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Journal articles on the topic 'Athenian democracy'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Pritchard, David M. "DEMOCRACY AND WAR IN ANCIENT ATHENS AND TODAY." Greece and Rome 62, no. 2 (2015): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383515000029.

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Ancient Athens developed democracy to a higher level than any other state before modern times. It was the leading cultural innovator of its age. This state is rightly revered for its political and cultural achievements. What is less well known is its extraordinary record of military success. Athens transformed ancient warfare and became one of the ancient world's superpowers. There is a strong case that democracy was a major reason for this success. The military impact of Athenian democracy was twofold. The competition of elite performers before non-elite adjudicators resulted in a pro-war cul

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2

Forsdyke, Sara L. "“Born from the Earth”: The Political Uses of an Athenian Myth." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 12, no. 1 (2012): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921212x629491.

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AbstractThis paper analyzes the evolution of Athenian myths of their origins from the eighth century to the fourth century BCE. The analysis shows that Athenian myths of origins changed in emphasis and significance according to political needs. In the earliest period (c.800–480 BCE), the Athenians emphasized their descent from earthborn kings who were nurtured by Athena. In this way, the Athenians laid claim to the territory of Attica and to a place in the panhellenic cultural landscape through their connection to Athena. By the mid-fifth century, Athenian myths of origins shifted emphasis in

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3

Pritchard, David M. "The Physical Parameters of Athenian Democracy." Antichthon 53 (2019): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2019.4.

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AbstractThis article investigates the physical parameters of Athenian democracy. It explores the collective-action problems that these parameters caused and settles debates about them that R. G. Osborne famously provoked. Classical Athens was ten times larger than an average Greek state. Fourth-century Athenians were ten times more numerous. These parameters significantly contributed to the success of Athenian democracy. Athens could field more combatants than almost every other Greek state. With such huge manpower reserves individual Athenians had to fight only every few years. Nevertheless,

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4

Braund, David. "The Luxuries of Athenian Democracy." Greece and Rome 41, no. 1 (1994): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500023184.

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In 424 B. C. or thereabouts, an oligarchically-minded critic of the Athenian democracy observed:And if account is to be taken of more minor matters, it is as a result of their mastery of the sea that the Athenians have mixed with various peoples in different areas and discovered a range of festive practices. In consequence, what is sweet in Sicily, Italy, Cyprus, Egypt, Lydia, Pontus, the Peloponnese or elsewhere has all been brought together in one place because of [sc.the Athenians'] mastery of the sea. (The Old Oligarch, 2.7)Though critical of the democracy in principle, the Old Oligarch is

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5

SCHWARTZBERG, MELISSA. "Athenian Democracy and Legal Change." American Political Science Review 98, no. 2 (2004): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055404001169.

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The ancient Athenians regarded their ability to modify their laws as a fundamentally democratic trait; indeed, the faculty of “pragmatic innovation” was well known throughout the Greek world and was widely viewed as a key advantage that Athens had over its rival, Sparta. The Athenian commitment to legal change endured despite disastrous consequences at the end of the fifth century, a comprehensive revision of the laws, and the complication of legal procedure in the fourth century. In an apparent paradox, however, the Athenians also used “entrenchment clauses” to make certain laws immutable. Th

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6

Vernezze, Peter. "Athenian Democracy." Ancient Philosophy 18, no. 1 (1998): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil199818115.

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7

Thiel, Joachim. "Athenian Democracy." Philosophy and History 20, no. 2 (1987): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philhist198720280.

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8

Harris, Edward M. "ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY." Classical Review 50, no. 2 (2000): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/50.2.509.

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9

Georges, Pericles. "Athenian Democracy and Athenian Empire." International History Review 15, no. 1 (1993): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1993.9640639.

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10

Alwine, Andrew T. "Freedom and Patronage in the Athenian Democracy." Journal of Hellenic Studies 136 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426916000021.

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Abstract:To ask a question about ‘patronage’ is to view the issue from a top-down, broadly-conceived theoretical perspective. To understand Athenian political thought, we need to take an emic approach, to consider the perspective of the Athenian citizenry, which was concerned with present realities rather than complex, abstract models. The Athenian system's protection of individual citizens incidentally put broad restrictions on elite patronage, but, despite these limitations, relationships of patronage persisted throughout the Classical period albeit in non-threatening forms. Measures that en

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11

Roume, Stéphane F. "Du « nous devenons » athénien au « on est » contemporain." Caietele Echinox 40 (June 28, 2021): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2021.40.04.

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"A personal comparison between the Athenian democracy and the condition of the contemporary individual could develop a deeper understanding of both of them. While Athenians are characterized by a public and political life in communion, we suggest that the contemporary individual, hidden behind his “representation”, is guided by his own interest. So, Athenians were living accepting the figure of the Other, as the Athenian tragedy and Dionysus’s special status can show us, whilst the contemporary individual can be compared with Narcissus, who is rejecting this same figure."

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12

Rojcewicz, Christine. "Socrates’ kατάβασις and the Sophistic Shades: Education and Democracy". PLATO JOURNAL 24 (31 травня 2023): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-4105_24_4.

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This article addresses the unusually elaborate dramatic context in Plato’s Protagoras and effect of sophistry on democratic Athens. Because Socrates evokes Odysseus’ κατάβασις in the Odyssey to describe the sophists in Callias’ house (314c-316b), I propose that Socrates depicts the sophists as bodiless shades residing in Hades. Like the shades dwelling in Hades with no connection to embodied humans on Earth, the sophists in the Protagoras are non-Athenians with no consideration for the democratic body of the Athenian πόλις. I conclude that sophistry can be detrimental to Athenian democracy bec

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13

Pritchard, Pritchard. "How do Democracy and War Affect Each Other? The Case Study of Ancient Athens." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 24, no. 2 (2007): 328–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000120.

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This article considers the state of research on the two-way relationship of causation between politics and war in ancient Athens from the attempted coup of Cylon in 632 BC to the violent overthrow of its democracy by theMacedonians in 322. Also canvassed is how a closer integration of Ancient History and Political Science can enhance the research of each discipline into the important problem of democracy’s effect on war-making. Classical Athens is well known for its full development of popular politics and its cultural revolution, which clearly was a dependent variable of the democracy. By con

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14

Forde, Steven. "Thucydides on the Causes of Athenian Imperialism." American Political Science Review 80, no. 2 (1986): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1958267.

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Thucydides' investigation of Athenian imperialism is in part an investigation into whether imperialism as such is based on universal human compulsions, and hence cannot simply be condemned. It is generally recognized that for Thucydides, Athenian imperialism is connected to the Athenian national character, but it has not been widely appreciated that Thucydides provides a detailed account of the foundations of the Athenian character in human nature itself. That account revolves around what he calls “daring” and the human impulse of eros. The erotic and daring character of the Athenians is conne

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15

Fisher, N. R. E. "Athenian Democracy Surveyed." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 8, no. 2 (1989): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000341.

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16

Kaplan, Morris B. "Rethinking Athenian Democracy." Political Theory 30, no. 3 (2002): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591702030003009.

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17

Ostwald, Martin. "Athens and Chalkis: a study in imperial control." Journal of Hellenic Studies 122 (November 2002): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246208.

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AbstractThe basic contention of this article is that, contrary to a widely held and influential view, the Chalkis Decree does not constitute evidence that Athens tried to impose democracies on rebellious allies after their subjugation. It contains an exchange of oaths between Athens and Chalkis, confirming an ‘agreement’ (homologia), the contents of which are lost. The oaths show Athenian concern for the protection of the Athenian democracy and its friends at Chalkis, and impose some judicial but no political restrictions on Chalkis to secure Athenian domination and assure the priority of Athe

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18

Keim, Benjamin. "Xenophon’s Hipparchikos and the Athenian Embrace of Citizen Philotimia." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 35, no. 2 (2018): 499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340177.

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Abstract Although negotiations over the competing claims of honour (timê) and awards of instantiated honours (timai) were central features of Athenian democracy, the dangerous ambiguities of philotimia meant that only from the 340s BC were the Athenians explicitly embracing this love of honour and celebrating its display by citizens and non-citizens alike. Here I argue that a close reading of Xenophon’s treatise on cavalry command, Hipparchikos, advances our understanding of this embrace of public-spirited honour in three ways. First, Xenophon founds the success of the cavalry on the training

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19

하태규. "Ancient Athenian democracy and square democracy." Economy and Society ll, no. 113 (2017): 18–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18207/criso.2017..113.18.

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20

Rotermel, Lyudmila R. "The Problem of the Nature of the Athenian Democracy in the 4th Century B.C. in the Modern German Historiography." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical studies 10, no. 3 (39) (2023): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2023.10(3).38-47.

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The author analyzes the debating points in the study of the Athenian democracy in the 4th century B.C. by the modern German classical studies. Although historians have rejected the view according to which the Athenian democracy reached its zenith in the second half of the 5th century B.C., followed by a decay after the Peloponnesian war, the nature of the Athenian democracy in the 4th century is still under debate. The German researchers mainly focus on the following issues: was the 4th century a qualitatively new stage in the development of the Athenian democracy, or was the Athenian democrac

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21

Amirov, Sanjar. ""EVOLUTION AND EFFECTS OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY: A HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE APPROACH "." Jurisprudence 4, no. 2 (2024): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.4.2./omgg3446.

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"This article attempts a comprehensive study of the origin, development, institutions and social impact of Athenian democracy. Through in-depth analysis, the complexities and intricacies of this prestigious political system are illuminated, and its achievements and shortcomings are highlighted. Athenian democracy is often recognized as one of the earliest experiments in democratic governance and still remains a subject of study by historians, political scientists, and scholars. Athenian democracy, which emerged in ancient Greece in the fifth century BCE, was a crucial period in human history,

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22

Rosivach, Vincent J., and David Stockton. "The Classical Athenian Democracy." Classical World 85, no. 6 (1992): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351182.

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23

Garner, Richard, and David Stockton. "The Classical Athenian Democracy." American Historical Review 96, no. 4 (1991): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165045.

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24

Wolin, Sheldon S. "Democracy: Electoral and Athenian." PS: Political Science and Politics 26, no. 3 (1993): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/419985.

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25

Kelly, Thomas. "The Classical Athenian Democracy." History: Reviews of New Books 19, no. 4 (1991): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949406.

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26

Wolin, Sheldon S. "Democracy: Electoral and Athenian." PS: Political Science & Politics 26, no. 03 (1993): 475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096500038361.

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27

Tuszyńska, Krystyna. "Epitaphios logos – hybrydyczny gatunek retoryki ateńskiej." Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae 31, no. 1 (2021): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sppgl.2021.xxxi.1.23.

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Athenian funeral oration (epitaphios logos) belongs to the epideictic rhetoric. But according to Aristotle the topics used in epideictic oratory could be applied in the deliberative kind, after some modification in the matters of language. In this article I consider the means proposed in the narrative part of the composition, which can be used instead of argumentation in epideictic oratory, i.e. amplification, metaphors and actualization (putting things before the eyes, gr. energeia, lat. evidentia). My purpose is to answer the question who was/is the recipient of Athenian funeral oration. In

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28

Shin, Yong-In. "Athenian Polis and Residents Autonomy." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 39, no. 1 (2023): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/wlri.2023.39.1.87.

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The ancient Athenian polis is the prototype of democracy. Athens found the essence of democracy in the rule of the people, and had direct democracy and lottery systems as institutional devices to realize it. This Athenian democracy is called a prototype democracy. prototype democracy is only possible in small political communities. On the other hand, most democratic countries today adopt representative democracy. Representative democracy regards the essence of democracy not as the rule of the people but as the election by people. This change in meaning about the essence of democracy was made b

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29

Saxonhouse, Arlene W. "Ancient Greek Tragedy Speaks to Democracy Theory." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 34, no. 2 (2017): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340123.

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Abstract This essay initially distinguishes Athenian democracy from what I call ‘hyphenated-democracies’, each of which adds a conceptual framework developed in early modern Europe to the language of democracy: representative-democracy, liberal-democracy, constitutional-democracy, republican-democracy. These hyphenated-democracies emphasize the restraints placed on the power of political authorities. In contrast, Athenian democracy with the people ruling over themselves rested on the fundamental principle of equality rather than the limitations placed on that rule. However, equality as the def

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30

Krikona, Eleni. "The Memory of the Persian Wars through the Eyes of Aeschylus: Commemorating the Victory of the Power of Democracy." Akropolis: Journal of Hellenic Studies 2 (December 31, 2018): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35296/jhs.v2i0.24.

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The present paper addresses Aeschylus, and the way he wanted to be remembered by his fellow Athenians and the other Greeks. Having lived from 525/524 until 456/455 BCE, Aeschylus experienced the quick transition of his polis from a small city-state to a leading political and military force to be reckoned with throughout the Greek world. The inscription on his gravestone at Gela, Italy, commemorates his military achievements against the Persians, but makes no mention on his enormous theatrical renown. His plays were so respected by the Athenians that after his death, his were the only tragedies

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31

Taylor, Martha C. "Implicating the demos: a reading of Thucydides on the rise of the Four Hundred." Journal of Hellenic Studies 122 (November 2002): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246206.

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AbstractIn the midst of his account of the events, Thucydides says that it was difficult to switch Athens from democracy to the oligarchic rule of the Four Hundred (8.68.4). Most modern scholars have agreed, viewing the rise of the Four Hundred primarily as a coup effected by violence, terror and deceit. This interpretation does not conform to Thucydides' narrative (8.47-70), however, which shows that it was not very hard to end the Athenian democracy. Although terror, violence and propaganda have their place in Thucydides' account, modern treatments overemphasize them and so ignore or gloss o

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32

MCGLEW, J. "FIGHTING TYRANNY IN FIFTH-CENTURY ATHENS: DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP AND THE OATH OF DEMOPHANTUS." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 55, no. 2 (2012): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2012.00044.x.

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Abstract By way of explaining why he turned to the Athenian tyrannicides while narrating the Affair of the Mysteries in 415, Thucydides asserts at 6.60.1 that the Athenian demos, ‘remembering all that they knew from report’ about their civic heroes, became ‘unmanageable and suspicious of those blamed for the affair’. Should historians believe him? Perhaps not. This paper discusses the oath of Demophantus, which the Athenians collectively recited after restoring democracy in 410/09 (And. 1.97–98) and which gives prominent place to Harmodius and Aristogeiton. The tyrannicides support the oath's

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33

Balot, Ryan K. "Socratic Courage and Athenian Democracy." Ancient Philosophy 28, no. 1 (2008): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil20082813.

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34

Konstan, David, Simon Goldhill, and Robin Osborne. "Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy." Phoenix 54, no. 1/2 (2000): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1089099.

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35

Frank, Jill. "Athenian democracy and its critics." Ethnic and Racial Studies 42, no. 8 (2019): 1306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1586971.

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36

Rosivach, Vincent J. "The Tyrant in Athenian Democracy." Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 30, no. 3 (1988): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20546964.

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37

Patterson, Thomas C. "New Light on Athenian Democracy." Monthly Review 41, no. 5 (1989): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-041-05-1989-09_6.

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38

Christou, Vassiliki. "Deliberative Institutions of Athenian Democracy." Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft 108, no. 2 (2025): 127–34. https://doi.org/10.5771/2193-7869-2025-2-127.

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Im Gegensatz zu der heute verbreiteten Vorstellung von direkter Demokratie als unorganisierter Massendemokratie war die athenische Demokratie eine strukturierte Demokratie mit einem tief kultivierten Gerechtigkeitssinn. Das Element der Deliberation, d.h. der organisierten Diskussion auf der Grundlage von begründeten Argumenten, ist für die athenische Demokratie ebenso zentral wie für die moderne repräsentative und insbesondere parlamentarische Demokratie. Ich werde mich auf drei besondere deliberative Institutionen der athenischen Demokratie konzentrieren. Erstens: Das Parlament der Fünfhunder

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39

Schillinger, Daniel. "Aristotle, Equity, and Democracy." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 35, no. 2 (2018): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340171.

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Abstract Aristotelian equity (epieikeia) has often been relegated to scholarly discussions of retributive justice. Recently, however, political theorists have recast equity as the virtue of a sympathetic democratic citizen. I build on this literature by offering a more precise explanation of equity’s internal structure and political significance. In particular, I reveal equity’s deliberative dimension. For Aristotle, equitable citizens, statesmen, and legislators correct or go beyond the law, as appropriate, not only when they render retrospective judgments about matters of punishment or distr

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40

Sommerstein, Alan H. "Sophocles and Democracy." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 34, no. 2 (2017): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340127.

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Abstract Sophocles was both a great dramatist and a significant figure in Athenian public life. As a public figure, he was elected to important offices by the Athenian demos, but he also had a hand in the abolition of democracy in 411 bc – and then won first prize in the first tragic contest held after democracy was restored. As a dramatist, he frequently gives the impression that the common people are helpless without strong and wise leadership; but he can also suggest that a leader is worth nothing if he neglects his people or ignores their opinions, and in Antigone he seems to go out of his

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Rhodes, P. J. "Nothing to do with democracy: Athenian drama and the polis." Journal of Hellenic Studies 123 (November 2003): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246262.

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AbstractA fashionable approach to the interpretation of Athenian drama concentrates on its context in performance at Athenian festivals, and sees both the festivals and the plays as products of the Athenian democracy. In this paper it is argued that, whereas the institutional setting inevitably took a particular form in democratic Athens, that was an Athenian version of institutions found more generally in the Greek world, and even in the Athenian version many features do not seem distinctively democratic. Similarly in the interpretation of particular plays themes have often been said to be de

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Pritchard, David M. "Sport and Democracy in Classical Athens." Antichthon 50 (November 2016): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2016.5.

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AbstractThis article addresses the neglected problem of elite sport in classical Athens. Democracy may have opened up politics to every citizen, but it had no impact on sporting participation. Athenian sportsmen continued to be drawn from the elite. Thus it comes as a surprise that non-elite citizens judged sport to be a very good thing and created an unrivalled program of local sporting festivals on which they spent a staggering sum. They also shielded sportsmen from the public criticism that was otherwise normally directed towards the elite and its exclusive pastimes. The work of social scie

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Piovan, Dino. "Criticism Ancient and Modern. Observations on the Critical Tradition of Athenian Democracy." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 25, no. 2 (2008): 305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000137.

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This essay considers the tradition of criticism against Athenian democracy, in both ancient and modern times. Often this critical tradition has been seen to adduce greater interest than the very democratic experience from which it arose; in this it has been aided, in part, by the asserted absence of an ancient theory of democracy. Yet there are significant traces of a democratic theory in the ancient sources, which ought to serve both as a theoretical and ideological riposte to the critics. Some of the modern objections to classical Athenian democracy take up the argument of the ancient critic

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Forsdyke, Sara. "Exile, Ostracism and the Athenian Democracy." Classical Antiquity 19, no. 2 (2000): 232–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25011121.

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This paper addresses the question of the role of ostracism in democratic Athens. I argue that the frequent expulsion of aristocrats by rival aristocrats in the predemocratic polis is the key to understanding the function of ostracism in the democratic polis. I show that aristocratic "politics of exile" was a fundamental political problem in the archaic polis and that democratic political power, symbolized by the institution of ostracism, was the polis' solution to the problem. In the archaic polis, the expulsion of aristocrats often led to an endless cycle of exiles and returns and consequent

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45

Pritchard, David M. "Deporte y guerra en la democracia ateniense = Sport and War in Athenian Democracy." ARYS: Antigüedad, Religiones y Sociedades, no. 15 (November 5, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/arys.2017.3810.

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Resumen: Este artículo analiza la cuestión descuidada del deporte de la élite en la Atenas clásica. La democracia puede haber abierto la política a todos los ciudadanos, pero no tuvo impacto en la participación deportiva. Los atletas atenienses siguieron siendo extraídos de la élite. De este modo, resulta sorprendente que ciudadanos no pertenecientes a la élite juzgaran que el deporte era algo muy positivo y creasen un programa de festivales deportivos locales sin rival en los que gastaron una suma asombrosa. También escudaron a los atletas de la crítica pública que de otra manera era normalme

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Yonezawa, Shigeru. "Socrates and Democracy." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 18, no. 1-2 (2001): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000033.

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The aim of this paper is to reveal Socrates as a thorough democrat. In the first section, I will disprove the credibility of Xenophon’s Memorabilia, a common source for scholars who view Socrates as an antidemocratic thinker. I will then argue, in the second section, that the views of a few scholars who portray Socrates as a prodemocratic thinker represent a far-from-satisfactory depiction of his political views. In the third section, I will then demonstrate that Socrates’ criticism of democracy is not of democracy itself nor of Athenian laws, but instead a criticism of a particular sort of de

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Rosivach, Vincent J. "Autochthony and the Athenians." Classical Quarterly 37, no. 2 (1987): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800030512.

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Athenians of the fifth and fourth centuries claimed with pride that their ancestors had always lived in Attica, a claim which they expressed by describing themselves as Related to this Athenian belief that they had always lived in Attica was a second, that, as a people, they were literally ‘sprung from the earth’. It is generally assumed that both beliefs developed at a very early date, but this is merely an assumption, and in the course of this paper we will see evidence suggesting, to the contrary, that both ideas were relatively late developments. This paper focuses on the development of th

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48

Varzari, Pantelimon. "ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY: FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY OR THE FIRST DEMOCRATIC EXERCISE." Moldoscopie 1 (January 15, 2020): 112–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3921884.

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This article examines some issues related to the visions of the ancient Greeks on the polis, the emergence of (classical) Athenian democracy and the transition from Greek democracy to Roman (republican) democracy. It supports the idea that in the analysis of the evolution of the democratic phenomenon, a logical succession of distinct stages is noticed - from ancient democracy, to modern democracy and, finally, to the democracy of the future. Particular attention is paid to the understanding of the ancient Greeks on the fortress, because the city-state, being a form of organization specific to

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Grofman, Bernard. "Lessons of Athenian Democracy: Editor's Introduction." PS: Political Science and Politics 26, no. 3 (1993): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/419984.

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Pesely, George. "The Oxyrhynchus Historian and Athenian Democracy." Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada 9, no. 3 (2009): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mou.2009.0013.

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