Journal articles: 'Astronomer'

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Ampollini, Ilaria. "Celestial Globes and Popular Astronomy." Nuncius 34, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03401003.

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Abstract This contribution aims to examine the scientific relationship between Giuseppe Toaldo and Jérôme Lalande, focusing on two works by the French astronomer which Toaldo translated into Italian. The first text is the Abregé d’ Astronomie (Compendio d’Astronomia, Padova: Stamperia del Seminario, 1777), addressed to students of astronomy; the second one is the Astronomie des Dames (Astronomia delle Dame, [Venezia]: Giacomo Storti, 1796), written for a female public to which Toaldo interestingly added the appendix Astronomia de’ Gentiluomini (Venezia, 1797). These works clearly testify Toaldo’s deep interest in the teaching and spreading of astronomy, an interest Toaldo shared with Lalande. The contacts between the two astronomers we will be displaying will also allow us to make some hypothesis about two splendid globes, a terrestrial and a celestial one. It is unknown how they arrived in the library of the Episcopal Seminar of Padova, where they are preserved today.

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SPIEGEL, RICHARD J. "John Flamsteed and the turn of the screw: mechanical uncertainty, the skilful astronomer and the burden of seeing correctly at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich." British Journal for the History of Science 48, no. 1 (March 5, 2014): 17–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087413000952.

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AbstractCentring on John Flamsteed (1646–1719), the first Astronomer Royal, this paper investigates the ways in which astronomers of the late seventeenth century worked to build and maintain their reputations by demonstrating, for their peers and for posterity, their proficiency in managing visual technologies. By looking at his correspondence and by offering a graphic and textual analysis of the preface to his posthumous Historia Coelestis Britannica (1725), I argue that Flamsteed based the legitimacy of his life's work on his capacity to serve as a skilful astronomer who could coordinate the production and proper use of astronomical sighting instruments. Technological advances in astrometry were, for Flamsteed, a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the advancement of astronomy. Technological resources needed to be used by the right person. The work of the skilful astronomer was a necessary precondition for the mobilization and proper management of astronomical technologies. Flamsteed's understanding of the astronomer as a skilled actor importantly shifted the emphasis in precision astronomical work away from the individual observer's ability to see well and toward the astronomer's ability to ensure that instruments guaranteed accurate vision.

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Bennett, M., A. Fraknoi, and J. Richter. "Project ASTRO: A Successful Model for Astronomer/Teacher Partnerships." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 162 (1998): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100115192.

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Project ASTRO is designed to improve astronomy education and science literacy in grades 4-9 by creating effective working partnerships between teachers/youth leaders and astronomers (both professional and amateur). Key elements of the program include:•training the teachers/youth leaders and astronomers together in inquiry-based “hands-on, minds-on” learning activities•encouraging an active working partnership between the astronomer and the teacher/youth leader•encouraging multiple visits by the astronomer to the classroom or youth group meetings.

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Turaj, Katarzyna. "Amateur Astronomy in Poland: Past and Present." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092137.

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Amateur astronomy in Poland has its own history dating from the 17th century to the present day. Before the 17th century, the term “amateur astronomer” loses its meaning. Otherwise we might pose the rather paradoxical question: “Was Copernicus an amateur?” and probably have to give the answer: “Yes, he was an amateur, being first a priest, a physician and a lawyer.” Let us leave him in peace and instead turn to more undoubted amateurs. The history can be divided into two general periods: before and after the creation of the Polish Amateur Astronomical Society, PA AS (Polskie Towarzystwo Milosników Astronomii – PTMA). Here we present 16 Polish amateur astronomers who contributed to astronomy from the 17th to the 20th centuries, except Jan Heweliusz – the greatest – who is discussed elsewhere (1). All are selected from a much larger group, the selection being made in accordance with the rules described in the very useful and practical “Criteria for identifying an astronomer as an amateur”, formulated by Tom Williams a few years ago and presented here (2). There is also a short history and current information about the PAAS. Finally, we summarize successes and failures of amateur astronomy in Poland and put some general questions about its future.

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Percy, J. R. "The Role of Amateur Astronomers in Astronomy Education." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 162 (1998): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100115106.

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Let us begin by defining “amateur astronomer”. According to a dictionary, an amateur astronomer is “someone who loves astronomy, and cultivates it as a hobby”. At IAU colloquium 98 (The Contributions of Amateurs to Astronomy), Williams (1988) discussed this issue at length. He proposed that, to be an amateur astronomer, one must be an astronomer - able to do astronomy with some degree of skill; he then defined an amateur astronomer as “someone who carries out astronomy with a high degree of skill, but not for pay”.

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Podorvanyuk, N. "The challengers of an astronomer being a journalist." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314012666.

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AbstractAs the weakness of russian astronomers in observational astronomy became chronic Russia should enter European Southern Observatory. But the Russian government is still not providing any financing of the entrance of Russia to ESO. The author states this situation as an example of his experience of work as an astronomer and as a journalist at the same time.

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Williams, Thomas R. "Criteria for Identifying an Astronomer as an Amateur." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092071.

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While significant contributions of amateur astronomers are generally recognized in the literature, the identification of the individual as an amateur is frequently unclear. As a result, amateur astronomers today have a limited sense of the contributions of earlier amateur astronomers. In part, this problem stems from current usage of the word “amateurish” as a pejorative, representing something not well-done or lacking in quality. In addition, many individuals, who take pride in identifying themselves as amateur astronomers are neither inclined, nor in fact capable, of making a contribution to astronomy. It is important, however, for historians and others who write about the history of astronomy to recognize amateur astronomers and identify the significance of their contributions. For it is through such elaboration that other amateurs will recognize the possibilities and great value that may be associated with their own efforts. Therefore it is necessary to develop a common understanding of the characteristics that distinguish an amateur astronomer from what I identify in this paper as a “recreational sky observer”. Such a classification scheme should help future writers to correctly identify amateur astronomers and their contributions.

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Iwaniszewska, Cecylia. "The Contribution of Amateur Astronomers to Astronomy Education." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087054.

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I would like to dedicate this paper to the memory of my husband, Henryk Iwaniszewski, an astronomer working in radio astronomy and electronics, who until his untimely death seven years ago had been very active as president of our local branch of the Polish Amateur Astronomers Association. He was especially keen about introducing astronomy to the general public.I want to speak here mainly, but not exclusively, about the IAU Colloquium No. 98, “Contribution of Amateur Astronomers to Astronomy,” which was held in 1988 in Paris. First of all, some definitions. Thomas Williams of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO), from Houston, Texas, introduced at the conference several criteria for identification — first of astronomers, and then of professionals and amateurs. According to Williams:

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Smith, Robert W. "Stellar movements and working hypotheses: A.S. Eddington’s early astronomical career." Journal for the History of Astronomy 53, no. 4 (October 18, 2022): 394–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00218286221121913.

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Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944) was one of the leading astrophysicists of the first half of the 20th century. He is remembered today chiefly for his research into stellar structure and general relativity, both of which he began to explore in the mid-1910s. He was also a key participant in the famous eclipse expeditions of 1919 that tested Einstein’s theory of gravity. Rather than consider these topics, in this paper I will instead examine Eddington’s early astronomical career, that is, from 1906 to about 1915. In this period, he became a well-trained practical astronomer. Eddington also established himself as a brilliant theoretical astronomer, and in so doing helped to create the role of theoretical astrophysicist through his research into star streaming. He was also, unusually for astronomers of this period, an enthusiastic advocate of the use of “working hypotheses” as crucial tools in astronomical practice. The study of Eddington’s early career therefore has much to tell us about the nature of astronomy in the years around 1910 and about Eddington. The paper underlines, for example, the continuing relevance of the “Greenwich-Cambridge Axis” for the power structure of British astronomy, and the importance of the so-called Sidereal Problem for astronomers at this time even though today it is largely forgotten.

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DeVorkin, David H. "When to Send Your Telescope Aloft." Journal for the History of Astronomy 50, no. 3 (August 2019): 265–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828619864723.

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How have astronomers and physicists responded to the challenge of getting “beyond the atmosphere” in the past century or so, and how did they go about making choices in how they did so? This case study examines a particularly poignant example of how an astronomer’s practice changed in the 1950s when that astronomer, Princeton theoretical astrophysicist Martin Schwarzschild, made a commitment to utilize newly improved balloon technology to answer a specific question arising from his own research agenda. Here we follow Schwarzschild’s efforts, which led initially to success, and then examine how, bolstered by his department Chairman, Lyman Spitzer, he built upon that success to generalize the new technology to try to provide a capability that might address a wider range of questions, and, aiding Spitzer’s plan, provide a stepping stone to an eventual Large Space Telescope. How he fared in making this decision reveals the challenges facing academic astronomers in the 1950s who attempted to send their telescopes aloft. It also reveals the complexities of taking on such projects, complexities that were unknown to the average mainstream astronomer.

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Barker, Peter, and Bernard R. Goldstein. "Realism and Instrumentalism in Sixteenth Century Astronomy: A Reappraisal." Perspectives on Science 6, no. 3 (1998): 232–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00550.

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We question the claim, common since Duhem, that sixteenth century astronomy, and especially the Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus, was instrumentalistic rather than realistic. We identify a previously unrecognized Wittenberg astronomer, Edo Hildericus (Hilderich von Varel), who presents a detailed exposition of Copernicus’s cosmology that is incompatible with instrumentalism. Quotations from other sixteenth century astronomers show that knowledge of the real configuration of the heavens was unattainable practically, rather than in principle. Astronomy was limited to quia demonstrations, although demonstration propter quid remained the ideal. We suggest that Oslander’s notorious preface to Copernicus expresses these sixteenth century commonplaces rather than twentieth century instrumentalism, and that neither ‘realism’, nor ‘instrumentalism’. in their modern meanings, apply to sixteenth century astronomy.

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Fages, Volny. "«L’affaire Chacornac», ascension et stigmatisation d’un astronome d’Etat." Gesnerus 73, no. 2 (November 6, 2016): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07302004.

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This article traces the unusual astronomical career of Jean Chacornac (1823–1873) during the French Second Empire. This clerk in a bazaar in Marseille became in just a few years astronomer at the Paris imperial observatory, and was then brutally expelled from this prestigious institution. The « Chacornac affair », largely forgotten, was an asymmetric struggle between a self-taught astronomer and the most famous professional French astronomer of the time, Urbain Le Verrier. Through the study of this case, we want to shed a light on people and practices kept on the margins of science by the process of professionalization of astronomy. Although he was excluded from the institution, Chacornac tried to continue to be an astronomer, independently, «from below». But the construction of a new social identity for State astronomy, in particular by Le Verrier, was inseparable from the attribution of indelible social stigma, which made Chacornac an «obligatory amateur».

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Pazmino, John, and Sidney Scheuer. "Take The “A” Train to the Stars." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087078.

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Astronomers, in addition to their scholarly and academic functions, have the mission to bring enlightenment to the people. In the City of New York, astronomers fulfill this mission through the Amateur Astronomers Association. Over the decades, the Association, or AAA, evolved a multi-faceted scheme of public enlightenment in astronomy. Under this scheme, astronomy in New York City has become a freestanding cultural amenity on a par with streetfairs, artshows, plays, and parades.Once a month during the school year, the Association presents a formal public lecture on astronomy. These are convened in the American Museum of Natural History, the ancestral birthplace of the AAA. Occasionally, lectures are featured at a large university in the City for time and place variety. At these lectures, a professional astronomer explains some contemporary topic on a first-year college level, illustrated by slides and viewgraphs. The lectures — and all public activities of the AAA — are free of any charge. Area high schools and colleges employ the AAA lectures as an extra-curricular activity for their students.

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Bowler, Sue. "Nigeria's first radio astronomer." Astronomy & Geophysics 61, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 5.28–5.30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/ataa072.

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Olley, Allan. "A Task that Exceeded the Technology: Early Applications of the Computer to the Lunar Three-body Problem." Revue de Synthèse 139, no. 3-4 (September 11, 2018): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552343-13900014.

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Abstract The lunar Three-Body problem is a famously intractable problem of Newtonian mechanics. The demand for accurate predictions of lunar motion led to practical approximate solutions of great complexity, constituted by trigonometric series with hundreds of terms. Such considerations meant there was demand for high speed machine computation from astronomers during the earliest stages of computer development. One early innovator in this regard was Wallace J. Eckert, a Columbia University professor of astronomer and IBM researcher. His work illustrates some interesting features of the interaction between computers and astronomy.

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Mason, Brian D., William I. Hartkopf, Thomas E. Corbin, and Geoffrey G. Douglass. "Charles Edmund Worley (1935–1997)." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S240 (August 2006): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307003754.

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AbstractIn keeping with its co-sponsorship by members of both the “close” and “wide” binary star communities, IAU Symposium 240 has been jointly dedicated to the honor of Czech astronomer Mirek J. Plavec and the memory of U.S. astronomer Charles E. Worley.Charles Worley, long-time astronomer at the U.S. Naval Observatory, was born on May 22, 1935, in Iowa City, Iowa, and grew up in Des Moines the son of an M.D., Charles L. Worley, and his wife Iona Cooney Worley, a homemaker. He became interested in astronomy at age nine. His first observational work as an amateur astronomer was plotting and recording more than 10,000 meteors for the American Meteor Society. Continuing his love for astronomy he attended Swarthmore College, where he took part in the parallax program as an Observing Assistant. He also met the other love of his life, his wife, Jane Piper. They were married in 1956 next to Sproul Observatory on the Swarthmore campus. He obtained a B.A. in mathematics from San Jose State College in 1959. He worked for the Lick Observatory in California (1959–1961) as a Senior Assistant and Research Astronomer under a Naval Research grant to observe double stars. After arriving at the U.S. Naval Observatory in 1961, he was the motive force behind an extensive program of double star observation (being himself, a prolific observer), instrumental innovation, and double star cataloging. He quickly gained recognition as one of the world's leading experts in the field of double star astronomy. Charles died on New Year's Eve, 1997, two days before his scheduled retirement.

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Li, Changhua, Chenzhou Cui, Linying Mi, Boliang He, Dongwei Fan, Shanshan Li, Sisi Yang, et al. "Design and Implement of Astronomical Cloud Computing Environment In China-VO." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S325 (October 2016): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316012709.

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AbstractAstronomy cloud computing environment is a cyber-Infrastructure for Astronomy Research initiated by Chinese Virtual Observatory (China-VO) under funding support from NDRC (National Development and Reform commission) and CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences). Based on virtualization technology, astronomy cloud computing environment was designed and implemented by China-VO team. It consists of five distributed nodes across the mainland of China. Astronomer can get compuitng and storage resource in this cloud computing environment. Through this environments, astronomer can easily search and analyze astronomical data collected by different telescopes and data centers , and avoid the large scale dataset transportation.

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Hourmat, Françoise. "Some French Amateurs of the 2nd Half of the 19th Century." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092216.

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At that period there was keen popular interest in astronomy, and in many Paris squares, astronomers with terrestrial refractors gave talks on astronomy for a small sum. Léon Joubert created a observatory for scientific research and popularisation, allowing anyone to learn about the universe and use good instruments. He made 120 instruments: refractors, reflectors, projectors, and photographic instruments.Hermann Goldschmidt (1802–1866), born at Frankfurt am Main 17 June 1802, had poor health, became a painter and sought his fortune in Paris. He became an astronomer by accident after following a course of lectures at the Sorbonne given by Le Verrier. From a modest studio on the 6th floor of an old house in the heart of Paris, he discovered 14 minor planets between 1852 and 1861, the first being called Lutetia by Arago.

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Rees, Lord. "On the Future, a Challenge for Engineers." Engineer 300, no. 7914 (February 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0013-7758(23)90866-4.

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Faizah, Nur, and Nura'zirah Binti Roslan. "THE ROLE OF SINDHIND ZIJ AS THE FIRST ISLAMIC ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATION TABLE IN INDIAN CIVILIZATION." Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy 5, no. 2 (October 30, 2023): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/al-hilal.2023.5.2.18158.

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Astronomy has developed in India since prehistoric times. However, astronomy’s first work appeared during the Vedanga Jyotisa era, written by Lagadha, the oldest literary book in India. Using qualitative methods with a library research approach, it was found that Indian astronomers researched Astronomy and wrote books. One of the books that first made Muslim scientists interested in the world of astronomy was the book Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, which was translated into Arabic by Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) during the Caliphate of Al-Manṣūr from the Abbasid dynasty. Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) became the first Muslim astronomer to compile Zij, with his calculations converted into the Hijri Calendar. After Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) collected this Zij, other Zijs were born, which became the forerunners for the composition of the epimeris and other counts. Around the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruni (973-1048 AD) spread da'wah to India and introduced the study of Islamic astronomy in India.

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Feitzinger, J. V. "Extragalactic Objects: An Example of Popularizing Astronomy for the Amateur Astronomer." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087066.

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The handbook Astronomy (Handbuch für Sternfreunde), edited by G.D. Roth, will soon appear in its fourth edition. Newly written by 25 authors, the two volumes contain an additional chapter: Extragalactic Objects. The intention of my 50-page contribution to these volumes is to show the amateur astronomer that extragalactic work is not disappointing, ending in the northern sky with a fuzzy picture of the Andromeda Nebula.The former editions of Roth’s handbook were mainly characterized by the statement that the observation of extragalactic objects is beyond the capabilities of the amateur. In the last ten years the situation has drastically changed, especially because of new photographic techniques and sensitive emulsions and the availability of CCD’s even for amateur astronomers. Small telescopes are no hindrance to doing interesting extragalactic work.

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Wood, F. B., E. A. Muller, A. A. Boyarchuk, J. Delhaye, D. A. MacRae, P. H. Routly, J. Sahade, et al. "Commission 38: Exchange of Astronomers." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 19, no. 1 (1985): 547–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00006611.

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While the chief function and methods of operation of the Commission have remained much the same as in the past, there has been a gradual evolution in the nature of the proposals submitted. A greater fraction now come from countries in which the study of astronomy on a professional basis is as yet very recent and more proposals are being received from relatively young astronomers, although admittedly the distinction between a “young” and an “established” astronomer is not always easy to make. The commission may wish to consider whether or not it is advisable to reconsider its guidelines. Grants awarded during the interval 30 November 1981 and 31 January 1985 were the following.

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Kviz, Zdenek. "Reliability and Accuracy of Astronomical Observations by Amateurs." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092514.

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Who is an amateur-astronomer? We would certainly find several definitions if we tried to get answers from the audience. I am not trying to force anyone to accept my definition, in fact I do not know if I really have one. Someone who likes to read books about astronomy? Professional scientist, expert in other areas of science, but interested in astronomy? Science fiction writer who writes about space travel? Retired professional astronomer who is no longer paid for his work in astronomy? Constructor of telescopes or astronomical instruments? Well, each of these could be discussed. But we will rely, on this occasion, on common sense and take any one who is interested in astronomy and contributes to its progress either by observation or by construction of astronomical equipment and has not an official education in astronomy. He/she simply likes the idea that he/she is contributing by his/her work to our knowledge of the universe and feels proud of it.

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Wentzel, Donat G. "International Educational Projects." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600019079.

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Morison, Ian. "The it History of Jodrell Bank." ITNOW 61, no. 4 (2019): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwz111.

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Bradfield, Philip. "X-ceedingly good." Physics World 37, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): 29iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/37/05/26.

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Green, Andrew W., Elizabeth Mannering, Lloyd Harischandra, Minh Vuong, Simon O’Toole, Katrina Sealey, and Andrew M. Hopkins. "What will the future of cloud-based astronomical data processing look like?" Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S325 (October 2016): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317001363.

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AbstractAstronomy is rapidly approaching an impasse: very large datasets require remote or cloud-based parallel processing, yet many astronomers still try to download the data and develop serial code locally. Astronomers understand the need for change, but the hurdles remain high. We are developing a data archive designed from the ground up to simplify and encourage cloud-based parallel processing. While the volume of data we host remains modest by some standards, it is still large enough that download and processing times are measured in days and even weeks. We plan to implement a python based, notebook-like interface that automatically parallelises execution. Our goal is to provide an interface sufficiently familiar and user-friendly that it encourages the astronomer to run their analysis on our system in the cloud—astroinformatics as a service. We describe how our system addresses the approaching impasse in astronomy using the SAMI Galaxy Survey as an example.

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Cidale, Lydia S. "Jorge Sahade: First Latin American IAU President." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S349 (December 2018): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319000243.

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AbstractProf. Jorge Sahade (1915–2012) was the first Latin American President of the International Astronomical Union (1985–1988). From then on, he had a very active participation as president, vice-president, and organizing committee member of several Commissions and Divisions of the IAU, related to stellar astrophysics and exchange of astronomers. Prof. J. Sahade was born in Argentina and was one of the first students graduated in astronomy at the National University of La Plata. He served as director of the Astronomical Observatory of Córdoba (1953–1955) and of the Observatory of La Plata (1968–1969). He was the first Dean of the Faculty of Exact Sciences of the National University of La Plata. He promoted the purchase of a 2.15-m diameter telescope, today located in the Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito, San Juan, Argentina. He founded the Institute of Astronomy and Physics of Space (IAFE) in Buenos Aires and was its first director (1971–1974). He was also director of the “Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales” (the Argentina Space Activity Agency) and promoted the inclusion of Argentina as a partnership of the Gemini Observatory. Prof. Sahade also focused on the development of the astronomy in Latin America and this led to the creation of the “Liga Latinoamericana de Astronomía” (nowadays LIADA).His research field was interacting binary systems and he published about 150 papers, among them is the well-known discovery of the “Struve-Sahade effect”. I met him when he was 70 years old; he was a very enthusiastic astronomer, who travellled everywhere to promote the astronomy in Latin America (Argentina, Perú, Honduras). Among his last dreams was the creation of a Latin American Institute to develop and enhance astrophysics in South and Central America, the revival of UV astronomy and many more impressive works that he would have liked to end and publish.

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Reid, John S. "David Gill FRS (1843–1914): The Making of a Royal Astronomer." Journal for the History of Astronomy 49, no. 1 (February 2018): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828617751290.

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David Gill was an outstanding astronomer over several decades at the end of the nineteenth and into the early twentieth century. He was famous for his observational accuracy, for his painstaking attention to detail, and for his hands-on knowledge of the fine points of astronomical instrumentation. Astronomy, though, was a second professional career for David Gill. This account maps out the surprising and unusual path of David Gill’s life before he became Her Majesty’s Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope. It covers aspects of his education, his horological career, his employment by Lord Lindsay to oversee the Dunecht observatory, his personal expedition to Ascension Island and his appointment as Her Majesty’s Astronomer at the age of 34. The account includes local detail and images not found in the main biography of David Gill. It ends with some detail of Gill’s continuing interest in clocks after his appointment.

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Roberts, M. S., R. M. West, D. Chitre, J. Ducati, H. Jorgensen, G. Krishna, M. Morimoto, et al. "Commission 38: Exchange of Astronomers: (Echange Des Astronomes)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 1 (2000): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00003400.

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Copperwheat, Chris. "Robotic Astronomy." Astronomy & Geophysics 64, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 4.14–4.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atad032.

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Abstract Robotic telesopes are essential in studying time domain astronomy. Astronomer-in-Charge at the Liverpool Telescope Chris Copperwheat expounds its benefits, and gives us a preview of coming interactions with the Liverpool Telescope's planned successor.

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Hearnshaw, John B. "Commission 38 (Exchange of astronomers) and Commission 46 (Teaching of astronomy): two commissions that played a unique role in the history and development of the IAU." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S349 (December 2018): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319000498.

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AbstractThe founding and development of two commissions of the IAU that played a unique role in IAU history are traced. Commission 38 for the Exchange of astronomers was founded in 1946 with Frederick Stratton as first president, and it expended funds (initially granted by UNESCO) for astronomers to travel on exchange visits. Commission 46 for the Teaching of astronomy was founded in 1964 with Evry Schatzmann as first president. This was a time of rapidly growing interest in the IAU for teaching astronomy and in due course for promoting astronomy in developing countries. For a while, both commissions operated under the wing of the Executive Committee. Their role was unique as they were the only IAU commissions to have their own budget, as well as aspiring to bring about social change in the astronomical community. By 2000 both commissions merged into C46 (Astronomy education and development) and by that time various programmes such as the International School for Young Astronomers (ISYA), the working group World-wide Development of Astronomy (WWDA) and the working group Teaching Astronomy for Development (TAD), which grew out of the Visiting Lecturers’ Program (VLP), were all run by C46. When the IAU established the Office of Astronomy for Development in 2011, many of these functions were removed from the commission and in any case C46 ceased to exist in 2015 when all the old commissions were disestablished. In 2015 the Office for Young Astronomers took over the running of the ISYA. The history of C38 and C46 represents a time of active change in the way the IAU was engaging with people. It was more than just a union for scientific research, but in the world of scientific unions, it was remarkable for taking an active hands-on role in implementing social change. In the history of these two commissions, the Swiss astronomer Edith Müller played a leading dynamic role. She served as president of C46 (1967-73), of C38 (1985-88) as well as IAU General Secretary (1976-79).

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CANALES, JIMENA. "Exit the frog, enter the human: physiology and experimental psychology in nineteenth-century astronomy." British Journal for the History of Science 34, no. 2 (June 2001): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087401004356.

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This paper deals with one of the first attempts to measure simple reactions in humans. The Swiss astronomer Adolph Hirsch investigated personal differences in the speed of sensory transmission in order to achieve accuracy in astronomy. His controversial results, however, started an intense debate among both physiologists and astronomers who disagreed on the nature of these differences. Were they due to different eyes or brains, or to differences in skill and education? Furthermore, they debated how to eliminate them. Some, for example, wanted to eliminate the observer, and prescribed the use of new technologies like the electro-chronograph or photography, while others believed in discipline and education. By debating the nature of these differences, astronomers and physiologists sketched both different conceptions of ‘man’ and different paths to objectivity. These diverse conceptions, moreover, were tied to current nineteenth-century debates, such as the benefits or disadvantages of railroads, telegraphy and the standardization of time and longitudes. By focusing on the debates surrounding the speed of sensory transmission, this paper reevaluates the history of astronomy, physiology and experimental psychology. Furthermore, in investigating astronomy's relation to the human sciences, it uncovers profound connections in the traditionally separate histories of objectivity and the body.L'heure sera distribuée dans les maisons,comme l'eau ou le gaz.Adolph Hirsch

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Penchèvre, Erwan. "VÉNUS SELON IBN AL-ŠĀṬIR." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 26, no. 2 (August 5, 2016): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423916000011.

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AbstractWe attempt to grasp the mathematics behind the planetary theories of the Syrian astronomer Ibn al-Šāṭir (1304–1375) in his treatise Nihāyat al-Sūl. Following the astronomers of the Marāgha school, by composing circular movements with constant angular velocity, Ibn al-Šāṭir attains two goals. He eliminates the need of excentrics and equant points in astronomy; but he also describes longitudes and latitudes with a unique method, with no more orbs than what is strictly necessary for the longitudes. A better understanding of rotation as a spatial transformation enables this ultimate economy of thought. In our commentary, we take Venus as an example offering an interesting problem about the latitudes. This is an opportunity to give a critical edition of the chapter of the Nihāyat al-Sūl dedicated to the latitudes of Mercury and Venus.

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Christiansen, W. N. "History and Propaganda in Astronomy." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 8, no. 1 (1989): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000023018.

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‘History is Bunk’ said Henry Ford. He was exaggerating but it is well recognized that the connection between history and truth is tenuous. Even very recent history dependent on human memory is notoriously unreliable despite the intention of the historian to tell the truth.In radio astronomy we are fortunate in having a dedicated historian-astronomer by the name of Woody Sullivan who has spent years in interviewing and reinterviewing astronomers to find out the real facts about the early years of the subject. Because of Sullivan’s work (e.g. Sullivan 1988) and because so many of my former colleagues have written histories of the period I felt very doubtful about adding my piece to the saga when asked to do so. However, I did accept the invitation to do so after I had read a statement about radio astronomy written by our usually very well informed Minister for Science, Barry Jones (Jones 1987). This statement which I shall quote later is an example of what we may call popular history.

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Baybars, Meryem Görecek, and Büşra Tuğçe Kayabas. "Determination of Secondary School 4th Grade Students’ Mental Models of the Astronomer." International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v7i2.11371.

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Teaching astronomy to young generations is of great importance because astronomy education helps us to better understand the world we are living in and to find answers to our questions. In this regard, the current study aimed to determine the secondary school 4th grade students’ mental models of the astronomer. The current research is designed as a descriptive study employing the special case study method. The study was conducted in a city located in the western part of Turkey. The study group is comprised of a total of 77 secondary school 4th grade students attending a state school. In line with the purpose of the study, a data collection tool consisted of 2 open-ended questions was developed. In light of the findings of the study, it can be argued that the mental models possessed by the students about the astronomer are the scientific model, the astronaut model and the celestial bodies model

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Liszka, Piotr. "Relacja astronomii z teologią do czasów średniowiecza." Studia Bobolanum 30, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30439/sb.2019.1.7.

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Astronomia jest nauką niezależną od wiary, natomiast astrologia jest ściśle powiązana z wierzeniami religijnymi. Astronomia obserwuje kosmos, aby tworzyć teorie, astrologia ma wydźwięk praktyczny, jest sztuką panowania nad kosmosem, ma powiązanie z magią. Na ogół słowa mające w końcówce -logia (np. filologia, teologia) mają charakter bardziej teoretyczny, natomiast nazwy dziedzin bardziej praktycznych mają w końcówce -nomia (np. gastronomia). Tymczasem tutaj mamy sytuację odwrotną. Artykuł niniejszy zajmuje się kwestiami językowymi oraz tłem historycznym jedynie po to, aby odróżnić te dwie dziedziny i ukazać relację między astronomią i teologią. Treść artykułu została ułożona chronologicznie. Przedstawimy najpierw astronomię starożytną, uprawianą w Mezopotamii i w Grecji, a następnie zajmiemy się wykorzystaniem dorobku astronomii w teologii chrześcijańskiej. Ukażemy też powiązania astronomii z islamem.

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Kokelj, Nina. "The Astronomer." World Literature Today 88, no. 6 (2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2014.0139.

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Nina Kokelj and Translated by Kristina Zdravič Reardon. "The Astronomer." World Literature Today 88, no. 6 (2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.88.6.0037.

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Buchsbaum, Julianne. "The Astronomer." Iowa Review 30, no. 3 (December 2000): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5318.

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May, Brian. "Astronomer royal." Physics World 19, no. 10 (October 2006): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/19/10/21.

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Efimenko, V. "175 years of the astronomical observatory of the Kyiv university." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Astronomy, no. 60 (2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/btsnua.2019.60.06-14.

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In 2020, the Astronomical Observatory celebrates its 175th anniversary. The first director of the observatory was a student of the founder of the Pulkovo Observatory, Academician V.Ya. Struve Vasily Fedorovich Fedorov. Under his leadership, a site for the observatory was selected, a project was developed (by architect V. Beretti), a main building was constructed, and basic observatory astronomical instruments were commissioned. He also prepared and taught basic astronomy and surveying courses for university students. After him at the university, the post of professor of astronomy and director of the Astronomical Observatory was occupied by well-known astronomers A.P. Shidlovsky, M.F. Handrikov, R.P. Vogel, S.D. Chornyi. The main area of scientific research since the foundation of the observatory until the 1940s was astrometry and theoretical astronomy. With the arrival at the University of Kiev in 1939, the already well-known astronomer S.K. Vsekhsviatsky, along with existing scientific trends, astrophysical studies began. He started studying the small bodies of the solar system, physics of the sun and solar activity, astrophysics at the University of Kiev. The most important scientific achievements of the astronomers of the university include the work of determining the orbits of celestial bodies, the meridian observations of stars to create and maintain the celestial coordinate system, numerous observations of solar eclipses, which created the concept of dynamic solar corona, observing comets and meteors, application of the general theory of relativity in astronomy, development of the theory of gravitational lensing, opening of comets and participation in the international scientific project of the European Space Agency “Rosetta” on the research of Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

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Špelda, Daniel. "Kepler in the Early Historiography of Astronomy (1615–1800)." Journal for the History of Astronomy 48, no. 4 (November 2017): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828617740948.

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This article discusses the reception of Kepler’s work in the earliest interpretations of the history of astronomy, which appeared in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The focus is not on the reception of Kepler’s work among astronomers themselves but instead on its significance for the history of science as seen by early historians of mathematics and astronomy. The first section discusses the evaluation of Kepler in the so-called “Prefatory Histories” of astronomy that appeared in various astronomical works during the seventeenth century. In these, Kepler was considered mainly to be the person who brought the work of Tycho Brahe to completion, rather than an original astronomer. The second section is devoted to the evaluation of Kepler in interpretations of the history of astronomy that appeared in the eighteenth century (often as part of the history of mathematics). In these works, Kepler is regarded as a genius who deserves tremendous credit for the advancement of the human spirit. Both sections also devote attention to Copernicus and Tycho Brahe because this facilitates the explanation of how Kepler’s contribution was judged. By studying the reception of Johannes Kepler’s work, we may gain greater insight into the transition from a cyclical perception of the history of science to the progressive model.

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Edwards, P. G. "Charles Todd and the Adelaide Observatory." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 10, no. 4 (1993): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000026023.

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AbstractCharles Todd was the first Government Astronomer and Superintendent of Telegraphs in South Australia. Most widely known for his instrumental role in the construction of the Overland Telegraph, linking Australia and England, Todd also established the Adelaide Observatory and made valuable contributions to both astronomy and meteorology.

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Frater, R. H., W. M. Goss, and H. W. Wendt. "Bernard Yarnton Mills 1920–2011." Historical Records of Australian Science 24, no. 2 (2013): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr13002.

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Bernie Mills is remembered globally as an influential pioneer in the evolving field of radio astronomy. His contributions with the ‘Mills Cross' at the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics and later at the University of Sydney's School of Physics and the development of the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) were widely recognized as astronomy evolved in the years 1948–85 and radio astronomy changed the viewpoint of the astronomer as a host of new objects were discovered.

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PETROVA, M. A., and N. A. SHAKHT. "Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch on the occasion of his 120th anniversary." Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, Vol. 32, No. 1, Volume 32, Numéro 1 (September 1, 2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.4633.

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The year 2019 is the year of the 120th anniversary of Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch (1899-1986), the Pulkovo astronomer, doctor of physical and mathematical Sciences, Professor, who for many years was the head of the Department of photographic astrometry and stellar astronomy of the Main Astronomical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences (GAO RAS), the supervisor and teacher of several generations of Pulkovo astronomers and employees of other observatories. This article presents the scientific and social activities of A.N. Deutsch. Archived data is provided that evidence his participation, along with other Pulkovo employees, in the salvation of the property and scientific Fund of the Pulkovo Observatory during the great Patriotic war, as well as in the work to restore the Observatory. The article is based on the presentation given to and approved by the conference "Astrometry: yesterday, today, tomorrow" (Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, October 14-16, 2019).

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Troche-Boggino, Alexis E. "Developing an Astronomical Observatory in Paraguay." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00001024.

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Background: Paraguay has some heritage from the astronomy of the Guarani Indians. Buenaventura Suarez S.J. was a pioneer astronomer in the country in the XVIII century. He built various astronomical instruments and imported others from England. He observed eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites and of the Sun and Moon. He published his data in a book and through letters. The Japanese O.D. A. has collaborated in obtaining equipment and advised their government to assist Paraguay in building an astronomical observatory, constructing a moving-roof observatory and training astronomers as observatory operators. Future: An astronomical center is on the horizon and some possible fields of research are being considered. Goal: To improve education at all possible levels by not only observing sky wonders, but also showing how instruments work and teaching about data and image processing, saving data and building a data base. Students must learn how a modern scientist works.

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Castino, Alessandra. "Accepting Massive Problems." Scientonomy: Journal for the Science of Science 5 (December 27, 2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/js.v5i.42257.

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This paper explores the process of the assessment and eventual acceptance of the existence of dark matter by the Western astronomy community in the period between 1930s and 1980s. By applying the framework of theoretical scientonomy, I trace the acceptance of two anomalous phenomena: the high mass-to-light ratio observed in galactic clusters, first documented by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in 1933, and the flat rotation curves of galaxies first observed by American astronomers Vera Rubin and Kent Ford in 1970. I also highlight how the community accepted two second-order propositions stating the inconsistency of these phenomena with the rest of the astronomical mosaic. I show that the acceptance of the existence of dark matter resulted from the acceptance of the existence of these anomalous phenomena and took place between 1982-1985, rather than in the mid-1970s as was previously assumed.

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Frater, R. H., W. M. Goss, and H. W. Wendt. "Bernard Yarnton Mills AC FAA. 8 August 1920 — 25 April 2011." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 59 (January 2013): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2013.0015.

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Bernie Mills is remembered globally as an influential pioneer in the evolving field of radio astronomy. His contributions with the ‘Mills Cross’ at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Radiophysics and later at the University of Sydney’s School of Physics and the development of the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) were widely recognized as astronomy evolved in the years 1948–85 and radio astronomy changed the viewpoint of the astronomer as a host of new objects were discovered.

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Kreiner, Jerzy M. "Konferencja międzynarodowa „Historia kalendarzy na świecie i ich powstawanie”." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 16 (December 18, 2017): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.17.019.7720.

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The article contains short information about the international conference on the history of world calendars and calendar making. The conference was organized to commemorate the 600th anniversary of the birth of KIM Dam (1416–1464), a leading Korean astronomer and calendar scholar. The papers presented at the conference included the interactions among different cultures and regions, and the contributions of astronomers to calendar making.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Astronomer'

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