the frustrations of Šumaya and his cousin Urdu-Gula—scholars and trained exorcists—who did not share the privileged positions of Royal Scribe or Master Scholar that were bestowed on their relatives. The lives of Šulmu-šarri, a wealthy landowner from Dur-Katlimmu, and Duri-Aššur, a wine merchant of Aššur, and their families are also considered as illustrations of life in 7th-century Assyria.
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Shamon, Ramsen. "The Assyrians: Then and Now." In Testing the Canon of Ancient Near Eastern Art and Archaeology, 329–31. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673161.003.0023.
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This chapter results from the author’s experience growing up in the Assyrian diaspora where he learned to love and appreciate his ancient heritage. He interviews Assyrians living in the United States, Europe, and Iraq. They discuss the relevance of their cultural heritage in response to questions focusing on canonical monuments, such as the Assyrian lamassu the Code of Hammurabi, as well as the destruction of artifacts and monuments by ISIS. Among the interviewees, there is great pride in their ancient heritage, which they understand to have universal significance, and museums around the world are revealed to serve as important points of connection between today’s Assyrians and their material heritage.
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Finegan, Jack. "Assyrians." In Archaeological History of the Ancient Middle East, 99–121. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429047404-8.
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"Assyrians." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_10936.
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"Assyrians." In Irangeles, 133–40. University of California Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520328341-016.
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Faust, Avraham. "Assyrians in the Southwest?" In The Neo-Assyrian Empire in the Southwest, 139–80. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841630.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 (‘Assyrians in the Southwest? The Evidence for Assyrian Administration and Presence’) reviews the relevant evidence for the actual presence of Assyrian administration or individuals in the region, for example in the form of Assyrian administrative documents, Assyrian buildings, and more. Once identified, the nature of the evidence and their distribution is assessed in order to learn how much administration was involved in the running of the Southern Levant, and where this administration operated. The evidence shows that administration was very limited, and that the limited data comes mostly from small subregions on the fringes of the devastated provinces. The marginality of the region is also indicated by the lack of, as of yet, of any evidence for the renaming of sites in the local provinces.
Conference papers on the topic "Assyrians"
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Šašková, Kateřina. "Assyrian Armory Palaces." In Le château de mon père – My home my castle. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2023.11672-131-162.
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The ancient Assyrians were renowned as fearless warriors and capable conquerors. Their achievements stemmed from the large and well-armed troops, but also from the sophisticatedly organized backgrounds that provided the necessary support to the army. Both archaeological and written sources from the northern Mesopotamia provide the evidence not only about the campaigns into the foreign lands but also about the military organization within the proper Assyrian territory. The significant part of the home warfare system was the institution called ekal māšarti. The present study aims to explore this Assyrian military structure.
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Sahala, Aleksi, Tero Alstola, Jonathan Valk, and Krister Lindén. "Lemmatizing and POS-tagging Akkadian with BabyLemmatizer and Dictionary-Based Post-Correction." In 11th CLARIN Annual Conference. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp198011.
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We present BabyLemmatizer, a hybrid lemmatizer and POS-tagger for Akkadian, the language of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, documented from 2350 BCE to 100 CE. In our approach the text is first POS-tagged and lemmatized with TurkuNLP trained with human-verified labels, and then post-corrected with dictionary-based methods to improve the lemmatization quality. The post-correction also assigns labels with confidence scores to flag the most suspicious lemmatizations for manual validation. We demonstrate that the presented tool achieves a Lemma+POS labeling accuracy of 94%, and a lemmatization accuracy of 95% in a held-out test set. We also apply lemmatizer to a previously unlemmatized text corpus to test it in practice.
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Chukov, Vladimir S. "Socio-economic and spiritual-religious specifics of the Syrian Kurds." In 7th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.07.07065c.
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This study aims to present the socio-economic and spiritual-religious specifics of the Syrian Kurds. The dominant agrarian livelihood of the “foreign Kurds” stimulates the preservation of the tribal-clan profile of their social structure. This directly reflects on the stability and strong resistance of the specific conservative political culture in which the political center is differentiated, due to non-social parameters. If religion (in a nuanced degree, ethnicity) plays a major role in the formation of the nation-building and state-building process among neighbors, Arabs and Turks, then in the Kurds, especially the Syrians, a similar function is played by the family cell. The main points in the article are: The Syrian Kurds; Armenians and Christians – Assyrians; The specific religious institutions of the Kurds. In conclusion: The main conclusion that can be drawn is that the Kurds in Syria are failing to create a large urban agglomeration, which pushes them to be constantly associated with the agricultural way of life. Even the small towns that were formed did not get a real urban appearance, as their inhabitants had numerous relatives who remained to live in the countryside.
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Michel, Cécile. "The Protection of Goods in the Old Assyrian Period." In Le château de mon père – My home my castle. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2023.11672-101-130.
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„Place les tablettes en lieu sûr partout où tu dormiras“ écrit un marchand assyrien à son épouse anatolienne. Les archives des marchands assyriens datées du 19e siècle avant J.-C. et découvertes à Kültepe, l’ancienne Kaneš, principalement orientées vers le commerce à longue distance, attachent une attention toute particulière à la protection des biens: propriété personnelle, marchandises ou archives incluant des contrats de prêts et des actes de propriété. Ces biens étaient préservés dans des coffres-forts et chambres-fortes sur lesquels des scellés étaient apposés. Cette présentation porte sur les différents modes de protections des biens à partir de la documentation textuelle paléo-assyrienne.
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"The Assyrian King as a Warrior: Legitimacy through War as a Religious and Political Issue from Middle Assyrian to Neo-Assyrian Times." In Symposium of the Melammu Project. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/melammu10s113.
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Яранова, А. А., and А. А. Курпатова. "MOTIF «WOMAN IN THE WINDOW» IN IVORY PLAQUE FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE SULAIMANIYAH MUSEUM IN IRAQ." In Месмахеровские чтения — 2024 : материалы междунар. науч.-практ. конф., 21– 22 марта 2024 г. : сб. науч. ст. / ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургская государственная художественно-промышленная академия имени А. Л. Штиглица». Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54874/9785605162926.2024.10.79.
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В XX–XXI вв. памятники искусства Ассирии претерпели множество разрушений и актов вандализма. Основным пластом изучения, сохранившимся для исследователей, является мелкая пластика из слоновой кости. Исключительным в своем сюжете для периода Новоассирийской империи стал мотив «женщина в окне», представленный в собрании музея Сулеймании в Ираке и ранее не рассмотренный в научном поле. In the XX–XXI centuries, Assyrian art monuments suffered many destructions and acts of vandalism. The main preserved layer for study is small plastic ivory. The “woman in the window” motif, presented in the collection of the Sulaymaniyah Museum in Iraq and previously not considered in the scientific field, has an exceptional plot for the period of the Neo- Assyrian Empire.
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Rahma, Abdul Monem S., Ali Adel Saeid, and Muhsen J. Abdul Hussien. "Recognize assyrian cuneiform characters by virtual dataset." In 2017 6th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology and Accessibility (ICTA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icta.2017.8336049.
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Luukko, Mikko, Aleksi Sahala, Sam Hardwick, and Krister Lindén. "Akkadian Treebank for early Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions." In Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.tlt-1.11.
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Snyder, Alison B., and Samuel M. Paley. "Experiencing an Ancient Assyrian Palace: Methods for a Reconstruction." In ACADIA 2001: Reinventing the Discourse. ACADIA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2001.062.
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Leibowitz, H. W., and D. A. Owens. "The moon illusion and relevant perceptual mechanisms." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1990.fa1.
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The larger apparent size of the moon when viewed near the horizon as compared to its appearance at higher altitudes is perhaps the oldest perceptual phenomenon in the literature. The earliest known reference is associated with the Assyrian king Assurbanipal (668-626 B.C.). In modern times, it has been a challenging phenomenon for behavioral as well as optical scientists. A recent book illustrates the diverse approaches to this challenging phenomenon (Hershenson, 1989).
Reports on the topic "Assyrians"
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Toma, Shivan Shlaymoon. Identity, Nationality, Religion and Gender: The Different Experiences of Assyrian Women and Men in Duhok, Iraq. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.013.
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This CREID Policy Briefing provides recommendations to address the marginalisation and discrimination experienced by Assyrians in Iraq. Assyrian women and men face different challenges and barriers due to the gender roles and norms within their own community and in wider Iraqi society. Assyrian women’s daily lives are shaped by intersectional discrimination on the grounds of their gender, religion, language and national identity. Targeted action is needed to address the specific inequalities they face.
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Bourhrous, Amal, Shivan Fazil, and Dylan O’Driscoll. Post-conflict Reconstruction in the Nineveh Plains of Iraq: Agriculture, Cultural Practices and Social Cohesion. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/raep9560.
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The atrocities committed by the Islamic State (IS) between 2014 and 2017 left deep scars on the Nineveh Plains in northern Iraq. IS deliberately targeted ethnic and religious communities with the aim of erasing the traces of diversity, pluralism and coexistence that have long characterized the region. To prevent people from living as Assyrians, Chaldeans, Kaka’i, Shabaks, Syriacs, Turkmen and Yazidis, IS destroyed sites of cultural and religious significance to these communities and devastated their livelihoods, including their crop and livestock farming activities. Using a people-centered approach, this SIPRI Research Policy Paper stresses the need for a holistic approach to post-conflict reconstruction in the Nineveh Plains that not only focuses on rebuilding the physical environment and economic structures, but also pays adequate attention to restoring the ability of communities to engage in cultural and religious practices, and to mending social and intercommunity relations. The paper highlights the interconnectedness of physical environments, economic structures, cultural practices and social dynamics. It stresses the need to address the impacts of the IS occupation while taking into account other pressing challenges such as climate change and water scarcity.
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Toma, Shivan, and Angela Odisho Zaya. Violence and Discrimination against the Assyrian People in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.022.
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Shlaymoon Toma, Shivan. A Study of Food and Drink Metaphors in Iraqi Syriac. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.002.
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This study investigates the ways in which Syriac native speakers from Iraq conceptualise their understandings of various abstract domains, feelings, emotions, actions, customs, traditions and practices through their experiences of the concrete fields of food and drink metaphors. The conceptual metaphor theory (1980) by Lackoff and Johnson has been adopted for the data analysis. A focus group discussion (FGD) was employed as a tool for data collection and 43 idiomatic food and drink expressions were collected from this. Five native Syriac speakers from various regions and of different genders, ages, tribes and nationalities participated in the discussion. The study shows that Syriac speakers use many food and drink metaphors in their everyday language. The study concludes that food and drink metaphors are used by Syriac speakers mostly to conceive abstract concepts related to feelings, attitudes and emotions. The study shows that foods and drinks are strongly rooted in the Assyrian and Chaldean culture and many traditional dishes are used in its vernacular language as metaphors.