To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Ásura (The Sanskrit word).
Journal articles on the topic 'Ásura (The Sanskrit word)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Ásura (The Sanskrit word).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bhalodia, Jitendra V. "Sanskrit Word Extraction." Indian Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2012/35.
Full text
2
Hemraj Saini. "Modern Sanskrit Children's Literature." Knowledgeable Research: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1, no. 09 (May 1, 2023): 17–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.57067/kr.v1i09.75.
Full textAbstract:
In the modern poetry world, the use of the word 'literature' by the poets is considered in the sense of poetry. In the past, the noun 'poetry' actually used to express poet-action - kaveh karma kavyam.
In the modern context, the word 'literature' used in place of poetry has been used in three senses on the basis of evidence of practical experiments-
Firstly - on the evidence of 'Sahityapathonidhimanthannottham Kavyamritam Rakshat he Kavindra': The meaning of the word literature is very wide, that is, the word literature is also used in the meaning of all written oral literature.
Secondly - 'Sahitye Sukumarvastuni Dharvannayagrahagranthile', on the evidence of this statement of Shri Harsha, the word literature is used in the sense of a special 'poetry', a part of literature.
Thirdly - In 'Sahityavidyashramvarjiteshu.....' the word literature has been used in the combined sense of poetry and poetry.
In modern life, the word literature or poetry expresses the same feeling in Sanskrit... 'Sahiten Bhavah Sahityam'. In fact, 'poetry' or 'literature' is defined in different contexts from ancient poets to modern poets. In the context of literature, Acharya Bhamah of Kavyashastra has the opinion that- “Shabdharthau sahitau kavyam.”1
That is, the meaning of the meaning is poetry. The association of semantics is visible in practical sentences and sentences based on classical or scientific thinking. But the association of poetry is different from this. In fact, the feeling of Bhamaha word meaning which is called literature is an excellent quality of co-feeling. That association should be such that on the one hand the reader receives derived opinion in various purusharths, as well as the hearty child, the young man i.e. the poetry connoisseur gets joy and happiness.
3
Ratna Erawati, Ni Ketut, and I. Made Wijana. "The Heritage Structure of Sanskrit Compound in Old Javanese Language: A Contrastive Linguistics Study." Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (UJoSSH) 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2017.v01.i01.p06.
Full textAbstract:
Sanskrit and Old Javanese language are not cognate language. In a language comparative study, the language that has no geneologis relationship could be analyzed contrastively. In typological morphological, Sanskrit is classified into flective language, while the Old Javanese language is classified agglutinative languages. The aim of this writing is to describe and explain the grammatical process of Sanskrit compound word that orbed into Old Javanese. The data tabulation belonging to the compound words were analyzed explanative descriptively according to the nature of the data and the methods and techniques that relevant to the object of study. The methods and techniques used were framed into three stages, namely the data providing, data analysis, and presenting analysis. The theoretical basis of language comparison is similarity or semblance of form and meaning. Based on the analysis, the compound word in Old Javanese language largely derived from the Sanskrit in free base form or derivation form. The forms are borrowed intact and some are accompanied by grammatical processes in the Old Javanese. The similarity and resemblance of these forms are inherited as a loan. The Old Javanese compounding process has the structure: Sanskrit + Sanskrit, Sanskrit + Old Javanese, Old Javanese + Sanskrit. Grammatical processes that occurred are affixation appropriate rules of Old Javanese.
4
Yuniarto, Hendy, and Marsono. "Semantic Change Type in Old Javanese Word and Sanskrit Loan Word to Modern Javanese." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 16, no. 1 (December 10, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v16i1.262.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to describe type classifier of semantic change and to explain the factors causing semantic change. This research was conducted with a qualitative-descriptive approach. The research method is conducted by comparing the meaning of words from the Old Javanese and Sanskrit loan wordto Modern Javanese. The collection data is done by looking for words that the meaning suspected change in Old Javanese dictionary. Words meaning determined precisely by tracing to the Old Javanese text. Furthermore, words meaning are compared to present time meaning through Modern Javanese dictionary. In addition, searching Modern Javanese meaning are also using Javanese news on the internet pages. The analysis of this research is to classify Old Javanese words and Sanskrit loan words meaning that undergo change to Modern Javanese. Its also explained why the change in the word meaning can occur. The result shows that, semantic change of Old Javanese words and Sanskrit loan words to Modern Javanese can be classified into seven types, involving widening, narrowing, shifting, metaphor, metonymy, pejoration, and euphemism. In addition, the result shows that semantic change can occur because of some factors. Psychological factor concerning emotive and taboo, and polysemy. religion spreading, the growth of science and technology, the socio-political development, and the needs of a new name.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2013.160101
5
Siswadi, Gede Agus. "Studi Bahasa Sanskerta: Sebagai Metode Belajar Agama Hindu." JAPAM (Jurnal Pendidikan Agama) 1, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/japam.v1i1.2172.
Full textAbstract:
<em><span lang="EN">Sanskrit is the language of Veda or the language used to describe the holy word of God, so it is very important for Hindus to know about the language of Sanskrit before studying Veda. In addition, all the concepts contained in Hinduism are derived from Sanskrit. Thus, Sanskrit is the earliest and basic language that Hindus must master in order to deepen Vedic teachings. The Sanskrit learning method really determines the success of learning, so the learning method needs to be adapted to the character and needs of learning.</span></em>
6
Hara, Minoru. "A note on the Sanskrit word andha." Indo-Iranian Journal 49, no. 3 (October 1, 2006): 273–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000006791616365.
Full text
7
Hara, Minoru. "A note on the Sanskrit word andha." Indo-Iranian Journal 49, no. 3-4 (September 28, 2007): 273–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10783-007-9004-7.
Full text
8
Diah Nirmala Dewi and Kadek Tedy Mandala Putra. "PERAN WANITA HINDU DALAM MEMPERSIAPKAN UPAKARA DI LABUAN BAJO MANGGARAI BARAT NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR." Widya Duta: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Agama dan Ilmu Sosial Budaya 17, no. 2 (October 8, 2022): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/wd.v17i2.1743.
Full textAbstract:
Women, if studied scientifically, the origin of the word Svanittha is found in Sanskrit which has the meaning of the word Sva, which is itself and the word Nittha means holy. The actual meaning of the word Svanittha is to purify oneself, then its meaning is expanded to be about humans who have a big/important role in the Dharma or can be called practitioners of Dharma teachings. In the teachings of Hinduism, women have a very important role, namely as a means to realize the belief in Punarbhawa or the reincarnation of descendants. With the term Punarbhawa also developed the term Sukla Svanittha which means seeds or fetuses conceived by women. Family in Hinduism also has a different meaning. In Sanskrit the word family is divided into two parts, namely Kula and Varga. Kula is interpreted as a servant, servant and Varga is interpreted as a relationship, bond, devotion. Explanation of the meaning of family from Sanskrit, namely the relationship and bond of devotion between husband, wife, and children. Apart from being practitioners of Dharma teachings and successors of descendants, Hindu women are also required to be able to complete their own tasks related to the upkaras used during Yadnya ceremonies.
9
De Chene, Brent. "Sanskrit nominal stem gradation without morphomes." Word Structure 15, no. 1 (March 2022): 28–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2022.0198.
Full textAbstract:
It is proposed that the alternations ā ∼ a and a ∼ Ø in the stem-final syllable of Sanskrit nominals such as rā´jān- ‘king’ and dātār- ‘giver’ are due to rules of shortening and syncope. If so, those alternations provide no support, contrary to claims in the literature, for a framework in which stem alternants are associated with “morphomic indices” by stem-indexing rules and, more generally, no support for a purely morphological level of representation mediating between morphosyntax and morphophonology. To the contrary, it is claimed, postulation of such a level in the Sanskrit case both complicates the grammatical architecture needlessly and obstructs the statement of phonological generalizations.
10
Ashi Maheshwari, Et al. "Handwritten Vedic Sanskrit Text Recognition Using Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 11 (December 31, 2023): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i11.10071.
Full textAbstract:
Recognizing Vedic Sanskrit text is essential for accessing classical Indo-Aryan language, predominantly utilized in the Vedas. Currently, there is limited awareness about the Vedas, making this field a highly demanding and challenging area in pattern recognition. To accelerate progress in optical character recognition (OCR), deep learning methods are indispensable. This article presents a novel approach to Vedic Sanskrit text recognition, incorporating deep convolutional architectures with their respective interpretations. We introduce three modified 4-fold CNN architectures and the AlexNet model. Our system comprises a handwritten dataset containing 140 distinct Vedic Sanskrit words, with approximately 500 images per word, totaling around 70,000 images. The dataset is partitioned for training and testing in an 80:20 ratio. Training is conducted using 20% of the samples, and the resulting model is applied to the deep convolutional network with varied sets of neurons in their hidden layers. Our proposed method demonstrates robust support for accurate Vedic Sanskrit word classification. The recognition rate achieved in our research is 97.42%, with an average recognition time of 0.3640 milliseconds, surpassing existing CNN-based approaches.
11
Schiller, Diane, and Mary Charles. "Moving Forward and Backward with Palindromes." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 10, no. 2 (September 2004): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.10.2.0076.
Full textAbstract:
What is a palindrome? It is a number, word, or phrase that reads the same backward or forward. The Greek word palindromos means “running back again.” The Greek poet Sotades is generally credited with creating the first word palindrome around 300 BC. The earliest references to a numeric palindrome, 12345654321, are found in Indian Sanskrit mathematical literature written around AD 850.
12
Zakharov, Anton. "Sanskrit Legacy, The National Armed Forces, and Modern Political Culture of Indonesia." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 2 (2023): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080024351-3.
Full textAbstract:
Despite seventy years of studying, the functioning of Sanskrit and Old Javanese loanwords in modern Indonesian remain understudied. There are a lot of Sanskrit loans in various spheres of modern Indonesian. Many Indonesian military units have Sanskrit names. There are famous Sanskrit loans for Indonesian official ideology Pancasila and for the Indonesian national emblem Garuda Pancasila. Many Indonesian orders, decorations and medals also have Sanskrit names, for example, the military orders Bintang Sakti, or the Sacred Star, and Bintang Dharma, or the Army Distinguished Service Star, instituted in 1958. The word for medal in Indonesian is satyalancana which is a Sanskrit loan compound. Military regional commands may have names of ancient polities or kings which are of Sanskrit origin. Perhaps, the most noteworthy examples are Military Regional Command II Sriwijaya in South Sumatra and Military Regional Command VI Mulawarman in Kalimantan/Borneo. Sriwijaya was a powerful Old Malay kingdom in the seventh–thirteenth centuries; its name means ‘Great or Glorious Victory’ in Sanskrit. Mulawarman was a ruler of an East Kalimantan kingdom in the area of modern Kutai in the fifth century. The paper examines the usage of Sanskrit loans in the National Armed Forces of Indonesia and in the Indonesian award system. Multiple examples of Sanskrit loans in these fields may reflect an emphasis of ancient common cultural heritage in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. At the same time, there is a flexible naming practice which is not restricted by Sanskrit loans. These words are used frequently but not exclusively.
13
M. Joshi, Aditi, and Sanjay G. Patel. "An Ancient Number Recognition using Freeman Chain Code with Deep Learning Approach." Computer Science & Engineering: An International Journal 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/cseij.2022.12102.
Full textAbstract:
Sanskrit character and number documents have a lot of errors. Correcting those errors using conventional spell-checking approaches breaks down due to the limited vocabulary. This is because of high inflexions of Sanskrit, where words are dynamically formed by Sandhi rules, Samasa rules, Taddhita affixes, etc. Therefore, correcting OCR documents require huge efforts. Here, we can present different machine learning approaches and various ways to improve features for ameliorating the error corrections in Sanskrit documents. Simulation of Sanskrit dictionary for synthesizing off-the-shelf dictionary can be done. Most of the proposed methods can also work for general Sanskrit word corrections and Hindi word corrections. Handwriting recognition in Indic scripts, like Devanagari, is very challenging due to the subtitles in the scripts, variations in rendering and the cursive nature of the handwriting. Lack of public handwriting datasets in Indic scripts has long stymied the development of offline handwritten word recognizers and made comparison across different methods a tedious task in the field. In this paper, a new handwritten word dataset will be released for Devanagari, IIIT-HW-Dev to alleviate some of these issues. This process is required for successful training of deep learning architecture, availability of huge amounts of training data is crucial, as any typical architecture contains millions of parameters. A new method for the classification of freeman chain code using four-connectivity and eight-connectivity events with deep learning approach is presented. Application of CNN LeNet-5 is found to be suitable to get results in this cases as the numbers are formed with curved lines In contrast with the existing FCC event data analysis techniques, sampled grey images of the existing events are not used, but image files of the three-phase PQ event data are analysed by taking the advantage of the success of the deep learning approach on imagefile-classification. Therefore, the novelty of the proposed approach is that image files of the voltage waveforms of the three phases of the power grid are classified. It is shown that the test data can be classified with 100% accuracy. The proposed work is believed to serve the needs of the future smart grid applications, which are fast and taking automatic countermeasures against potential PQ events.
14
Keim, Ary Prihardhyanto, Tukul Rameyo Adi, Muhamad Nikmatullah, Nissa Arifa, Fauzi Akbar, and Wawan Sujarwo. "Etnobiologi Kota Amlapura, Karangasem, Bali: Amla, Amlapura dan Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae)." Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v3i1.9.
Full textAbstract:
Amlapura is a Sanskrit name for the city of Karangasem and the result of the ethnobiological research conducted in this study indicates that it refers to a species of plant named Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllantaceae). In Indonesian, particularly Javanese the name is known as ‘malaka’, ‘mlaka’, ‘kemloko’, or ‘mloko’. This present ethnobiological study also raises a possibility that the name ‘mlaka’ is an indigenous Austronesian word instead and entered Sanskrit through Dravidian languages.
15
Mukhopadhyay, Subhodeep. "Lost in Untranslatability: Ishvara, Allah and Interfaith Dialogue." June-July 2024, no. 44 (June 13, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jlls.44.1.9.
Full textAbstract:
While translation plays a vital role in bridging intercultural gaps, it struggles to convey the exact meaning of certain ideas due to the unique characteristics and structures inherent in each language and the underlying social context. This difficulty is pronounced when translating between the language pair Hindi and Urdu, which, despite both originating from Khari Boli, have diverged significantly under the influences of Hinduism and Islam. In an Indian social context, the Arabic-origin Urdu word Allah is often equated with the Sanskrit-origin Hindi word Ishvara. However, this translation is problematic and can cause confusion because the Hindu idea of the divine, Ishvara, is fundamentally different from the Islamic concept of Allah. Building upon the theory of Sanskrit non-translatability proposed by Malhotra and Babaji, this paper argues for the existence of cultural untranslatability in the domain of Urdu-Sanskrit translation. Using a case study approach for the terms Ishvara and Allah, the paper concludes that specific religious terms should not be translated and makes the case that preserving precise linguistic categories is essential for meaningful inter-faith engagement.
16
Mukhopadhyay, Subhodeep. "Lost in Untranslatability: Ishvara, Allah and Interfaith Dialogue." June-July 2024, no. 44 (June 13, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/10.55529/jlls.44.1.9.
Full textAbstract:
While translation plays a vital role in bridging intercultural gaps, it struggles to convey the exact meaning of certain ideas due to the unique characteristics and structures inherent in each language and the underlying social context. This difficulty is pronounced when translating between the language pair Hindi and Urdu, which, despite both originating from Khari Boli, have diverged significantly under the influences of Hinduism and Islam. In an Indian social context, the Arabic-origin Urdu word Allah is often equated with the Sanskrit-origin Hindi word Ishvara. However, this translation is problematic and can cause confusion because the Hindu idea of the divine, Ishvara, is fundamentally different from the Islamic concept of Allah. Building upon the theory of Sanskrit non-translatability proposed by Malhotra and Babaji, this paper argues for the existence of cultural untranslatability in the domain of Urdu-Sanskrit translation. Using a case study approach for the terms Ishvara and Allah, the paper concludes that specific religious terms should not be translated and makes the case that preserving precise linguistic categories is essential for meaningful inter-faith engagement.
17
Seung Suk Jung. "The Original Word and Transliteration of Sanskrit Called Siddham." Journal of Indian Philosophy ll, no. 25 (August 2008): 143–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32761/kjip.2008..25.006.
Full text
18
Awasthi, Bindu. "MENTAL HEALTH AND ENJOYMENT BY ARTICULATION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2019.3737.
Full textAbstract:
Synonyms of Kala Anand- The symbolic mystery of mental health exists only in the etymology of the word Kala. According to Indian opinion, art is derived from the word kal-dhatu which means beautiful, soft, pleasant, words, ringing, counting, etc. in Sanskrit language. The word Kala is also made of hard metal, which means to mourn and to please. Apart from this, 'Kan'- meaning Anand (Kan Anandam) Lati Eti Kala. Thus in Sanskrit literature, references to the word Kala are found in about twenty meanings.
कला आनन्द की पर्याय- कला शब्द की व्युत्पत्ति में ही मानसिक स्वास्थ्य का सांकेतिक रहस्य विद्यमान है। भारतीय मतानुसार कला शब्द-कल् धातु से व्युत्पन्न है जिसका अर्थ संस्कृत भाषा में सुन्दर, कोमल, सुखद्, शब्द करना, बजना, गिनना इत्यादि है। कला शब्द कड् धातु से भी बना है जिसका तात्पर्य है मदमस्त करना तथा प्रसन्न करना इत्यादि। इसके अतिरिक्त ‘कं’- अर्थात् आनन्द (कं आनन्दं) लाति इति कला। इस प्रकार संस्कृत साहित्य में लगभग बीस अर्थों में कला शब्द के संदर्भ मिलते हैं।
19
Rogers, David E. "The influence of Pānini on Leonard Bloomfield." Historiographia Linguistica 14, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 89–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.1-2.11rog.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Leonard Bloomfield’s synchronic grammatical works were heavily nfluenced by the sixth century B.C. Indian grammarian Pānini. Word for-mation, compounds, suppletion, zero, form-classes, and generality and specificity in Bloomfield’s Language, Eastern Ojibwa, and The Menomini Language are correlated with their counterparts in Pānini’s grammar of Sanskrit. Selections from a manuscript of Bloomfield’s translation and annotation of the Kasika, a traditional Sanskrit work on Pānini’s grammar, provide concrete evidence for the influence of Panini on Bloomfield.
20
Dr. Arun Kumar Nishad, Dr. Shikha Agnihotri and Shikharani. "Indian history as depicted in Sanskrit literature." Knowledgeable Research: A Multidisciplinary Journal 2, no. 10 (May 28, 2024): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.57067/pn7ac465.
Full textAbstract:
The undertaking of writing historical texts is an important step in the development of Sanskrit literature in the second millennium AD. The concept of history has also been introduced in our tradition through these texts. The meaning of the word Itihaas in Sanskrit is – Iti Ha Aas – What has been happening. The meaning of history is that which has already happened, and may continue to happen in the future also. Purana is their reinterpretation. In Nyayabhashya, Vatsyayana says that the subject of history is folklore. Which is called history in English. Literature has an important place among the means of knowing history. Sanskrit language and literature are important from historical point of view.
21
Salomon, Richard. "Like Father, Like Son: Poetic Strategies in "The Middle Brother" (Madhyama-vyāyoga) Attributed to Bhāsa." Indo-Iranian Journal 53, no. 1 (2010): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/001972410x12686674794330.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe one-act Sanskrit drama Madhyama-vyāyoga or "The Middle Brother" attributed to Bhāsa describes an oedipal encounter between the Pāndava hero Bhīmasena and his half-demon son Ghatotkaca. The author utilizes subtle techniques of word choice and strategic repetition of key words, particularly sadrśa 'like, similar,' to hint at the underlying similarity of the superficially unlike pair. This keyword technique, which is found only sporadically in Sanskrit, is compared to similar techniques in other literatures, particularly the Leitwortstil characteristic of Biblical Hebrew.
22
Yadav, Roshan. "Assessment of the Role of Environmental factors and Associated Plants for the Mass Cultivation of Santalum album L in Nepal and India." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/016.
Full textAbstract:
Sandalwood (White Sandal) is the fragrant heartwood of some species of genus Santalum. The widely distributed and economically important Santalum genus belongs to the family Santalaceae which includes 30 genera with about 400 species, many of which being completely or partially parasitic (John, 1947). The word Sandal has been derived from Chandana (Sanskrit), Chandan (Persian), Savtador (Greek) and Santal (French). There are references of Sandalwood in Indian mythology, folklore and ancient scripts. ‘Chandana’ the Sanskrit name ascribed to Santalum album L. was known and used in India from the earliest historic times and is frequently mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit writings, some of which dated before Christian era. Kautilya’s Arthashastra (320 B.C.) considered Sandal as one of the important forest products to increase royal revenue.
23
P, Ganeshwari. "Religious Theory in the Thinai Grammar." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-2 (April 30, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s223.
Full textAbstract:
The Tamil word is basic ally from the grammar of the Tamil word. The grammar system that divides world life into 'Thinai' is a very important system in Tamil. Language changes are taking place in a scientifically functioning society. The cultivation and productivity of the foundation of society have an impact on the superstructure of the society, the art, literature and culture. The religious god thought is in the life classification of the Tamil grammar which is the basis for the creation of words. The tholkappiyam period of the resurrection of the collective life is a symbol of the non-religious protodravidian ism and directly links the doctrine of God to the people. The authors of the well developed landslide society, who wrote to tholkappiyam, have also incorporated the theory of God, based on the various religious and social contexts. The Veera Choliam with buddhist background and Neminatha with Jainism link the god sandals in the higher dina. The nannul also inscribes the sanskrit influence of the deity and the naraka of the sanskrit influence, and the sanskrit influential theory of the proto Dravidian grammar of the grammar, the devar and the narakar a number of religious theories.
24
Nasoichah, Churmatin, Dwi Widayati, and Mulyadi. "JEJAK BAHASA PROTO-AUSTRONESIA PADA PRASASTI GUNUNG TUA (LOKANĀTHA)." Naditira Widya 15, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/nw.v15i1.455.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of this research is how the PAN traces at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels on the Gunung Tua Inscription (Lokanātha). The purpose of this study was to determine the PAN traces at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels of the inscription. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. Based on the analysis carried out on that inscription, it is known that at the phonological level there are two words, namely /juru/ 'clever person' and /pāṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled’. The word /juru/ 'clever person' is a loan word from Sanskrit while the word /pāṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled' has the form PAN */paṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled'. Based on the morphological level, there are two words, namely {barbwat} 'making' and {tatkāla} 'when'. The word {barbwat} is formed from the free morpheme {bwat} 'make' and the second {bar-} bound morpheme is a PAN derivative. Meanwhile {tatkāla} 'when' is not a derivative of PAN but a loan word from Sanskrit which consists of two morphemes, namely {tāt} 'so' and {kālá} 'time' so that it becomes {tātkālá}. Based on the syntactic level, it can be concluded that BMK has a grammatical structure consisting of FAdv as adverb of time, FN as subject and object, and FV as predicate that are transitive in form.
25
Dobre Brat, Florina. "The Divine Word and its Expression in Sanskrit: Continuity and Change in Vedic and Classical India." Diakrisis Yearbook of Theology and Philosophy 5 (July 31, 2022): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/diakrisis.2022.5.
Full textAbstract:
The Vedas are said to be not a human creation (apauruṣeya), but Revelation imparted to the Vedic sages who have put it down in inspired verses. Vedas’ words are therefore divine and eternal, and thus extensively praised. Vāc, the Vedic word, is eulogised in several hymns, among which Vāk Sūkta (X.125) is by far the most illustrative of all. In some teachings of the Upanishads, Vāc is equated to Brahman alongside other interpretations. When analysing the nature of the word, centuries later, philosophers and grammarians refer to it as śabda, and no longer as Vāc, the latter remains somehow confined to a rather poetical and mystical reality. Yet, the idea of the eternal and divine character of the scriptures is superimposed on the Sanskrit language also, despite certain historical change remarks on the grammarians' side. In the 5th century CE, Bhartṛhari displays a genuine linguistic and philosophical thought of the folding and unfolding of Reality and its understanding as Word-Principle (brahman śabda-tattva). From an auxiliary science of preserving the correct forms of the Vedas, Sanskrit grammar acquires a hermeneutical role and empowers itself as a way to salvation, an idea supported by previous evidence of grammar's role in producing celestial happiness (abhyudaya), merit and righteousness (dharma). I seek in this paper to analyse and point out the strongholds that underpin Sanskrit as a divine language and how continuity and change coexist to support over millennia this undaunted approach.
26
Yuniarto, Hendy, and Marsono. "Semantic Change Type in Old Javanese Word and Sanskrit Loan Word to Modern Javanese." Language and Language Teaching Journal 16, no. 01 (April 1, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.2013.160101.
Full text
27
Ryan, Kevin. "Attenuated Spreading in Sanskrit Retroflex Harmony." Linguistic Inquiry 48, no. 2 (April 2017): 299–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00244.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on a two-million-word corpus of Sanskrit, the article documents and analyzes two previously unrecognized generalizations concerning the morphoprosodic conditioning of retroflex spreading ( nati). Both reveal harmony to be attenuated across the left boundaries of roots (i.e., between a prefix and a root or between members of a compound), in the sense that while harmony applies across these boundaries, when it does so, it accesses a proper subset of the targets otherwise accessible. This attenuation is analyzed here through the “ganging up” of phonotactics and output-output correspondence in serial Harmonic Grammar. The article also simplifies the core analysis of the spreading rule, primarily through recognizing FLAPOUT, an articulatorily grounded constraint.
28
A, Gurumoorthy. "Women in Pulavar Kulanthai’s Ravana Kaviyam." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21120.
Full textAbstract:
‘Porul Thodarnilai Ceyyul’ was the name given to epic before the word kāppiyam came into existence. Tamil lexicon refers ‘kāppiyam’ as Sanskrit term. Kāvyam is the word used by Sanskrit scholars for ‘kāviyam’. Ravana Kāviyam written by Pulavar Kulanthai consists of 56 padalams (Chapters) of 2828 Viruttangal i.e., poems. He adopts the story of Ramayana as it is. He is a person who follows Periyar’s ideology of self-respect, feminism etc. His passion for Tamil makes him write many of his creative writings. Periyar advised women to learn all arts, particularly the art of self-defence. Kambar had depicted Sita as Rama’s wife in his epic. The relationship of Rama and Sita varies in various Ramayanas available in India. Ravana kāviyam doesn’t deviate from the parameters of epic. It stands within its grammar. Pulavar Kulanthai portraits women characters with dignity modesty of women.
29
Kowit Pimpuang. "Word Formation of Pali & Sanskrit Influences to Thai Language." JOURNAL OF KOREAN ASSOCIATION OF THAI STUDIES ll, no. 14 (October 2007): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22473/kats.2007..14.001.
Full text
30
K., Jaideepsinh, and Jatinderkumar R. "Stop-Word Removal Algorithm and its Implementation for Sanskrit Language." International Journal of Computer Applications 150, no. 2 (September 15, 2016): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016911462.
Full text
31
Pugazhendhi, D. "Tamil, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit: Sandalwood (Σανταλόξυλο) and its Semantics in Classical Literatures." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-3-3.
Full textAbstract:
The Greek and Tamil people did sea trade from the pre-historic times. Sandalwood is seen only in Tamil land and surrounding places. It is also one of the items included in the trade. The Greek word ‘σανταλίνων’ is first mentioned in the ancient Greek works around the middle of the first century CE. The fact that the word is related to Tamil, but the etymologist did not acknowledge the same, rather they relate it to other languages. As far as its uses are concerned, it is not found in the ancient Greek literatures. One another type of wood ‘κέδρου’ cedar is also mentioned in the ancient Greek literature with the medicinal properties similar to ‘σανταλίνων’. In the same way the use of the Hebrew Biblical word ‘Almuggim -אַלְמֻגִּ֛ים’ which is the word used for sandalwood, also denotes teak wood. This shows that in these words, there are possibilities of some semantic changes such as semantic shift or broadening. Keywords: biblical word, Greek, Hebrew, Sandalwood, Tamil
32
Acri, Andrea. "On Mpu Tanakuṅ, Daṅ Hyaṅ Nirartha, and the Authorship of the Bhuvanakośa." Jumantara: Jurnal Manuskrip Nusantara 13, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37014/jumantara.v13i1.1150.
Full textAbstract:
This article takes as a point of departure the first Sanskrit verse of the Sanskrit-Old Javanese Śaiva scripture Bhuvanakośa, which has come down to us in Balinese palm-leaf manuscripts. It argues that this verse forms an introductory hymn (maṅgala or stuti) praising Śiva and, at the same time, revealing the identity of the compiler of the text—whether genuine or fictively attributed ex post—through a “signature” expressed by means of a Sanskrit word hinting at the name Tanakuṅ, an author of Old Javanese literary and religious works who lived in the 15th century. It then elaborates on the socio-historical and religious background of that period, and links the figure of Tanakuṅ and the texts ascribed to him to Ḍaṅ Hyaṅ Nirartha, an important Balinese religious figure who is believed to have been active on the island between the late 15th and early 16th century.
33
Salomon, Richard. "Concatenation in Kālidāsa and Other Sanskrit Poets." Indo-Iranian Journal 59, no. 1 (2016): 48–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-05901002.
Full textAbstract:
Concatenation, that is, the linking of successive verses of a poem by the repetition of the same or similar words, has been discussed by several scholars in relation to Vedic and Prakrit poetry, but other than a ground-breaking article published by W. Schubring in 1955, it has been insufficiently studied in classical Sanskrit kāvya. This article argues that a particular form of concatenation, involving long-distance word repetition across as many as five or even ten verses, is characteristic of the works of Kālidāsa in particular but also of Sanskrit poets in general. Like Schubring’s article, this one focuses on the Meghadūta, but uses a broader definition of scope of concatenation.
34
Dr Arun Kumar Nishad. "'Abhigyanam' on constitution of Ghazal." Knowledgeable Research: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1, no. 3 (December 22, 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.57067/pprt.2022.1.3.20-24.
Full textAbstract:
In Indian literature, Ghazal is considered as an imported form of innocent poetry. This is an Arabic word which means - yarn warp, when used for women, it means - talking about love-love with women, praising their beauty, having fun with them etc. The first use of the word Ghazal as a form of poetry was made by the Iranian 'Roudaki' between 840-941 AD. Acharya Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri is considered to be the father of Sanskrit Ghazal.
35
Pugazhendhi, D. "Greek, Latin, Sanskrit and Tamil: The Meaning of the Word Ἐρυθρὰν in Erythraean Sea." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.9-1-3.
Full textAbstract:
Ἐρυθρὰν of Greek and Erythraeos of Latin denote a portion of ocean. From the Greek word ἐρεύθων, it is thought that the sea is red in colour and so got its name, the Red Sea. There is also another thought that the name of the sea is not due to its colour, but the first person who crossed this sea was called Erythras, and so the sea is named after him. The research that has been done so far has taken into account the Greek and Persian language root to this word, but has not yet reached a final conclusion. Tamil Nadu also has a remarkable place in this connection. In the word Ἐρυθρὰν θάλατταν, “Ery” means “throw” both in Greek and Tamil and “thrae” means hair in Greek and “wave” in Tamil. The word “thrae” has a common meaning which is that of either a group, or in general any gathering of a small number of objects. Thus, Ἐρυθρὰν of Greek and Erythraeos of Latin has the meaning of ‘throwing ocean wave’ in Tamil. In studying the other word Περίπλους (Περί + πλους), of Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης, the first part of the word, Περί, means big or long and the latter part of the word πλους, which is the metathesis of πόλεις has the meaning land or city. Thus the words Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης has the meaning –“the cities or the lands of the ocean of throwing waves”. It is well known that both the Greeks and Romans had a flourishing sea trade with Tamil Nadu in the ancient period of history and there was ample possibility of words being borrowed from Tamil to Greek. Keywords: Erythraean Sea, Greek, Latin, sea trade, Tamil Nadu
36
Chingamtotattil, Rahul, and Rajamma Gopikakumar. "Neural machine translation for Sanskrit to Malayalam using morphology and evolutionary word sense disambiguation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 3 (October 7, 2022): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i3.pp1709-1719.
Full textAbstract:
Neural machine translation (NMT) is a fast-evolving MT paradigm and showed good results, particularly in large training data circumstances, for several language pairs. In this paper, we have utilized Sanskrit to Malayalam language pair neural machines translation. The attention-based mechanism for the development of the machine translation system was particularly exploited. Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is a phenomenon for disambiguating the text to let the machine infer the proper definition of the particular word. Sequential deep learning approaches such as a recurrent neural network (RNN), a gated recurrent unit (GRU), a long short term memory (LSTM), and a bi-directional LSTM (BLSTM) were used to analyze the tagged data. By adding morphological elements and evolutionary word sense disambiguation, the suggested common character-word embedding-based NMT model gives a BLEU score of 38.58 which was higher than the others.
37
Van Hal, Toon. "Protestant Pioneers in Sanskrit Studies in the Early 18th Century." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 99–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.04van.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Sanskrit has played a notable role in the history of the language sciences. Its intensive study at the turn of the 19th century went hand in hand with the institutionalization of linguistics as an independent academic discipline. This paper endeavours to trace the earliest Sanskrit studies conducted by Protestant missionaries in Tranquebar (present-day Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu) under the auspices of the Dänisch-Hallesche Mission from 1706 onwards. In contrast to some of their Jesuit colleagues, the Protestant missionaries did not leave us full-blown manuscript grammars. However, this does not imply that the Tranquebar missionaries had no interest in the sacred language of the Hindus. It was, of course, the primary concern of all missionaries to spread the word of Christ among the indigenous people. Hence, they placed an extremely high value on a firm command of the local vernacular languages. In the case of the Tranquebar missionaries, the study of both Portuguese and Tamil was, therefore, prioritized. In a second stage, however, many of the Tranquebar missionaries, once they had mastered the local vernaculars, gained interest in Sanskrit, which they frequently styled ‘Malabaric Latin’. Partly on the basis of unpublished manuscript sources, this paper (a) investigates why the Tranquebar missionaries were interested in Sanskrit in the first place, (b) surveys the numerous problems they had to overcome, and (c) studies their interaction with scholars working in Europe, from whom they received many incentives. In so doing, the paper investigates to what extent this 18th-century interest in Sanskrit reflects a fascination with the original traditional culture and religion of South India. In conjunction with this, the paper also examines to what extent this largely overlooked chapter in early Sanskrit philology may shed an indirect light on the specific role of Sanskrit in the institutionalization of linguistics.
38
Canevascini, Giotto. "On Latin mundus and Sanskrit muṇḍa." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 58, no. 2 (June 1995): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00010818.
Full textAbstract:
Thanks to its variety of meanings, the word mundus had already aroused the interest of classical authors. It is in fact widely attested throughout the history of the language both as an adjective and as a noun.The adjective mundus, -a, -um means primarily ‘propre, d’ où soigné, coquet, élégant’ (DELL, 420), but is it also found used in the rural language when the act of cleaning is involved as is proved by the occurrence in this context of the derived verbs commundō, emundō, and by the expression mundus ager. The definition given to the adjective as mundus quoque appellatur lautus et purus (in Festus, cf. DELL, 420) accounts for this particular meaning because we find expressions describing earth ready for farming as humus subacta et pura ‘earth (which has been) worked and cleaned’. The relevance and wide distribution of this meaning of the adjective in the spoken language is made apparent by the occurrence in the Romance languages of numerous derivatives, such as Italian mondo ‘cleaned, purified’ and mondare ‘to husk, thresh, weed’, or French monder ‘to clean by separating something impure’ and émonder ‘to remove dead branches, to lop a tree’.
39
Paribok, Andrey V. "On the difference in the formalization of logic by the Ancient Indians and Ancient Greeks in connection with the difference in word order under predication." Philosophy Journal 15, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2022-15-4-35-42.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses some logical, semantic and metaphysical consequences or correlations with the introduced typology of word order in verbal and nominal sentences, which in the European tradition represent speech patterns used in judgments. The combinatorics of word order gives four variants, of which three are actually represented by native languages of distinctive philosophical traditions. It is shown that the Western word order predisposes the semantic intuition in favor of substantialism, the Arabic variety (in verbal sentences) is in conformity with the process logic of sense discovered and described by A.V. Smirnov. The Sanskrit word order in predication predisposes to the understanding of thinking as a natural transition from one object to another, whereas the ontological type of the object is not predetermined.
40
Kambi, Mrs Rajeshwari, Mr Mahendrakumar Nalatwadmath, and Ms Samarin J. Awati. "“Impact of Yoga in Daily Life”-A Literature Review." Saudi Journal of Nursing and Health Care 5, no. 7 (July 29, 2022): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjnhc.2022.v05i07.005.
Full textAbstract:
Yoga is a way to achieve complete balance between the body, mind, and soul. The Sanskrit word yuj, which implies union, is where the word yoga first appeared. Fusion of the individual and the collective mind. Practicing yoga can help you keep your equilibrium. Avoiding various health issues requires proper equilibrium. Your body gains a lot from yoga. Your ability to focus and how you approach problems both increase. It's a lifetime choice rather than just an activity. Your mind, body, and spirit will all benefit from it in various ways.
41
Hongyin, Nie. "Graph omission and abbreviation in Tangut script." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 2, no. 3 (September 2018): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850218779768.
Full textAbstract:
In a few Tangut manuscripts there are eight omitted graphs used for explaining the character structures and three abbreviations used for transcribing the Tibetan word badzra or Sanskrit word vajra. The latter were formed by merging two or three parts of standard graphs so as to record polysyllables or consonant clusters in other languages. The usage of this method to create new characters, though originating from an ancient tradition and being occasionally used in the Chinese writing system, proves to be accepted merely in a limited sphere and is not mentioned in any authoritative dictionaries.
42
Aayushi Chouhan, Rita Marwaha, Pankaj Gupta, Nisha Bhalerao, and Swatantra Kumar Chourasia. "Role of Marma Chikitsa in the management of Anidra (Insomnia) - A Single Case Study." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 9, no. 4 (May 17, 2024): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.4.44.
Full textAbstract:
Marma is the vital area of the body. The word Marma comes from the Sanskrit origin word ‘Mri’ meaning death. The Sanskrit phrase ‘Marayanti Iti Marmani’, also means death or serious damage to the body or health after infliction to the point of their situation. Hence these areas are called Marma. Marma Chikitsa focuses on energizing the body to relieve occupational illness and stress-related diseases. Hence the complete knowledge of the basic principles of Marma and its clinical application can play an important role in treatment modalities. Ahara, Nidra, and Brahmacharya are the three factors that play an important role in the maintenance of a living organism. This study focuses on the effectiveness of Marma Chikitsa on Anidra. A 40-year-old female came to the OPD of Pt. Khushilal Sharma Government Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Bhopal (MP) with a complaint of disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle. In this case study effect of Marma Chikitsa in the management of Anidra (insomnia) is evaluated. The patient was treated with Marma Chikitsa for 10 days. The study suggested that Marma Chikitsa may be used for relieving symptoms of Anidra; however, a study on a large population was suggested.
43
전순환. "Sanskrit Buddhist Texts and Linguistic Processing: Focusing on Word - bundles and Sandhi." EONEOHAG ll, no. 74 (April 2016): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17290/jlsk.2016..74.115.
Full text
44
Dhaigude, Anita Kumar. "TO STUDY THE IMPACT OF YOGA IN ACHIEVEMENT OF STANDARD 10TH STD. STUDENTS." SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR HUMANITY SCIENCE AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE 10, no. 49 (October 31, 2021): 12127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjhsel.v10i49.9754.
Full textAbstract:
Yoga is the most integral part of Health. Yoga means union of body, spirit and mind. Its impact is not just for physical development but for mental and psychological development also. Yoga is a physical, mental and spiritual practice that originated in ancient India. The word Yoga is derived from the Sanskrit word yuj, it means to join or to yoke. The ultimate goal of yoga is to achieve liberation. But for adolescent students it is useful for increasing concentration and relief from stress. Purpose of this study is to find out benefit of yoga on adolescent students.
45
Titlin, Lev I. "On the Question of the Translation of Some Philosophical Terms in the Article of G. Oberhammer “The Forgotten Secret of Human Love”." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 8 (2021): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-8-185-196.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the problem of translation of some Sanskrit, English and German philosophical terms found in the article of Austrian indologist G. Oberhammer “The Forgotten Secret of Human Love. An Attempt of an Approach”, which is devoted to the phenomenon of human love in India of the ancient and medieval period in such texts as Kāmasūtra of Vātsyāyana, Sātvatasaṃhitā, Nyāyabhāṣya of Pakṣilasvāmin, Śaraṇāgatigadya of Rāmānuja, etc. (translation of the article is attached below). At the beginning of the article, brief information on Oberhammer and the study of his creative heritage in Russia is provided. In particular, such Sanskrit terms as “śṛṅgāra” (erotic mood), “kāma” (sexual desire), the English term “rest”, the German “Rest” are considered. The author poses the following questions: is it possible to translate the word “kāma” as “love”, “śṛṅgāra” (erotische Stimmungen) – as erotic mood, whether to translate the English “rest” as “peace”, or as “remainder”: and replies that, basing on contextual use, for “kāma” it is better to use the translation “desire” (“sexual desire”) or leave the Sanskrit term as it is, as Oberhammer does for the most part, “erotic mood”, to be more precise, means “erotic feeling”, not “mood” and the English “rest” clearly means “the remainder”, more specifically – the abandonment of oneself to God. The author concludes that for the correct translation of English terms in articles devoted to Indological problems, it is necessary to refer directly to Sanskrit terms, in the case of translated articles, we must also check the text against the original language, and for translation of Sanskrit terms we should use specialized dictionaries, referring to cases of contextual use of that terms.
46
Pain, Frédéric. "“Brāhmaṇa” as an honorific in “Indianized” mainland Southeast Asia: a linguistic approach." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 82, no. 1 (February 2019): 111–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x19000284.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article aims at demonstrating that the Old Khmerb/vraḥoriginates from a syllabic depletion of the Sanskrit wordbrāhmaṇathrough a monosyllabization process, a widespread diachronic phenomenon among the Mon-Khmer languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. The paper will also show that this term must have been originally used as an honorific for deities and, consequently, for royalty. It therefore respectfully disagrees with two other current hypotheses according to whichb/vraḥwould be an autochthonous Mon-Khmer word or would originate in the Sanskrit/Pali wordvara-“excellent, splendid, noble”. After being borrowed from Sanskrit, the Old Khmerbraḥspread via a contact phenomenon: from Old Khmer to Old Siamese, from Old Siamese to Old Shan through the “Thai Continuum”, and from Old Shan to Old Burmese. The implications of this paper are twofold: firstly, it will sketch out a pattern for the historical relationships between different peoples of Mainland Southeast Asia; then, it will propose a first phase of Indianization in Southeast Asia, namely a local reconnotation of Indo-Aryan terms according to autochthonous socio-political contingencies, and consequently bring a draft answer to the “Woltersian” question: what is the local connotation of Indo-Aryan terms?
47
Soni, Kshiti. "Introduction of Ayurveda and Human Potential: The First Life Science." Journal of Phytopharmacology 1, no. 2 (October 25, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2012.1201.
Full textAbstract:
Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine that is indigenous to and widely practiced in India. The word Ayurveda is a Sanskrit term meaning “ science of life.” Ayu means “ life” or “ daily living, and Veda is “ knowing.” Ayurveda was first recorded in the Vedas, the world’s oldest extant literature. This healing system has been practiced in daily life in India for more than 5,000 years.
48
Syeed, Sayyid Muhammad. "Islamization of Linguistics." American Journal of Islam and Society 3, no. 1 (September 1, 1986): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v3i1.2904.
Full textAbstract:
I. NON-ISLAMIC LINGUISTICS UNDER RELIGIOUSINFLUENCESLinguistics has been struggling under the stranglehold of religious beliefs,superstitions, and ethnocentrism for centuries. The role and nature of humanlanguages was perceived through the worldview preached by various religions.There have been claims for the divine origin of certain languages, conferringa special status on their speakers. Greeks, for example, believed that theirlanguage was superior to all other languages. It was the language spoken bythe Olympian gods. Theirs was the only language with regularity, rules, andmeaning; all other languages were arbitrary and meaningless, burburoi, whencethe modern English word “barbarian.”In India, where Panini (sixth century B.C.E.) wrote the first comprehensivegrammar of a human language, Sanskrit was believed to be the languageof gods and worthy to be studied and used by the high caste of Brahmansonly. The low-caste Hindus could not listen to the Sanskrit verses from theholy scriptures, and severe punishments were prescribed for such sacrilegiousacts. As late as 1912, the Muslim linguist, Mohammad Shahidullah, was deniedadmission to the master’s course in Sanskrit at the University of Calcutta.The Hindu professors of Sanskrit were shqcked at the possibility that a Muslimcould be allowed to read and hence defile the Vedas, the holy scriptures ofHindus. They bitterly opposed his admission.In the Judaeo-Christian world, too, similar unscientific views persisteduntil recently. Hebrew was God‘s own language, the language spoken in theheavens, the first language spoken on the earth and therefore the mother of ...
49
Nor Hashim, Mohamad Nor Taufiq, and Aniswal Abd. Ghani. "ETIMOLOGI KATA PINJAMAN SANSKRIT TERPILIH DALAM BAHASA MELAYU." Jurnal Pengajian Melayu 33, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jomas.vol33no1.5.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study aims to identify Sanskrit loanwords in the Malay language and discuss the changes from an etymological standpoint. The changes discussed include two salient elements, namely changes in form and meaning after incorporation into the Malay language. Explanations on the existence and use of loanwords in Malay through an analysis of old Malay manuscripts were also featured. The data was obtained from A Malay-English Dictionary by Wilkinson (1901, 1902), focusing on five words – catur, madu, wangsa, sasa and mempelam. This study also utilised principles of etymology devised by Collins (2003), which were adapted to suit the focus of this study. Results showed that the five words were indeed loanwords due to the similarities in form and meaning with their counterparts in Sanskrit. However, the loanwords also have effected changes in form and meaning. Based on the findings, four important elements in etymology need to be discussed, namely form, meaning, history and geography, besides the existence and usage of a word in the Malay language. Studies like this are paramount in refining Malay lexicography, specifically in providing the etymology of Sanskrit loanwords in Malay. Keywords: loanword, etymology, Malay-English Dictionary, Sanskrit language, Malay language. Abstrak Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kata pinjaman Sanskrit dalam bahasa Melayu dan membincangkan perubahan-perubahan yang berlaku bagi sejumlah perkataan tertentu daripada sudut etimologi. Aspek perubahan yang dibincangkan merangkumi dua elemen penting, iaitu perubahan dari segi bentuk dan makna sesebuah perkataan setelah diserap ke dalam bahasa Melayu. Penjelasan berkaitan kewujudan dan penggunaan sesebuah kata pinjaman dalam bahasa Melayu menerusi penelitian terhadap manuskrip Melayu lama turut dibincangkan dalam kajian ini. Data kajian ini diperoleh daripada kamus A Malay-English Dictionary yang dihasilkan oleh Wilkinson (1901, 1902). Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada sejumlah perkataan terpilih sahaja, iaitu kata catur, madu, wangsa, sasa dan mempelam. Kajian ini mengaplikasikan pedoman etimologi yang digagaskan oleh Collins (2003). Pedoman tersebut telah diubahsuai mengikut kesesuaian kajian ini yang berfokus kepada etimologi kata pinjaman. Analisis data mendapati bahawa sejumlah perkataan terpilih tersebut merupakan kata pinjaman kerana memiliki kemiripan bentuk dan makna dengan perkataan dalam bahasa Sanskrit. Peminjaman perkataan daripada bahasa Sanskrit telah menyebabkan berlakunya perubahan daripada bentuk dan makna perkataan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat empat elemen penting yang perlu dibincangkan dalam aspek etimologi, iaitu perihal bentuk, makna, sejarah dan geografi serta aspek kewujudan dan penggunaan sesebuah perkataan dalam bahasa Melayu. Kajian seperti ini penting bagi memperkemaskan lagi bidang perkamusan Melayu khususnya dalam menyediakan maklumat etimologi perkataan pinjaman Sanskrit dalam bahasa Melayu. Kata Kunci: kata pinjaman, etimologi, kamus A Malay-English Dictionary, bahasa Sanskrit, bahasa Melayu.
50
Nor Hashim, Mohamad Nor Taufiq, and Aniswal Abd. Ghani. "ETIMOLOGI KATA PINJAMAN SANSKRIT TERPILIH DALAM BAHASA MELAYU." Jurnal Pengajian Melayu 33, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jomas.vol33no1.5.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study aims to identify Sanskrit loanwords in the Malay language and discuss the changes from an etymological standpoint. The changes discussed include two salient elements, namely changes in form and meaning after incorporation into the Malay language. Explanations on the existence and use of loanwords in Malay through an analysis of old Malay manuscripts were also featured. The data was obtained from A Malay-English Dictionary by Wilkinson (1901, 1902), focusing on five words – catur, madu, wangsa, sasa and mempelam. This study also utilised principles of etymology devised by Collins (2003), which were adapted to suit the focus of this study. Results showed that the five words were indeed loanwords due to the similarities in form and meaning with their counterparts in Sanskrit. However, the loanwords also have effected changes in form and meaning. Based on the findings, four important elements in etymology need to be discussed, namely form, meaning, history and geography, besides the existence and usage of a word in the Malay language. Studies like this are paramount in refining Malay lexicography, specifically in providing the etymology of Sanskrit loanwords in Malay. Keywords: loanword, etymology, Malay-English Dictionary, Sanskrit language, Malay language. Abstrak Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kata pinjaman Sanskrit dalam bahasa Melayu dan membincangkan perubahan-perubahan yang berlaku bagi sejumlah perkataan tertentu daripada sudut etimologi. Aspek perubahan yang dibincangkan merangkumi dua elemen penting, iaitu perubahan dari segi bentuk dan makna sesebuah perkataan setelah diserap ke dalam bahasa Melayu. Penjelasan berkaitan kewujudan dan penggunaan sesebuah kata pinjaman dalam bahasa Melayu menerusi penelitian terhadap manuskrip Melayu lama turut dibincangkan dalam kajian ini. Data kajian ini diperoleh daripada kamus A Malay-English Dictionary yang dihasilkan oleh Wilkinson (1901, 1902). Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada sejumlah perkataan terpilih sahaja, iaitu kata catur, madu, wangsa, sasa dan mempelam. Kajian ini mengaplikasikan pedoman etimologi yang digagaskan oleh Collins (2003). Pedoman tersebut telah diubahsuai mengikut kesesuaian kajian ini yang berfokus kepada etimologi kata pinjaman. Analisis data mendapati bahawa sejumlah perkataan terpilih tersebut merupakan kata pinjaman kerana memiliki kemiripan bentuk dan makna dengan perkataan dalam bahasa Sanskrit. Peminjaman perkataan daripada bahasa Sanskrit telah menyebabkan berlakunya perubahan daripada bentuk dan makna perkataan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat empat elemen penting yang perlu dibincangkan dalam aspek etimologi, iaitu perihal bentuk, makna, sejarah dan geografi serta aspek kewujudan dan penggunaan sesebuah perkataan dalam bahasa Melayu. Kajian seperti ini penting bagi memperkemaskan lagi bidang perkamusan Melayu khususnya dalam menyediakan maklumat etimologi perkataan pinjaman Sanskrit dalam bahasa Melayu. Kata Kunci: kata pinjaman, etimologi, kamus A Malay-English Dictionary, bahasa Sanskrit, bahasa Melayu.