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Journal articles on the topic 'Astrophysical ices'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 January 2025

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Palumbo, M. E., G. A. Baratta, D. Fulvio, et al. "Ion irradiation of astrophysical ices." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 101 (February 1, 2008): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/101/1/012002.

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2

Palumbo, M. E., G. A. Baratta, G. Leto, and G. Strazzulla. "H bonds in astrophysical ices." Journal of Molecular Structure 972, no. 1-3 (2010): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.12.017.

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3

Boduch, Philippe, Emmanuel Dartois, Ana L. F. de Barros, et al. "Radiation effects in astrophysical ices." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 629 (July 13, 2015): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/629/1/012008.

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4

Strazzulla, G., A. C. Castorina, and M. E. Palumbo. "Ion irradiation of astrophysical ices." Planetary and Space Science 43, no. 10-11 (1995): 1247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(95)00040-c.

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5

Farenzena, L. S., P. Iza, R. Martinez, et al. "Electronic Sputtering Analysis of Astrophysical Ices." Earth, Moon, and Planets 97, no. 3-4 (2005): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11038-006-9081-y.

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6

Golikov, O., D. Yerezhep, A. Akylbayeva, D. Sokolov, E. Korshikov, and A. Aldiyarov. "Cryovacuum facilities for studying astrophysical ices." Low Temperature Physics 50, no. 1 (2024): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0023894.

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This work introduces a cryovacuum apparatus used to investigate substances under near-space conditions. This device allows one to study the refractive index, infrared spectra, and density of substances that are condensed from the vapor phase onto a cooled substrate at temperatures ranging from 11 K to 300 K. Concurrently, the ultimate pressure of 0.1 nTorr can be obtained in the vacuum chamber. The introduced setup utilizes FTIR spectroscopy with a spectral measurement range of 400–7800 cm−1 and laser interference needed to determine the important physical and optical parameters. Several exper

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7

Moore, Marla H., and Reggie L. Hudson. "Production of Complex Molecules in Astrophysical Ices." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 1, S231 (2006): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306007241.

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8

Rocard, F., J. Bénit, J.-P. Bibrtng, D. Ledu, and R. Meunier. "Erosion of ices: Physical and astrophysical discussion." Radiation Effects 99, no. 1-4 (1986): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00337578608209617.

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9

Strazzulla, G. "Crystalline and amorphous structure of astrophysical ices." Low Temperature Physics 39, no. 5 (2013): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4807045.

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10

Förstel, M., P. Maksyutenko, B. M. Jones, B. J. Sun, A. H. H. Chang, and R. I. Kaiser. "Synthesis of urea in cometary model ices and implications for Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko." Chemical Communications 52, no. 4 (2016): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc07635h.

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11

Rocha, W. R. M., M. G. Rachid, B. Olsthoorn, et al. "SPECFY - an important tool of the Leiden Ice Database for Astrochemistry in the era of the James Webb Space Telescope." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 18, S371 (2022): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392132300039x.

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AbstractMolecular data obtained from laboratory studies are crucial for deriving chemical abundances in astrophysical environments. The Leiden Ice Database for Astrochemistry (LIDA; https://icedb.strw.leidenuniv.nl/) has supported these studies for years in the context of astrophysical ices. For the era of the James Webb Space Telescope - JWST, LIDA hosts more than 1100 infrared spectra of pure and mixed ices that mimic different astrophysical conditions and UV-vis optical constants of water ice. Additionally, LIDA has an online tool - SPECFY, that allows the creation of protostar synthetic sp

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12

Nuevo, Michel, George Cooper, John M. Saunders, Christina E. Buffo, and Scott A. Sandford. "Formation of complex organic molecules in astrophysical environments: Sugars and derivatives." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S350 (2019): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319009323.

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AbstractCarbonaceous meteorites contain a large variety of complex organic molecules, including amino acids, nucleobases, sugar derivatives, amphiphiles, and other compounds of astrobiological interest. Photoprocessing of ices condensed on cold grains with ultraviolet (UV) photons was proposed as an efficient way to form such complex organics in astrophysical environments. This hypothesis was confirmed by laboratory experiments simulating photo-irradiation of ices containing H2O, CH3OH, CO, CO2, CH4, H2CO, NH3, HCN, etc., condensed on cold (~10–80 K) substrates. These experiments resulted in t

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13

Maté, B., G. Molpeceres, V. Timón, et al. "Laboratory study of methyl isocyanate ices under astrophysical conditions." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 470, no. 4 (2017): 4222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1461.

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14

Fray, N., and B. Schmitt. "Sublimation of ices of astrophysical interest: A bibliographic review." Planetary and Space Science 57, no. 14-15 (2009): 2053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.09.011.

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15

Oliveira, Daniel A. B., Víctor S. A. Bonfim, Felipe Fantuzzi, and Sergio Pilling. "Can Implicit Solvation Methods Capture Temperature Effects on the Infrared Features of Astrophysical Ices?" Photochem 5, no. 1 (2025): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem5010005.

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Astrophysical ices play a crucial role in the chemistry of cold interstellar environments. However, their diverse compositions, temperatures, and grain morphologies pose significant challenges for molecular identification and quantification through infrared observations. We investigate the ability of implicit solvation approaches to capture temperature-dependent infrared spectral features of CO2 molecules embedded in astrophysical ice analogues, comparing their performance to that of explicit ice models and experimental data. Using DFT calculations and vibrational frequency scaling, we model C

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16

Pilling, Sergio, Geanderson A. Carvalho, and Will R. M. Rocha. "Chemical Evolution of CO₂ Ices under Processing by Ionizing Radiation: Characterization of Nonobserved Species and Chemical Equilibrium Phase with the Employment of PROCODA Code." Astrophysical Journal 925, no. 2 (2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3d8a.

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Abstract Astrophysical ices are being exposed to ionizing radiation in space environments, which trigger new reactions and desorption processes. In the lab, such processing by radiation has revealed the appearance of several new species and complements the study of the chemical evolution of icy astrophysical scenarios. Here, we develop a computational methodology that helps to clarify the chemical evolution of ices investigated experimentally under photolysis/radiolysis processes until reaching chemical equilibrium (CE). Briefly, the code (named PROCODA) solves a system of coupled differential

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17

Butscher, Teddy, Fabrice Duvernay, Albert Rimola, Mireia Segado-Centellas, and Thierry Chiavassa. "Radical recombination in interstellar ices, a not so simple mechanism." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 4 (2017): 2857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07024h.

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Formyl radical reactivity has been studied under astrophysical-like conditions, showing that its dimerization does not lead to glyoxal formation. It has also been shown that its reactivity could form glyceraldehyde and formaldehyde oligomers.

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18

Ribeiro, F. de A., G. C. Almeida, Y. Garcia-Basabe, W. Wolff, H. M. Boechat-Roberty, and M. L. M. Rocco. "Non-thermal ion desorption from an acetonitrile (CH3CN) astrophysical ice analogue studied by electron stimulated ion desorption." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 41 (2015): 27473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05040e.

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Non-thermal desorption by electron impact constitutes an important route by which neutral and ionic fragments from simple nitrile-bearing ices may be delivered back to the gas-phase of astrophysical environments, contributing to the production of more complex molecules.

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19

Jiménez-Escobar, Antonio, Angela Ciaravella, Cesare Cecchi-Pestellini, et al. "X-Ray-induced Diffusion and Mixing in Layered Astrophysical Ices." Astrophysical Journal 926, no. 2 (2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4810.

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Abstract Ice in cold cosmic environments is expected to be organized in a bilayered structure of polar and apolar components. The initial water-rich layer is embedded in an icy CO envelope, which provides the feedstock for methanol formation through hydrogenation. These two components are thought to be physically segregated, unless an increase in temperature favors mobility and reactivity within the ice. We present new and robust evidence of X-ray-induced diffusion within interstellar ice analogues at very low temperatures, leading to an efficient mixing of the molecular content of the ice. Th

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20

Luna, R., M. Á. Satorre, C. Santonja, and M. Domingo. "New experimental sublimation energy measurements for some relevant astrophysical ices." Astronomy & Astrophysics 566 (June 2014): A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201323249.

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21

Loeffler, M. J., B. D. Teolis, and R. A. Baragiola. "A Model Study of the Thermal Evolution of Astrophysical Ices." Astrophysical Journal 639, no. 2 (2006): L103—L106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502969.

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22

Edridge, John L., Kati Freimann, Daren J. Burke, and Wendy A. Brown. "Surface science investigations of the role of CO 2 in astrophysical ices." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1994 (2013): 20110578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0578.

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We have recorded reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) data for a range of CO 2 -bearing model astrophysical ices adsorbed on a graphitic dust grain analogue surface. Data have been recorded for pure CO 2 , for CO 2 adsorbed on top of amorphous solid water, for mixed CO 2 :H 2 O ices and for CO 2 adsorbed on top of a mixed CH 3 OH:H 2 O ice. For the TPD data, kinetic parameters for desorption have been determined, and the trapping behaviour of the CO 2 in the H 2 O (CH 3 OH) ice has been determined. Data of these types are important as

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23

Pilling, Sergio. "Processing of astrophysical ices by soft X-rays and swift ions." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S332 (2017): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317007840.

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AbstractThe employment of soft X-rays and swift ions has been used in laboratory to simulate the physicochemical processing of astrophysical ice analogs by energetic photons and cosmic rays. This processing includes excitation, ionization and molecular dissociation, desorption, as well as triggers the formation of new compounds. Here we present some results from experiments employing infrared spectroscopy in two different laboratories: LNLS/CNPEM in Campinas/Brazil and GANIL/CIRIL/CIMAP in Caen/France. Among the results are the formation of alkenes and aromatic compounds during the irradiation

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24

Jäger, Cornelia, Alexey Potapov, Gaël Rouillé, and Thomas Henning. "Laboratory experiments on cosmic dust and ices." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S350 (2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319009682.

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AbstractThe existence of cosmic dust is attested by the interstellar extinction and polarization, IR emission and absorption spectra, and elemental depletion patterns. Dust grains are efficiently processed or even destroyed in shocks, molecular clouds, or protoplanetary disks. A considerable amount of dust has to be re-formed in the ISM. In various astrophysical environments, dust grains are covered by molecular ices and therefore contribute or catalytically influence the chemical reactions in these layers. Laboratory experiments are desperately required to understand the evolution of grains a

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25

Domaracka, A., E. Seperuelo Duarte, P. Boduch, et al. "Irradiation effects in CO and CO2 ices induced by swift heavy Ni ions at 46 MeV and 537 MeV." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S265 (2009): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131000116x.

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AbstractIn order to simulate the effects of the heavy ion component of cosmic rays on ices in astrophysical environments, the CO and CO2 ices were irradiated with swift nickel ions in the electronic energy loss regime. The ices were prepared by condensing gas onto a CsI substrate at a temperature of 14 K and analyzed by means of infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The physical process of deposition by Ni ions is similar to more important and abundant heavy cosmic rays such as Fe ions. Dissociation of the ice molecules, and formation of new molecules were observed. Also, sputtering (leading to desorp

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26

Knez, C., M. H. Moore, R. F. Ferrante, and R. L. Hudson. "LABORATORY IR STUDIES AND ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS OF C2H2-CONTAINING BINARY ICES." Astrophysical Journal 748, no. 2 (2012): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/748/2/95.

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27

Leroux, Killian, and Lahouari Krim. "Thermal and photochemical study of CH3OH and CH3OH–O2 astrophysical ices." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 500, no. 1 (2020): 1188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3205.

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ABSTRACT Methanol, which is one of the most abundant organic molecules in the interstellar medium, plays an important role in the complex grain surface chemistry that is believed to be a source of many organic compounds. Under energetic processing such as ultraviolet (UV) photons or cosmic rays, methanol may decompose into CH4, CO2, CO, HCO, H2CO, CH3O and CH2OH, which in turn lead to complex organic molecules such as CH3OCHO, CHOCH2OH and HOCH2CH2OH through radical recombination reactions. However, although molecular oxygen and its detection, abundance and role in the interstellar medium have

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28

Allodi, M. A., R. A. Baragiola, G. A. Baratta, et al. "Complementary and Emerging Techniques for Astrophysical Ices Processed in the Laboratory." Space Science Reviews 180, no. 1-4 (2013): 101–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-0020-8.

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29

Bénit, J., J. P. Bibring, S. Della Negra, Y. Le Beyec, and F. Rocard. "Ion desorption by high energy irradiation of ices and Astrophysical implications." Radiation Effects 99, no. 1-4 (1986): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00337578608209618.

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30

Esmaili, Sasan, Andrew D. Bass, Pierre Cloutier, Léon Sanche, and Michael A. Huels. "Synthesis of complex organic molecules in simulated methane rich astrophysical ices." Journal of Chemical Physics 147, no. 22 (2017): 224704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5003898.

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31

Schutte, W., L. Allamandola, and S. Sandford. "Formaldehyde and organic molecule production in astrophysical ices at cryogenic temperatures." Science 259, no. 5098 (1993): 1143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.11540093.

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32

Carvalho, G. A., and S. Pilling. "Time-scales to reach chemical equilibrium in ices at snowline distance around compact objects: the influence of accretion mass in the central object." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 2 (2021): 2973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab641.

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ABSTRACT In this work, we analyse soft X-ray emission due to mass accretion on to compact stars and its effects on the time-scale to reach chemical equilibrium of eventual surrounding astrophysical ices exposed to that radiation. Reaction time-scales due to soft X-ray in water-rich and pure ices of methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, formic acid, and acetic acid were determined. For accretion rates in the range $\dot{m}=10^{-12}\!-\!10^{-8}\,{\rm M}_\odot$ yr−1 and distances in the range 1–3 LY from the central compact objects, the time-scales lie in the range 10–108 yr, with shorter time-scales

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33

Luna, Ramón, Carlos Millán, Manuel Domingo, Carmina Santonja, and Miguel Á. Satorre. "Density and Refractive Index of Carbon Monoxide Ice at Different Temperatures." Astrophysical Journal 935, no. 2 (2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8001.

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Abstract This paper is intended to study the density and the refractive index of the solid carbon monoxide in the interval 13–28 K to improve our understanding of the dynamics in the astrophysical environments where they are present. A series of deposition experiments have been performed under high vacuum conditions to study the properties of this ice under astrophysical conditions. Ice density has been experimentally calculated at different deposition temperatures of astrophysical interest, which complement the scarce values present in the literature. The refractive index has also been experi

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34

Blake, D. F., LJ Allamandola, G. Palmer, and A. Pohorille. "Analytical Electron Microscopy of Extraterrestrial Ice Analogs." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100181737.

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The natural history of the biogenic elements H, C, N, O, P and S in the cosmos is of great interest because it is these elements which comprise all life. Material ejected from stars (or pre-existing in the interstellar medium) is thought to condense into diffuse bodies of gravitationally bound gas and dust called cold interstellar molecular clouds. Current theories predict that within these clouds, at temperatures of 10-100° K, gases (primarily H2O, but including CO, CO2, CH3OH, NH3, and others) condense onto submicron silicate grains to form icy grain mantles. This interstellar ice represents

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35

Woon, D. "Ab Initio Quantum Chemical Studies of Reactions in Astrophysical Ices 2. Reactions in H2CO/HCN/HNC/H2O Ices." Icarus 149, no. 1 (2001): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6524.

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36

Tonauer, Christina M., Lilli-Ruth Fidler, Johannes Giebelmann, Keishiro Yamashita, and Thomas Loerting. "Nucleation and growth of crystalline ices from amorphous ices." Journal of Chemical Physics 158, no. 14 (2023): 141001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0143343.

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We here review mostly experimental and some computational work devoted to nucleation in amorphous ices. In fact, there are only a handful of studies in which nucleation and growth in amorphous ices are investigated as two separate processes. In most studies, crystallization temperatures T x or crystallization rates R JG are accessed for the combined process. Our Review deals with different amorphous ices, namely, vapor-deposited amorphous solid water (ASW) encountered in many astrophysical environments; hyperquenched glassy water (HGW) produced from μm-droplets of liquid water; and low density

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37

Schutte, W. A., L. J. Allamandola, and S. A. Sandford. "Formation of Organic Molecules by Formaldehyde Reactions in Astrophysical Ices at Very Low Temperatures." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 150 (1992): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090008966x.

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Warm-up of astrophysical ice analogues containing formaldehyde produced organic residues in large abundances. It is argued that formaldehyde reactions at very low temperatures could be an important source of interstellar and cometary organic molecules.

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38

Rosa, Caroline Antunes, Alexandre Bergantini, Péter Herczku, et al. "Infrared Spectral Signatures of Nucleobases in Interstellar Ices I: Purines." Life 13, no. 11 (2023): 2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13112208.

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The purine nucleobases adenine and guanine are complex organic molecules that are essential for life. Despite their ubiquitous presence on Earth, purines have yet to be detected in observations of astronomical environments. This work therefore proposes to study the infrared spectra of purines linked to terrestrial biochemical processes under conditions analogous to those found in the interstellar medium. The infrared spectra of adenine and guanine, both in neat form and embedded within an ice made of H2O:NH3:CH4:CO:CH3OH (10:1:1:1:1), were analysed with the aim of determining which bands attri

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39

Woon, David E. "Ab Initio Quantum Chemical Studies of Reactions in Astrophysical Ices 3. Reactions of HOCH2NH2Formed in H2CO/NH3/H2O Ices." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105, no. 41 (2001): 9478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp011830h.

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40

Dupuy, R., G. Féraud, M. Bertin, et al. "The efficient photodesorption of nitric oxide (NO) ices." Astronomy & Astrophysics 606 (October 2017): L9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731653.

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The study and quantification of UV photon-induced desorption of frozen molecules furthers our understanding of the chemical evolution of cold interstellar regions. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important intermediate species in both gas-phase and solid-phase chemical networks. In this work, we present quantitative measurements of the photodesorption of a pure NO ice. We used the tunable monochromatic synchrotron light of the DESIRS beamline of the SOLEIL facility near Paris to irradiate NO ices in the 6–13.6 eV range and measured desorption by quadrupole mass spectrometry. We find that NO photodesor

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41

Rocha, W. R. M., and S. Pilling. "Tracking the Evolutionary Stage of Protostars through the Abundances of Astrophysical Ices." Astrophysical Journal 896, no. 1 (2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab91bd.

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42

de Barros, A. L. F., P. Boduch, A. Domaracka, H. Rothard, and E. F. da Silveira. "Radiolysis of astrophysical ices by heavy ion irradiation: Destruction cross section measurement." Low Temperature Physics 38, no. 8 (2012): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4743476.

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43

Rosu-Finsen, Alexander, Jérôme Lasne, Andrew Cassidy, Martin R. S. McCoustra, and David Field. "Spontaneous polarization of solid CO on water ices and some astrophysical implications." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 7 (2016): 5159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp07049j.

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Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) is used to show that when 20 monolayer (ML) films of solid CO are laid down on solid water substrates at 20 to 24 K, the films polarize spontaneously.

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44

Gudipati, Murthy S., and Louis J. Allamandola. "Facile Generation and Storage of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ions in Astrophysical Ices." Astrophysical Journal 596, no. 2 (2003): L195—L198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/379595.

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45

Sandford, S. A., L. J. Allamandola, A. G. G. M. Tielens, and G. J. Valero. "Laboratory studies of the infrared spectral propertries of CO in astrophysical ices." Astrophysical Journal 329 (June 1988): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/166395.

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46

Vasconcelos, F. A., S. Pilling, W. R. M. Rocha, H. Rothard, and P. Boduch. "Radiolysis of N2-rich astrophysical ice by swift oxygen ions: implication for space weathering of outer solar system bodies." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 35 (2017): 24154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp04408a.

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47

de Barros, A. L. F., A. Bergantini, A. Domaracka, H. Rothard, P. Boduch, and E. F. da Silveira. "Radiolysis of NH3:CO ice mixtures – implications for Solar system and interstellar ices." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 2 (2020): 2162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2865.

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ABSTRACT Experimental results on the processing of NH3:CO ice mixtures of astrophysical relevance by energetic (538 MeV 64Ni24+) projectiles are presented. NH3 and CO are two molecules relatively common in interstellar medium and Solar system; they may be precursors of amino acids. 64Ni ions may be considered as representative of heavy cosmic ray analogues. Laboratory data were collected using mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and revealed the formation of ammonium cation (NH$_4^+$), cyanate (OCN−), molecular nitrogen (N2), and CO2. Tentative assignments of carbamic acid (NH2COOH), f

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48

Zhang, Chaojiang, Leslie A. Young, and Ralf I. Kaiser. "Chemical Evolution of Isotopically Labeled Carbon Dioxide (¹³CO₂) Ice Exposed to Ionizing Radiation and Implications for Trans-Neptunian Objects." Astrophysical Journal 980, no. 2 (2025): 248. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada9e7.

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Abstract We present results on the radiation chemistry of isotopically labeled carbon dioxide (13CO2) ices induced by energetic electrons at 40 and 10 K to simulate the chemical evolution of carbon dioxide on trans-Neptunian objects exposed to galactic cosmic-ray particles. By collecting infrared spectra during the irradiation of 13CO2 ices, we have identified several radiolysis products, including carbon monoxide (13CO), ozone (O3), carbon trioxide (13CO3) with cyclic (C 2v ) and acyclic (D 3h ) isomers, carbon tetraoxide (13CO4), carbon pentaoxide (13CO5), and carbon hexaoxide (13CO6). The t

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49

Woon, D. "Ab Initio Quantum Chemical Studies of Reactions in Astrophysical Ices 1. Aminolysis, Hydrolysis, and Polymerization in H2CO/NH3/H2O Ices." Icarus 142, no. 2 (1999): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6227.

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50

Collings, M. P., J. W. Dever, M. R. S. McCoustra, and H. J. Fraser. "Implications of Ice Morphology for Comet Formation." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600016397.

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AbstractLaboratory surface science under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions allows us to simulate the growth of ices in astrophysical environments. Using the techniques of temperature programmed desorption (TPD), reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and micro-balance methods, we have studied binary ice systems consisting of water (H2O) and variety of other species including carbon monoxide (CO), at astrophysically relevant conditions of temperature and pressure. We present results that demonstrate that the morphology of water ice has an important influence on the behavior of suc

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