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1

Putra Parmita, Ade Wahyu Yusariarta, Bobby Chandra Priyandoko, Hizkia Alpha Dewanto, Rifqi Aulia Tanjung, Satrio Alam Bramantyo, and Rizki Febriyanto. "Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Temperatur Proses Pack Carburizing Terhadap Laju Korosi Material Baja Karbon ASTM A36." SPECTA Journal of Technology 5, no. 2 (2021): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35718/specta.v5i2.279.

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Baja ASTM A36 tergolong ke dalam baja struktural, penggunaannya banyak dalam dunia industri misal konstruksi jembatan, struktur bangunan, roda gigi, dan konstruksi kapal. Baja ASTM A36 memiliki beberapa kekurangan yaitu kapasitas kedalaman pengerasannya yang rendah, ketahanan korosi yang buruk, dan sifat mekanik seperti kekerasan yang relatif rendah. Oleh karena itu, untuk menanggulangi permasalahan baja ASTM A36 maka dilakukan proses pengerasan permukaan menggunakan metode pack carburizing dengan menggunakan variasi temperatur 850, 900, dan 950ºC dan waktu tahan selama 2 jam menggunakan karbon aktif konvensional dan energizer dari cangkang telur. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian struktur mikro, dan pengujian laju korosi (polarisasi linier). Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu proses pack carburizing berpengaruh terhadap laju korosi dari baja ASTM A36 dengan ditunjukkan oleh penurunan laju korosi yang terjadi, sementara variasi temperatur pada proses pack carburizing terhadap laju korosi dari baja ASTM A36 tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan. Variasi temperatur optimal dalam proses pack carburizing terhadap laju korosi baja ASTM A36 diperoleh pada spesimen C1 dengan variasi temperatur karburisasi sebesar 850°C dan terjadi penurunan laju korosi sebesar 48,6% dari spesimen N (tanpa perlakuan).
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Yani, Ahmad, Khairul Muslim, and Nur Khamid. "ANALISIS KOROSI BAJA ASTM A 36 PENGARUH ASAM SULFAT DENGAN VARIASI WAKTU PERENDAMAN DI LINGKUNGAN LAUT." JURNAL TEKNIK SIPIL PERTAHANAN 12, no. 1 (2025): 42–51. https://doi.org/10.63824/jptsp.v12i1.262.

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Pencemaran air di wilayah perairan pesisir Pantai Selatan Bantul Yogyakarta tidak hanya berdampak kepada makhluk hidup tetapi juga menimbulkan korosi pada kontruksi baja sehingga umur pakai material baja lebih singkat dan nilai ekonomis menurun. Mayoritas logam pada industri maritim adalah Baja ASTM A36 dengan kandungan karbon 0,25% sampai 0,29%. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui variasi waktu perendaman terhadap laju korosi Baja ASTM A36. Medium perendaman menggunakan dua variasi yaitu medium NaCl 3,5% (medium air laut buatan) dan medium NaCl 3,5% + H2SO4 0,5 M. Variasi waktu perendaman digunakan 24, 48, dan 72 jam. Secara eksperimental, hasil uji immersion corrosion test menunjukkan nilai laju korosi tertinggi Baja ASTM A36 pada rendaman medium NaCl 3,5% + H2SO4 0,5 M dengan nilai 37,584 mmpy (24 jam), 31,965 mmpy (48 jam), dan 23,795 mmpy (72jam), sampel uji mengalami korosi seragam dan korosi batas butir. Nilai laju korosi tertinggi pada medium perendaman NaCl 3,5% terjadi pada Baja ASTM A36 dengan nilai 0,098 mmpy (24 jam), 0,105 mmpy (72 jam), 0,081 mmpy (120 jam), 0,063 mmpy (168 jam), sampel uji mengalami korosi seragam dan korosi sumuran. Hasil penelitian didapatkan adanya senyawa H2SO4 dapat mempercepat laju korosi di lingkungan laut.
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Nurnajmi, Muhammad Naufal, Iwan Nugraha Gusniar, and Rizal Hanifi. "Analisis Poros Mesin Spinner Peniris Minyak Pada Abon Lele Umkm Desa Cilele Kabupaten Karawang." INTECOMS: Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 7, no. 4 (2024): 1383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/intecoms.v7i4.11267.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kekuatan dan faktor keamanan antara dua jenis material, yaitu ST 37 dan ASTM A36, dengan variasi berat dari 25%, 50%, hingga 100%. Melalui serangkaian uji dan analisis, ditemukan bahwa material ST 37 menunjukkan kekuatan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ASTM A36. Selain itu, perhitungan faktor keamanan untuk kedua material menunjukkan nilai 1,07 untuk ST 37, yang menandakan tingkat keamanan yang lebih tinggi, sementara ASTM A36 hanya memiliki faktor keamanan sebesar 0,5. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa ST 37 tidak hanya lebih kuat tetapi juga lebih aman untuk digunakan dalam aplikasi yang memerlukan daya tahan dan keselamatan yang tinggi. Dengan demikian, ST 37 lebih direkomendasikan dibandingkan ASTM A36 dalam konteks kekuatan dan keamanan material. Kata Kunci: Analisis Poros, Mesin Spinner Peniris Minyak, Abon Lele, UMKM Desa Cilele, Kabupaten Karawang
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Setiadi, Bayu Rahmat, Apri Nuryanto, Ishartiwi Ishartiwi, and Angga Damayanto. "Optimalisasi desain seat and back cushion pada kursi roda adaptif nasional Indonesia." Taman Vokasi 10, no. 1 (2022): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/jtvok.v10i1.12720.

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Kebutuhan kursi roda di Indonesia sangat tinggi namun dalam pemenuhannya masih impor. Kursi roda adaptif lokal mengalami kekalahan pasar di dalam negeri karena beberapa permasalahan dalam produksi seat and back cushion. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kursi roda adaptif lokal yang ada saat ini dan mengembangkan desain baru untuk mendapatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas produksi. Reverse engineering merupakan langkah tercepat untuk melakukan evaluasi desain kursi roda adaptif lokal di Indonesia. Pembongkaran dan redesain ulang seat and back cushion kursi roda adaptif lokal dilakukan untuk mendapatkan perbandingan apabila material ASTM A36 diganti dengan Al A356, serta desain dan ukuran yang diminimalisir proses manufakturingnya. Hasil dari desain dan simulasi seat and back cushion kursi roda adaptif lokal memberikan nilai komparasi perubahan yang signifikan. Penggunaan Al A356 dan inovasi desain terbaru mampu mengurangi proses produksi dan alur produksi yang lebih ringkas dan efisien. Bobot material berkurang hingga 50%. Penggantian material ASTM A36 pada Seat and Back Cushion dengan Al A356 serta desain yang sederhana dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap kekuatan material, keamanan, dan menekan biaya produksi.
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Shibe, Vineet, and Vikas Chawla. "Combating Wear of ASTM A36 Steel by Surface Modification Using Thermally Sprayed Cermet Coatings." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3894145.

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Thermal spray coatings can be applied economically on machine parts to enhance their requisite surface properties like wear, corrosion, erosion resistance, and so forth. Detonation gun (D-Gun) thermal spray coatings can be applied on the surface of carbon steels to improve their wear resistance. In the present study, alloy powder cermet coatings WC-12% Co and Cr3C2-25% NiCr have been deposited on ASTM A36 steel with D-Gun thermal spray technique. Sliding wear behavior of uncoated ASTM A36 steel and D-Gun sprayed WC-12% Co and Cr3C2-25% NiCr coatings on base material is observed on a Pin-On-Disc Wear Tester. Sliding wear performance of WC-12% Co coating is found to be better than the Cr3C2-25% NiCr coating. Wear performance of both these cermet coatings is found to be better than uncoated ASTM A36 steel. Thermally sprayed WC-12% Co and Cr3C2-25% NiCr cermet coatings using D-Gun thermal spray technique is found to be very useful in improving the sliding wear resistance of ASTM A36 steel.
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Pranoto, Hadi, Bambang Darmono, and Gama Widyaputra. "Strength Analysis of the Frame Structure with the Impact Load Between the ASTM A36 And JIS G3101 Materials in the Electric Car E-Falco." International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials 3, no. 1 (2022): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37869/ijatec.v3i1.54.

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Designing a vehicle frame, selecting materials and determining the factors of safety and comfort are a very important thing very important. So that the safety of the driver is a concern important when the car has an accident. Research methods used is a simulation using the method finite element. Impact testing modeling mechanism that done is full-width frontal impact. This crash test variation was carried out on the frame structure of the E – Falco electric car. The research compares the two materials to be applied to the frame namely ASTM A36 and JIS G3101 materials. Variation of speed applied to the impact testing of this research is 40 km/hour, 60 km/hour, and 100 km/hour. After the analysis process is carried out, obtained the maximum deformation of the frame on the ASTM A36 material with a speed of 100 km/h is 176.57 mm and at JIS G3101 material is 175.09 mm. The maximum stress value obtained in a frame with ASTM A36 material with a speed of 100 km/hour is 4488 MPa and the JIS material G3101 is 4475 MPa. The maximum strain value obtained frame with ASTM A36 material with a speed of 100 km/hour is 2.46E-02 and the JIS G3101 material is 2.52E-02. The frame with ASTM A36 material has a safety factor of 2.4 and the JIS material G3101 has a safety factor of 3.1.
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7

Susetyo, Ferry Budhi. "EFEK VARIASI KECEPATAN WIRE FEEDER GMAW TERHADAP TENSILE STRENGTH ASTM A36." Jurnal Konversi Energi dan Manufaktur 4, no. 1 (2017): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jkem.4.1.3.

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Pada pengelasan GMAW kecepatan pengelasan, tegangan, kecepatan wire feeder, arus, laju aliran gaspelindung (shielding gas), dan polaritas merupakan beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh dalam hasilpengelasan. Dalam teori buku disebutkan filler metal AWS ER 70S-6 hanya dapat digunakan untuk polaritasDC+. Sehingga peneliti tertarik untuk membandingkan hasil pengelasan material ASTM A 36 dengan polaritasDC+ dan DC- dari segi tensile strenght dengan beberapa variasi kecepatan wire feeder.Pelat ASTM A36 dengan tebal 8 mm yang dibentuk kampuh V tunggal dengan menggunakan mesin milling.Pelat ASTM A36 dilas dengan proses GMAW (polaritas DC- dan DC+). Parameter kecepatan pengelasandiatur 350 mm/menit sedangkan kecepatan wire feeder divariasikan 7, 8, dan 9 m/menit. Filler metalmenggunakan jenis AWS ER70S-6 diameter 1 mm.Hasil pengelasan DC+ mendapatkan hasil tensile strenght maksimal di kecepatan wire feeder 9 m/menit. Hasilpengelasan DC- mendapatkan hasil tensile strenght maksimal di kecepatan wire feeder 7 m/menit. Berdasarkanhasil pengujian tarik pada dua polaritas dapat terlihat bahwa pengelasan dengan polaritas terbalik (DC+)menujukkan hasil yang lebih tinggi kekuatan tariknya jika dibandingkan dengan plaritas terbalik (DC-).Namun hasil kekuatan tarik polaritas terbalik diatas rata-rata dari base metal (A36) yang telah ditetapkanoleh ASTM. Sehingga hasil kekuatan tarik dari polaritas lurus (DC-) yang masih masuk dalam batasan (range)standar ASTM A36.
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8

Shibe, Vineet, and Vikas Chawla. "Erosion studies of cermet-coated ASTM A36 steel." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 2 (2019): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2018-0001.

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PurposeThis paper aims to perform the solid particle erosion studies in simulated coal-fired boiler conditions with a view to compare the erosion behavior of two different types of detonation gun (D-Gun) sprayed cermet coating powders, that is, WC-12%Co and Cr3C2-25%NiCr on ASTM A36 steel and bare (uncoated) ASTM A36 steel.Design/methodology/approachErosion studies were performed using an air jet erosion test rig at impingement angles of 45°, 60° and 90°. During the erosion studies weight loss, erosion rates in terms of volume loss (mm3/g) and measurement of erosion profiles were determined using optical profilometer.FindingsBoth cermet coatings had successfully protected the ASTM A36 steel from erosion at impingement angles of 45°, 60° and 90°. In the case of bare ASTM A36 steel, the erosion rates were maximal at an impingement angle of 45° and minimal at an impingement angle of 90°, thus depicting the peculiar erosion behavior of ductile materials. WC-12%Co coated specimens exhibited erosion behavior that is closer to the behavior of ductile materials. Cr3C2-25%NiCr coated specimens exhibited the maximum erosion rate at an impingement angle of 90° and minimum at an impingement angle of 45°, hence depicting the typical behavior of brittle materials.Practical implicationsIt is expected that these results will contribute to the improvement of erosion resistance of induced draft fans, by the application of D-Gun sprayed WC-12%Co and Cr3C2-25%NiCr cermet coatings.Originality/valueThis paper evaluates the solid particle erosion behavior of bare and cermet-coated ASTM A36 steel which will be helpful in choosing the suitable cermet coating for induced draft fan applications.
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Suprapto, Ready Kresna Nanda, and Lasinta Ari Nendra Wibawa. "Desain dan Analisis Tegangan Rangka Alat Simulasi Pergerakan Kendali Terbang Menggunakan Metode Elemen Hingga." Jurnal Teknik Mesin ITI 5, no. 1 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31543/jtm.v5i1.559.

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Alat simulasi pergerakan kendali terbang merupakan alat peraga untuk menunjukkan mekanisme kerja dari sayap dan ekor pesawat terbang yang mendekati kenyataan. Alat ini bertujuan sebagai metode pembelajaran bagi calon pilot sebelum mengendarai sebuah pesawat terbang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan menganalisis rangka alat simulasi pergerakan kendali terbang menggunakan metode elemen hingga. Analisis statik dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak SolidWorks 2017. Material rangka yang digunakan yaitu baja ASTM A36 dan ASTM A500 (square hollow section) dengan ukuran 50 x 50 x 1,2 mm dan 40 x 40 x 1 mm. Beban yang digunakan yaitu 375,25 kg yang merupakan beban sayap dan ekor pesawat. Hasil analisis menunjukkan rancangan rangka aman untuk menahan beban dinamis menggunakan baja ukuran 50 x 50 x 1,2 mm. Hal ini karena material ASTM A36 dan ASTM A500 untuk ukuran 50 x 50 x 1,2 mm memiliki faktor kemanan berturut-turut 2,162 dan 2,724. The flight control movement simulation tool is a visual aid to show the working mechanism of an airplane wing and tail close to reality. This tool aims as a learning method for aspiring pilots before driving an airplane. The study aims to design and analyze a flight control movement simulation frame using the finite element method. Static analysis was performed using SolidWorks 2017 software. The frame material used was ASTM A36 and ASTM 500 steel (square hollow section) with sizes of 50 x 50 x 1.2 mm and 40 x 40 x 1 mm. The load used is 375.25 kg, which is the weight of the aircraft's wing and tail. The analysis results show that a safe frame design to withstand dynamic loads uses 50 x 50 x 1.2 mm steel. The ASTM A36 and ASTM A500 materials for sizes 50 x 50 x 1.2 mm have a safety factor of 2.162 and 2.724, respectively.
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Gauthama, Wira, and Ready Kresna Nanda Suprapto. "DESAIN DAN ANALISIS SPECIAL TOOL POWER SECTION PT6-42 MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEMEN HINGGA." Rang Teknik Journal 5, no. 2 (2022): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31869/rtj.v5i2.3176.

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The goal of this research is to use the finite element method to develop and analyze a frame for supporting the PT6-42 power section. The software SolidWorks 2020 was used to do the static analysis. ASTM 500 and ASTM A36 were utilized for the frame. The load used is 95 kg, which is the power section's burden. The results of the analysis show the design. The safety factor values obtained by using ASTM A36 and ASTM A500 materials on special tools with a thickness of 10 mm are 2.06 and 2.60, respectively. Frame with a size of 5 mm is not recommended because they are only safe to withstand static loads.
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Kurniawan, Iwan Engkus. "Analisis Umur Fatik Rangka Penyangga Aileron Flight Control Simulator Berkapasitas 101 kg Di PT MMF." JTM-ITI (Jurnal Teknik Mesin ITI) 6, no. 1 (2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31543/jtm.v6i1.724.

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Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang umur fatik rangka penyangga aileron flight control simulator menggunakan metode elemen hingga. Desain dan perhitungan umur fatik rangka menggunakan perangkat lunak Solidworks 2020. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan 3 variabel desain yaitu: Awal, Baru, dan Alternatif. Sedangkan material yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan ASTM A500 dan ASTM A36. Hasil simulasi memperlihatkan rangka penyangga aileron desain Awal, Baru dan Alternatif dengan material ASTM A36 memiliki umur fatik minimum berturut-turut yaitu 1,41 x 105, 6,50 x 106, dan 1,00 x 107 siklus. Sedangkan pada desain Awal, Baru dan Alternatif dengan material ASTM A500 memiliki umur fatik minimum berturut-turut 1,04 x 104, 3,71 x 104, dan 1,00 x 107 siklus.
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Preedawiphat, Pavaret, Numpon Mahayotsanun, Keerati Sa-ngoen, et al. "Mechanical Investigations of ASTM A36 Welded Steels with Stainless Steel Cladding." Coatings 10, no. 9 (2020): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090844.

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The in-service life of ASTM A36 welded steel pipes in power plants is often shortened by ash corrosion. During the heating condition, the ash deposition on the welded steel pipes gradually reduces the thickness of the pipes, thus, reducing the lifetime. Instead of replacing the pipes with new ones, the cost could be significantly reduced if the lifetime could be further extended. Weld cladding was the method selected in this study to temporarily extend the service life of welded pipes. This paper performed the mechanical investigations of A36—A36 welded steel plates after coating the surfaces with 309L stainless steel with a cladding method. The residual stress was also tested to observe the internal stresses developed during the welding processes of A36—A36 specimens. The comparison between the coated and non-coated surfaces of welded steels was performed by using the tensile tests (at room and elevated temperatures), corrosion (pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and weight-loss corrosion) tests, and wear (shot blasting) tests. The life-extension of both coatings was evaluated based on the tensile tests and the corrosion and wear tests provided the qualitative evaluations of the coating performance. The results showed that surfaces coated by cladding could be used to temporarily extend the life of ASTM A36 welded steel under the studied conditions.
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Marthiana, Wenny, and Yacob Hamdani. "ANALISIS LAJU KOROSI PADA BAJA ASTM A36 DENGAN VARIASI TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU PERENDAMAN DALAM ALIRAN AIR LAUT." Teknosia 18, no. 2 (2024): 72–78. https://doi.org/10.33369/teknosia.v18i2.33425.

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Abstrak: Perkembangan teknologi pada industri maritim semakin meningkat pesat, namun permasalahan korosi merupakan permasalahan yang masih sering terjadi karena beberapa faktor seperti temperatur, kelembaban dan kandungan kimia di udara. Logam yang paling banyak digunakan dalam industri maritim khususnya pada lambung kapal adalah baja ASTM A36 yang merupakan baja karbon rendah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui variasi suhu dan waktu perendaman terhadap laju korosi baja ASTM A36. Dalam perendaman menggunakan variasi waktu perendaman 24, 72 dan 120 jam. Dengan variasi suhu 29oC, 32oC dan 35oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi tertinggi terjadi pada baja ASTM A36 yang direndam pada suhu 35c yang menunjukkan nilai laju korosi sebesar 25,1965 mmpy (24 jam), 30,9557 mmpy (72 jam), 41,3223 mmpy (120 jam). kemudian pada material sampel uji terjadi korosi pitting dan korosi erosi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suhu yang tinggi dapat mempercepat laju korosi pada lingkungan laut.
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Sujita Sujita and Rudy Sutanto. "The effect of carbonate energizer on pack carburizing ASTM A36 steel." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 23, no. 2 (2025): 222–27. https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2025.23.2.0145.

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Pack carburizing process of carbon steel, energizer plays an important role in the changes in surface hardness, carburized layer and microstructure of carbon steel. A study has been conducted on changes in surface hardness and microstructure of ASTM A36 low carbon steel due to the pack carburizing process with variations of energizer. The pack carburizing treatment process was carried out at a temperature of 900 ℃ and soaking time of 2 hours. The carburizing media was a mixture of charcoal powder and energizer with a ratio of 70: 30 weight percentage, with heating carried out in an electric furnace. The energizer used was carbonate energizer in the form of CaCO3, BaCO3, and Na2CO3. The results of the study surface hardness, microstructure and thickness of carburized layer of ASTM A36 steel specimen after pack carburizing treatment are influenced by energizer. The use of CaCO3 energizer has the greatest impact on increasing surface hardness, microstructure and thickness of carburized layer of ASTM A36 steel specimen, which was pack carburized.
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Saputro, Yunus Bayu, Nurhadi, and R. Faiz Listyanda. "STUDI KOMPARATIF PENGARUH NITROCARBURIZING TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK DAN SIFAT FISIK BAJA KARBON RENDAH." ELEMEN : JURNAL TEKNIK MESIN 11, no. 2 (2024): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.34128/je.v11i2.282.

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Penggunaan baja struktural dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang semakin luas namun terlepas dari itu sifat baja yang mudah mengalami korosi mengakibatkan kerugian finansial dan juga membahayakan keselamatan apabila terjadi kerusakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh nitrocarburizing, perbandingan kekerasan, laju korosi, struktur mikro dan komposisi pada bahan karbon rendah SS400 dan ASTM A36. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode ekperimental. Teknik analisis data diperoleh dengan membandingkan hasil masing-masing pengujian. Hasil pengujian nitrocarburizing memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan nilai kekerasan dan laju korosi pada ss400 dan ASTM A36. Hasil uji SS400 pada temperatur 350°C sebesar 221,04 VHN dan 0,26993 mpy, temperatur 400°C sebesar 278,85 VHN dan 0,30959 mpy, serta temperatur 450°C sebesar 440,39 VHN dan 1,4548 mpy. Sedangkan hasil uji ASTM A36 pada temperatur 350°C sebesar 377,43 VHN dan 0,43071 mpy, temperatur 400°C sebesar 399,58 VHN dan 0,085371 mpy, serta temperatur 450°C sebesar 230,83 VHN dan 1,4336 mpy.
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Pamungkas, Gregorius Agung, I. Gusti Ngurah Priambadi, and Anak Agung Istri Agung Sri Komaladewi. "Analisis Defleksi Pada Rangka Alat Pembuat Briket Sampah Organik." Jurnal METTEK 6, no. 2 (2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mettek.2020.v06.i02.p06.

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Rangka merupakan bagian yang paling penting dari sebuah konstruksi dimana kekuatan rangka sangat ditentukan dari bentuk dan dimensi. Kekuatan rangka pada konstruksi harus memenuhi aspek keamanan serta harus memperhatikan faktor kekuatan rangka itu sendiri. Menghitung kekuatan rangka dari alat pembuat briket sampah organik dilakukan dengan menggunakan cara simulasi untuk mengetahui kekuatan rangka dalam menerima beban. Simulasi yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan software SolidWorks 19 dengan pembebanan statis, dan dengan variasi beban 110 kg dan 4500 kg dengan menggunakan material baja tipe ASTM A36. Proses simulasi yang telah dilakukan dengan pembebanan 110 kg nilai tegangan maksimum sebesar 6.66046 N/mm2 (Mpa), nilai displacement maksimum sebesar 0.0114 mm, nilai strain maksimum sebesar 0.0000167973 mm, dan nilai safety factor minimal sebesar 38. Dengan pembebanan 4500 kg nilai tegangan maksimum sebesar 248.26596 N/mm2 (Mpa), nilai displacement maksimum sebesar 0.4231 mm, nilai strain maksimum sebesar 0.0006269075 mm, dan nilai safety factor minimal sebesar 1. Pembebanan 110 kg rangka masih dapat menahan beban dan nilai stress masih jauh dari standar yield strength material ASTM A36 sebesar 250 Mpa. Terdapat perubahan bentuk rangka saat dilakukan pembebanan tetapi masih bersifat elastis, pada pembebanan 4500 kg rangka tidak dapat menahan beban dan nilai stress mendekati standar yield strength material ASTM A36 sebesar 250 Mpa. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa rangka alat pembuat briket sampah organik dengan beban 110 kg dan dengan material Baja tipe ASTM A36 mampu menahan beban dengan lebih baik. Dibandingkan dengan beban 4500 kg dan dengan material yang sama.
 The frame is the most important part of a construction where the strength of the frame is very much determined from the shape and dimensions. The strength of the frame in construction must fulfill the safety aspect and pay attention to the strength factor of the frame itself. Calculating the strength of the frame from the organic waste briquette maker is done by using a simulation method to see the strength of the frame in receiving the load. Simulations carried out using solidWorks 19 software with static loading with a load variation of 110kg and 4500 kg using ASTM A36. The simulation process that has been carried out with a load of 110 kg with a maximum stress value of 6.66046 N / mm2 (Mpa), a maximum displacement value of 0.0114 mm, a maximum strain value of 0.0000167973 mm, and a minimum safety factor value of 38. At the load of 4500 kg the maximum stress value is 248.26596 N/mm2 (Mpa), the maximum displacement value is 0.4231 mm, the maximum strain value is 0.0006269075 mm, and the safety factor value is at least 1. A load of 110 kg the frame can still with stand the load and the stress value is still far from the standard yield strength material ASTM A36 of 250 Mpa. There is a change in the shape of the frame when it is charged but still elastic, at the load of 4500 kg the frame cannot with stand the load and the stress value is close to the standard yield strength material ASTM A36 of 250 Mpa. Simulation results showed that the frame of the organic waste briquette making tool with a load of 110 kg and with steel material type ASTM A36 is able to with stand the load better. Compared to a load of 4500 kg and with the same material.
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17

Rusnaldy, Rusnaldy, and Muhammad Erfas Maulana. "Pengujian Mampu Las Baja Karbon Astm A36 dengan Proses Las Busur Listrik." ROTASI 19, no. 4 (2017): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.19.4.226-230.

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Proses pengelasan busur listrik dengan elektroda terbungkus (Shielded Metal Arc Welding-SMAW) banyak digunakan dalam aplikasi di industri dan konstruksi. Material yang juga banyak digunakan dalam aplikasi proses SMAW adalah baja karbon ASTM A36, yaitu jenis plain carbon steel. Kemampuan baja tersebut untuk disambung dengan menggunakan proses SMAW (weldability) dipengaruhi oleh banyak hal, salah satunya adalah heat input. Besarnya heat input pada proses pengelasan tergantung dari besarnya arus yang digunakan. Pada studi ini akan diteliti pengaruh besarnya arus yang digunakan, yaitu 70 A, 80 A dan 90 A, terhadap mampu las baja karbon ASTM A36. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui mampu las baja tersebut adalah Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS) Test. Kawat elektroda yang digunakan adalah kawat elektroda terbungkus jenis E6013. Hasil yang diperoleh dari pengujian ini adalah mampu las baja ASTM A36 cukup baik. Hal ini diindikasikan dengan jumlah dan ukuran dari retak yang ditemukan masih di bawah harga minimum yang dipersyaratkan. Kemudian juga diketahui bahwa makin besar arus listrik yang digunakan menyebabkan peningkatan nilai kekerasan mikro dari logam las dan HAZ, namun jumlah dan ukuran retak jadi bertambah banyak dan besar.
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18

Farida, Linda, Ma'mun Hidayat, and Muhammad Fawaid. "PENGARUH VARIASI SUDUT PENGELASAN GMAW TERHADAP KEKERASAN DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PADA BAJA ASTM A36." Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Mesin 9, no. 1 (2022): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jptm.v9i1.15940.

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Baja ASTM A36 banyak digunakan di dunia industri pada bidang manufaktur seperti pengelasan GMAW. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh variasi sudut saat proses pengelasan GMAW terhadap nilai kekerasan dan struktur mikro hasil pengelasan. Spesimen yang digunakan yaitu Baja ASTM A36 tebal 10mm. Proses pengelasan GMAW dilakukan dengan variasi sudut las yaitu 70o dan 110o serta menggunakan arus 95A, 125A, 155A dan 185A. Metode yang digunakan eksperimen. Pengambilan data dengan observasi langsung dan menggunakan teknik analisis data statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variasi sudut saat proses pengelasan memiliki nilai kekerasan paling tinggi yaitu pada sudut 70 o arus 185A dengan nilai kekerasan yaitu weldmetal 217,1 HV, daerah HAZ 178,7 HV dan pada base metal ada pada sudut 110 o arus 185A sebesar 142, 5 HV. Sedangkan nilai kekerasan terendah ada pada sudut 110 o arus 95A dengan nilai kekerasan weld metal 180,9 HV, daerah HAZ 145,7 HV dan pada base metal ada pada sudut 70 o arus 95A sebesar 121,4 HVKata Kunci: Pengelasan GMAW, Baja ASTM A36, Uji Kekerasan, Struktur Mikro
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19

Ikumapayi, O. M., E. T. Akinlabi, V. O. Anyoha, et al. "Effects of Heat Treatment on the Impact and Hardness Properties of Mild Steel [ASTM 36] Lap Welded Joint." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901078.

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ASTM A36 is the most used type of mild steel especially in construction and manufacturing industry. Welding process is regularly employed to fix the crack that usually occurs in low carbon mild steel after a long time use especially in construction industry. In this study, the effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties on mild steel [ASTM A36] lap welded joint were investigated. Seven pieces of 60 mm × 300 mm mild steel bar were used for this research. Five samples were heat treated in an electric muffle furnace and soaked at 6000 C for 65 minutes. Two samples were cooled in air and furnace while the remaining three were rapidly quenched in water, spent engine oil and diesel oil each. Hardness and Impact tests specimens were made from the control (as received) sample and the various heat-treated samples. The specimens were joined together using E6361 mild steel arch welding electrode, lap welding joints and Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). Hardness test and impact test are used to delineate the mechanical properties for heat treated welded specimens and control specimens. It was established from the research work that Brinel Hardness Number (BHN of ASTM A36 lap welded joint cooled/quenched in different media increased it significantly in the Heat affected Zone (HZ) in all the quenching media. There is also a substantial increase in both Impact Energy (IE) and Impact Strength (IS) of heat-treated ASTM A36 lap welded joint when cool/quenched in the air, furnace, water and spent engine oil.
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20

Wandono, Fajar Ari, and Agus Harno Nurdin Syah. "PREDIKSI KEKUATAN STRUKTUR ALAT UJI GETARAN ENGINE LSU SERIES MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEMEN HINGGA (STRENGTH PREDICTION OF THE ENGINE VIBRATION TEST STAND OF LSU SERIES USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD)." Jurnal Teknologi Dirgantara 15, no. 1 (2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.jtd.2017.v15.a2505.

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In order to know about vibration characteristics of a combination between engine and propeller used in LAPAN Surveillance UAV (LSU) series, it needs a test apparatus called the engine vibration test stand. The engine vibration test stand structure must be strong and stiff to get good result in engine vibration test. In the initial phase, the engine vibration test stand was madeof 1 meter length of ASTM A36 material with H shape and the lower part of it was bolted to the reinforced floor. By using a finite element method software and inputting some parameters from engine DA-170 and mechanical properties of ASTM A36, the engine vibration test stand had safety factor of 26,24. Furthermore, the top five natural frequencies were 61,94Hz, 77,18Hz, 93,79 Hz, 212,23Hz and 286,24Hz. AbstrakUntuk mengetahui karakteristik getaran dari kombinasi engine dan propeller yang digunakan pada LAPAN Surveillance UAV (LSU) series maka diperlukan sebuah alat uji yang disebut alat uji getaran engine (AUGE). Struktur AUGE harus dibuat kuat dan kaku untuk mendapatkan hasil uji getaran engine yang baik. Sebagai langkah awal telah dibuat sebuah AUGE yang terbuat dari material ASTM A36 yang berbentuk H setinggi 1 meter dengan bagian bawahnya dibaut ke sebuah lantai yang sudah diperkuat. Dengan menggunakan software metode elemen hingga dan memasukkan parameter engine DA-170 serta sifat mekanik ASTM A36 didapatkan bahwa struktur AUGE tersebut memiliki nilai faktor keamanan sebesar 26,24. Adapun lima nilai pertama frekuensi pribadi dari struktur tersebut adalah 61,94 Hz, 77,18 Hz, 93,79 Hz, 212,23 Hz dan 286,24 Hz.
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21

Ramdhani, Safarudin, Muhammad Fatihul Abror, and Tita Talitha. "Simulasi 3D Desain Cetakan Kanstin Menggunakan Finite Element Analysis." Jurnal Teknik Industri Terintegrasi 7, no. 3 (2024): 1903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/jutin.v7i3.32257.

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Current developments in infrastructure development have led to tight competition in the precast concrete industry. The use of precast concrete materials supports the need for infrastructure development, especially roads and city parks, especially kanstin products. The ability of precast concrete molds depends on several factors such as design, material and manufacturing process. The aim of this research is to find out the most optimal kanstin mold design in terms of structure and service life. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method is used to model and analyze the performance of kanstin mold designs. Based on 3D simulations of eight geometries with WF and UNP steel frames with ASTM A36 and AISI 1081 material types, it is still within safe limits for yield strength values. The largest von mises value is for WF AISI B and the smallest for UNP AISI A. It can be concluded that the highest life cycle is for the ASTM A36 material type UNP frame thickness A with a value of 7.91 years, while the von misess stress value is 113.4 Mpa which is still below the yield strength of ASTM A36 .
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22

Rahman, Abdul Majid, Amri Hidayat, Fadhli Dzil Ikram, and Aldrin Aldrin. "ANALISIS KEKUATAN SAMBUNGAN LAS LISTRIK BUSUR MANUAL (SMAW) PADA BAJA KARBON RENDAH DENGAN VARIASI ARUS AMPERE 120A, 125A DAN 130A." Jurnal Gear : Energi, Perancangan, Manufaktur & Material 1, no. 2 (2023): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36761/gear.v1i2.3190.

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Kekuatan sambungan las sangat dipengaruhi oleh salah satu parameter las yaitu besarnya arus las. Penentuan laju aliran pada sambungan logam dengan las busur. Untuk mencapai kualitas koneksi yang baik, perlu mengatur arus yang benar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan baja karbon rendah ASTM A36 setelah dilakukan pengelasan dengan elektroda E 7018 dengan beberapa variasi arus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen untuk menganalisis kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan las baja ringan ASTM A36 dengan menggunakan variasi tiga arus pengelasan yaitu 120A, 125A dan 130A. Sampel yang digunakan terbuat dari material baja karbon rendah ASTM A36 setebal 10 mm yang dilas dengan elektroda E 7018. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa kuat tarik rata-rata pada arus 120A adalah 510,49 (N/mm²). Arus 125A adalah 437,15 (N/mm²) dan arus 130A adalah 258,72 (N/mm²). Sedangkan rata-rata kekerasan sampel pada arus 120 A adalah 78,83 HRB, yaitu 89,81 HRB pada arus 125 A dan 78,90 HRB pada arus 130 A. Hasil pengelasan dengan elektroda E 7018 adalah kuat tarik ideal pada arus las 120A, sedangkan kekerasan tertinggi pada arus 125A.
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23

Hamzah, Hamzah. "Influence of Use Backing Ceramic to Value Yield Strength on ASTM A36 Steel Using SMAW Welding." Collaborate Engineering Daily Book Series 1, no. 1 (2023): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.62012/collaborate.v1i1.4.

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Welding large structures often requires alternating welding on both sides, which is time-consuming and costly. To overcome this, the media backing ceramics are used as hot melt barriers to form better results, speed up the ship welding process and reduce budgets. This study aims to determine the effect of media use baking ceramics against tensile strength test on ASTM A36 steel by SMAW welding. The calculation results show a strong effect on ASTM A36 steel. MarkYield strength is the highest found in specimens that do not use baking ceramics, equal to 322.413Mpa, while the valueYield strength is the lowest found in testing that uses baking ceramics at 309.92 Mpa.
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24

Drastiawati, Novi Sukma, Hanna Zakiyya, Bellina Yunitasari, Tri Hartutuk Ningsih, Rizaldy Achmad Gumara, and Bagus Prasetyo Anggoro. "Review of MIG and TIG welding current variation of low-carbon steel materials based on tensile strength." E3S Web of Conferences 513 (2024): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451302014.

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SS400 and ASTM A36 a low-carbon steel materials that are used in the industry in the connection process to create materials according to the design. The aim of this research is to review the mechanical properties that occur in low-carbon steel materials in the MIG and TIG welding process with current variations and provide advice on low-carbon steel in welding. The materials used are ASTM A 36 and SS 304 steel. MIG welding uses a plate with a thickness of 6mm and uses AWS A5.18 ER 705-6 electrode diameter of 1.2mm. TIG welding uses a cylinder with a diameter of 6mm. The method of this review reported the tensile strength of low-carbon steel ASTM A36 with current variations of 150, 155, and 160A for MIG. Current variations of SS304 low-carbon steel are 80, 100, and 120A for TIG. The result of tensile strength with the MIG process produces the highest average current of 150 A of 354.92MPa. The results of tensile strength TIG process for 100A of 1007.31 MPa. The suggestion of this review is in MIG welding a greater current is required to obtain a high tensile strength value than the current required for TIG welding on low-carbon steel ASTM A 36 with a carbon content of 0.29% C and on SS304 with a carbon content of 0.042% - 0.07% C. Welding for stainless steel material can be used on TIG welding to get maximum tensile strength values. For ASTM A36 steel materials, MIG welding can be an option.
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25

Gabriella A. Martins, Mikael H. Morais, Sérgio M. Brandão, and Aline A. Monteiro. "Análise Comparativa do Desempenho e das Propriedades Mecânicas de Diferentes Materiais Utilizados em Hastes Sulcadoras de Semeadoras de Plantio Direto." Revista Processos Químicos 14, no. 28 (2021): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19142/rpq.v14i28.609.

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O setor agrícola é uma das áreas que mais crescem no Brasil, e como forma de atender à demanda, o cultivo utilizado ocorre por Plantio Direto, com o uso de hastes sulcadoras para abertura dos sulcos. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar de forma comparativa três materiais utilizados na produção desta ferramenta e determinar o de melhor custo e eficiência mecânica, sendo eles: aço ASTM A36, aço SAE 1045 e aço Quard 450 de alta resistência. Foram realizados quatro ensaios práticos e uma análise de custo. Os ensaios comprovaram que o Quard 450 apresenta melhor performance, alta dureza e tenacidade, sendo também o mais viável economicamente, ficando em segunda posição o ASTM A36.
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26

Hamdani, Hamdani, Jufriadi Jufriadi, Ariefin Ariefin, Edi Saputra, and Mohd Ghiffari. "Pengaruh Pengelasan dan Media Quenching Terhadap Kekuatan Tarik dan Kekerasan Material ASTM A 36." Jurnal Teknologi 21, no. 2 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/teknologi.v21i2.2430.

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In this study the tensile strength and hardness of ASTM A36 material that weld by SMAW process with variations in cooling media, namely seawater, air, and oil. The highest tensile strength value is 81.16 Kgf/mm2 with seawater cooling media. The highest hardness value in the base metal area is 93.5 HRC with oil cooling treatment. The highest hardness value in the weld metal on specimens using air cooling treatment is 93.33 HRC. The highest hardness value in the HAZ area is in the specimens using seawater cooling treatment with a value of 90.83 HRC. The Phase change during quenching proses with different media probably affects the mechanical properties of ASTM A36 material.
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Castaño, Johanna, Iván Restrepo, Jorge Calderón, Álvaro Morales, and Alejandro Echavarría. "Assesment of the influence of copper and nickel on the corrosion kinetics of weathering steels by in situ and ex situ impedance spectroscopy." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 50 (March 20, 2013): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.14928.

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A Cebelcor chamber was used to make immersion-emersion cyclical tests of two commercial steels (ASTM A36 and ASTM A242) and three experimental plasma arc melted steels (0.50% Ni, 0.50% Cu and 0.25% Cu+0.25%Ni). Four samples of each steel material were evaluated. Aerated 10-3 M Na2SO4 solution was employed as corrosive solution. The behaviour of each test was evaluated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique (EIS) in situ (inside the Cebelcor chamber) for 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days by using a frequency range between 200 Hz-0.01 Hz frequency range. At the end of the exposition the rusts were evaluated outside the Cebelcor by means of the (ex situ) EIS, but using a wide frecuency range (900 kHz-0.005Hz). The simulation of these last data by means of an equivalent circuit with Warburg diffusion impedance, showed the existence of two layers of rust, electrically different between them. The results of in situ and ex situ EIS data for 90 days exposition times indicated that exists a statistically significative difference between the ASTM A36 and the other materials, demonstrating a larger ohmic resistance of the rust of the last ones. The ASTM A36 steel showed that the rust is composed of α/γ FeOOH plus magnetite (10%). The ASTM A242 and the experimental steels with nickel, copper and combinations ofboth showed that the rusts are composed of α/γ FeOOH with no evidence of magnetite. A similar effect between copper and nickel in the atmospheric corrosion kinetics was found. All the parameters found in the simulation are interpreted in terms of a phenomenological model proposed for explaining the results.
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28

Mahardika, Mohammad Azis, Muhammad Pramuda Sirodz, and Mohammad Iqbal Ismawan. "Rancang Bangun Rangka Kendaraan Penyemprot Hama Otomatis." Jurnal Rekayasa Energi dan Mekanika 1, no. 2 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/jrem.v1i2.65.

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Abstrak Dari berbagai cara pengaplikasian pestisida, penyemprotan merupakan aplikasi pestisida yang paling umum. Di Indonesia sendiri penyemprotan dilakukan secara manual. Penyemprotan manual memiliki kendala yaitu membutuhkan tenaga manusia. Penyemprotan secara manual mengakibatkan petani akan mudah terpapar oleh pestisida sehingga diperlukan adanya penyemprot hama otomatis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang bangun rangka kendaraan penyemprot hama otomatis untuk tanaman hortikultura. Rangka didesain menggunakan software Solidworks 2016 untuk mensimulasikan kekuatan rangka. Dari simulasi rangka dengan bahan yang digunakan baja ASTM A36 diketahui nilai yield strength bahan ASTM A36 2,5 X 108 N/m2 didapat nilai tegangan tertinggi 3,461 x 107 N/m2. Rangka ini menggunakan baja siku berukuran 50 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm. Jenis rangka yang jadi acuan yaitu jenis rangka ladder frame, yaitu jenis rangka menyerupai tangga, dengan jenis rangka ini memiliki kelebihan kekuatan yang tinggi. Roda yang digunakan adalah roda sepeda dengan diameter 19 cm dan tebal 4 cm. Motor penggerak yang digunakan yaitu tipe gearbox. Dimensi kendaraan, panjang = 320 cm, lebar = 80 mm, dan tinggi 150 mm. jenis transmisi yang digunakan yaitu transmisi roda gigi lurus dengan perbandingan gigi 16 : 32. Hasil pengujian pembebanan pada kondisi kendaraan diam dan bergerak, bahwa rangka mampu menahan semua beban komponen – komponen yang ada seperti box elektrikal, tangki pestisida, dan pompa. Kata kunci: pestisida, ASTM A36, Kendaraan Penyemprot Hama, Ladder Frame. Abstract Of the various ways of application of pesticides, spraying is the most common application of pesticides. In Indonesia, the spraying is done manually. Manual spraying has a problem. Namely, it requires human labour. Spraying manually causes farmers to be easily exposed to pesticides, so an automatic pest sprayer is needed. The purpose of this study was to design an automatic pest spraying vehicle frame for horticultural crops. The frame is designed using Solidworks 2016 software to simulate the strength of the frame. From the simulation of the frame with the material used by ASTM A36 steel, it is known that the yield strength value of ASTM A36 material is 2.5 X 108 N / m2, the highest stress value is 3.461 x 107 N / m2. This frame uses steel angles measuring 50 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm. The type of frame that is the reference is the type of ladder frame, a type of frame that resembles a ladder, with this type of frame having a high strength advantage. The wheels used are bicycle wheels with a diameter of 19 cm and a thickness of 4 cm. The driving motor used is the gearbox type. Vehicle dimensions, length = 320 cm, width = 80 mm, and height 150 mm. The type of transmission used is a straight gear transmission with a gear ratio of 16: 32. The results of loading tests on stationary and moving vehicle conditions show that the frame can withstand all the load of existing components such as electrical boxes, pesticide tanks, and pumps. Keyword : pesticide, ASTM A36, Pest Spraying Vehicles, Ladder Frame
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Sandy Suryady and Eko Aprianto Nugroho. "SIMULASI FAKTOR KEAMANADAN PEMBEBANAN STATIK RANGKA PADA TURBIN ANGIN SAVONIUS." Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 1, no. 2 (2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56127/jukim.v1i2.94.

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Kuantitas kebutuhan energi telah menjadi indikator standar kehidupan dan tingkat industrialisasi. Angin adalah udara yang bergerak akibat adanya perbedaan tekanan udara di sekitarnya. Angin bergerak dari tempat bertekanan udara tinggi ke bertekanan udara rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ditribusi tegangan, displacement, dan faktor keamanan pada frame turbin angin savonius. Di dalam penelitian ini kontruksi frame di desain menggunakan software solidworks 2020 dengan Material besi siku (ASTM A36) yang mempunyai beberapa titik pembebanan. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukan hasil nilai Von misess stress pada perhitungan teoritis material ASTM A36 sebesar 46.79 MPs sedangkan pada perhitungan simulasi sebesar 50.76. Displacement pada perhitungan teoritis sebesar 0.5 mm, sedangkan pada perhitungan simulasi sebesar 0.500 mm. Safety of factor pada perhitungan teoritis sebesar 5.343 dan perhitungan simulasi sebesar 330.193.
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Windriawan, Taufik Tegar, Nani Mulyaningsih, and Adityo Noor Setyo Hadi Darmo. "Pengaruh Jarak Anoda Korban Aluminium Terhadap Laju Korosi Baja ASTM A36 Dalam Lingkungan Air Laut." Majamecha 7, no. 1 (2025): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.36815/majamecha.v7i1.3566.

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Baja ASTM A36 banyak digunakan dalam industri maritim. Akan tetapi baja jenis ini mudah terkorosi jika terkontaminasi dengan air laut. Proteksi katodik adalah metode untuk mengurangi laju korosi dengan cara mengorbankan logam lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh jarak anoda korban terhadap laju korosi Baja ASTM A36 dalam lingkungan air laut. Penelitian ini menggunakan proteksi katodik dengan variabel jarak anoda katoda yaitu 0 cm, 0,5 cm, 1,5 cm, dan 2,5 cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai penurunan laju korosi terbaik didapatkan pada anoda korban dengan variasi jarak proteksi katodik 0 cm yaitu sebesar 0,5762 mmpy sedangkan baja tanpa proteksi katodik memiliki nilai laju korosi sebesar 2,2582 mmpy. Kesimpulan hasil menunjukkan semakin jauh jarak proteksi katodik anoda korban maka laju korosinya juga akan semakin tinggi.
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31

Srisuwan, Nakarin, Phuri Kalnaowakul, Aphichart Rodchanarowan, and Trinet Yingsamphancharoen. "Modification of Hardness Properties Characterizing Carbon Steel American Society for Testing and Materials in Carbon Steel A36 Using Bagasse Ash from the Waste of Sugarcane Industries." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 5 (2021): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3942.

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In this work, the effect of bagasse ash from waste sugarcane industries on American society for testing and materials in carbon steel A36 (ASTM A36) was investigated. The ash caused the formation on the surface of the samples’ carbon sheet, thereby improving the hardness of the materials’ property. The samples were polished and cleaned in preparation for hardness tests (Rockwell) and microstructural investigation. Furthermore, the bagasse was sintered in a furnace at 400 °C for 3 h to bagasse ash. Additionally, the ash was sifted to a sample size of 100 μm and mixed with 100:0, 90:10, and 80:20 ratios of barium carbonate (BaCO3). The samples were calcined in a pack carburizing box between bagasse ash and BaCO3 at 950 °C for 8 h. The carburized samples were used to classify by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OMS), and Optical Microscopy (OM), respectively. The results revealed that 88% of carbon by weight of bagasse ash contributes to significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the ASTM A36 steel.
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Pereira, Josemairon Prado, Bruno Agostinho Hernandez, Gilberto de Magalhães Bento Gonçalves, Edson Antonio Capello Sousa, and Jonatas Martins Pereira. "Analysis of distortion, corrosion and mechanical properties of welded ASTM A36 steel U-type profiles." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 10, no. 9 (2023): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.109.1.

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Several factors affect the performance, manufacturing, and assembly of metallic profiles: equipment, welding parameters, and consumables. ASTM A36 steel profiles are widely used to obtain high-quality welded joints. Three factors in the welded joints need to remain nearly invariable and within predictable limits: distortion, corrosion, and mechanical properties. However, industries still have problems with welding steel profiles, such as warping misalignment, misfit, and poor mechanical properties. As a result, it is necessary a calibrated and affordable methodology for welding ASTM A36 steel profiles on the factory floor. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the mechanical performance of ASTM A36 steel profile welded joints using a robot welding machine. A GMAW (Metal Active Gas) welding process was applied to an ASTM A36 type U 100 x 50 profile, 3.0 mm thick, employing a Motoman UP6 robotic arm in butt joints, with and without dots. Two different rod electrode types were used (AWS ER70S-3 and ER70S-6), with a 75%Ar/25%CO2 shielding gas and current density welding set at 160.6 A and 20.5 V. A three-dimensional scanning methodology was adopted to investigate welded joint distortions. While salt spray accelerated corrosion test was used to analyse deterioration. The mechanical properties were analysed by macrography, microhardness, and chemical analyses in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). It was found a distortion displacement lower than 450 µm on the sample's surface, and a mass loss of 10.1 µm/year was detected in terms of corrosion resistance. There was also evidence of chemical heterogeneity between the base metal and weld, mainly in the manganese content with an average reduction of 13% in microhardness measurements when AWS ER70S-3 electrode was used. By using calibrated welding parameters and a welding robot, it was possible to obtain mechanically resistant high-quality standardised welds. This procedure can be further improved by using other profile types to implement new robotic welding procedures.
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Ortiz-Domínguez, M., O. A. Gómez-Vargas, G. Ares de Parga, et al. "Modeling of the Growth Kinetics of Boride Layers in Powder-Pack Borided ASTM A36 Steel Based on Two Different Approaches." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5985617.

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An indispensable tool to choose the suitable process parameters for obtaining boride layer of an adequate thickness is the modeling of the boriding kinetics. In this work, two mathematical approaches were used in order to determine the value of activation energy in the Fe2B layers on ASTM A36 steel during the iron powder-pack boriding in the temperature range of 1123–1273 K for treatment times between 2 and 8 h. The first approach was based on the mass balance equation at the interface (Fe2B/substrate) and the solution of Fick’s second law under steady state (without time dependent). The second approach was based on the same mathematical principles as the first approach for one-dimensional analysis under non-steady-state condition. The measurements of the thickness (Fe2B), for different temperatures of boriding, were used for calculations. As a result, the boron activation energy for the ASTM A36 steel was estimated as 161 kJ·mol−1. This value of energy was compared between both models and with other literature data. The Fe2B layers grown on ASTM A36 steel were characterized by use of the following experimental techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Finally, the experimental value of Fe2B layer’s thickness obtained at 1123 K with an exposure time of 2.5 h was compared with the predicted thicknesses by using these two approaches. A good concordance was achieved between the experimental data and the simulated results.
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Nandang Imam Santosa, Asep Dharmanto, Asep Saepudin, and Wilarso. "Strength Analysis of Crusher Construction in Nyamplung Seed Peeling Machine Using the Finite Element Method." JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MANUFACTURES MATERIALS AND ENERGY 8, no. 2 (2024): 131–39. https://doi.org/10.31289/jmemme.v8i2.11757.

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The nyamplung seed peeling machine uses a single roll crusher as its operating principle to automatically separate the nyamplung fruit's shell. One of the crucial parts of this apparatus that breaks down the nyamplung fruit shells is the crusher. The issue arises from the fact that the strength of the material utilized to construct the crusher is still unknown. This raises questions regarding how well the Nyamplung bean peeling machine crusher will function if it is used constantly. The purpose of this study is to identify the kind of material that works well for a nyamplung seed peeling machine crusher. An analysis will be conducted to ascertain the strength of the Nyamplung seed peeling machine crusher to follow up on this issue. The finite element method was used to conduct the testing. ASTM A36 and AISI 304 are the two materials that are compared in this analysis. In addition, it can be used to compare two different types of materials in terms of their strength, cost, and degree of safety. Following analysis for manual shaft calculations utilizing AISI 304 and ASTM A36 materials. With a yield strength of 250 N/mm², a safety factor of 9, a displacement of 0.022 mm, and von Mises stress readings of 29.044 N/mm² were achieved from the crusher simulation utilizing ASTM A36 material. Von Mises stress for the AISI 304 material was 28.471 N/mm², displacement was 0.023 mm, safety factor was 7, and yield strength was 206.804 N/mm².
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Ariyanto Ariyanto and Tati Noviati. "PENGARUH JENIS WELDING GROOVE TERHADAP KEKUATAN IMPACT PLAT BAJA ASTM A36 MENGGUNAKAN MESIN LAS SMAW." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik 4, no. 1 (2025): 74–88. https://doi.org/10.56127/juit.v4i1.1901.

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Currently, metal joining with welding process is increasingly used, both in building construction, piping, and machine construction. This is due to the many advantages obtained from joining by welding. The use of the right welding groove will also affect the welding results. The purpose of using welding groove is for the place to fill the welding material and can also strengthen the design of the metal joint. Welding groove plays an important role in improving the design and properties of the joint in the welding process. ASTM A36 welding using SMAW welding current 110 A is carried out with Groove variations, namely VGroove, Square Groove, and Bevel Groove and using E6013 electrodes with a diameter of 2.6 mm. The purpose of this study was to determine the strength of SMAW welding joints on ASTM A36 against the Charphy impact test. the required impact charphy effort results (W) are on V Groove of 73.519 J, Square Groove of 67.43 J, and Bevel Groove of 70.485 J. And produces an impact charphy value (K) on V Groove of 0.918 J / ????????2, on Square Groove of 0.842 J / ????????2 and on Bevel Groove of 0.881 J / ????????2. The impact charphy value on V Groove with SMAW welding current of 110 A on ASTM A36 carbon steel is the best with the required impact charphy results (W) namely on V Groove of 73.519 J and the impact charphy value (K) on V Groove of 0.918 J / ????????2.
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36

Fontana, Carine, Alessandra Smaniotto, and Daniela L. Villanova. "Extrato de bergamota (Citrus reticulata) como inibidor natural contra a corrosão em aço." Brazilian Journal of Development 9, no. 1 (2023): 4459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv9n1-307.

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Aços carbono são amplamente empregados na construção civil, especialmente em estruturas metálicas, sendo este material a principal matéria-prima para confecção de estruturas. Entretanto, uma grande desvantagem da utilização do aço carbono é sua baixa resistência à corrosão o que o torna um material suscetível a processos corrosivos. O efeito inibidor do extrato natural de cascas de bergamota (Citrus reticulata) frente ao processo corrosivo de aço carbono ASTM A36 foi investigado por meio de ensaios de perda de massa de corpos de prova por imersão em meio corrosivo, conjugados com análises de isotermas de adsorção. Resultados demonstram que o extrato de bergamota apresenta considerável ação inibidora de corrosão em aço carbono ASTM A36 em meio ácido (HCl 0,1 mol•L-1). O efeito da temperatura foi avaliado, verificando-se que a eficiência de inibição varia consideravelmente com o aumento da temperatura. A maior eficiência de inibição contra corrosão observada foi de 86 ± 2% em meio ácido, para uma temperatura de ensaio de 30 ºC e concentração de 40g/L de extrato de bergamota. Além disso, as isotermas de adsorção mostraram que a o melhor ajuste foi para a isoterma de Langmuir, cujo coeficiente de correlação linear encontrado foi de 0,998 indicando que o comportamento do extrato obedece a essa isoterma. Assim, os resultados obtidos sugerem que o extrato de bergamota apresenta potencial para ser empregado na proteção contra a corrosão em aço carbono ASTM A36 em meio ácido.
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Pratama, Randi Gaga Pisasefsio, Diah Kusuma Pratiwi, and Nurhabibah Paramitha Eka Utami. "THE EFFECT OF TIME VARIATION ON CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF ASTM A36 IN SEAWATER FROM WEST BANGKA OF BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDS, INDONESIA." Journal of Mechanical Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (2022): 019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jmse.v8i2.69.

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Corrosion hazards in marine environmental construction have been studied. ASTM A36 can be widely used in various industrial sectors and oil extracted offshore. The main objective of this study is to analyze the influence of variation immersion time to corrosion behaviour ASTM A36 by using seawater from Bangka Barat Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands as a corrosive media by performing Brinell hardness test, measurement of weight loss and corrosion rate, and and confirm the data obtained with the formed of microstructure. The results revealed that immersion time of 144 hours produced the highest corrosion rate of 27.97 Mpy and but has the lowest hardness number 136,924 BHN. Microstructural observations found the presence of brownish yellow and black (magnetic Fe3O4) corrosion patterns increased along with the increasing immersion time due to the lack of oxygen concentration during the specimen corrosion process.
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38

Mangun Wirajaya, Yoga, Nur Yanu Nugroho, and Bagiyo Suwasono. "Holding Time pada Sifat Fisik Pengelasan SMAW Baja ASTM-A36 melalui Uji Penetran." Jurnal Jaring SainTek 3, no. 2 (2021): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jaringsaintek.v3i2.716.

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In the industrialized world, low-carbon steel was often used as a construction material. One of the problems obtained in the low carbon steel welding process was its nature susceptible to shakes. The minimize the formation of residual voltage in the connection area (Heat Affected Zone) can be done by the Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) process The purpose of this study was to find out the effect caused by variations in heat treatment on heating steel ASTM A36 (Holding Time) to penetrant tests and determine the suitable temperature given to ASTM A36 steel after the welding process. The PWHT process was carried out with several variations of Holding Time, namely 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours at 400 °C. Based on penetrant testing showed that the best value in Holding Time was 3 hours with no appearance of porosity defects
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39

Rahman, Sabaruddin. "Calculation Ultimate Strength on Media Use Backing Ceramic Against ASTM A36 Steel by SMAW Process." Collaborate Engineering Daily Book Series 1, no. 1 (2023): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.62012/collaborate.v1i1.12.

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Metal welding of large structures often requires alternating welding on both sides, which can be costly and time-consuming. However, welding results are only sometimes perfect, and gaps often require solutions to maximize welding results. One solution is using media backing ceramic as a support that can give better results. This study aims to evaluate the effect of backing ceramic and non-backing ceramics on the strength of the tensile test results on ASTM A36 steel using SMAW welding. The results of the tensile test show that there is an effect of strength on ASTM A36 steel. Mark Ultimate Tensile Strength, the highest, was obtained on specimens that did not use backing ceramics, equal to 451.893 Mpa. In contrast, the lowest value of Ultimate Tensile Strength was obtained on the specimen using backing ceramics, equal to 428.736 MPa.
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40

Prabowo, Ocean, Syafriadi Syafriadi, and Ediman Ginting Suka. "Effect of Variation of Concentration of Ketapang (Terminalia Catappa) Fruit Extract on The Corrosion Rate of ASTM A36 Iron." Journal of Energy, Material, and Instrumentation Technology 4, no. 3 (2023): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jemit.v4i3.167.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of varying concentrations of Terminalia catappa fruit peel extract on the corrosion rate during immersion periods of 2 days, 4 days, and 6 days for ASTM A36 steel. The ASTM A36 steel specimens were immersed in a corrosive medium containing 2% NaCl, with inhibitor compositions of 0%V, 1%V, 2%V, and 3%V being tested. Measurement results revealed that as the concentration of Terminalia catappa fruit peel extract increased, the corrosion rate proportionally decreased. The lowest corrosion rate was observed in samples with a 3%V inhibitor composition, subjected to a 4-day immersion, measuring at 0.02321 mmpy. Moreover, with the augmentation of fruit peel extract concentration, inhibition efficiency exhibited an augmented trend (83.02% for the 3%V composition, and the lowest at 41.84% for the 1%V composition).
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41

Sade, Juswan. "Calculation of Elongation in Media Use Backing Ceramic against Steel ASTM A36 by SMAW Process." Collaborate Engineering Daily Book Series 1, no. 1 (2023): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.62012/collaborate.v1i1.15.

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Process Welding is usually done back and forth to get maximum results; of course, this will save time and increase costs. A medium backing ceramic is used to minimize the time a welder uses and the costs used. In the welding process, it will only partially get good results. Therefore, researchers will look for solutions to problems to maximize better welding. Therefore this research made to know the effect value of useBacking ceramic and not useBacking ceramic against ASTM A36 steel using SMAW welding using elongation calculations. Influence of media use backing ceramic on the strength of the tensile test on ASTM A36 steel using SMAW welding using elongation calculation is known that the highest elongation values ​​were found in specimens that did not use Backing ceramic by 8.80%. At the same time, the lowest elongation value is found in the specimen that uses Backing ceramic by 7.30%.
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42

Ouamer, Said, Karim Bensalem, Asim Iltaf, Noureddine Bark, and Shayan Dehghan. "Optimization of laser welded ASTM A36 mild steel with different laser beam oscillation patterns utilizing experimental and simulation data." Engineering Solid Mechanics 12, no. 3 (2024): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2024.1.001.

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Recently, there has been an increase in the use of laser beam welding of mild steel in various industries, including petroleum refineries, power plants, pharmaceuticals, and even residential areas. This research paper focuses on studying the effects of laser welding process parameters, such as laser power and welding speed, on the tensile strength of welds. To do this, three types of laser beam oscillations (sinusoidal path, triangular path, and square path) were performed to weld 125mm x 60 and 1.8 thick sheets of ASTM A36 mild steel alloy. The researchers used statistical tools such as ANOVA to generate mathematical models and experimental designs using the Taguchi method. The results indicate that the optimal welded joint has good mechanical properties after laser welding. For ASTM A36 mild steel, the optimal parameters for laser welding are a laser power of 1800 W, a welding speed of 50 mm/s, and triangular welding mode.
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43

Fahmi, Muhammad, Armila Armila, and Rudi Kurniawan Arief. "ANALISIS KEKUATAN RANGKA MESIN PENGUPAS KULIT KOPI MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE SOLIDWORKS DENGAN METODE ELEMEN HINGG." Ensiklopedia Research and Community Service Review 1, no. 3 (2022): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/err.v1i3.1238.

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The design of the wet coffee peeler machine carried out by Fahrul Rozi Seregar requires specific calculations of the lifting strength both against stress, strain and safety of factors. This analysis determines the performance capability of the machine on the ASTM A36 material used in the frame, which is safe for long-term use. Therefore, calculations were carried out on the framework using the finite element method assisted by the 2014 Solidworks software. In order to facilitate this test, model validation was carried out which aims to get the percentage of manual and theoretical calculations. Then the results obtained, the determination of the x,y and z axis points obtained a difference in calculation of 0%, 015,% and 0% and the determination of the safety factor for the U 450mm profile with a load of 80N obtained a difference of 0.018% then the results of the safety of the factor U profile 420mm with a load 58.666N and 21.333N, the difference in calculation is 0.030%, 0.011%, after that bending testing is carried out and BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) is obtained which is the engineering section that handles problems with the ASTM A36 material structure on the frame, the calculation difference is 4.68%. So from The difference between manual and theoretical calculations is the largest 4.68% in bending testing and at least 0% is obtained in determining the midpoint of the U profile with respect to the x and y axes. Keywords: frame, Stress, safety of factors, ASTM A36, finite element method.
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44

Azharman, Zefri, Adi Nugroho, Suharlina Suharlina, and Delia Meldra. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN METODE REGRESI LINIER DAN NON-LINIER PADA SAMBUNGAN MATERIAL PELAT BAJA KARBON ASTM A36." JURNAL REKAYASA SISTEM INDUSTRI 10, no. 2 (2025): 100–109. https://doi.org/10.33884/jrsi.v10i2.9967.

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The joining of ASTM A36 carbon steel plates using the Shield Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) technique is influenced by the tensile strength and hardness of the joint. To improve the quality of ASTM A36 carbon steel plate joints in the future, prediction methods are used. The prediction results play a significant role in determining the quality of the material connection.The method used in this research was descriptive quantitative, by predicting linear regression and non-linear (quadratic) regression models. The purpose of the discussion in this article was to determine the best prediction model for current variations on the tensile strength of future material connections. The analysis of the correlation coefficient showed a strong relationship in both models discussed. This indicates that the current strength variable had a strong relationship with tensile strength. Meanwhile, the highest R-square score was obtained in the non-linear regression model. The determination of the best prediction method was found in the non-linear regression model on tensile strength, with a MAPE value of 3.57%. These results indicate that the non-linear regression model better describes the relationship between current strength and tensile strength in ASTM A 36 carbon steel plate joining.
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45

Sajid, Hizb Ullah, and Ravi Kiran. "Influence of high stress triaxiality on mechanical strength of ASTM A36, ASTM A572 and ASTM A992 steels." Construction and Building Materials 176 (July 2018): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.018.

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46

Romero Bonilla, Hugo Ítalo, Diana Carolina Tello Román, Cristhian Antonio Vega Quezada, and Andrés Enrique Castillo Sánchez. "Costos por corrosión de hierro ASTM A36 en procesos hidrometalurgicos auriferos. Comparación entre cianuro y tiourea." Industrial Data 20, no. 1 (2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/idata.v20i1.13506.

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En esta investigación se determinó la velocidad de corrosión (Vcorr) de hierro ASTM A36, en soluciones de cianuro de sodio en concentraciones de 0,62 g/L; 0,80 g/L y de tiourea 0.96 g/L; 1.24 g/L. Adicionalmente se evaluó el efecto de este deterioro en los costos asociados a procesos de lixiviación aurífera. La velocidad de corrosión se determinó en mm/año mediante curvas de polarización. Se realizó un análisis de costos utilizando indicadores sintéticos. Los resultados muestran que la velocidad de corrosión del metal es ligeramente mayor en la solución de tiourea 1,24 g/L (3,03 mm/año) con el siguiente comportamiento: corrosión de hierro ASTM A36 en Tiourea 1,24g/L > Tiourea 0,96 g/L > Cianuro 0,80 g/L ≈ Cianuro 0,62 g/L. Se pudo estimar que los costos por corrosión en los procesos de lixiviación aurífera se encuentran entre el 4,78 y 5,20% del capital para cianuro y tiourea respectivamente.
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47

Sade, Juswan. "Effect of Using Ceramic Backing Media on SMAW Welding on Value Reduction of Area on ASTM A36 Steel." Collaborate Engineering Daily Book Series 1, no. 1 (2023): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.62012/collaborate.v1i1.17.

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ASTM A36 steel is a low-carbon steel often used as a general manufacturing material. Tensile testing is one of the most important and dominant mechanical properties in construction design and manufacturing. Each material or material has different properties (hardness, flexibility, etc.). A test is needed to determine a material's mechanical properties. One of the most frequently performed tests is the tensile test. This test has a function to determine the level of strength of a material and to identify the characteristics of the material. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of using ceramic backing media in SMAW welding on the value of area reduction in ASTM A36 steel. Based on the test results, the value of the area reduction varies in each specimen. The specimens that did not use ceramic backing had an average area reduction value of 53.51%, while the variation using ceramic backing had an average area reduction value of 61.17%.
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48

Saefuloh, Iman, Ipick Setiawan, Sunardi Sunardi, Miftahul Jannah, and Rina Lusiani. "PENGARUH TEMPERATUR PELAPISAN DAN KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN TERHADAP LAJU KOROSI LAPISAN ELECTROLESS NI-P BAJA KARBON RENDAH ASTM A36." Jurnal Dinamika Vokasional Teknik Mesin 6, no. 2 (2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/dinamika.v6i2.44135.

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Pemakaian bahan baja karbon rendah ASTM A36 sebagai bahan dasar bangunan konstruksi pipa dan tanki yang dimodifikasi menggunakan proses pelapisan Electroless Ni-P. Proses ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sifat-sifat yang harus dimiliki oleh plat baja ASTM A36 dari ketahanan korosinya. Dengan variasi temperatur pelapisan dan kekasaran permukaan serta penambahan proses perlakuan panas, karakteristik lapisan electroless Ni-P berupa nilai laju korosi, kekerasan, struktur mikro dan persentase kandungan nikel dianalisis. Dengan variasi kekaasaran permukaan 0,28 𝜇𝑚, 0,15 𝜇𝑚 dan 0,07 𝜇𝑚 serta variasi temperatur pelapisan 60º C, 70º C dan 80º C dan dengan penambahan perlakuan panas 500º C selama 120 menit. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa semakin kasar permukaan dan semakin tinggi temperatur pelapisan menyebabkan lapisan tersebut memiliki nilai ketahanan korosi yang lebih baik. Proses perlakuan panas 500º C selama 120 menit meningkatkan nilai ketahanan korosi secara signifikan tetapi tidak dapat meningkatkan uji kekerasan rockwell secara signifikan tetap berada di kisaran 70-80 HRB.
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Azwinur, Muhammad Arga Syahandra, and Saifuddin. "The effect of variation in E7018 electrode current on the bending strength of carbon steel material." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Fabrication 1, no. 1 (2024): 15–19. https://doi.org/10.64273/jmef.v1i1.7.

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Welding is one of the essential metal joining methods in modern industry. In carbon steel welding such as ASTM A36, SMAW is often chosen because of its ability to produce strong joints with economical operating costs. However, the mechanical properties of the welded joints on this steel are greatly influenced by the welding process parameters, such as the type of electrode and the welding current setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of variations in welding current with E7018 electrodes on the bending properties of ASTM A36 carbon steel material. The stages of the study were material welding, visual and penetrant non-destructive tests and bending tests. The results of the study showed that the best results were obtained on the cover side with a current of 110A, where the heat generated was sufficient to create a strong and flexible joint against deformation. While on the root pass side the highest bending value was at a current of 120A
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50

Arief Alkahfi and Diah Kusuma Pratiwi. "THE EFFECT OF TIME VARIATION ON CORROSION BEHAVIOR ASTM A36 IN SWAMP WATER FROM THE VILLAGE OF RAMBUTAN SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE, INDONESIA." Journal of Mechanical Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (2022): 013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jmse.v9i2.78.

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Most of Indonesia's land is covered in swamps, and many infrastructure projects, including bridge construction, factory construction, and pipe installation, are completed in swampy environments. Swamp water typically has a high acid content and higher than normal concentrations of sulfates and chlorides, which are known to be more active in producing corrosion under normal conditions. This study aims to analyze and understand the corrosion rate and changes in the physical and mechanical properties of ASTM A36 steel that has undergone quenching heat treatment. Compared to steel ASTM A36 as received immersion in corrosive media using swamp water from The Village of Rambutan, South Sumatra Province, which has a pH of 3.00 with variations in immersion time of 48 hours, 96 hours, and 144 hours. The method used to determine the hardness value was the Brinell method, the corrosion rate was determined by the weight loss method, and SEM tests were carried out to determine the surface morphology of the specimens after immersion and XRD tests. The results showed that ASTM A36 steel specimens with quenching heat treatment had a higher hardness value than the as-received specimens; the greatest value was obtained in specimens with quenching treatment with immersion time. 48 hours, which is 497.97 BHN. The immersion test results showed that the highest corrosion rate occurred in the as-received specimen with a 144-hour immersion time of 17.6 mpy. Observation of the microstructure on the surface of the specimen found uniform corrosion and fitting corrosion; this was evidenced by the detection of iron oxide (Fe2O3), known as iron rust which is brownish-yellow in XRD testing.
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