Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ASU EMS'

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a inspecionabilidade dos furos da junção asa/stub das aeronaves das famílias EMB 145, EMB 170 e EMB 190. O estudo ée baseado nos métodos de avaliação não-destrutiva (NDE) utilizados pela Embraer. Os furos em questão neste trabalho são inspecionados pelo método de Eddy Current, sendo este o mesmo método utilizado na linha de produção da Embraer. Corpos-de-prova simulam a região da aeronave estudada em termos de espessuras e ligas de alumínio utilizadas para a fabricação das peças. Defeitos como ovalizações, marcas de ferramentas e riscos de tamanhos diversos são reproduzidos nos corpos-de-prova e inspecionados por Eddy Current. Os resultados das inspeções são comparados a requisitos técnicos de projeto e produção e, finalmente, são apresentadas as conclusões e considerações finais do trabalho.

Elections are one of the most fundamental activities of a democratic society. As is the case in any other aspect of life, developments in technology have resulted changes in the voting procedure from using the traditional paper-based voting to voting by use of electronic means, or e-voting. E-voting involves using different forms of electronic means like
voting machines, voting via the Internet, telephone, SMS and digital interactive television. This thesis concerns voting by telephone, or televoting, it starts by giving a brief overview and evaluation of various models and technologies that are implemented within such systems. The aspects of televoting that have been investigated are technologies that provide a voice interface to the voter and conduct the voting process, namely the Election Markup Language (EML), Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) and Text-to-Speech (TTS).

Titel: Förstår alla förändringen? – En kvantitativ studie om hur införandet av IFRS 16 och ASC 842 har påverkat företagsvärderingen Författare: Oskar Nordquist och Hampus Eriksson Handledare: Torbjörn Tagesson Bakgrund: Implementeringen av nya redovisningsstandarder påverkar den finansiella informationen som investerade använder som beslutsunderlag på aktiemarknaden. Införandet av de nya leasingstandarderna IFRS 16 och ASC 842 påverkar bland annat nyckeltal som beskriver företagens räntabilitet och skuldsättning, vilket ofta används när man värderar bolag. På grund av detta finns det ett intresse att se om företagens aktiekurs påverkas av implementeringen av IFRS 16 och ASC 842. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att förklara om införandet av redovisningsstandarderna IFRS 16 och ASC 842 har påverkat aktiekursen. Metod: Studien använder sig av en deduktiv ansats och en komparativ design för att för att undersöka ifall det finns ett eventuellt samband mellan införandet av IFRS 16 och ASC 842 med aktiekursförändring. Studien använder sig av kvantitativa data och består av sekundärdata. Slutsats: Studien fann inga bevis för att införandet av IFRS 16 och ASC 842 har påverkat aktiekursen. Kunskapsbidrag: Studien bidrar med utökad kunskap om hur införandet av redovisningsstandarderna IFRS 16 och ASC 842 har påverkat aktiekursen.

The Ministry of Education in Abu Dhabi launched an extensive reform initiative developed by the Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC) in partnership with international operators. The reform has introduced innovative teaching methodologies, modern books, a new curriculum and the use of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) in mathematics and science classes. The research carried out for this thesis investigated 11 Emirati female teachers. The data was collected from interviews and several informal observations carried out in a public middle school in a town outside Abu Dhabi city, UAE. The rationale for this study is to critically investigate the effects that rapid reform is having on the performance of the female teachers in the classroom and the impact of this speedy reform on their professional and personal lives so as to highlight differences between reform theory and practice. This study is significant because few studies on female teachers in a Gulf educational reform environment have been undertaken and it is essential to uncover the foreign and non-egalitarian nature of the reform programme. Therefore, the study’s aims are to highlight teacher perspectives and teacher marginalization, EMI and consider whether the reform is being implemented successfully at the classroom level. Of course, an important aim of this critical study has also been to raise the consciousness of those participating in the reform. This study has revealed mostly negative perceptions regarding the Abu Dhabi education reform programme, in particular with teachers’ perceptions of the work environment and the new pedagogy. It has also disclosed several instances of teacher marginalization as the result of a top-down reform and has exposed a prevailing sentiment of teacher disempowerment because of the presence of foreigners operating in the country. Teacher perceptions regarding EMI have been numerous in particular with cultural issues relating to the use of EMI in mathematics and science classes. Surprisingly, the study revealed a few unexpected positive findings with certain aspects of reform.

Coal ash deposits were collected in a 160 kWth, down-fired oxy-coal reactor under staged and unstaged conditions for four different coals (PRB, Gatling, Illinois #6, and Mahoning). Concentration measurements of carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, strontium, and barium were gathered from each deposit sample using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Backscattered electron micrographs for each deposit sample were analyzed to gather morphological data. Particle size and shape were studied for each deposit collected. The average particle sizes of the particles in upstream deposits were much larger than the average particle sizes of the downstream deposits. The downstream deposits consisted primarily of spherical particles while the upstream deposits consisted of round, irregular polygonal, and porous particles. Deposit particles are believed to have deposited at all stages of burnout; those depositing early during pyrolysis may have continued to react after deposition. Element maps for the aforementioned elements were collected with SEM-EDS and analyzed to quantify both average composition and composition of individual particles. These values were compared to ASTM ash analyses performed for each coal and ash collected from the flue gas stream with a cyclonic particle separator. It was found that sulfur concentrations of deposits do not correlate with corresponding sulfur concentrations of the coal. Comparison of similar experiments performed with air-combustion show that oxy-combustion deposits contain about twice as much sulfur as air-combustion deposits when burning the same coal. Deposition propensity of each coal was also examined, and the PRB and Gatling coals were found to have a moderately high deposition propensity whereas the deposition propensity of the Mahoning and Illinois #6 coals was fairly low.

This study is both quantitative and qualitative in nature. In order to support or discard the hypothesis that high-functioning, autistic upper secondary school students speak more freely in English than in their native language Swedish, an experiment with a narrative format was conducted with students both within and without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Measurements of lexical density, hesitations and long pauses in the narrative were applied to assess the quality of produced speech. A questionnaire survey for teachers of this age category of students was also carried out. The analyses of the results are primarily quantitative, but a portion of the questionnaire is also thematically analysed. The study shows that there is initial support for the hypothesis.
Denna studie är båda kvantitativ och kvalitativ i sin natur. För att stödja eller förkasta hypotesen att högfungerande, autistiska gymnasieelever talar engelska mer obehindrat än deras modersmål svenska, genomfördes ett experiment med ett berättande format med studenter både inom och utanför Autismspektrumtillstånd (AST). Mått på lexikalisk täthet, tvekan och långa pauser i berättandet användes för att utvärdera kvalitén av producerat tal. En enkätundersökning för lärare av denna ålderskategori av elever genomfördes också. Analyserna av resultaten är primärt kvantitativa, men en del av enkäten är också tematiskt analyserad. Studien visar att det föreligger ett initialt stöd för hypotesen.

One of the most sustainable pathways of sewage sludge treatment in recent years has been thermal conversion. The benefits of thermal treatment of sewage sludge are the recovery of energy or valuable chemical products, the destruction of harmful organic compounds, the separation of heavy metals from the P-rich coarse ash fraction, and the decreased and sanitized ash volume. The ashes created by these thermal conversion processes of sewage sludge are often rich in P that is mostly present in minerals with low plant-availability such as apatite. Due to the enrichment of P in the created ashes, a variety of post-processing steps have been developed to recover P from sewage sludge ashes. One proven way for the sus-tainable recovery of P from such ashes is thermal post-processing with alkaline salts, e.g., Na2SO4 or K2CO3, which was able to transform less plant-available phosphates in the sewage sludge into more plant-available alkali-bearing phos-phates. Based on these results, one could facilitate creating these phosphates with enhanced plant-availability by providing the chemical potential to form them already during the thermal conversion process of sewage sludge.   This thesis aims to increase the current knowledge about the ash transformation processes of P and to suggest suitable process parameters for the alteration of the phosphate speciation in sewage sludge ashes by co-conversion with alkaline-rich agricultural residues. More specifically, the possibility of incorporating K derived from agricultural residues in phosphate structures derived from sewage sludge was evaluated with respect to the influence of the process temperature, the conver-sion atmosphere, and the fuel mixture. The studied parameters were chosen to generate knowledge relevant for fluidized bed gasification processes, with a spe-cial focus on dual fluidized bed (DFB) gasification systems. The applicability of feldspar bed materials in fluidized bed gasification systems was investigated to enable the substitution of the commonly used olivine, which often contains heavy metals (potentially contaminating recovered ashes), and quartz, which is very reactive towards fuel-derived K and potentially leads to bed material fragmentation and bed agglomeration (Paper I & II). Subsequently, the thermodynamic potential for the alteration of the P-species in sewage sludge ash during co-combustion and co-gasification processes with agricultural residues was investigated (Paper III). Thereafter, an experimental evaluation of the ash transformation chemistry in thermal conversion processes of sewage sludge with different types of alkali-rich agricultural residues in temperatures relevant for flu-idized bed technology was conducted (Paper IV & V). The methodology employed was chosen with respect to the state of technology of the specific investigated process. Paper I & II applied SEM, EDS, XRD, and thermodynamic equilibrium modeling for bed material samples derived from an industrial indirect gasifier. Paper III applied thermodynamic equilibrium calcula-tions to theoretically evaluate ash compositions resulting from co-conversion of sewage sludge and agricultural residues. Paper IV & V employed SEM, EDS, ICP-AES/MS, XRD, and thermochemical modeling on ash samples derived from single pellet lab-scale experiments. The results obtained by analysis of bed material from indirect wood gasification showed the difference in interaction mechanism for K-feldspar and Na-feldspar, most notably the enhanced disintegration of Na-feldspar by K originating from the fuel (Paper I & II). Thermodynamic models employed for fuel mixtures of sewage sludge and agricultural residues showed the thermodynamic preference for the formation of the desired alkali-bearing phosphates (Paper III). Experi-ments conducted with these fuel mixtures (Paper IV & V) supported the theo-retical findings, and the influence of temperature and process conditions could be obtained. However, practical investigations also showed that attainment of the desired ash composition is subject to significant restrictions. Derived from the elaborated results and discussions, it was possible to assess the critical process and fuel parameters for the development of up-scaled gasification processes focusing on the conversion of sewage sludge with the aim of creating improved phosphate formation in the ash. The selection of a suitable bed material in fluidized bed conversion and the transformation mechanisms defining the ash chemistry were found to be of vital importance for future applications. The pur-suit of the predefined aims in reference to P-recovery from sewage sludge has led to a multitude of suggestions for suitable process parameters that must be ad-dressed in future bench- and pilot-scale experimental runs.

Grisi Siknis est le calque miskito de l’anglais "crazy sickness". Au-dessous de cette étiquette opaque se cachent une série de crises de transe de masse se reproduisant depuis plus de cinquante ans dans la région de la Moskitia, entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras orientaux. La grisi siknis est un raptus de transe involontaire qui atteint de préférence les jeunes femmes miskitos, une ethnie afro-indigène de langue Misumalpa. Au cours de la transe, les attaqués de grisi siknis (lasa praprukra) tombent en proie à un comportement agressif et/ou auto-agressif associé à des hallucinations récurrentes, ce qui est généralement interprété comme l'attaque d'un esprit maléfique. La diffusion de la maladie est perçue par les affectés comme une épidémie contagieuse redoutable aux thérapies controversées. Néanmoins, le comportement des lasa praprukra présente un certain degré de ritualisation. L’objectif primaire de cette étude, qui s'est appuyée sur une année de recherches ethnographiques au Nicaragua, est de décrire la force de propagation de la grisi siknis, en analysant sa dynamique interactionnelle et la constitution de l'imaginaire qui l'impulse. L’imaginaire iconique lié aux hallucinations de la grisi siknis a été étudié en proposant aux attaqués de dessiner leurs contenus hallucinatoires. Cette pratique, en analogie avec certains traitement chamaniques locaux, a été appréhendée comme une forme de thérapie. Le corpus iconographique produit est analysé dans son double statut de représentation et d’imaginaire incarné doté d’agentivité. En deuxième lieu, la thèse décrit les soubassements neurocognitifs de la crise de transe en esquissant un modèle bayésien de l'induction d'hallucinations sans prise de psychotropes dans des sujets sains. Enfin, le statut social des attaqués de grisi siknis est comparé à ceux de spécialistes rituels tels que les chamanes et des guérisseurs. Une place importante est accordée à la nature ontologiquement instable des esprits impliqués et au rôle de la métacognition dans les modifications psycho-physiologiques qui en favorisent l’expérience et la croyance
Grisi siknis is a Miskito calque of the English expression « crazy sickness ». Behind this secretive label lies a series of mass trance seizures that have been happening for more than fifty years in the Moskitia region, between Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras. Grisi siknis is an involuntary trance attack, mainly affecting young Miskito women, an afro-indigenous population whose language belongs to the Misumalpa family. During the trance, those attacked by grisi siknis (lasa praprukra) show an aggressive/auto-aggressive behaviour associated with repeated hallucinations, which is generally interpreted as the attack of an evil spirit. The spread of the disease is seen by those affected as a dangerous epidemic which therapies are still controversial. Nevertheless, the lasa praprukra behaviour presents a certain degree of ritualization. The main goal of this study, which relies on one year of ethnographic research in Nicaragua, is to describe grisi siknis propagation by analysing its interactional dynamics and the constitution of the imagery impulsing its spread. The iconic imagery of grisi siknis has been studied by proposing to patients to draw their hallucinatory contents. As it shares some analogies with local shamanic treatment, this practice has been apprehended as a form of therapy. The iconographic corpus of grisi siknis drawings is analysed both in representation and in agentive embodied imagery terms. Secondly, this thesis describes the neurocognitive processes behind the seizure by sketching a Bayesian model of the induction of hallucinations in healthy subjects without psychotropic intake.Finally, the social status of lasa praprukra is compared to those of some local ritual specialists as shamans and healers. An important place is accorded to the fluctuating ontology of the spirits mobilized during the trance, as well as to the role held by metacognition in the psycho-physiological modifications encouraging spirits experience and belief

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face many challenges which lead to low levels of psychological well-being, partly caused by inability to parent in accordance with one’s values. Child-directed play, a moment of being fully attentive and responsive to one’s child, has the potential to increase parental values. A non-concurrent multiple-baseline experimental design investigated whether daily exercises of child-directed play improved valued parenting and parental perspective-taking. Eight parents of children with diagnosed or suspected ASD were followed daily for six weeks. The intervention comprehended daily practice of child-directed play and video supervision. Child-directed play increased ratings of parental values for all but one participant (Hedges’ g* = 1.67) with effect maintained at follow-up, and increased ratings of parental perspective-taking. A gradual effect indicates the need for greater difference in baseline length between participants. No effects on children, nor on parental well-being were investigated in the present study.

Information technologies and mobile telecommunications rapidly enter our personal and social life. Mobile phone is no longer luxury – it has become a necessity. Growing volumes of the mobile services has caused a need to expand the mobile service employment opportunities in the Internet portals. Today’s portals, created using the means, offered by software manufacturers, employ exclusively the mobile Internet service, thanks to which the users can see and manage the necessary information and process of the portal at any time and from anywhere. The problem is related with the fact that mobile Internet services are still expensive in Lithuania. Therefore one should look for cheaper ways to reach and manage portal information. In order to solve this problem one can consider the SMS and MMS message sending, suggested by mobile technologies. Basic aim of the work is to create an entertainment portal, rendering the user both various Internet entertainments (e.g. Internet acquaintances, games), and mobile entertainment (e.g. sending messages, logos, melodies, animations and games for mobile phone) as well as a wide range of mobile services to be used to obtain and to manage the portal information. In the work I describe: portal evolution, classification and creation measures („BroadVision Portal“, „IBM WebSphere Portal for Multiplatforms v5.x“, „Sun One Portal Server v6.0“, „Red Hat Enterprise Portal Server“, „Microsoft SharePoint® Portal Server 2003“, „ORACLE 9ias Portal“, „PHP:... [to full text]

abstract: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) first response personnel treat urgent and immediate illnesses and injuries in prehospital settings, and transport patients to definitive care if needed. EMS originated during warfare. The practice of rescuing wounded soldiers started during the Byzantine Empire, and developed along with other medical advances to the present day. Civilian EMS in the United States grew rapidly starting in the 1960s. Following the landmark National Research Council white paper of “Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society”, the nation addressed the key issues and problems faced in delivering emergency medical services. Today, colleges and universities often sponsor EMS organizations to serve populations concentrated in complex campuses. These are collectively known as Collegiate-Based Emergency Medical Services (CBEMS). By September 2018, there were 252 registered CBEMS organizations in the United States. Most are affiliated with the National Collegiate Emergency Medical Services Foundation (NCEMSF), which advocates, encourages, and provides support for CBEMS organizations. A survey repeating prior work (1996 and 2005) was sent to all NCEMSF registered CBEMS organizations, and 24 responded. The survey included questions on demographics, response capacities, coverage, organization, and logistics information. Locally, Arizona State University Student Emergency Medical Services (SEMS at ASU) began as an all-student-run volunteer organization in 2008. In 2018, SEMS at ASU became ASU EMS, as an official subdivision of the ASU Environmental Health Safety (EH&S) Department. This study summarizes the history of EMS, investigates the current status of CBEMS organizations and traces the history of ASU EMS from a volunteer group to an official department.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Biology 2019

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
98
Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD) system is essential in a variety of electric vehicles. It is different from the traditional gasoline engine vehicles. ASD system is an extra interference of the electric vehicles and the degree of disturbance is also greater than other electronic components. Therefore, it is an important issue to find out how ASD system conducts the intensity of EMI in 150k-30MHz through data simulation at design stage. In this research, ansoft simplrer system-level circuit software is used for simulating the intensity of EMI by conducting of NTU Green Jumper’s ASD system, which also includes IGBT device dynamic model, IPM motor high frequency model, snubber circuit, power line and bus parastic parameter with coupling. Based on the simulation result, ASD system can successfully conduct EMI in 150k-30MHz and the error could be less than 10dB, which confirmed that EMI modeling method can be accurately used at the design stage, and also be the reference for a filter designing. In experimental operation, I made the test in S1 wave isolation room at Automotive Research & Testing Center and obtained frequency domain data after checking background’s interference can meet test requirements.

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a staple food for millions of people in Africa and South Asia. It is mainly consumed for its starch. The starch composition and structure in the seed endosperm determines cooking properties, processing quality, and starch digestibility.

An assay to measure the alkali spreading value (ASV) of sorghum is described. The assay was used to identify sorghum EMS mutants with variation in starch composition. The ASV mutants (ASV+) exhibited a range of starch thermal properties with starch gelatinization temperatures (GT) being lower or higher than samples from Tx623 or Sepon82. The ASV+ phenotypes were found to be correlated with starch related traits such as enthalpy (r = −0.53) and range of starch GT (T_c-T_o) (r = 0.60).

Genes controling the ASV phenotype of sorghum and their impact on starch quality traits are described. Whole genome re-sequencing of sorghum EMS mutants exhibiting an ASV+ phenotype was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes Sobic.004G163700 and Sobic.010G093400. The two genes were identified as a SbeIIb, a putative sorghum homolog of amylose extender, and as a SSIIa, respectively. Linkage analysis showed that the mutations in Sobic.010G093400 and Sobic.004G163700 co-segregated with the ASV phenotype. The ssIIa-mutants exhibited normal amylose values, lower starch GT and lower final viscosity than the wild type. The sbeIIb-mutants exhibited higher amylose content, higher starch GT and lower peak and final viscosity with poor gel consistency compared to the wild type and ssIIa-mutants. An allele dosage test indicated that the sbeIIb-mutants had an allele dosage dependent effect on amylose content. Double mutants of sbeIIb and ssIIa showed that amylose content, starch thermal properties and paste viscosity profiles resemble the sbeIIb parent.

A study of ASV phenotypes in a panel of more than 750 sorghum conversion lines revealed genetic variation for the ASV phenotype. A few SC-lines exhibiting stable expression of the ASV+ phenotype over two growing seasons. Most of these lines were described as belonging to the working group Nandyal, durra types from India described as producing ‘glutinous grains’. Whole genome resequencing discovered common SNPs in genes associated with starch biosynthesis. A genome wide association study (GWAS) identified a significant SNP that could be associated with the starch biosynthesis gene Sobic.010G273800, and with candidate genes Sobic.010G274800 and Sobic.010G275001 both annotated as glucosyltransferases. Grain samples from SC489, SC491, SC587 and SC589 exhibited a consistent ASV+ phenotype with lower or similar starch GT, similar amylose content, and similar high viscosity and gel consistency compared to controls.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are attractive energy sources for power trains in vehicles because of their low operating temperature that enables fast start-up and high power densities. Cost reduction and durability are the key issues to be solved before PEMFCs can be successfully commercialized. The major portion of fuel cell cost is associated with the catalyst layer which is typically comprised of carbon-supported Pt and ionomer. The degradation of the catalyst layer is one of the major failure modes that can cause voltage degradation and limit the service life of the fuel cell stack during operation. To develop a highly durable and better performing catalyst layer, topics such as the causes for the degradation, modes of failure, different mechanisms and effect of degradation on fuel cell performance must be studied thoroughly. Key degradation modes of catalyst layer are carbon corrosion and Pt dissolution. These two modes change the electrode structure in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and result in catalyst layer thinning, CO2 evolution, Pt deposition in the membrane and Pt agglomeration. Alteration of the electrode morphology can lead to voltage degradation. Accelerated stress tests (ASTs) which simulate the conditions and environments to which fuel cells are subject, but which can be completed in a timely manner, are commonly used to investigate the degradation of the various components. One of the current challenges in employing these ASTs is to relate the performance loss under a given set of conditions to the various life-limiting factors and material changes. In this study, various degradation modes of the cathode catalyst layer are isolated to study their relative impact on performance loss ‗Fingerprints‘ of identifiable performance losses due to carbon corrosion are developed for MEAs with 0.4 mg cm−2 cathode platinum loadings. The fingerprint is used to determine the extent of performance loss due to carbon corrosion and Pt dissolution in cases where both mechanisms operate. This method of deconvoluting the contributions to performance loss is validated by comparison to the measured performance losses when the catalyst layer is subjected to an AST in which Pt dissolution is predominant. The limitations of this method iv are discussed in detail. The developed fingerprint suggests that carbon loss leading to CO2 evolution during carbon corrosion ASTs contributes to performance loss of the cell. A mechanistic model for carbon corrosion of the cathode catalyst layer based on one appearing in the literature is developed and validated by comparison of the predicted carbon losses to those measured during various carbon corrosion ASTs. Practical use of the model is verified by comparing the predicted and experimentally observed performance losses. Analysis of the model reveals that the reversible adsorption of water and subsequent oxidation of the carbon site onto which water is adsorbed is the main cause of the current decay during ASTs. Operation of PEM fuel cells at higher cell temperatures and lower relative humidities accelerates Pt dissolution in the catalyst layer during ASTs. In this study, the effects of temperature and relative humidity on MEA degradation are investigated by applying a newly developed AST protocol in which Pt dissolution is predominant and involves the application of a potentiostatic square-wave pulse with a repeating pattern of 3s at 0.6 V followed by 3s at 1.0 V. This protocol is applied at three different temperatures (40°C, 60°C and 80°C) to the same MEA. A diagnostic signature is developed to estimate kinetic losses by making use of the effective platinum surface area (EPSA) obtained from cyclic voltammograms. The analysis indicates that performance degradation occurs mainly due to the loss of Pt in electrical contact with the support and becomes particularly large at 80°C. This Pt dissolution AST protocol is also investigated at three different relative humidities (100%, 50% and 0%). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of the MEAs show an increase in both the polarization and ohmic resistances during the course of the AST. Analysis by cyclic voltammetry shows a slight increase in EPSA when the humidity increases from 50% to 100%. The proton resistivity of the ionomer measured by carrying out impedance measurements on MEAs with H2 being fed on the anode side and N2 on the cathode side is found to increase by the time it reaches its end-of-life state when operated under 0 % RH conditions.