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Narang, Vipin. "Posturing for Peace? Pakistan's Nuclear Postures and South Asian Stability." International Security 34, no. 3 (January 2010): 38–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.38.
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A probe of various regional power nuclear postures reveals that such postures, rather than simply the acquisition of nuclear weapons, can have differential effects on deterrence and stability dynamics. The India-Pakistan dyad is a useful candidate for exploring these various effects because the three regional power nuclear postures—catalytic, assured retaliation, and asymmetric escalation—have interacted with each other in South Asia. In particular, Pakistan's shift from a catalytic posture to an asymmetric escalation posture in 1998 against a continuous Indian assured retaliation posture allows the effects of nuclear posture to be isolated in an enduring rivalry in which many variables can be held constant. The asymmetric escalation posture may be “deterrence optimal” for Pakistan, suggesting that nuclear postures do have different effects on conflict dynamics, but it has also enabled Pakistan to more aggressively pursue longstanding revisionist preferences in India, triggering more frequent and intense crises on the subcontinent. Furthermore, the command and control procedures that Pakistan undertakes to make its asymmetric escalation posture credible amplify this instability. These procedures generate risks to the safety and security of Pakistan's nuclear assets, both at present and as India and Pakistan continue to dynamically evolve nuclear and conventional postures. The conclusions for South Asian and international security of this reality are grim.
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Ramella, M., F. Fronte, and RM Converti. "Postural Disorders in Conservatory Students: The Diesis Project." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2014.1005.
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Prolonged and incorrect postures are one of the main risk factors for the development of musculoskeletal pathologies. The aims of this study were to study the prevalence of incorrect postures among conservatory students; to identify if the use of an asymmetric instrument represents a risk factor for developing postural disorders; and to investigate whether a correlation exists between years of study, physical activity, and prevalence of postural disorders. METHODS: The subjects were recruited among students of the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory of Milano. All musical instruments were investigated and classified as asymmetric and symmetrical. The observed student posture was classified without instrument as “correct posture” or “postural disorder” and with an with instrument as “optimal posture” or “non-optimal posture.” While playing, the postural disorder was classified as “unchanged” or “increased.” The data were analyzed with chi-square and linear regression methods. RESULTS: Of the 148 conservatory students entered into the study, 66.2% had a postural disorder; 73.4% had a non-optimal posture, and playing an asymmetric instrument was the only variable associated (p=0.01). While playing, the postural disorder was increased in 59.2%; playing an asymmetric instrument (p=0.01) and years of practice (p=0.007) were the significantly associated variables. CONCLUSIONS: To play an asymmetric instrument exposes musicians to an increased risk of non-optimal postures and to a worsened postural disorder when present. Considering that the years of practice have an additional negative impact on postural disorders, further studies are needed to clarify the role of non-optimal postures in the development of musculoskeletal complaints among students and professional musicians.
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Granata, Kevin P. "LBD Risk Factors and the Structural Stability Tolerance of the Lumbar Spine." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 12 (October 1998): 950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201224.
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A model of low-back injury is presented suggesting structural instability is a risk factor in occupation injury. The purpose of this research was to document the potential for spinal buckling as a function of asymmetric and sagittal trunk angle during lifting. A biomechanical model was developed to compute the Euler stability and determine the structural tolerance of the lumbar spine in work-related postures. When applied load and associated spinal compression exceeds the structural tolerance, i.e. buckling load, the spinal column fails. Analyses demonstrate the structural tolerance is often less than material tolerance estimates, particularly in flexed and asymmetric postures. Furthermore, the structural tolerance is reduced in sagittally flexed and asymmetric lifting postures. Hence, the relation between stability and trunk posture correlated with low-back disorder (LBD) risk factors. Results suggest musculoskeletal instability may help explain the relation between LBD risk and lifting posture.
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Lang, Michael, and Virginie Orgogozo. "Distinct copulation positions in Drosophila pachea males with symmetric or asymmetric external genitalia." Contributions to Zoology 81, no. 2 (May 31, 2012): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08102003.
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Left-right asymmetric genitalia have appeared multiple times independently in insects and have been associated with changes in mating positions. However, there is little experimental data on how the evolution of genital asymmetries may have affected the evolution of mating positions or vice versa. As opposed to its closely-related species, Drosophila pachea has a conspicuous asymmetry in its male genitalia external lobes, with the left lobe being 1.49 ± 0.08 (SD) times longer and thinner than the right lobe. In a laboratory stock, we found that 20% of the males possess fully symmetric lobes. To better understand how asymmetric genitalia may affect mating, we compared D. pachea copulation behaviour between these mutant males and wildtype males. We found that D. pachea wild-type males adopt a one-sided mating posture with the male always one-sided 8.55° ± 1.79° (SD) towards the female’s right side. Within 45-min recordings, all wild-type males did mate whereas 39% of symmetric mutants failed to form a stable mating complex and did not mate. In successful copulations, symmetric mutants also adopted a right-sided mating posture but the angle between male and female bodies was significantly more variable compared to wild-type males. Our results suggest that lobe size asymmetry is required for the formation of a stable mating complex and for the positioning of the male according to a precise angle on the female. However, lobe size asymmetry is not required for D. pachea right-sided mating posture.
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Kaplan, Defne Öcal. "Evaluating the Effect of 12 Weeks Football Training on the Posture of Young Male Basketball Players." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 10 (August 3, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i10.3423.
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Posture is the most healthy and correct placement of each region in the body when compared to the whole body. The predominantly use of one side of the body disrupts the posture. A bad posture changes the center of gravity of the body and causes chronic skeletal and muscle soreness. It is aimed to determine whether there is a rehabilitative effect of football training that does not require the use of dominant arms on posture asymmetries which may occur in the basketball which requires the use of dominant arm and leg in the study.15 male basketball players who played basketball for an average of 8 years with a mean age of 21.7 ± 1.5 years participated as volunteers. Postures of the subjects were measured with PostureScreen Mobile® before and after 12 week football trainings with lateral and anteriorly taken photographs. SPSS 22 was used program for statistical analysis. While analyzing of data Wilcoxon Test method was used and it is determined as significance level was p<0.05.After 12 weeks of football training, statistically significant differences were found in measurements taken from the anterior and lateral positions on the head, shoulder, ribcage, hip, and knee measured tilts and shifts. Estimated average head weight decreased depending on the posture of the cervical vertebrae and a significant difference was detected. Postures of subjects came close to the correct posture.Basketball is an acycle sport branch that requires the use of muscles on the dominant side. It creates an asymmetric position on the athlete due to this feature; causes shifting and tilts. In order to eliminate postural disorders that occur, the effectiveness of football training that does not require to use of the dominant side of the body has been demonstrated.
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Edling, Cecilia Wahlström, and Anncristine Fjellman-Wiklund. "Musculoskeletal Disorders and Asymmetric Playing Postures of the Upper Extremity and Back in Music Teachers: A Pilot Study." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2009.3025.
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To play a musical instrument, such as the violin or flute, requires controlled, adequate movements performed by the arm, hand, and fingers in an asymmetric playing posture. The movements are monotonous and often of long duration, involving static and repetitive muscle work of the upper extremity and neck-shoulder muscles. This situation may lead to an increased risk of contracting musculoskeletal problems. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between physical workload, defined as playing posture and playing time per week, and musculoskeletal disorders in music teachers. A questionnaire was distributed, with items based on work-related musculoskeletal disorders and physical working conditions. The study population consisted of music teachers employed at a Swedish municipal music school. Out of 61 music teachers, 47 (77%) agreed to participate, including 28 women and 19 men. The study group was divided into two groups depending on if they had an asymmetric or symmetric upper extremity/back playing position. Of the total participants, 77% reported musculoskeletal disorders during the preceding 12 months. Female teachers reported significantly more symptoms in the neck, shoulders, and upper back than male teachers. Music teachers with an asymmetric playing posture had significantly more musculoskeletal disorders than music teachers with a symmetric playing posture. This study demonstrates that an asymmetric playing position may affect the amount of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremity and back.
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Oyama, Sakiko, Joseph B. Myers, Craig A. Wassinger, R. Daniel Ricci, and Scott M. Lephart. "Asymmetric Resting Scapular Posture in Healthy Overhead Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.6.565.
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Abstract Context: Observation of the scapular posture is one of the most important components of the physical examination in overhead athletes. Postural asymmetry is typically considered to be associated with injuries. However, asymmetry in the overhead athlete's scapula may be normal due to the dominant use of the limb. Objective: To quantify the differences in resting scapular posture between the dominant and nondominant sides in 3 groups of healthy overhead athletes (baseball pitchers, volleyball players, and tennis players) using an electromagnetic tracking device. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: University-based biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 43 players participated, including 15 baseball pitchers, 15 volleyball players, and 13 tennis players. All participants were healthy college-aged men. Intervention(s): Bilateral 3-dimensional scapular kinematics with the arm at rest were measured using an electromagnetic tracking device. Main Outcome Measure(s): Bilateral scapular position and orientation were measured. Between-groups and between-sides differences in each variable were analyzed using separate analyses of variance. Results: In tennis players, the scapula was more protracted on the dominant side than on the nondominant side (P < .05). In all overhead athletes, the dominant-side scapula was more internally rotated (P = .001) and anteriorly tilted (P = .001) than the nondominant-side scapula was. Conclusions: The dominant-side scapula of the overhead athletes was more internally rotated and anteriorly tilted than the nondominant-side scapula. The dominant-side scapula of the tennis players was more protracted than that on the nondominant side. Clinicians evaluating overhead athletes need to recognize that scapular posture asymmetry in unilateral overhead athletes may be normal. Our results emphasize the importance of the baseline evaluation in this population in order to accurately assess pathologic change in bilateral scapular positions and orientations after injury.
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Tamer, Funda, and Mehmet Eren Yuksel. "Giant congenital melanocytic nevus coexisting with an asymmetric posture." Our Dermatology Online 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20181.19.
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Chen, Zehua, Zhen Shen, Xiangling Ye, Jiatao Wu, Huai Wu, and Xuemeng Xu. "Association between Foot Posture Asymmetry and Static Stability in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Case-Control Study." BioMed Research International 2020 (June 6, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1890917.
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Background. Interlimb asymmetries are considered to be closely related to knee osteoarthritis (KOA), but foot posture asymmetries in patients with KOA are scarcely reported. Objectives. We aimed to explore the asymmetrical difference in foot posture between the healthy adults and KOA patients and the relationship between foot posture asymmetry and static stability. Methods. 21 subjects suffering from KOA in the patient group (PG) and 21 healthy adults in the control group (CG) were included in this study. Foot postures on both feet were evaluated by using the foot posture index (FPI); subsequently, asymmetrical FPI scores between two feet were calculated for the two groups. Meanwhile, all the participants were tested with a standing on Dynamic and Static Balancing Instrument (Pro-kin 254P, TecnoBody Company, Italy) for bilateral stability assessment, and center of pressure (COP) parameters including sway length (SL, mm) and sway area (SA, mm2) were recorded. Results. Compared to CG, a larger percentage of supinated feet was examined in relatively severe legs (5, 23.81%), relatively moderate legs (4, 19.05%), and merged results (9, 21.43%) of PG (P<0.05), and the percentage of severe asymmetry (38.1%) was higher in the PG (P<0.05). Moreover, these relationships between the absolute value of asymmetry score and SL or SA were significant in CG and PG, the P values below 0.01. Conclusions. Foot posture asymmetry is significantly associated with static stability both in KOA patients and healthy adults, and more severe asymmetry in foot posture was observed in KOA patients, so it is critical to evaluate foot posture asymmetry for treatment and rehabilitation for patients with KOA.
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Lim, Dae-Seob, Young-Jin Kim, Kyoung-Suk Lee, and Joung-Hwan Mun. "Bio-mechanical Evaluation of Squatting Posture with Asymmetric Trunk Motion." Journal of Biosystems Engineering 36, no. 1 (February 25, 2011): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5307/jbe.2011.36.1.58.
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Bernetti, Andrea, Francesco Agostini, Angelo Cacchio, Valter Santilli, Pierangela Ruiu, Teresa Paolucci, Marco Paoloni, and Massimiliano Mangone. "Postural Evaluation in Sports and Sedentary Subjects by Rasterstereographic Back Shape Analysis." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 8838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248838.
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Posture is defined as the position of the body in space, the aim of which is to maintain balance, both in static and dynamic conditions. Our purpose was to study various postural variables involved in postural adaptations of athletes practicing symmetric and asymmetric sports at professional level. Methods: Patients include sedentary subjects, competitive athletes practicing symmetrical and asymmetrical sports. Postural evaluation of the three different groups was performed using the rasterstereographic-system Formetric-4D. Results: 157 subjects were recruited. From the comparison between subjects playing symmetrical and asymmetrical sports, arises a statistically significant difference on cervical (p = 0.041) and lumbar (p = 0.047) flèche of Stagnara, with higher values for symmetrical athletes’ group. Hemipelvis torsion (p = 0.031) and lumbar flèche (p ≤ 0.001) of Stagnara are higher in symmetrical athletes’ group (sedentary). Hemipelvis torsion, cervical and lumbar flèche resulted to be higher among athletes (sedentary) (p = 0.016, p = 0.003, p = 0.027). Conclusions: In addition to the competitive sports’ medical examination, a screening with rasterstereographic-system Formetric-4D is suggested to all sedentary subjects, without serious skeletal pathologies which want to start athletic activity. Rasterstereographic-system Formetric-4D is also suggested to all athletes practicing sports, with the aim to identify eventual unknown postures, consequent to reiterated repetition of specific movements.
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Sherman, Brian Randall, and Jeffrey C. Woldstad. "The Effect of a Commercially Available Support Belt on Torso Posture, Lift Strength, and Spinal Compression." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 10 (October 1995): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901014.
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The purpose of this research was to measure changes in torso posture when a commercially available abdominal support belt was worn. In addition, this study investigated whether the belt affected static lift strength and predicted spinal compression of the L3/L4 intervertebral disc. Eight males and eight females were asked to perform maximal static exertions on handles attached to a steel rig. Lifts were performed from symmetric and asymmetric positions at different heights while the support belt was worn and not worn. It was found that static lift strength and torso posture, with the exception of axial twist, were not significantly affected by belt use. Axial twist for low asymmetric exertions was significantly larger when the belt was worn as compared to when the belt was not worn. Predicted spinal compression was significantly lower when the belt was worn (2738 N) as compared to the nonbelt conditions (3087 N).
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Cygańska, Anna, Aleksandra Truszczyńska-Baszak, Justyna Drzał-Grabiec, and Adam Tarnowski. "Analysis of Anteroposterior Spinal Curvatures in Child Violinists from Music Schools." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2017.3029.
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Young musicians often report problems with their upper limbs and spine due to their specific and asymmetric positions and actions while playing, which may contribute to overloading these structures. Diagnosing any disorders to the upper limbs or spine early may help to minimize the risk of developing any serious instrument-related health problems in the future. The aim of this study was to assess the anteroposterior (AP) spinal curvatures in children learning to play the violin. Previous studies have shown anthropomorphic differences in young adult musicians, and our study examined if these differences appeared early or late in the musician’s career. METHODS: Body posture of 101 children, aged 7–12 yrs (mean 11.09±1.48), was assessed. The study population consisted of 49 child violinists and a control group of 52 children who did not play any musical instrument. There were 81.19% girls and 18.81% boys. Body posture was analyzed using the MORA 4G. RESULTS: The violinist group showed significant differences in the thoracolumbar region angle (p=0.004) compared to the non-musical children. The remaining parameters did not reveal significant differences between groups. The parameter characterizing the location of kyphosis peak calculated from the spinous process of the C7 vertebra was significantly higher in the study population. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in body posture in children who play the violin appear early in their training. Body postures when playing the violin lead to some changes in parameters characterizing AP spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane.
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Kim, Sang H., Min K. Chung, and Wook G. Lee. "The Effects of Task Conditions on Trunk Muscular Fatigue during Dynamic Lifting." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 10 (October 1994): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801023.
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To investigate the effects of MMH task conditions on the activity and fatigue of the trunk musculature, EMG signals from eight major trunk muscles were analyzed during 120 minutes of repetitive dynamic lifting tasks. Two independent task variables were the work strategy of weight and lifting frequency combination and the body posture. The dependent variables were the amplitude of EMG signals and the amount of median power frequency (MPF) decrease over time for the eight trunk muscles. The results of the study indicated that the recruitment and the level of force exertions of the trunk muscles during manual lifting tasks are a function of the direction and the weight of the external load. The different activities of the muscles due to given task conditions also influence the fatiguing process of the individual muscle. The muscles in the dorsal part of trunk were activated during the symmetric task conditions, while the muscles on the contralateral side to the workload were more strongly activated during the asymmetric task conditions. The decreasing trends of MPF were found in some activated muscles, and they were more pronounced for the asymmetric posture than for the symmetric posture. It was also seen that the muscles became fatigued faster for light load-high frequency conditions than for heavy load-low frequency conditions.
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Grünewald, R. A., J. Shipman, Y. Yoneda, and H. J. Sagar. "Asymmetric Central Processing of Sensory Stimuli in Idiopathic Focal Dystonia." Behavioural Neurology 10, no. 1 (1997): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/468941.
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Idiopathic torsion dystonia is characterized by persistent abnormalities of posture. We tested the hypothesis that abnormal sensorimotor processing is involved pathophysioiogically by looking for asymmetry of sensory processing in patients with asymmetric symptoms. Sixteen patients with torticollis (ten with head turning to the right and six to the left), seven with simple writer's cramp and 19 healthy control subjects were tested. The tasks involved matching one of five lengths of stick or weights presented to one hand with sticks and weights chosen by the other hand. All experiments were performed with the subject blindfolded. Patients with torticollis tended to underestimate weights presented to the hand away from which the head tended to turn. Control subjects showed no significant tendency to overestimate or underestimate lengths or weights with either hand, and dystonic patients showed no tendency to overestimate or underestimate lengths. Those with writer's cramp underestimated weights when the stimulus was presented to the affected hand. An asymmetry can thus be detected in muscles remote from the site of dystonia, indicating a generalized abnormality of sensorimotor processing.
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Chhetri, Dinesh K., Juergen Neubauer, Jennifer L. Bergeron, Elazar Sofer, Kevin A. Peng, and Nausheen Jamal. "Effects of asymmetric superior laryngeal nerve stimulation on glottic posture, acoustics, vibration." Laryngoscope 123, no. 12 (August 5, 2013): 3110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.24209.
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Lavender, Steven A., Carolyn M. Sommerich, L. R. Sudhakar, and William S. Marras. "Trunk Muscle Loading in Non-Sagittally Symmetric Postures as a Result of Sudden Unexpected Loading Conditions." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 11 (October 1988): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786762531.
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The present study investigated the effect of warning time and magnitude of an external loading on the trunk muscular response to sudden loading conditions while in a non-sagittally symmetric posture. Eleven subjects were asked to catch falling weights of three magnitudes (3, 6, and 9 kg) with four levels of warning time (0, 100, 200, and 400 ms) in an asymmetric posture. For each of the eight muscles sampled with surface electrodes the integrated electromyographic (EMG) signal was interpreted in terms of its peak value, mean value, onset rate, and lead/lag time with reference to the weight drop. Results show monotonic relations between muscle force and levels of warning time, and muscle force and levels of weight. In addition, muscular forces in the left posterior trunk musculature ranged between two and five times greater than the right posterior trunk musculature in response to sudden loading conditions. This experiment demonstrates how sudden asymmetric loading, and specifically sudden loading without adequate warning time may be involved in the development of low back pain.
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Yoo, Kyung-Tae, and Ho-Seong Lee. "Effects of Therapeutic Exercise on Posture, Pain and Asymmetric Muscle Activity in a Patient with Forward Head Posture: case report." Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine 11, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2016.11.1.71.
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Moment, Artem, Denis Semenov, Victor Golubkov, Olga Mushtukova, and Marina Semyonova. "Evaluating the validity of diagnostic methods for scoliotic posture of primary school children." BIO Web of Conferences 26 (2020): 00034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600034.
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Primary school children are exposed to asymmetric loads that lead to an imbalance of postural muscles and a violation of the body relative symmetry. Mass screening examinations in schools for scoliotic posture and scoliosis are conducted primarily through the Adams test. It has low reproducibility and a high frequency of false negative results. In practice, various methods for diagnosing posture disorders are also used. Some methods are based on the evaluation of postural muscles static endurance, elasticity and proportionality of their functional capabilities. Others are based on a comprehensive assessment of the ability to maintain an upright posture rationally. The third ones are based on the analysis of the tonic vibration and H-reflex of skeletal muscles on both sides of the vertebral column. All the above mentioned methods definitely have diagnostic potential. Therefore it was decided to determine the validity of some common methods for diagnosing posture disorders based on the analysis of their mutual congruence. Based on the results of the experiment, a reliable correlation between the studied parameters was established. It in turn allows us to judge the congruence of the considered diagnostic methods and, accordingly, the high probability of their validity.
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Lavender, Steven A., Ing-Ho Chen, Jordan Trafimow, and Gunnar B. J. Andersson. "Trunk Muscle Activations While Resisting Asymmetric Loads in a Laterally Bent Trunk Posture." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 10 (October 1993): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701009.
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Asymmetric material handling frequently results in lateral bending of the torso. Each of these factors have been linked via epidemiological investigations to the incidence of low back disorders (LBD). Very little literature is available which describes the response of the trunk muscles in situations which would be analogous to handling materials while bent to the side. Such activities are observed frequently in industrial settings, especially during the initial and final portions of a lift. The objective of the current study was to describe the internal response of the trunk muscles as asymmetric loads were applied to the laterally bent torso. Specifically, this investigation quantified the electromyographic activities (EMG) of 8 trunk muscles under conditions where the trunk was isometrically loaded while the trunk was maintained in a 20 degree laterally bent posture. Moments with a magnitudes of 20 and 40 Nm were applied to fifteen subjects. The direction of the external moments was varied in 30 degree increments completely around the subjects. The EMG data indicates that the muscles showed the greatest activity when they were in opposition to the load's sagittal and frontal plane moment. The muscle showing the largest response was the External Oblique. Significant activity was also observed under conditions in which muscles were creating an antagonistic moment in either the sagittal plane, the frontal plane, or in both planes.
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Zeng, Yu, Kenrick Lam, Yuexiang Chen, Mengsha Gong, Zheyuan Xu, and Robert Dudley. "Biomechanics of aerial righting in wingless nymphal stick insects." Interface Focus 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 20160075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0075.
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Numerous wingless arthropods as well as diverse vertebrates are capable of mid-air righting. We studied the biomechanics of the aerial righting reflex in first-instar nymphs of the stick insect Extatosoma tiaratum . After being released upside-down, insects reoriented dorsoventrally and stabilized body posture via active modulation of limb positions and associated aerodynamic torques. We identified specific reflexes for bilaterally asymmetric leg displacements which elicit body rotation and subsequently stabilize mid-air posture. Coordinated appendicular movements thus improve torsional manoeuvrability in the absence of wings, as may have characterized the initial origins of controlled aerial behaviour in arthropods. Design of small aerial or multimodal robotic vehicles may similarly benefit from use of such strategies for flight control.
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Reed, Catherine L., Cindy M. Bukach, Matthew Garber, and Daniel N. McIntosh. "It’s Not All About the Face: Variability Reveals Asymmetric Obligatory Processing of Faces and Bodies in Whole-Body Contexts." Perception 47, no. 6 (April 18, 2018): 626–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006618771270.
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Researchers have sought to understand the specialized processing of faces and bodies in isolation, but recently they have considered how face and body information interact within the context of the whole body. Although studies suggest that face and body information can be integrated, it remains an open question whether this integration is obligatory and whether contributions of face and body information are symmetrical. In a selective attention task with whole-body stimuli, we focused attention on either the face or body and tested whether variation in the irrelevant part could be ignored. We manipulated orientation to determine the extent to which inversion disrupted obligatory face and body processing. Obligatory processing was evidenced as performance changes in discrimination that depended on stimulus orientation when the irrelevant region varied. For upright but not inverted face discrimination, participants could not ignore body posture variation, even when it was not diagnostic to the task. However, participants could ignore face variation for upright body posture discrimination but not for inverted posture discrimination. The extent to which face and body information necessarily influence each other in whole-body contexts appears to depend on both domain-general attentional and face- or body-specific holistic processing mechanisms.
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SILVA, Thiago Henrique da, Isabela Pessa ANEQUINI, Francis Meire FÁVERO, Mariana Callil VOOS, Acary Souza Bulle OLIVEIRA, Juliana Aparecida Rhein TELLES, and Fátima Aparecida CAROMANO. "Functional performance and muscular strength in symptomatic female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 78, no. 3 (March 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20190168.
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Abstract Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) usually affects men. However, women are also affected in rare instances. Approximately 8% of female DMD carriers have muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy. The early identification of functional and motor impairments can support clinical decision making. Objective: To investigate the motor and functional impairments of 10 female patients with dystrophinopathy diagnosed with clinical, pathological, genetic and immunohistochemical studies. Methods: A descriptive study of a sample of symptomatic female carriers of DMD mutations. The studied variables were muscular strength and functional performance. Results: The prevalence was 10/118 (8.4%) symptomatic female carriers. Deletions were found in seven patients. The age of onset of symptoms in female carriers of DMD was quite variable. Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, muscular weakness, compensatory movements and longer timed performance on functional tasks were observed in most of the cases. Differently from males with DMD, seven female patients showed asymmetrical muscular weakness. The asymmetric presentation of muscle weakness was frequent and affected posture and functionality in some cases. The functional performance presents greater number of compensatory movements. Time of execution of activities was not a good biomarker of functionality for this population, because it does not change in the same proportion as the number of movement compensations. Conclusion: Clinical manifestation of asymmetrical muscle weakness and compensatory movements, or both can be found in female carriers of DMD mutations, which can adversely affect posture and functional performance of these patients.
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Um, Ki Mai, Hyun Sook Kim, and In Hyuk Lim. "Effect of Flexi-bar Exercise on Postural Alignment and Balance in Asymmetric Posture." Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5854/jiaptr.2015.03.31.809.
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Barra, J., L. Oujamaa, V. Chauvineau, P. Rougier, and D. Perennou. "Asymmetric standing posture after stroke is related to a biased egocentric coordinate system." Neurology 72, no. 18 (May 4, 2009): 1582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a4123a.
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Rensing, Nadine, Heike Schemmann, and Christoff Zalpour. "Musculoskeletal Demands in Violin and Viola Playing: A Literature Review." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2018.4040.
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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Research in music medicine has reported incidence rates of musculoskeletal disorders of approx. 70% in instrumental musicians. String players have the highest risk, with rates of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) of 65% to 88%. Playing the violin or viola requires complex neuromusculoskeletal skills, and the high frequency of repetitive movements, dynamic and static muscle load, awkward postures, poor technique, and practice time are factors causing musculoskeletal strain. In ergonomic terms, these disorders can be categorized based on extrinsic and intrinsic loads. Identification of intrinsic loads, such as muscle utilization and joint motion, is necessary to understand factors influencing musculoskeletal disorders associated with violin playing. The aim of this study was to review the literature on musculoskeletal demands in violin and viola playing. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, COCHRANE, and CINAHL electronic databases from 1999 to 2015 using the search terms violin, viola, high strings, movement, posture, and synonyms. A manual search of Medical Problems of Performing Artists was also conducted. Additional references were identified by searching the citations and reference lists of all identified relevant studies. RESULTS: The results suggest that an asymmetric playing posture, the associated muscle activity, and joint mobility may contribute to musculoskeletal problems in violin and viola players. Evidence suggests an increased load of intrinsic factors in violin/viola performance. CONCLUSION: The identification of intrinsic loads in violin and viola playing may facilitate the development of prevention strategies and interventions.
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Hlucny, Steven D., and Domen Novak. "Characterizing Human Box-Lifting Behavior Using Wearable Inertial Motion Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082323.
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Although several studies have used wearable sensors to analyze human lifting, this has generally only been done in a limited manner. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigate multiple aspects of offline lift characterization using wearable inertial measurement sensors: detecting the start and end of the lift and classifying the vertical movement of the object, the posture used, the weight of the object, and the asymmetry involved. In addition, the lift duration, horizontal distance from the lifter to the object, the vertical displacement of the object, and the asymmetric angle are computed as lift parameters. Twenty-four healthy participants performed two repetitions of 30 different main lifts each while wearing a commercial inertial measurement system. The data from these trials were used to develop, train, and evaluate the lift characterization algorithms presented. The lift detection algorithm had a start time error of 0.10 s ± 0.21 s and an end time error of 0.36 s ± 0.27 s across all 1489 lift trials with no missed lifts. For posture, asymmetry, vertical movement, and weight, our classifiers achieved accuracies of 96.8%, 98.3%, 97.3%, and 64.2%, respectively, for automatically detected lifts. The vertical height and displacement estimates were, on average, within 25 cm of the reference values. The horizontal distances measured for some lifts were quite different than expected (up to 14.5 cm), but were very consistent. Estimated asymmetry angles were similarly precise. In the future, these proof-of-concept offline algorithms can be expanded and improved to work in real-time. This would enable their use in applications such as real-time health monitoring and feedback for assistive devices.
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Jiang, Yushi, and Lihan Chen. "Mutual Influences of Intermodal Visual/Tactile Apparent Motion and Auditory Motion with Uncrossed and Crossed Arms." Multisensory Research 26, no. 1-2 (2013): 19–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002409.
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Intra-modal apparent motion has been shown to be affected or ‘captured’ by information from another, task-irrelevant modality, as shown in cross-modal dynamic capture effect. Here we created inter-modal apparent motion between visual and tactile stimuli and investigated whether there are mutual influences between auditory apparent motion and inter-modal visual/tactile apparent motion. Moreover, we examined whether and how the spatial remapping between somatotopic and external reference frames of tactile events affect the cross-modal capture between auditory apparent motion and inter-modal visual/tactile apparent motion, by introducing two arm postures: arms-uncrossed and arms-crossed. In Experiment 1, we used auditory stimuli (auditory apparent motion) as distractors and inter-modal visual/tactile stimuli (inter-modal apparent motion) as targets while in Experiment 2 we reversed the distractors and targets. In Experiment 1, we found a general detrimental influence of arms-crossed posture in the task of discrimination of direction in visual/tactile stream, but in Experiment 2, the influence of arms-uncrossed posture played a significant role in modulating the inter-modal visual/tactile stimuli capturing over auditory apparent motion. In both Experiments, the synchronously presented motion streams led to noticeable directional congruency effect in judging the target motion. Among the different modality combinations, tactile to tactile apparent motion (TT) and visual to visual apparent motion (VV) are two signatures revealing the asymmetric congruency effects. When the auditory stimuli were targets, the congruency effect was largest with VV distractors, lowest with TT distractors; the pattern was reversed when the auditory stimuli were distractors. In addition, across both experiments the congruency effect in visual to tactile (VT) and tactile to visual (TV) apparent motion was intermediate between the effect-sizes in VV and TT. We replicated the above findings with a block-wise design (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, we introduced static distractor events (visual or tactile stimulus), and found the modulation of spatial remapping of distractors upon AA motion is reduced. These findings suggest that there are mutual but a robust asymmetric influence between intra-modal auditory apparent motion and intermodal visual/tactile apparent motion. We proposed that relative reliabilities in directional information between distractor and target streams, summed over a remapping process between two spatial reference frames, determined this asymmetric influence.
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Lin, David C., and W. Zev Rymer. "Damping Actions of the Neuromuscular System With Inertial Loads: Soleus Muscle of the Decerebrate Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.2.652.
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A transient perturbation applied to a limb held in a given posture can induce oscillations. To restore the initial posture, the neuromuscular system must provide damping, which is the dissipation of the mechanical energy imparted by such a perturbation. Despite their importance, damping properties of the neuromuscular system have been poorly characterized. Accordingly, this paper describes the damping characteristics of the neuromuscular system interacting with inertial loads. To quantitatively examine damping, we coupled simulated inertial loads to surgically isolated, reflexively active soleus muscles in decerebrate cats. A simulated force impulse was applied to the load, causing a muscle stretch, which elicited a reflex response. The resulting deviation from the initial position gave rise to oscillations, which decayed progressively. Damping provided by the neuromuscular system was then calculated from the load kinetics. To help interpret our experimental results, we compared our kinetic measurements with those of an analogous linear viscoelastic system and found that the experimental damping properties differed in two respects. First, the amount of damping was greater for large oscillation amplitudes than for small (damping is independent of amplitude in a linear system). Second, plots of force against length during the induced movements showed that damping was greater for shortening than lengthening movements, reflecting greater effective viscosity during shortening. This again is different from the behavior of a linear system, in which damping effects would be symmetrical. This asymmetric and nonlinear damping behavior appears to be related to both the intrinsic nonlinear mechanical properties of the soleus muscle and to stretch reflex properties. The muscle nonlinearities include a change in muscle force-generating capacity induced by forced lengthening, akin to muscle yield, and the nonlinear force-velocity property of muscle, which is different for lengthening versus shortening. Stretch reflex responses are also known to be asymmetric and amplitude dependent. The finding that damping is greater for larger amplitude motion represents a form of automatic gain adjustment to a larger perturbation. In contrast, because of reduced damping at small amplitudes, smaller oscillations would tend to persist, perhaps contributing to normal or “physiological” tremor. This lack of damping for small amplitudes may represent an acceptable compromise for postural regulation in that there is substantial damping for larger movements, where energy dissipation is more critical. Finally, the directional asymmetry in energy dissipation provided by muscle and reflex properties must be reflected in the neural mechanisms for a stable posture.
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Xu, Xu, Chien-chi Chang, Gert S. Faber, Idsart Kingma, and Jack T. Dennerlein. "The Validity and Interrater Reliability of Video-Based Posture Observation During Asymmetric Lifting Tasks." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53, no. 4 (June 24, 2011): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720811410976.
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JUSKELIENE, VIDA, PER MAGNUS, LEIV S. BAKKETEIG, NIJOLE DAILIDIENE, and VYTAUTAS JURKUVENAS. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Asymmetric Posture in Preschool Children Aged 6–7 Years." International Journal of Epidemiology 25, no. 5 (1996): 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/25.5.1053.
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Plavina, Liana, Silva Smagare, Andris Cakstins, and Silvija Umbrasko. "Readiness of military personnel for high intensity combat training course." SHS Web of Conferences 68 (2019): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196802012.
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High standards of physical ability and health are essential for Military personnel and its career. Training of military personnel in field conditions is an essential process. The aim of the study was to evaluate readiness of cadets to high physical load during the combat training course (CTC). We carried out the following: evaluated posture status, analysed anthropometric characteristics, controlled parameters of musculoskeletal system such as muscle tone, muscle strength characteristics, and provided Nordic Questionnaire list containing a figure of Human Body, where a respondent marked the regions of musculoskeletal disorder (pain). All subjects gave their informed consent to the protocol approved by the local Medical Ethics Committee of Rıga Stradiņš University for biomedical research. Combat training course has duration of ten days and includes various physical, tactical, and psychological activities in military conditions that are a compulsory part of study process in National Defence Academy of Latvia. Cadets are facing complex challenges in tactical situations where they can approve their physical abilities, endurance and psychological persistence. They have dietary and sleeping deprivation during the course. We provided standardized Nordic Questionnaire for analysis and evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders in the study group and indicated main problematic regions with musculoskeletal symptoms. The general health status of participants was checked by medical specialists in military Medical Centre and advanced examination was done by Sports medicine doctor. The aim of the study is to analyse the posture status, foot status, to make muscle functional tests that allow managing pre-courses training program for CTC participants and optimizing adaptation of participants of the course to field condition of military training. Evaluating musculoskeletal symptoms cadets indicated that main problematical regions were lower back and knee. In 77% (42/54) of cases cadets with lower limb hyper-tonus had asymmetric posture in frontal plane. Analysis of anthropometric characteristics showed that body mass index changes were in the interval from 21.34 to 33.24. BMI value for 32.2% of participants corresponded to the standards of WHO recommendations. Analysis of posture and foot status was important for provision of preventive measures and reduction of the risk of health disorders related to high physical load in military environment. Persons with expressed asymmetry of posture and foot during dynamic load and static load can have overstress with high risk of health disorders, musculoskeletal pathology and psychological overload.
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PARNIANPOUR, MOHAMAD, KAUSHIK GHOSH, KAMRAN BARIN, and WILLIAM S. MARRAS. "QUANTIFICATION OF TRUNK MOTION IN RESPONSE TO COMPLEX PLATFORM PERTURBATIONS WHILE HOLDING WEIGHTS IN AN UPRIGHT POSTURE." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 13, no. 01 (February 25, 2001): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237201000066.
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This experiment investigated the role of the lumbar region in a simple load-holding situation for three asymmetric (0, 45 and 90 deg) platform perturbations for 18 normal, college age males. The platform perturbations included horizontal translation and rotation in addition to stable condition. The weight was 20% of the subjects' body weight. The Balance System (Chattecx Co.) was used to monitor balance performance while the Lumbar Motion Monitor was used to quantify low-back kinematics. The platform perturbation significantly affected both the lumbar motion parameters and the dispersion, an index of postural sway. The asymmetry of direction of perturbation also significantly affected both the postural sway and the lumbar motion involvement. Given the large mass of the spine, corrective/reactive fast movements to maintain the balance due to the unexpected perturbation to the base of support may lead to impulsive loading of the spine which is associated with the low back injuries. The study of postural stability, whilst an additional manual material handling task is being performed presents a more realistic and functional test than the traditional protocols used presently in Balance Clinics. This type of functional dual tasking is a rich paradigm that requires more research investigations.
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Kirking, Bryan. "A Muscle/Ligament Model to Predict Loads on L5/S1 during Three Dimensional Lifting." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181397041001149.
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A muscle / ligament model was constructed to estimate the spinal load that resulted from both muscle and ligament sources during dynamic, three dimensional lifting tasks. The model was tested using data from ten subjects performing lifts over a range of realistic industrial conditions (velocity: 10, 20, or 30 degrees / second; asymmetry: 0, 15, or 30 degrees; and weight lifted: 13.6 or 22.7 Kg). During the task, three dimensional trunk position, trunk velocity, the reaction forces, the reaction moments, and the electromyography of the major trunk musculature were collected. Ligaments were represented in the model as vectors spanning the lumbar spine, with their stress—strain properties taken from the literature. The muscle components were modeled based on the OSU Biodynamic EMG assisted model but excluded any effect not resulting solely from active force generation. Thus, the trunk muscles were also represented by vectors spanning the lumbar spine. For each subject, the model was calibrated for both muscle and ligament moment generation by comparing the predicted moment to the measured applied moment in regions where the appropriate moment component has been shown to dominate. The muscle / ligament model was found to predict the moment at L5/S1 at least as accurately as the muscle—only model (the previously reported OSU Biodynamic EMG assisted model which indirectly combines ligament effects into the muscle effects). Both models predicted moment with an average R square value of 0.8, and average error of 23 N m (p > 0.05). For symmetric upright postures, there was no influence of ligaments so both models predicted similar compression of about 1675 N m. As asymmetry or flexion angle increased, the muscle / ligament model predicted higher compression as a result of the smaller moment arms of the ligaments. In the most extreme posture (40 degrees flexion with 30 degrees asymmetry), the predicted compression from the muscle / ligament model (4250 N) was significantly larger than the muscle—only model (3680N). Finally, all asymmetric conditions resulted in predictions from the muscle / ligament model that exceeded the NIOSH 3400 N tolerance, but only the most asymmetric condition resulted in predictions from the muscle—only model that exceeded the NIOSH limit. Thus, muscle models that do not account for ligament effects may be ineffective in accurately evaluating compression during certain job tasks.
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Trevisan, Claudia Morais, Giselle De Camargo Oliveira, Juliana Alves Souza, and Eduardo Cabral da Silva. "Distribuição das pressões plantares e postura corporal na paralisia cerebral espástica." Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal 14 (December 27, 2016): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2016.14.316.
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Introduction: cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of permanent disorders of movement and posture due to a non-progressive disorder that occurs during the fetal or infant brain, may contribute to limitations in the functionality. Objective: to investigate the distribution of plantar pressures and the body posture in spastic CP. Methods: a descriptive case series study conducted at the Sector Outpatient Pediatric Rehabilitation Neurofunctional the University Hospital of Santa Maria - RS. Seven children with spastic CP, level I and II were included in the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Plantar pressures were analyzed using a baropodometry system – Footwork - and the type of the foot was calculated by index-ChipauxSmirak. Postural alignment was assessed subjectively in anteroposterior and lateral views. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The asymmetric distribution of plantar pressures were evidenced in hemiparetic, diparetic and quadriparéticos PC evaluated and the prevalence of flat foot occurred. The most frequent postural changes were the forward and head tilt, elevation, tilt and protrusion of shoulder, cervical and lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, the anterversion and unevenness of the hip and pronation of the feet. Conclusions: In this group of children plantar pressures and posture proved to be altered. These findings may influence the prognosis of deformities and functional rehabilitation outcomes. The use of photometry and baropodometry may assist in a more efficient therapeutic intervention.
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Nussbaum, Maury A., Don B. Chaffin, and George B. Page. "A Biomechanical Investigation of the Asymmetric Multiplier in the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 10 (October 1995): 709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901036.
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There is growing evidence, from epidemiological and biomechanical sources, that lifting performed in asymmetric postures is a risk factor for the development of a musculoskeletal injury. In the recent update of the NIOSH Lifting Guide, a linear Asymmetric Multiplier was added to account for this type of risk. The present study addresses the form of this Multiplier through analysis of several asymmetric lifting tasks. Both spinal loading and a derived metric of muscle injury risk were calculated as a function of asymmetry angle. The results suggest that there is a non-linear increase in injury risk with respect to asymmetry. Only moderate increases in risk were predicted for asymmetry of 0°–30°, and sharply increasing risk as asymmetry reaches 90°, implying that ergonomic intervention should be concentrated on tasks with the highest asymmetries.
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Wilczyński, Jacek, Robert Dutkiewicz, and Igor Wilczyński. "BODY POSTURE, POSTURAL STABILITY AND BODY COMPOSITION IN GOALKEEPERS OF THE POLISH NATIONAL JUNIOR HANDBALL TEAM BODY POSTURE, POSTURAL STABILITY AND BODY COMPOSITION." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 26, no. 76 (October 1, 2016): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0924.
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Aim. The objective of the study was to evaluate body posture, postural stability as well as body composition and to analyze the relationship between these parameters in goalkeepers of the Polish National Junior Handball Team. Basic procedures. The study covered 11 goalkeepers of the Polish National Junior Handball Team, aged 15-19. Body posture was evaluated by the Diers Formetric III 4D optoelectronic method. Postural stability was examined using the Biodex Balance System platform. The study was conducted in the Posturology Laboratory at the Institute of Physiotherapy at the Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, UJK in Kielce. Results Main findings. The flattening of the thoracic kyphotic angle and lumbar lordotic angle was observed. The majority of adolescents in the study had residual scoliosis (12.36°). During the Postural Stability Test, all of them remained in Zone A (the best stability), and in the majority of cases had a tendency towards sway to the right posterior (% Time In Quadrant I). A positive correlation was found between the trunk length from vertebra C7 to the central point between the sacral dimples (r=0.6507; p=0.030) and the trunk length VP-SP from C7 to the beginning of the groove between the buttocks, and the percentage of staying in Quadrant 1 (% Time In Quadrant I), i.e. sway to the right anterior (r=0.6317; p=0.037). Conclusions. Handball is a discipline of sports discipline asymmetric in nature, which may be the cause of the occurrence of posture defects. Postural education exercises should be included in the training programme of juniors.
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Parunov, V. A., Tatiana M. Fedotova, and I. Y. Lebedenko. "Is temporomandibular disfunction an occupational disease of flautists?" Russian Journal of Dentistry 24, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1728-2802-2020-24-4-266-272.
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Wind instrumentalists are prone to a number of occupational hazards that can lead to occupational diseases. C. Zaza defined these diseases as playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMD). Such occupational diseases are devastating for musicians in terms of psychological health and financial state.
According to various epidemiological studies, 6286% of orchestra musicians experienced PRMD. Particularly the pressure of the mouthpiece on the lower incisors of wind instrumentalists leads to their movement and provoke periodontal diseases. Moreover, wind instrumentalists place themselves at risk of allergies and galvanism. Musicians do not seek for dental help due to the fear of spoiled embouchure (habitual position of the cheeks, tongue, and lips while playing) in spite of the range of specific oral pathologies. Flautists are of particular interest to dental practitioners because they are subjected to several risk factors; in addition to the mouthpiece pressure, they often hold instruments in an asymmetric posture, and in constrained spaces, being surrounded by the other orchestra musicians.
To learn more about the occupational hazards of flautists, we searched for the relevant literature in the central research medical library and for articles in databases eLIBRARY, PubMed, and ResearchGate using the following keywords: wind instrumentalists, flute, temporomandibular disorders, and playing-related musculoskeletal disorders.
Some studies claim that the asymmetric posture of flautist, especially in cramped conditions, affects the musicians health and leads to PRMD. Nevertheless, this research topic has been neglected, and published studies lack a strong methodology, explaining why they fail to show a strong association between TMD and flute playing. Therefore, further research is needed.
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Raska, Michael. "North Korea’s Evolving Cyber Strategies: Continuity and Change." SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen 4, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sirius-2020-3030.
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AbstractPyongyang sees the Korean Peninsula as entrenched in a geopolitical deadlock among great powers, with the United States continuing to employ what the North Korean regime sees as a “hostile policy” detrimental to its survival, its ability to shape relevant events, and the country’s political and economic development. While the core security concerns of South Korea and the United States are North Korea’s growing nuclear weapons and ballistic missile capabilities, the alliance must increasingly also prioritize the continuous development of North Korea’s cyber capabilities, both offensive and defensive. North Korea aims to gain strategic advantage by pursuing cost-effective, asymmetric military capabilities, including cyber strategies, to gather intelligence, coerce its rivals, financially extort others, and otherwise exert influence in ways that are resistant to traditional deterrence and defense countermeasures. Seoul and Washington need a full-spectrum military readiness posture against the full range of potential North Korean provocations, while European democracies need to strengthen their cyber readiness posture to effectively track and counter North Korea’s evolving global cyber operations.
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Tikhomirov, Andrei Yurievich, Olga Viktorovna Minyaeva, and Roman Andreevich Tikhomirov. "Therapeutic and prophylactic value of corrective gymnastics in children with impaired posture engaged in asymmetric sports." Interactive science, no. 11 (21) (November 21, 2017): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-465231.
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Guo, Fayong, Tao Mei, Marco Ceccarelli, Ziyi Zhao, Tao Li, and Jianghai Zhao. "A generic walking pattern generation method for humanoid robot walking on the slopes." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 43, no. 3 (May 16, 2016): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-09-2015-0170.
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Purpose Walking on inclined ground is an important ability for humanoid robots. In general, conventional strategies for walking on slopes lack technical analysis in, first, the waist posture with respect to actual robot and, second, the landing impact, which weakens the walking stability. The purpose of this paper is to propose a generic method for walking pattern generation considering these issues with the aim of enabling humanoid robot to walk dynamically on a slope. Design/methodology/approach First, a virtual ground method (VGM) is proposed to give a continuous and intuitive zero-moment point (ZMP) on slopes. Then, the dynamic motion equations are derived based on 2D and 3D models, respectively, by using VGM. Furthermore, the waist posture with respect to the actual robot is analyzed. Finally, a reformative linear inverted pendulum (LIP) named the asymmetric linear inverted pendulum (ALIP) is proposed to achieve stable and dynamical walking in any direction on a slope with lower landing impact. Findings Simulations and experiments are carried out using the DRC-XT humanoid robot platform with the aim of verifying the validity and feasibility of these new methods. ALIP with consideration of waist posture is practical in extending the ability of walking on slopes for humanoid robots. Originality/value A generic method called ALIP for humanoid robots walking on slopes is proposed. ALIP is based on LIP and several changes, including model analysis, motion equations and ZMP functions, are discussed.
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Choi, Hyehoon, Seong Hoon Lim, Joon Sung Kim, and Bo Young Hong. "Outcome Analysis of the Effects of Helmet Therapy in Infants with Brachycephaly." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2020): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041171.
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Brachycephaly has several potential deleterious effects, including malocclusion, sleep apnea, and abnormal posture. Nevertheless, the research regarding helmet therapy as a treatment strategy for brachycephaly is limited. Herein, we aimed to analyze the factors influencing the effects of helmet therapy in infants with brachycephaly. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 207 infants aged 3–14 months with a cranial index (CI) >90% who received helmet therapy between May 2016 and October 2019 and complied with the treatment protocol well. We used a multiple regression analysis to determine which factors affected the duration of therapy and a Jonckheere–Terpstra test to establish differences in the duration of helmet therapy according to age and severity. We identified brachycephaly severity (p < 0.001), asymmetry (p < 0.001), and age (p < 0.001) as factors affecting the duration of therapy. Helmet therapy might be effective for infants with moderate to severe brachycephaly, assuming good protocol compliance. In addition, younger treatment initiation age and less severe and less asymmetric brachycephaly significantly shorten the treatment duration.
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Freitag, L., W. M. Long, C. S. Kim, and A. Wanner. "Removal of excessive bronchial secretions by asymmetric high-frequency oscillations." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.2.614.
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The present study evaluated whether high-frequency oscillations (HFO) with biased flow profiles applied at the airway opening are capable of altering mucus clearance. In eight anesthetized sheep, artificial mucus (100 P) was infused continuously (1 ml/min) into the left main bronchus via a cannula inserted through the dorsal wall of the left main bronchus after thoracotomy. Outcoming mucus was collected every 10 min from the end of a cuffed orotracheal tube. Animals were ventilated with a Harvard respirator at a low frequency with superimposed HFO at 14 Hz with asymmetrical waveforms generated by a digitally controlled electromagnetic piston pump (expiratory bias: peak expiratory flow 3.8 l/s, peak inspiratory flow 1.3 l/s; inspiratory bias: reverse of expiratory bias). The influence of posture and of HFO airflow bias on mucus clearance was determined. In the horizontal position, mucus clearance with expiratory biased HFO was 3.5 +/- 2 (SD) ml/10 min. Head-down tilt produced a clearance of 3.1 +/- 3 ml/10 min; addition of HFO with expiratory bias increased clearance to 11.0 +/- 2.0 ml/10 min (P less than 0.05). No clearance occurred with inspiratory biased HFO during head-down tilt. These results indicate that expiratory biased HFO at the airway opening can clear excessive airway secretions and augment clearance by postural drainage.
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Moulia, Bruno, Renaud Bastien, Hugo Chauvet-Thiry, and Nathalie Leblanc-Fournier. "Posture control in land plants: growth, position sensing, proprioception, balance, and elasticity." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 14 (July 1, 2019): 3467–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz278.
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Abstract The colonization of the atmosphere by land plants was a major evolutionary step. The mechanisms that allow for vertical growth through air and the establishment and control of a stable erect habit are just starting to be understood. A key mechanism was found to be continuous posture control to counterbalance the mechanical and developmental challenges of maintaining a growing upright structure. An interdisciplinary systems biology approach was invaluable in understanding the underlying principles and in designing pertinent experiments. Since this discovery previously held views of gravitropic perception had to be reexamined and this has led to the description of proprioception in plants. In this review, we take a purposefully pedagogical approach to present the dynamics involved from the cellular to whole-plant level. We show how the textbook model of how plants sense gravitational force has been replaced by a model of position sensing, a clinometer mechanism that involves both passive avalanches and active motion of statoliths, granular starch-filled plastids, in statocytes. Moreover, there is a transmission of information between statocytes and other specialized cells that sense the degree of organ curvature and reset asymmetric growth to straighten and realign the structure. We give an overview of how plants have used the interplay of active posture control and elastic sagging to generate a whole range of spatial displays during their life cycles. Finally, a position-integrating mechanism has been discovered that prevents directional plant growth from being disrupted by wind-induced oscillations.
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Luger, Tessy, Mona Bär, Robert Seibt, Pia Rimmele, Monika A. Rieger, and Benjamin Steinhilber. "A passive back exoskeleton supporting symmetric and asymmetric lifting in stoop and squat posture reduces trunk and hip extensor muscle activity and adjusts body posture – A laboratory study." Applied Ergonomics 97 (November 2021): 103530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103530.
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Hine, Trevor. "Effects of Asymmetric Vergence on Compensatory Eye Movements During Active Head Rotation1." Journal of Vestibular Research 1, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1991-1404.
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The kinematics of the horizontal VOR for near fixation demand that VOR gain should change dependent on the target distance and the orientation of the head with respect to the target, or, equivalently, the amount of ocular vergence and the asymmetry of this vergence. Across two experiments, the gain of the VOR was measured in the right eye of humans who rotated their heads to the right or left while viewing a target placed either 22, 32.5 or 200 cm from the center of head rotation, in conditions with and without visual feedback. When tbe eye was in-line with the target, the measured VOR gain was up to 43% greater than when the eye was in an eccentric position. However, in the eccentric position, higher VOR gains were achieved with visual feedback of the target than without feedback, indicative of a visual component in the compensatory eye movement. Also, by changing the posture of the left eye but keeping the right eye constant, the VOR gain in the right eye was changed substantially during a subsequent head rotation. Hence, the positions of both eyes in their orbits determine the gain of the VOR in each eye.
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Kazennikov, O. V., T. B. Kireeva, and V. Yu Shlykov. "Maintenance of Human Vertical Posture upon Asymmetric Leg Loading and Fixation of the Knee Joint of One Leg." Human Physiology 44, no. 1 (January 2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0362119718010097.
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Brusa, Jessica, Maria Cristina Maggio, Valerio Giustino, Ewan Thomas, Daniele Zangla, Angelo Iovane, Antonio Palma, Giovanni Corsello, Giuseppe Messina, and Marianna Bellafiore. "Upper and Lower Limb Strength and Body Posture in Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism: An Observational Case-Control Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 4830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134830.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is an endocrine disease with a precocious significant impairment of growth and neuromotor development. Thyroid hormones are essential for central nervous system development, maturation, and myelination. Furthermore, thyroid hormone deficiency affects the function of several systems, including the musculoskeletal system. The disease has a significant incidence in the general population (1:3000–1:2000 newborns in Italy). The aim of the present study was to evaluate any differences in upper and lower limb strength, body sway, and plantar loading distribution in children with CH compared to healthy children. Methods: In this study, the case group was composed of children with CH (CHG), while the control group included healthy children (CG). Both groups comprised 19 children (CHG: female = 12; CG: female = 9). The maximum isometric handgrip strength and explosive-elastic lower limb strength were assessed with the handgrip test and the Sargent test, respectively. The stabilometric and baropodometric analyses were used to measure the Center of Pressure displacements and the plantar loading distribution between feet, respectively. The differences between groups were analyzed by a univariate analysis of covariance using as covariates weight and height with the significant level set at < 0.05. Results: We found that CHG children were shorter and thinner than CG ones (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the upper and lower limb strength was found between groups. CHG exhibited a significant greater Sway Path Length (p < 0.01) and Ellipse Surface (p < 0.05) than CG. Moreover, CHG displayed an asymmetric plantar loading distribution with a significant lower percentage in the right than in the left foot (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant lower plantar loading percentage in the right foot of CHG than in the right foot of CG was observed (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings seem to suggest that CH does not affect muscle strength in early treated children. However, these patients show poor postural control ability and asymmetric plantar loading distribution. Increasing the physical activity in these children could improve their body posture.
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Gerrits, Peter O., Chris Vodde, and Gert Holstege. "Retroambiguus Projections to the Cutaneus Trunci Motoneurons May Form a Pathway in the Central Control of Mating." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 3076–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.3076.
Full textAbstract:
Our laboratory has proposed that the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) generates the specific motor performance displayed by female cats during mating and that it uses direct pathways to the motoneurons of the lower limb muscles involved in this activity. In the hamster a similar NRA-projection system could generate the typical female mating posture, which is characterized by lordosis of the back as well as elevation of the tail. The present study attempted to determine whether this elevation of the tail is also part of the NRA-mating control system. The basic assumption was that elevation of the tail is a function of the cutaneus trunci muscle (CTM), which was verified by bilateral tetanic stimulation of the lateral thoracic nerves innervating the CTM. It resulted in upward movement of the tail to a position similar to the tail-up position during the lordosis posture. Retrograde tracing results showed that CTM motoneurons are located in the ventral and ventrolateral part of the C7–C8 ventral horn, those innervating the tail region ventrolateral to those innervating the axillary region. Anterograde tracing studies showed that NRA fibers terminate bilaterally in both parts of the CTM motoneuronal cell groups. Electron microscopical studies revealed that labeled NRA terminals make monosynaptic contacts with retrogradely labeled dendrites of CTM motoneurons. Almost all of these terminal profiles had asymmetric synapses and contained spherical vesicles, which suggests an excitatory function. The observation that 15% of the labeled NRA terminals make more than one synaptic contact with a retrogradely labeled CTM motoneuronal dendrite within the same section indicates how powerful the NRA-CTM projection is. The results indicate that during mating the NRA not only could generate the lordosis posture but also the elevation of the tail.
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Sofyanti, Ervina, Trelia Boel, and Denny Satria. "Special Investigation of Developmental of Mandibular Asymmetry and Imbalance Body Posture: A Literature Review." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. D (July 10, 2020): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.3381.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported comprehensive visions about the correlation between the development of dentofacial problems and postural disorder. Mostly of dentofacial issues related to mandibular asymmetry, which can lead to erroneous treatment plans that end in frustration for both patient and orthodontist.
AIM: This paper aims to describe some evidence bases dentistry of malocclusions with asymmetry in mandibular and trunk.
METHODS: We used different electronic databases such as PubMed Health and Google Scholar with specific keywords such as development mandibular asymmetry, trunk asymmetry, and body posture asymmetry. In this preliminary study, the term of imbalance body posture leads to trunk and body posture asymmetry.
RESULTS: Most of the studies reported the involvement of temporomandibular disorder in those asymmetries. We assumed the necessity for considering development asymmetry in an examination and should be regarded as a particular investigation procedure in orthodontic treatment.
CONCLUSION: However, the limitation in understanding the developmental asymmetries in determining the etiology and risk factor of development mandibular asymmetry and imbalanced body posture require special investigation.