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Mandelbaum, Bert R., Holly J. Silvers, Diane S. Watanabe, John F. Knarr, Stephen D. Thomas, Letha Y. Griffin, Donald T. Kirkendall, and William Garrett. "Effectiveness of a Neuromuscular and Proprioceptive Training Program in Preventing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 7 (July 2005): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504272261.
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Background Among female athletes it has not been established whether a neuromuscular and proprioceptive sports-specific training program will consistently reduce the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Purpose To determine whether a neuromuscular and proprioceptive performance program was effective in decreasing the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury within a select population of competitive female youth soccer players. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods In 2000, 1041 female subjects from 52 teams received a sports-specific training intervention in a prospective non-randomized trial. The control group consisted of the remaining 1905 female soccer players from 95 teams participating in the same league who were age and skill matched. In the 2001 season, 844 female athletes from 45 teams were enrolled in the study, with 1913 female athletes (from 112 teams) serving as the age- and skill-matched controls. All subjects were female soccer players between the ages of 14 and 18 and participated in either their traditional warm-up or a sports-specific training intervention before athletic activity over a 2-year period. The intervention consisted of education, stretching, strengthening, plyometrics, and sports-specific agility drills designed to replace the traditional warm-up. Results During the 2000 season, there was an 88% decrease in anterior cruciate ligament injury in the enrolled subjects compared to the control group. In year 2, during the 2001 season, there was a 74% reduction in anterior cruciate ligament tears in the intervention group compared to the age- and skill-matched controls. Conclusion Using a neuromuscular training program may have a direct benefit in decreasing the number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female soccer players.
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He, Kai. "Prediction Model of Juvenile Football Players’ Sports Injury Based on Text Classification Technology of Machine Learning." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (June 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2955215.
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As the level of soccer in our country has improved rapidly, the level of skill has gradually improved, and the requirements for training of athletes have increased. Due to changes in athlete training methods, it has been decided that athletes must bear a great risk of sports injuries. Accurate prediction of injuries is very important for the development of youth soccer. Based on this, this paper proposes a text classification algorithm based on machine learning and builds a sports injury prediction model that can accurately predict athlete injuries, reduce athlete injuries during training, and be effective. We put forward various sports suitable for young athletes, and put forward some measures to prevent and alleviate athletes’ injuries. This article selects 48 football players from a college of physical education of a university for testing. The athletes participating in the experiment use professional equipment to collect exercise volume and exercise load data, and real-time records of each athlete's physical fitness data within half a year, through the athlete's exercise volume, exercise load, body metabolism, and physical indicators to predict their sports injury. Experiments show that from the degree of injury, it can be seen that the severe injury is the least, with 5 cases of muscle injury, 2 cases of fascia ligament injury, and 1 case of joint injury. There were 25 cases of mild injuries, accounting for 41.0% of the total. This is because the athlete’s sports injury prediction model has better prediction capabilities, allowing athlete coaches and therapists to optimize training courses, ultimately preventing injuries, improving training levels, and reducing rehabilitation costs.
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Gardiner-Shires, Alison Marie, and Scott Heinerichs. "Promoting Athletic Training Through a General Education Course in Psychosocial Aspects of Sports Injuries." Athletic Training Education Journal 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/070270.
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Context: A general education course taught by athletic training education faculty has the potential to expose the entire student body to the athletic training profession in a unique way while also meeting requirements of the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education. Objective: To introduce a detailed case study of a general education course taught by athletic training education faculty. Background: The general education curriculum is designed to enable students to appreciate and understand numerous disciplines. As a helping profession, athletic trainers are skilled at addressing a myriad of issues as they relate to an active individual's physical, psychological, and social well-being. Athletic training educators are ideal individuals to develop and teach courses demonstrating the interrelationships among psychology, sociology, and athletic training. Description: Detailed course topics and relevant supporting literature for the course are presented. Examples of techniques used in the course are provided to aid athletic training educators in the development of their own course. The challenges and rewards of offering a general education course are also outlined. Advantages: This course can expose the general student population to athletic training by fostering, introducing, and increasing collaboration among faculty, nontraditional teaching methods, and department/program productivity. Conclusion: A general education course developed and taught by athletic training education programs has both institutional and curricular value. Athletic training educators have knowledge and expertise with respect to musculoskeletal injury care and a unique understanding of a physically active individual's mindset following injury. These distinctive traits can help the entire student body understand and apply concepts of this course to their everyday lives.
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Lam, Kenneth C., Alison R. Snyder Valier, Barton E. Anderson, and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod. "Athletic Training Services During Daily Patient Encounters: A Report From the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.8.03.
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Context: Athletic training services such as taping, wrapping, and stretching are common during routine care but rarely captured in traditional patient documentation. These clinical data are vital when determining appropriate medical coverage and demonstrating the value and worth of athletic trainers (ATs). Objective: To analyze clinical data from daily encounter forms within the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network (AT-PBRN). Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Secondary school athletic training clinics. Patients or Other Participants: Adolescent patients (n = 4888; age = 16.3 ± 1.4 years) seeking care from ATs. Main Outcome Measure(s): We used Web-based electronic medical records from December 1, 2009, to July 1, 2015, to obtain patient characteristics via deidentified data. Descriptive data regarding practice characteristics from patient encounter forms were analyzed and reported as percentages and frequencies. Results: A total of 36 245 patient encounters (mean = 7.5 ± 11.6 encounters per patient) were recorded. Football, basketball, soccer, track, and volleyball accounted for 85.1% of all encounters. Most encounters were for preventive services (48.8%, n = 22 329), followed by care for a current injury (37.2%, n = 17 027) and care for a new injury (13.9%, n = 6368). Of the preventive encounters, taping (52.7%) was the most common service provided, followed by ice- or hot-pack application (25.4%) and treatment (9.6%). Taping (28.7%) was also the most common service for current injuries, followed by treatment (26.7%) and ice- or hot-pack application (26.2%). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the unique role of ATs as health care providers who provide substantial preventive services to their patients. Further, these results represent one of the first attempts to describe athletic training services related to nontime-loss injuries, emphasizing the significant role that ATs play in the health care of secondary school athletes. These findings should help clinicians and administrators make more informed decisions regarding appropriate medical coverage.
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Danes Daetz, Claudia, Florencia Rojas Toro, and Valentina Tapia Mendoza. "Lesiones deportivas en deportistas universitarios chilenos (Sports injuries in Chilean university athletes)." Retos, no. 38 (March 5, 2020): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.74745.
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La epidemiología de las lesiones deportivas es el estudio de las variables que intervienen en la aparición de lesiones en la población y de su distribución. Este tiene como propósito último aportar información para establecer medidas de prevención justificadas. En Chile, la práctica deportiva ha aumentado en los últimos años. A pesar de esto, no existen antecedentes de estudios que analicen las lesiones deportivas. Este artículo pretende identificar la distribución de las lesiones en diferentes disciplinas deportivas de jóvenes universitarios chilenos. Se realizó un seguimiento a 84 deportistas de ambos géneros pertenecientes a selecciones universitarias de fútbol, básquetbol y vóleibol durante un periodo de 6 meses, registrando todas las lesiones ocurridas. En nuestro ambiente, la mayoría de las lesiones ocurren más frecuentemente en hombres. Son más frecuentes en la práctica del básquetbol (40,7%), seguido del fútbol (35,2%) y vóleibol (24,1%). Afectan principalmente a las extremidades inferiores, especialmente a la articulación del tobillo, seguida por la rodilla y muñeca-mano. El tipo de lesión más común en esta investigación fue el esguince cápsulo-ligamentoso (40,7%), seguida por las lesiones musculares (16,7%). La cantidad de lesiones por sobreuso y de origen traumático fueron similares, siendo estas últimas asociadas principalmente a un mecanismo de contacto directo (76,9%). Para esta población resultó más común lesionarse durante los entrenamientos que en los partidos.Abstract. The epidemiology of sports injuries is the study of the variables that participate in the occurrence of injuries in a population, and their distribution. Its ultimate purpose is to provide information to establish justified prevention measures. In Chile, sports practice has increased in recent years. Despite this, there is no antecedent of studies that analyze sports injuries in Chile. This article aims to identify the distribution of injuries of young Chilean university students in different sports disciplines. A total of 84 athletes of both genders, belonging to university football, basketball, and volleyball teams were followed up for a period of 6 months, recording all the injuries that occurred. In our area, most injuries occur more frequently in men. They are more frequent in the practice of basketball (40,7%), followed by soccer (35,2%) and volleyball (24,1%). They mainly affect the lower extremities, especially the ankle joint, followed by knee and wrist-hand. Capsule-ligament injuries (40,7%) and muscle injuries (16,7%) are the most common. The amount of injuries due to overuse and traumatic origin were similar, the latter being related mainly to a direct contact mechanism (76.9%). For this population it was more common to be injured during training than in matches.
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Grooms, Dustin R., Thomas Palmer, James A. Onate, Gregory D. Myer, and Terry Grindstaff. "Soccer-Specific Warm-Up and Lower Extremity Injury Rates in Collegiate Male Soccer Players." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.08.
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Context: A number of comprehensive injury-prevention programs have demonstrated injury risk-reduction effects but have had limited adoption across athletic settings. This may be due to program noncompliance, minimal exercise supervision, lack of exercise progression, and sport specificity. A soccer-specific program described as the F-MARC 11+ was developed by an expert group in association with the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) to require minimal equipment and implementation as part of regular soccer training. The F-MARC 11+ has been shown to reduce injury risk in youth female soccer players but has not been evaluated in an American male collegiate population. Objective: To investigate the effects of a soccer-specific warm-up program (F-MARC 11+) on lower extremity injury incidence in male collegiate soccer players. Design: Cohort study. Setting: One American collegiate soccer team followed for 2 seasons. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-one male collegiate athletes aged 18–25 years. Intervention(s): The F-MARC 11+ program is a comprehensive warm-up program targeting muscular strength, body kinesthetic awareness, and neuromuscular control during static and dynamic movements. Training sessions and program progression were monitored by a certified athletic trainer. Main Outcome Measure(s): Lower extremity injury risk and time lost to lower extremity injury. Results: The injury rate in the referent season was 8.1 injuries per 1000 exposures with 291 days lost and 2.2 injuries per 1000 exposures and 52 days lost in the intervention season. The intervention season had reductions in the relative risk (RR) of lower extremity injury of 72% (RR = 0.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.09, 0.85) and time lost to lower extremity injury (P < .01). Conclusions: This F-MARC 11+ program reduced overall risk and severity of lower extremity injury compared with controls in collegiate-aged male soccer athletes.
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Valovich McLeod, Tamara C., Laura C. Decoster, Keith J. Loud, Lyle J. Micheli, J. Terry Parker, Michelle A. Sandrey, and Christopher White. "National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Prevention of Pediatric Overuse Injuries." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.2.206.
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Abstract Objective: To provide certified athletic trainers, physicians, and other health care professionals with recommendations on best practices for the prevention of overuse sports injuries in pediatric athletes (aged 6–18 years). Background: Participation in sports by the pediatric population has grown tremendously over the years. Although the health benefits of participation in competitive and recreational athletic events are numerous, one adverse consequence is sport-related injury. Overuse or repetitive trauma injuries represent approximately 50% of all pediatric sport-related injuries. It is speculated that more than half of these injuries may be preventable with simple approaches. Recommendations: Recommendations are provided based on current evidence regarding pediatric injury surveillance, identification of risk factors for injury, preparticipation physical examinations, proper supervision and education (coaching and medical), sport alterations, training and conditioning programs, and delayed specialization.
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Gardiner-Shires, Alison, Scott C. Marley, John C. Barnes, and Mark E. Shires. "Professional Baseball Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Preparation for Job-Specific Duties." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.6.09.
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Context The extent to which individuals are prepared completely for work in a particular athletic training setting (eg, professional sports, college, high school) is unknown. This issue is critical today, and findings in this area have implications for athletic training education policy and employers. Objective To determine the perceptions of preparation for work-specific tasks by professional baseball athletic trainers (PBATs). We also wanted to determine whether various preparation experiences interact with perceived skills. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online survey administered via SurveyMonkey. Patients or Other Participants Two hundred seventy-five PBATs. Intervention(s) The PBATs reported their levels of preparation before employment in their positions and their current skills in each of the 8 work task domains: evaluation of elbow injuries; evaluation of shoulder injuries; evaluation of general injuries; acute care; injury prevention; treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning; organization and administration; and non–athletic-training tasks. Main Outcome Measure(s) Nine repeated-measures analyses of covariance were performed with each perception of preparation (retrospective, current) as a within-subject factor. Preparation experiences were included as between-subjects factors, and number of years working in baseball was the covariate. Results Subscale reliabilities were calculated and found to be between 0.79 and 0.97. A total of 180 PBATs (65%) completed the survey. The backgrounds and routes by which PBATs gained employment in the professional baseball setting varied. Individuals who completed professional baseball internships, had previous work experience, and immediately entered the professional baseball setting after graduation had noted differences in their perceptions of preparation for work tasks. The PBATs indicated they were substantially underprepared for tasks in the organization and administration and non–athletic-training task domains. Conclusions The organizational socialization process is complex, and no 1 experience appears to completely prepare an individual for work in the professional baseball setting.
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Killinger, Tyler P., and Kristen Couper Schellhase. "Medical Claims at National Collegiate Athletic Association Institutions: The Athletic Trainer's Role." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1004–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-491-17.
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Context National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions are required to certify insurance coverage of medical expenses for injuries student-athletes sustain while participating in NCAA events. Institutions assign this role to a variety of employees, including athletic trainers (ATs), athletic administrators, business managers, secretaries, and others. In 1994, Street et al observed that ATs were responsible for administering medical claim payments at 68.1% of institutions. Anecdotally, ATs do not always feel well suited to perform these tasks. Objective To investigate the ways athletic associations and departments coordinate athletic medical claims and the role of ATs in this process. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants All 484 National Athletic Trainers' Association members self-identified as a head AT within an NCAA collegiate or university setting were solicited to respond to the online Web-based survey. Responses from 184 (38%) head ATs employed in collegiate settings were analyzed. Main Outcome Measure(s) Institutional demographic characteristics, type of insurance coverage, person assigned to handle insurance claims, hours spent managing claims, and training for the task. Results In 62% of institutions, an AT was responsible for processing athletic medical claims. The head and assistant ATs spent means of 6.17 and 10.32 hours per week, respectively, managing claims. Most respondents (62.1%) reported no formal training in handling athletic medical insurance claims. When asked when and how it was most appropriate to learn these concepts, 35.3% cited within an accredited athletic training program curriculum, 32.9% preferred on-the-job training, and 31.1% selected via continuing education. Conclusions At NCAA institutions, ATs were responsible for administering athletic medical claims, a task in which most had no formal training. An AT may not possess adequate skills or time to handle athletic medical claims. Even if ATs are not solely responsible for this task, they remain involved as the coordinators of care. Athletic training programs, professional organizations that offer continuing education, and hiring institutions should consider focusing on and training appropriate personnel to manage athletic medical claims.
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Walker, Stacy E., Thomas G. Weidner, and Kirk J. Armstrong. "Evaluation of Athletic Training Students' Clinical Proficiencies." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 4 (July 1, 2008): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.4.386.
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Abstract Context: Appropriate methods for evaluating clinical proficiencies are essential in ensuring entry-level competence. Objective: To investigate the common methods athletic training education programs use to evaluate student performance of clinical proficiencies. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: Public and private institutions nationwide. Patients or Other Participants: All program directors of athletic training education programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs as of January 2006 (n = 337); 201 (59.6%) program directors responded. Data Collection and Analysis: The institutional survey consisted of 11 items regarding institutional and program demographics. The 14-item Methods of Clinical Proficiency Evaluation in Athletic Training survey consisted of respondents' demographic characteristics and Likert-scale items regarding clinical proficiency evaluation methods and barriers, educational content areas, and clinical experience settings. We used analyses of variance and independent t tests to assess differences among athletic training education program characteristics and the barriers, methods, content areas, and settings regarding clinical proficiency evaluation. Results: Of the 3 methods investigated, simulations (n = 191, 95.0%) were the most prevalent method of clinical proficiency evaluation. An independent-samples t test revealed that more opportunities existed for real-time evaluations in the college or high school athletic training room (t189 = 2.866, P = .037) than in other settings. Orthopaedic clinical examination and diagnosis (4.37 ± 0.826) and therapeutic modalities (4.36 ± 0.738) content areas were scored the highest in sufficient opportunities for real-time clinical proficiency evaluations. An inadequate volume of injuries or conditions (3.99 ± 1.033) and injury/condition occurrence not coinciding with the clinical proficiency assessment timetable (4.06 ± 0.995) were barriers to real-time evaluation. One-way analyses of variance revealed no difference between athletic training education program characteristics and the opportunities for and barriers to real-time evaluations among the various clinical experience settings. Conclusions: No one primary barrier hindered real-time clinical proficiency evaluation. To determine athletic training students' clinical proficiency for entry-level employment, athletic training education programs must incorporate standardized patients or take a disciplined approach to using simulation for instruction and evaluation.
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Ericksen, Hayley M., and Rachele E. Vogelpohl. "Lower Extremity Biomechanical Differences Between Female Dancers and Soccer Players." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 25, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2019-0087.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in female athletes is common. Team sport athletes experience more ACL injuries than ballet and modern dancers. Examining biomechanical differences between these two groups may help to explain the discrepancy in ACL injury rates. The purpose of this study was to examine lower extremity kinematic differences between collegiate dancers and National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I soccer athletes during a rebound jump-landing task. Peak hip, knee, and ankle kinematics were collected during a jump-landing task. Results showed more knee flexion and less ankle eversion in the dancers compared to the soccer athletes. Differences in training and strategies used during landing may explain the kinematic differences between groups.
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Mujika, Iñigo, Shona Halson, Louise M. Burke, Gloria Balagué, and Damian Farrow. "An Integrated, Multifactorial Approach to Periodization for Optimal Performance in Individual and Team Sports." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 538–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093.
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Sports periodization has traditionally focused on the exercise aspect of athletic preparation, while neglecting the integration of other elements that can impact an athlete’s readiness for peak competition performances. Integrated periodization allows the coordinated inclusion of multiple training components best suited for a given training phase into an athlete’s program. The aim of this article is to review the available evidence underpinning integrated periodization, focusing on exercise training, recovery, nutrition, psychological skills, and skill acquisition as key factors by which athletic preparation can be periodized. The periodization of heat and altitude adaptation, body composition, and physical therapy is also considered. Despite recent criticism, various methods of exercise training periodization can contribute to performance enhancement in a variety of elite individual and team sports, such as soccer. In the latter, both physical and strategic periodization are useful tools for managing the heavy travel schedule, fatigue, and injuries that occur throughout a competitive season. Recovery interventions should be periodized (ie, withheld or emphasized) to influence acute and chronic training adaptation and performance. Nutrient intake and timing in relation to exercise and as part of the periodization of an athlete’s training and competition calendar can also promote physiological adaptations and performance capacity. Psychological skills are a central component of athletic performance, and their periodization should cater to each athlete’s individual needs and the needs of the team. Skill acquisition can also be integrated into an athlete’s periodized training program to make a significant contribution to competition performance.
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Sugimoto, Dai, Carl G. Mattacola, Heather M. Bush, Staci M. Thomas, Kim D. Barber Foss, Gregory D. Myer, and Timothy E. Hewett. "Preventive Neuromuscular Training for Young Female Athletes: Comparison of Coach and Athlete Compliance Rates." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.20.
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Context: Fewer athletic injuries and lower anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence rates were noted in studies of neuromuscular-training (NMT) interventions that had high compliance rates. However, several groups have demonstrated that preventive NMT interventions were limited by low compliance rates. Objective: To descriptively analyze coach and athlete compliance with preventive NMT and compare the compliance between study arms as well as among school levels and sports. Design: Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Setting: Middle and high school athletic programs. Participants or Other Participants: A total of 52 teams, comprising 547 female athletes, were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group and followed for 1 athletic season. Intervention(s): The experimental group (n = 30 teams [301 athletes]: 12 basketball teams [125 athletes], 6 soccer teams [74 athletes], and 12 volleyball teams [102 athletes]) participated in an NMT program aimed at reducing traumatic knee injuries through a trunk-stabilization and hip-strengthening program. The control group (n = 22 teams [246 athletes]: 11 basketball teams [116 athletes], 5 soccer teams [68 athletes], and 6 volleyball teams [62 athletes]) performed a resistive rubber-band running program. Main Outcome Measure(s): Compliance with the assigned intervention protocols (3 times per week during the preseason [mean = 3.4 weeks] and 2 times per week in-season [mean = 11.9 weeks] of coaches [coach compliance] and athletes [athlete compliance]) was measured descriptively. Using an independent t test, we compared coach and athlete compliance between the study arms. A 2-way analysis of variance was calculated to compare differences between coach and athlete compliance by school level (middle and high schools) and sport (basketball, soccer, and volleyball). Results: The protocols were completed at a mean rate of 1.3 ± 1.1 times per week during the preseason and 1.2 ± 0.5 times per week in-season. A total of 88.4% of athletes completed 2/3 of the intervention sessions. Coach compliance was greater in the experimental group than in the control group (P = .014). Coach compliance did not differ by sport but was greater at the high school than the middle school (P = .001) level. Athlete compliance did not differ by study arm, sport, or school level. Conclusions: Athletes received instruction in about 50% of each protocol. Nearly 90% of athletes performed more than 2/3 of the assigned NMT interventions. The assigned intervention was performed more often in the experimental arm compared with the control arm. Coaches at the high school level complied with the given protocol more than middle school coaches did. Athletes complied well with the protocol, but coaches did not, especially at the middle school level.
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Stracciolini, Andrea, Bridget W. Dahlberg, Bridget Quinn, Dai Sugimoto, and Cynthia Stein. "SESAMOID INJURIES IN PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT ATHLETES PRESENTING TO SPORTS MEDICINE CLINIC." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00183.
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Background Sesamoid injuries of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint in athletes occur with sports that place repetitive stress on the plantar aspect of the great toe. Performing artist athletes are particularly at risk for injury given the load placed on the hallucal sesamoid bone often inherent in the activity. Risk factors may include choice of sport, volume of training, sex, bone density, BMI and biomechanical profile of the lower extremity. Hallucal sesamoid evaluation and treatment remains poorly defined in the literature. The aim of this study is to analyze all sesamoid injuries presenting to a sports medicine clinic. The goal of the study is to increase understanding of the injury profile, diagnostic evaluation, treatment regime, and return to sport of athletes with hallucal sesamoid injuries. The long-term goal is to develop evaluation and treatment algorithms that serve to guide clinical decision-making, and improve time to return to sport. Methods A comprehensive retrospective chart review was conducted of athletes presenting to a tertiary level sports medicine clinic located within a pediatric medical center. Electronic medical records were searched using the search term sesamoid. To be included in the study, the injury had to definitively involve the hallucal sesamoid and be related to sports participation. Exclusion criteria included patients with a chronic disease or condition that might affect bone healing or confuse the diagnosis of sesamoid injury, prior history of surgery to the foot, and insufficient management records. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze outcome variables including specific diagnosis, clinical prognoses, diagnostic imaging tools and treatment types. Additionally, a correlation analysis was performed for time from pain onset to first clinic visit, and time to return to participation. Little or no correlation was considered 0.00-0.25, weak correlation was considered 0.25-0.50, moderate correlation was considered 0.50-0.75 and strong correlation was considered 0.75 -1.00. Results 326 athletes with 359 hallucal sesamoid injuries were identified. The mean age of the cohort was 15.8 ± 3.8 years (median: 15.3, 95% CIs: 15.46 – 16.24); 86% (n=309) were female and 14% (n=50) of the injuries were male. The mean BMI of the cohort was 21.28 ± 3.5 mg/kg2. Table 1 presents the sports for the athletes in the cohort. The leading sports included 40% (n=144) dance, 13% (n=48) running, and 13% (n=47) soccer. Activities that top the list for females include dance 44% (n=137) and running 13% (n=39). In comparison, male athletes participated in soccer (20%, n=10), running (18%, n=9), and football (10%, n=5) as well as other diverse sports. The most common injuries across both sexes were sesamoiditis (30%, n=107), followed by sesamoid stress fracture (13%, n=46). Table 2 Where self-reported data on dance/sport practice time was recorded, 31% (n=65) reported practicing 10-15 hours per week. Figure 1 The average reported time between injury or the onset of pain to the first clinic visit was 143 days (median: 42, 95% CIs:116.87-169.15). The mean time between pain onset and first clinic visit was greater for female athletes as compared to male athletes (146 days and 119 days). The average time from first presentation to clinic to returning to participation was 115 days (median: 72, CIs:100.7-129.49). Spearman’s rho demonstrated a strong correlation between time from pain onset to first clinic visit and the time to return to participation in both males (? (rho) = 0.82, p < 0.001) and females (? = 0.79, p < 0.001). Males experienced a shorter duration from the first clinic visit to return to participation (mean: 72 days, median 33), than females (mean: 121 days, median 77). The most common diagnostic imaging modalities used were radiographs (72.14%, n=259) and MRI (56.55%, n=203). In both males and females the most common initial treatments included a combination of: walking boot (51.53%, n= 185), physical therapy (38.72%, n=139), and activity modification (34.82%, n=125). These remained the most popularly prescribed treatments in the second and third treatments as well. Conclusions/significance Female athletes participating in dance and running, and male soccer, running and football athletes lead the list for injury to the hallucal sesamoid. Sesamoiditis and sesamoid stress fracture were the leading diagnoses in this cohort. Athletes who presented to clinical attention sooner also returned to sport/dance sooner when compared to athletes who delayed seeking medical attention. Continued research will serve to support anticipatory guidance and education surrounding hallucal sesamoid clinical presentation and need for timely evaluation and treatment in order to minimize time loss from sport/performing artist activity. [Table: see text][Table: see text][Figure: see text]
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Armstrong, Kirk J., Thomas G. Weidner, and Stacy E. Walker. "Athletic Training Approved Clinical Instructors' Reports of Real-Time Opportunities for Evaluating Clinical Proficiencies." Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.6.630.
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Abstract Context: Appropriate methods for evaluating clinical proficiencies are essential to ensuring entry-level competence in athletic training. Objective: To identify the methods Approved Clinical Instructors (ACIs) use to evaluate student performance of clinical proficiencies. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: Public and private institutions in National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) District 4. Patients or Other Participants: Approved Clinical Instructors from accredited athletic training education programs in the Great Lakes Athletic Trainers' Association, which is NATA District 4 (N = 135). Data Collection and Analysis: Participants completed a previously validated survey instrument, Methods of Clinical Proficiency Evaluation in Athletic Training, that consisted of 15 items, including demographic characteristics of the respondents and Likert-scale items (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) regarding methods of clinical proficiency evaluation, barriers, educational content areas, and clinical experience settings. We used analyses of variance and 2-tailed, independent-samples t tests to assess differences among ACI demographic characteristics and the methods, barriers, educational content areas, settings, and opportunities for feedback regarding clinical proficiency evaluation. Qualitative analysis of respondents' comments was completed. Results: The ACIs (n = 106 of 133 respondents, 79.7%) most often used simulations to evaluate clinical proficiencies. Only 59 (55.1%) of the 107 ACIs responding to a follow-up question reported that they feel students engage in a sufficient number of real-time evaluations to prepare them for entry-level practice. An independent-samples t test revealed that no particular clinical experience setting provided more opportunities than another for real-time evaluations (t119 range, −0.909 to 1.796, P ≥ .05). The occurrence of injuries not coinciding with the clinical proficiency evaluation timetable (4.00 ± 0.832) was a barrier to real-time evaluations. Respondents' comments indicated much interest in opportunities and barriers regarding real-time clinical proficiency evaluations. Conclusions: Most clinical proficiencies are evaluated via simulations. The ACIs should maximize real-time situations to evaluate students' clinical proficiencies whenever feasible. Athletic training education program administrators should develop alternative methods of clinical proficiency evaluations.
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Williams, Jeffrey G., Hannah I. Gard, Jeana M. Gregory, Amy Gibson, and Jennifer Austin. "The Effects of Cupping on Hamstring Flexibility in College Soccer Players." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 4 (May 1, 2019): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0199.
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Context: College soccer players suffer from hamstring injuries due to inflexibility and repetitive motions involving intense hamstring lengthening and contraction during sport. Although it is a popular intervention for muscular injury, there exists limited evidence of the effects of therapeutic cupping on hamstring flexibility. Objective: To determine the effect of cupping therapy on hamstring flexibility in college soccer players. Design: Cohort design. Setting: Athletic training clinic. Patients: A total of 25, asymptomatic, National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III soccer players (10 males and 15 females; age = 19.4 [1.30] y, height = 175.1 [8.2] cm, and mass = 69.5 [6.6] kg). Intervention(s): A 7-minute therapeutic cupping treatment was delivered to the treatment group. Four 2-in cups were fixed atop trigger point locations within the hamstring muscle bellies of participants’ dominant legs. Control group participants received no intervention between pretest and posttest measurements. Main Outcome Measures: Pretest and posttest measurements of hamstring flexibility, using a passive straight leg raise, were performed on both groups. Passive straight leg raise measurements were conducted by blinded examiners using a digital inclinometer. An independent samples t test was used to analyze changes in hamstring flexibility from pretreatment to posttreatment with P values set a priori at .05. Results: An independent samples t test demonstrated no significant difference in change in hamstring flexibility between participants in the treatment group and those in the control group (t23 = −.961, P = .35). Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated no statistically significant changes in hamstring flexibility following a cupping treatment.
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Marra, Jeremy, Tracey Covassin, René R. Shingles, Renee Branch Canady, and Tom Mackowiak. "Assessment of Certified Athletic Trainers' Levels of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Health Care." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.4.380.
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Abstract Context: The concept of culture and its relationship to athletic training beliefs and practices is virtually unexplored. The changing demographics of the United States and the injuries and illnesses of people from diverse backgrounds have challenged health care professionals to provide culturally competent care. Objective: To assess the cultural competence levels of certified athletic trainers (ATs) in their delivery of health care services and to examine the relationship between cultural competence and sex, race/ethnicity, years of athletic training experience, and National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) district. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Certified member database of the NATA. Patients or Other Participants: Of the 13 568 ATs contacted, 3102 (age = 35.3 ± 9.41 years, experience = 11.2 ± 9.87 years) responded. Data Collection and Analysis: Participants completed the Cultural Competence Assessment (CCA) and its 2 subscales, Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity (CAS) and Cultural Competence Behavior (CCB), which have Cronbach alphas ranging from 0.89 to 0.92. A separate univariate analysis of variance was conducted on each of the independent variables (sex, race/ethnicity, years of experience, district) to determine cultural competence. Results: The ATs' self-reported scores were higher than their CCA scores. Results revealed that sex (F1,2929 = 18.63, P = .001) and race/ethnicity (F1,2925 = 6.76, P = .01) were indicators of cultural competence levels. However, we found no differences for years of experience (F1,2932 = 2.34, P = .11) or NATA district (F1,2895 = 1.09, P = .36) and cultural competence levels. Conclusions: Our findings provide a baseline for level of cultural competence among ATs. Educators and employers can use these results to help develop diversity training education for ATs and athletic training students. The ATs can use their knowledge to provide culturally competent care to athletes and patients and promote a more holistic approach to sports medicine.
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Lewis, Ryan A., Cristi R. Cook, Patrick A. Smith, James P. Stannard, Rex L. Sharp, Kyle M. Blecha, and James L. Cook. "Knee Ultrasonography to Determine Risk for Noncontact Injuries in Collegiate American Football Players." Journal of Knee Surgery 33, no. 07 (April 8, 2019): 666–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1683953.
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AbstractKnee ultrasonography has been used effectively as a screening tool for determining risk for knee injuries in athletes. Ultrasonography may be a valuable screening tool for relative risk of noncontact knee injuries that occur over a typical playing career in collegiate American football players. In this prospective longitudinal study, we evaluated American football players (n = 48) in an academic institution affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic program. Players underwent comprehensive ultrasonography of both knees prior to beginning their collegiate careers. Anatomic structures were evaluated for presence and severity of abnormalities. Noncontact lower extremity injuries sustained over the collegiate career of the subjects were documented. Data were analyzed for correlations, differences in proportions, and odds ratio (OR). Seventy-nine percent of the athletes had at least one ultrasonographic abnormality, with quadriceps tendon (47.9%) and patellar tendon (39.6%) abnormalities predominating. Seventy-nine percent of players had at least one noncontact lower extremity injury (23.5% involving the knee) during their careers with an average of 2.8 injuries per career. The majority of injuries occurred in the second and third playing years. There was a significantly higher likelihood of patellar tendon injury based on the presence of patellar tendon ultrasonographic pathology (p = 0.024; OR = 11x). There was a significantly higher likelihood of quadriceps muscle–tendon injury based on the presence of quadriceps tendon ultrasonography pathology (p = 0.0012; OR = 140x). All athletes sustaining meniscal injuries had preexisting joint effusion but no preexisting ultrasonographic meniscal pathology. Knee ultrasonography along with patient history and complete physical examination may help reduce injury risk through education, prevention, and training programs.
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DiPasquale, Sarah, Nicole Becker, Sarah Green, and Kim Sauers. "Self-Reported Injury and Management in a Liberal Arts College Dance Department." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2015.4041.
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Dancers often view injuries as a necessary sacrifice for participating in their art form. The purpose of this research was to determine the frequency and patterns of injury in a non-conservatory, liberal arts dance environment. These data may enable dance departments to provide more effective health resources. METHODS: Dancers registered in technique courses in a liberal arts dance department (including ballet, modern, tap, and jazz) completed an injury questionnaire immediately following the occurrence of any dance-related injury over the course of one semester. RESULTS: Out of 168 students registered in the department, 46 injuries were reported throughout the semester. The greatest rate of injury was in September and December with 0.95 and 0.65 injuries reported per day, respectively. 89.1% of participants indicated that they would use a direct-access, on-campus physical therapist or athletic trainer if available, though 45.7% of injured participants indicated that they would seek treatment off campus. CONCLUSIONS: Dancers in a liberal arts collegiate program may train at a higher intensity during the semester than summer break, which likely accounts for the high incidence of injury in September. Of those injured, most planned on self-treating, but none planned on missing class. Pre-semester screening and post-semester cross-training education should be implemented in liberal arts dance programs to help decrease the rate of injury seen when returning to dance following prolonged time off from dancing. Additionally, direct access to physical therapy or athletic training treatment would likely be utilized by these students if available.
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Foss, Kim D. Barber, Staci Thomas, Jane C. Khoury, Gregory D. Myer, and Timothy E. Hewett. "A School-Based Neuromuscular Training Program and Sport-Related Injury Incidence: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-173-16.
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Context: An estimated 40 million school-aged children (age range = 5−18 years) participate annually in sports in the United States, generating approximately 4 million sport-related injuries and requiring 2.6 million emergency department visits at a cost of nearly $2 billion.Objective: To determine the effects of a school-based neuromuscular training (NMT) program on sport-related injury incidence across 3 sports at the high school and middle school levels, focusing particularly on knee and ankle injuries.Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.Setting: A total of 5 middle schools and 4 high schools in a single-county public school district.Patients or Other Participants: A total of 474 girls (222 middle school, 252 high school; age = 14.0 ± 1.7 years, height = 161.0 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 55.4 ± 12.2 kg) were cluster randomized to an NMT (CORE; n = 259 athletes) or sham (SHAM; n = 215 athletes) intervention group by team within each sport (basketball, soccer, and volleyball).Intervention(s): The CORE intervention consisted of exercises focused on the trunk and lower extremity, whereas the SHAM protocol consisted of resisted running using elastic bands. Each intervention was implemented at the start of the season and continued until the last competition. An athletic trainer evaluated athletes weekly for sport-related injuries. The coach recorded each athlete-exposure (AE), which was defined as 1 athlete participating in 1 coach-directed session (game or practice).Main Outcome Measure(s): Injury rates were calculated overall, by sport, and by competition level. We also calculated rates of specific knee and ankle injuries. A mixed-model approach was used to account for multiple injuries per athlete.Results: Overall, the CORE group reported 107 injuries (rate = 5.34 injuries/1000 AEs), and the SHAM group reported 134 injuries (rate = 8.54 injuries/1000 AEs; F1,578 = 18.65, P < .001). Basketball (rate = 4.99 injuries/1000 AEs) and volleyball (rate = 5.74 injuries/1000 AEs) athletes in the CORE group demonstrated lower injury incidences than basketball (rate = 7.72 injuries/1000 AEs) and volleyball (rate = 11.63 injuries/1000 AEs; F1,275 = 9.46, P = .002 and F1,149 = 11.36, P = .001, respectively) athletes in the SHAM group. The CORE intervention appeared to have a greater protective effect on knee injuries at the middle school level (knee-injury incidence rate = 4.16 injuries/1000 AEs) than the SHAM intervention (knee-injury incidence rate = 7.04 injuries/1000 AEs; F1,261 = 5.36, P = .02). We did not observe differences between groups for ankle injuries (F1,578 = 1.02, P = .31).Conclusions: Participation in an NMT intervention program resulted in a reduced injury incidence relative to participation in a SHAM intervention. This protective benefit of NMT was demonstrated at both the high school and middle school levels.
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Arvinen-Barrow, Monna, Nathan Maresh, and Jennifer Earl-Boehm. "Functional Outcomes and Psychological Benefits of Active Video Games in the Rehabilitation of Lateral Ankle Sprains: A Case Report." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0135.
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Context:The use of active video games (AVG) as a treatment modality in the rehabilitation context is increasing. However, little is known about the functional outcomes and psychological benefits of such rehabilitation in college athletes with lateral ankle sprains (LASs).Objective:To examine functional outcomes and psychological benefits of AVG-aided rehabilitation program for LAS.Design:A mixed-methods, single-subject case series design.Setting:College athletic training clinic.Patients:Two female college soccer players who sustained LAS (grades I and II) during sport participation.Intervention:A 4-week balance training program. One patient completed balance exercises using AVG, whereas the other patient completed traditional balance exercises.Main Outcome Measures:Several validated instruments were used to evaluate different functional outcomes and psychological factors: balance (Balance Error Scoring System, Star Excursion Balance Test), rehabilitation adherence (Rehabilitation Adherence Measure for Athletic Training), foot and ankle function (Foot and Ankle Ability Measure), perceptions of pain (Visual Analog Scale for pain), perceived readiness to return to sport (Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport Scale), and mood (Brunel Mood Scale).Results:It appears that the balance training protocols (AVG and traditional balance exercises) were equally effective in restoring patient’s balance to functional levels. Despite very individualistic processes of rehabilitation, the participants’ perceived pain, perceived readiness to return to sport, and mood states were closely linked with objective and subjective functional measures of progress.Conclusions:Based on the results, AVG has the potential to provide more versatility into the static and dynamic postural control exercises typically used following acute LAS. Moreover, the current results support the existing psychological and biopsychosocial theoretical conceptualizations of athletes’ responses to injuries and rehabilitation process.
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Nottingham, Sara L., Kenneth C. Lam, Tricia M. Kasamatsu, Bradly L. Eppelheimer, and Cailee E. Welch Bacon. "Athletic Trainers' Reasons for and Mechanics of Documenting Patient Care: A Report From the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.3.14.
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Context: Documenting patient care is an important responsibility of athletic trainers (ATs). However, little is known about ATs' reasons for documenting patient care and the mechanics of completing documentation tasks. Objective: To understand ATs' perceptions about reasons for and the mechanics of patient care documentation. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: Individual telephone interviews with Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network members. Patients or Other Participants: Ten ATs employed in the secondary school setting (age = 32.6 ± 11.4 years, athletic training experience = 7.1 ± 7.8 years) were recruited using a criterion-based sampling technique. Participants were Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network members who used the Clinical Outcomes Research Education for Athletic Trainers electronic medical record system and practiced in 6 states. Data Collection and Analysis: We used the consensual qualitative research tradition. One investigator conducted individual telephone interviews with each participant. Data collection was considered complete after the research team determined that data saturation was reached. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and independently analyzed by 4 research team members following the process of open, axial, and selective coding. After independently categorizing interview responses into categories and themes, the members of the research team developed a consensus codebook, reanalyzed all interviews, and came to a final agreement on the findings. Trustworthiness was established through multiple-analyst triangulation and member checking. Results: Participants identified 3 reasons for documenting patient care: communication, monitoring patient care, and legal implications. Four subcategories emerged from the mechanics-of-documentation theme: location, time of day, length of time, and criteria for documenting. The ATs described different criteria for documenting patient care, ranging from documenting every injury in the same manner to documenting time-loss and follow-up injuries differently. Conclusions: Whereas ATs recognized individual mechanisms that enabled them to document patient care, they may need more guidance on the appropriate criteria for documenting various patient care encounters and strategies to help them document more effectively.
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Curtis, Ryan M., Robert A. Huggins, Courteney L. Benjamin, Yasuki Sekiguchi, Lindsey K. Lepley, Tania B. Huedo-Medina, and Douglas J. Casa. "Factors Associated With Noncontact Injury in Collegiate Soccer: A 12-Team Prospective Study of NCAA Division I Men’s and Women’s Soccer." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 11 (August 18, 2021): 3076–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211036447.
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Background: Multiteam, multi-institution prospective studies of both women’s and men’s sports are essential for collectively investigating injury and primary to the generalization and individualization of injury prevention strategies. Hypothesis: Characteristics of workload, sleep, and contextual factors will be associated with injury risk in collegiate soccer athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Injuries, workload, and sleep characteristics were recorded daily throughout a complete season for 256 athletes from 12 separate National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men’s and women’s soccer teams. Workload and contextual factors were assessed via multilevel Poisson regression to capture differences in injury incidence rate ratio (IRR). Paired t test and multilevel logistic regressions were used to assess the relationship between sleep behavior and injury. Results: Collegiate soccer athletes had lower rates of noncontact injury in the in-season (IRR, 0.42) and postseason (IRR, 0.48) compared with preseason, lower rates of injury in training (IRR, 0.64) compared with matches, and higher injury rates with only 1 day of rest in the previous week (IRR, 1.58) compared with >1 day. Injury rates peaked when training occurred 4 days before a match (IRR, 2.24) compared with a match. Injury rate increased exponentially with increases in the number of noncontact injuries incurred throughout the season (IRR, 2.23). Lower chronic loading, higher training monotony, and acute spikes and lulls in workload were associated with higher noncontact injury rates. Alterations in previous week sleep quality were associated with injury, while chronic sleep behavior and acute alterations (<7 days) in sleep behavior were not ( P > .05). Conclusion: Athlete and schedule-specific contextual factors, combined with characteristics of workload and weekly sleep behavior, are significantly associated with injury in collegiate soccer. Multiteam prospective cohort studies involving objective and subjective monitoring allow for the identification of multiple injury risk factors in sports, which can be used to guide injury prevention strategies. Maintaining higher chronic workloads, lowering training monotony, minimizing acute spikes or lulls in workloads, managing workloads during preseason and for athletes with previous injury, integrating more rest and recovery during congested periods, and optimizing sleep quality are all practical considerations for reducing injury risk in collegiate soccer.
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Sartorelli, Elena, Nicoló Martinelli, Mohammad Hosseinzadeh, Carlo Corrado Bonifacini, Giovanni Romeo, and Alberto Bianchi Castagnone Prati. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Severe Disease in an Athletic Population." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 2473011417S0003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000356.
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Category: Hindfoot, Sports, Children Introduction/Purpose: Sever disease is a common cause of pain in growing kids, but there is no consensus among researchers regarding its etiology. Recently several papers studied the role of sport on the physical and the psychological development of the child, including the possibility that these activities can cause overuse injuries in childhood. The purpose of the present study is to identify any association between heel pain due to calcaneal apophysitis and level of sport activity, type of sport, type of terrain, body mass index (BMI) and foot posture. Methods: We studied 430 athletic children in a population-based sample of soccer (29.53%), basketball (48.37%) and volleyball (22.79%) players, aged between 6 and 14 years. Physical examination, Foot Posture Index (FPI), Oxford ankle and foot questionnaire Italian version for children and parents and a custom made questionnaire on sport were collected from each athlete. Diagnosis of Sever disease was made with a positive heel squeeze test. Results: Our data showed that body mass index, sex, type of terrain, type of sport, FPI should not be considered risk factors for calcaneal apophysitis, while exists a statistical significant higher risk for younger age (p < 0.01), lower number of training session/week (p = 0.02) and shorter session (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of Severe disease in athletic children in the study sample was higher in younger and low active patients. BMI was not associated with an increased risk neither sport specialization. Investigating association between the type of terrain and Sever disease it does not appear to have a significant role. Analysis of the FPI produced no significant risk factors. The strengths of this study consists in a large population size, all participants underwent clinical assessment, and the use of a detailed, previously validated test, scales and questionnaire.
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Ciematnieks, Uģis, and Beāte Streiķe. "PHYSICAL CONDITIONING OF TEENAGERS IN DIFFERENT KIND OF SPORTS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (May 20, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol6.5062.
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Physical conditioning is crucial in building motion skills if the coach wants to ensure long-term athletic development. The essence is that physical conditioning needs to be developed before the development of technical skills of sports movements at a much higher intensity at each stage of the multi-annual training process. The adult competition system and training programs are being imposed on young athletes, so the essential motion skills are not being learned (Grāvītis @ Luika, 2015). The lack of physical conditioning in teenage years is very often reflected in the most inappropriate moments of an athlete's career, at the elite level. Insufficient physical conditioning is a reason for the instability of motion skills and injuries in extreme physical and psychological loads. The amount of physical activity can be measured as a step count. The aim of the research is to assess physical fitness rate for children practicing basketball, football or ice hockey with EUROFIT test battery. The study included boys, 100 basketball players, 100 soccer players and 100 ice hockey players from Latvia who were born in 2002 and started training in their sport during at the ages from 7 to 9, collected data of their conditioning for five years, divided into three age groups. According to EUROFIT tests, it was concluded that the ice hockey players have the highest physical conditioning rates according to EUROFIT standard from the athletes analyzed, and the basketball players have the lowest physical conditioning rates in EUROFIT tests from the athletes analyzed. We can conclude that the results of hockey players are higher than the scores of basketball and soccer players because ice hockey players practice more frequently, and dryland training is strictly organized, they develop all motor abilities that is needed for successive training in basic drills on ice.
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Eskici, Günay. "The Importance of Vitaminsfor Soccer Players." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 85, no. 5-6 (December 2015): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000245.
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Abstract. Soccer is one of the most widely played and complex sports in the world, where success depends on technical, tactical and physical skills of the players. Studies to improve performance in soccer have often focused on technique and tactics. However, nutrition is one of the most important factors influencing athletic performance of the players. The duration of matches is long and the training is intense. This leads to increased requirements for energy and nutrients, as well as increased reactive oxygen radicals and hence increased muscle damage. Vitamins are micronutrients that a living organism requires in trace quantities for health. As these assume crucial functions in the body, the performance of the player is negatively affected particularly during long-term deficiency. Beta-carotene, C and E vitamins are antioxidants that protect against oxygen radicals. In case of their deficiency, oxidative stress and muscle fatigue increases. Vitamin D is involved in maintaining mineral balance, and it increases absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus. In case of vitamin D deficiency, injuries resulting from the musculoskeletal system might increase. B Vitamins (B1, B2, niacin, B6, B12, biotin, folic acid and pantothenic acid) perform duties such as energy production, absorption and transport of iron and blood cell production. Athletes who follow an energy-restricted and imbalanced diet might develop vitamin deficiency. In such a case, supplements can be used as recommended by the doctor/dietician. It is further reported that supplement use by athletes who have an adequate and balanced nutrition does not increase performance.
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Glazer, Douglas D. "Development and Preliminary Validation of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) Scale." Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.185.
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Abstract Context: Only a few scales measure confidence within sport; however, these scales are insufficient to measure confidence after athletic injuries. Therefore, better measures are needed to determine the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport participation. Objective: To develop a scale that measures the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport participation and to provide preliminary evidence of reliability and validity for the scale. Design: The Delphi method was used to develop the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport scale (I-PRRS). Two 1-way analyses of variance with repeated measures and 6 Pearson product moment correlations were computed to help validate the scale. Setting: Athletic training clinics at 3 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools. Patients or Other Participants: Four certified athletic trainers (ATs) and professors of Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education-accredited athletic training programs and 3 NCAA Division III coaches made up a panel of experts that participated in the Delphi portion of the study to develop the I-PRRS. In the second part of the study, 22 injured athletes, who missed a minimum of 1 week of practice, from 3 NCAA schools in Divisions II and III were surveyed along with their respective ATs. The injured athletes and ATs participated in the validation of the I-PRRS. Main Outcome Measure(s): The injured athlete completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) short form and the I-PRRS shortly after injury, before returning to the first practice, before returning to competition, and immediately after competition. The respective AT completed the I-PRRS before and after competition. The I-PRRS is a 6-item scale that measures the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport, and the POMS short form is a 30-item scale that measures mood states. I added the negative moods of the POMS and subtracted the positive moods of the POMS to calculate a Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score. Results: The I-PRRS scores were negatively correlated with the TMD scores of the POMS short form at all 4 time intervals, showing concurrent validity. The I-PRRS scores were lowest after injury, increased before practice, increased again before competition, and had no change after competition. The I-PRRS as completed by the athlete and respective AT was positively correlated both before and after practice, demonstrating external validity. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence for reliability and validity of the I-PRRS was demonstrated. The I-PRRS can be a beneficial tool for ATs to assess an athlete's psychological readiness to return to sport participation after injury.
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Rodal Abal, Francisco, José Luis García Soidán, and Víctor Arufe Giráldez. "Factores de riesgo de lesión en atletas (Injury risk factors for runners)." Retos, no. 23 (March 7, 2015): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i23.34571.
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El propósito de este estudio fue determinar aquellos factores de riesgo que pueden causar lesiones en corredores, tanto en el vientre muscular, como tendinosas. Veintiséis atletas de ambos sexos de la comunidad autónoma de Galicia realizaron diferentes test de flexibilidad y longitud del miembro inferior, del ángulo Q de la rodilla y de la fuerza explosiva. Además se analizó la información de los factores asociados al entrenamiento, como los kilómetros y las sesiones semanales, nivel competitivo del atleta, tipo de zapatillas que usa predominantemente en los entrenamientos, superficie en la que suele entrenar, lesiones durante el último año, si usaban plantillas, especialidad atlética que practicaban, edad, peso y talla. Durante las siguientes 12 semanas, los corredores siguieron entrenando como venían haciendo habitualmente y se registraron todas las lesiones que sucedieron en ese periodo.Después de esto, utilizando regresión lineal, obtuvimos diferentes modelos que explicaban la variabilidad de lesiones en general, y particularmente las del vientre muscular y de los tendones. Encontramos que variables como el volumen de entrenamiento y las lesiones previas se correlacionan positivamente con la variable dependiente «lesiones en 12 semanas», y que además el material sintético de las pistas de atletismo, el aumento del ángulo Q y la edad, provocan lesiones del vientre muscular y del tendón respectivamente.Palabra clave: Lesiones del corredor, tendinopatías, lesiones por sobrecarga, esguinces, daño muscular.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine those risk factors that may cause running injuries in general, and particularly damage to the muscle mass, and the tendon. Twenty six male and female Galician runners were evaluated about their lower limb flexibility and length, knee Q angle, explosive power and training features such as kilometers and sessions per week, level of competition, shoes, surface, injuries last year, use of insoles, athletic specially, age, weight and height. During next 12 weeks runners continued training as they had been doing regularly and we recorded all injuries that appeared in this period. After that and from the liner regression we obtained different models that explained the variability of general injuries, tendon injuries and damages to the muscle mass. We also find positive correlations between previous injuries and training volume, and these with the dependent variable «injuries in 12 weeks». In regard to tendinopathy and muscle mass injuries, we observed that the synthetic material present in the track is a risk factor for these muscle injuries. Meanwhile, the increasing age and the Q angle, increments the occurrence of tendon injuries.Key words: Running injuries, tendinopathies, overuse injuries, strains, muscle damage.
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Mayer, Stephanie W., Patrick W. Joyner, Louis C. Almekinders, and Selene G. Parekh. "Stress Fractures about the Foot and Ankle in Athletes." Duke Orthopaedic Journal 3, no. 1 (2013): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10017-1023.
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ABSTRACT Stress fractures of the foot and ankle are a common problem encountered by athletes of all levels and ages. This review summarizes the history and physical exam findings, radiographic imaging, diagnosis and treatment of stress fractures of the foot and ankle in those participating in athletic activities. These injuries can be divided into low- and high-risk based upon their propensity to heal without complication. A wide variety of nonoperative strategies are employed based on the duration of symptoms, type of fracture, and patient factors such as activity type, desire to return to sport and compliance. Operative management has proven superior in several high risk types of stress fractures. Evidence on pharmacotherapy and physiologic therapy such as bone stimulators is evolving. A high index of suspicion for stress fractures is appropriate in many high-risk groups of athletes with lower extremity pain. Proper and timely workup and treatment is successful in returning these athletes to sport in many cases. Education of athletes as well as their families, training and coaching staff is important. Attention to training regimens, technique, equipment and proper nutrition is paramount in the prevention of these injuries. Mayer SW, Joyner PW, Almekinders LC, Parekh SG. Stress Fractures about the Foot and Ankle in Athletes. The Duke Orthop J 2013;3(1):8-19.
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Nuhmani, Shibili. "Efficacy of dynamic Swiss ball training in improving the core stability of collegiate athletes." Physical Activity Review 9, no. 1 (2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2021.09.02.
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Introduction: The training of core muscles is key in sports training to improve performance and reduce the risk of injuries. However the most effective method to improve core musculature is still controversial. Therefore the objective of this study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of dynamic Swiss ball training in reinforcing the core stability of collegiate athletes. Materials and methods: This two-group, two-factor research involved 67, 18- to 28-year-old collegiate athletes (18 females, 49 males) who were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was provided dynamic Swiss ball training, whereas the control group was instructed to perform floor exercises. The groups underwent training for six weeks (three days per week). Four core stability tests (the Biering-Sorenson trunk extension, Side Bridge, prone bridge, and double leg lowering tests) were administrated pre- and post-training. Results: The mean scores of the participants in the core stability tests significantly improved after six weeks of training (p<0.05), but the between-group comparisons revealed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in terms of enhancement in core stability (p<0.05). Conclusion: The relatively high improvement in core stability parameters after Swiss ball training suggested that these exercises are favorable alternatives to traditional floor exercises in strengthening the core muscles. The findings are expected to help athletes, coaches, trainers, and other strength and conditioning specialists involved in athletic training decide on appropriate training methods.
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Onate, James A., Cambrie Starkel, Daniel R. Clifton, Thomas M. Best, James Borchers, Ajit Chaudhari, R. Dawn Comstock, et al. "Normative Functional Performance Values in High School Athletes: The Functional Pre-Participation Evaluation Project." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-458.16.
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Context: The fourth edition of the Preparticipation Physical Evaluation recommends functional testing for the musculoskeletal portion of the examination; however, normative data across sex and grade level are limited. Establishing normative data can provide clinicians reference points with which to compare their patients, potentially aiding in the development of future injury-risk assessments and injury-mitigation programs. Objective: To establish normative functional performance and limb-symmetry data for high school-aged male and female athletes in the United States. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Athletic training facilities and gymnasiums across the United States. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 3951 male and female athletes who participated on high school-sponsored basketball, football, lacrosse, or soccer teams enrolled in this nationwide study. Main Outcome Measure(s): Functional performance testing consisted of 3 evaluations. Ankle-joint range of motion, balance, and lower extremity muscular power and landing control were assessed via the weight-bearing ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge, single-legged anterior-reach, and anterior single-legged hop-for-distance (SLHOP) tests, respectively. We used 2-way analyses of variance and χ2 analyses to examine the effects of sex and grade level on ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge, single-legged anterior-reach, and SLHOP test performance and symmetry. Results: The SLHOP performance differed between sexes (males = 187.8% ± 33.1% of limb length, females = 157.5% ± 27.8% of limb length; t = 30.3, P < .001). A Cohen d value of 0.97 indicated a large effect of sex on SLHOP performance. We observed differences for SLHOP and ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge performance among grade levels, but these differences were not clinically meaningful. Conclusions: We demonstrated differences in normative data for lower extremity functional performance during preparticipation physical evaluations across sex and grade levels. The results of this study will allow clinicians to compare sex- and grade-specific functional performances and implement approaches for preventing musculoskeletal injuries in high school-aged athletes.
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Gao, Burke, Shashank Dwivedi, Matthew D. Milewski, and Aristides I. Cruz. "CHRONIC LACK OF SLEEP IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SPORTS INJURY IN ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00132.
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Background: Although sleep has been identified as an important modifiable risk factor for sports injury, the effect of decreased sleep on sports injuries in adolescents is poorly studied. Purpose: To systematically review published literature to examine if a lack of sleep is associated with sports injuries in adolescents and to delineate the effects of chronic versus acute lack of sleep. Methods: PubMed and EMBASE databases were systematically searched for studies reporting statistics regarding the relationship between sleep and sports injury in adolescents aged <19 years published between 1/1/1997 and 12/21/2017. From included studies, the following information was extracted: bibliographic and demographic information, reported outcomes related to injury and sleep, and definitions of injury and decreased sleep. Additionally, a NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) assessment and an evaluation of the OCEM (Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine) level of evidence for each study was conducted to assess each study’s individual risk of bias, and the risk of bias across all studies. Results: Of 907 identified articles, 7 met inclusion criteria. Five studies reported that adolescents who chronically slept poorly were at a significantly increased likelihood of experiencing a sports or musculoskeletal injury. Two studies reported on acute sleep behaviors. One reported a significant positive correlation between acutely poor sleep and injury, while the other study reported no significant correlation. In our random effects model, adolescents who chronically slept poorly were more likely to be injured than those who slept well (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.37, p = 0.03). OCEM criteria assessment showed that all but one study (a case-series) were of 2b level of evidence—which is the highest level of evidence possible for studies which were not randomized control trials or systematic reviews. NOS assessment was conducted for all six cohort studies to investigate each study’s individual risk of bias. Five out of six of these studies received between 4 to 6 stars, categorizing them as having a moderate risk of bias. One study received 7 stars, categorizing it as having a low risk of bias. NOS assessment revealed that the most consistent source of bias was in ascertainment of exposure: all studies relied on self-reported data regarding sleep hours rather than a medical or lab record of sleep hours. Conclusions: Chronic lack of sleep in adolescents is associated with greater risk of sports and musculoskeletal injuries. Current evidence cannot yet definitively determine the effect of acute lack of sleep on injury rates. Our results thus suggest that adolescents who either chronically sleep less than 8 hours per night, or have frequent night time awakenings, are more likely to experience sports or musculoskeletal injuries. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text] References used in tables and full manuscript Barber Foss KD, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Epidemiology of basketball, soccer, and volleyball injuries in middle-school female athletes. Phys Sportsmed. 2014;42(2):146-153. Adirim TA, Cheng TL. Overview of injuries in the young athlete. Sports Med. 2003;33(1):75-81. Valovich McLeod TC, Decoster LC, Loud KJ, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: prevention of pediatric overuse injuries. J Athl Train. 2011;46(2):206-220. Milewski MD, Skaggs DL, Bishop GA, et al. Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(2):129-133. Wheaton AG, Olsen EO, Miller GF, Croft JB. 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Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2008;20(4):501-512. Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp . Luke A, Lazaro RM, Bergeron MF, et al. Sports-related injuries in youth athletes: is overscheduling a risk factor? Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(4):307-314. University of Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine – Levels of Evidence. 2009; https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/ . von Rosen P, Frohm A, Kottorp A, Friden C, Heijne A. Too little sleep and an unhealthy diet could increase the risk of sustaining a new injury in adolescent elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(11):1364-1371. von Rosen P, Frohm A, Kottorp A, Friden C, Heijne A. 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Hausken, Solveig, Natalie Barker-Ruchti, Astrid Schubring, and Stefan Grau. "Injury-Free Children and Adolescents: Towards Better Practice in Swedish Football (FIT project)." Research Ideas and Outcomes 4 (October 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e30729.
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This interdisciplinary research project will produce evidence-based recommendations on how injuries in Swedish youth football (soccer) can be prevented. Fewer injuries will positively impact athlete health, performance and career longevity and have the potential to promote life-long physical activity and wellbeing. Injury pattern research demonstrates that injuries are a significant problem in (Swedish) youth sport. Football has a higher traumatic and overuse injury rate than many contact/collision sports (e.g., field hockey, basketball). In research on youth football, the incidence of overuse training injuries was measured as high as 15.4 injuries per 1000 training hours, and the incidence of traumatic and overuse match injuries was 47.5 injuries per 1000 match hours. The injury frequency is alarming and applies to the 54% of children aged 7-14 and the 39% of youths aged 15-19 years who participate in Swedish organised sports. A large body of research identifies injury risk factors and preventative strategies; however, as the recent IOC consensus statement on youth athletic development points out, the existing, mostly bio-medical knowledge does not provide effective evidence-based injury prevention strategies. To address this deficit, interdisciplinary and context-driven knowledge on injury development in youth sport is needed. The proposed project will produce scientific evidence through four consecutive studies: a) Questionnaire to register the types, frequency and management of injuries; b) Laboratory testing of biomechanical, clinical and training-specific parameters to establish individual physical and sport-specific dispositions; c) Observation of sporting contexts to understand sporting cultures, coaching methods and coach-athlete relationships; and d) Interviews with coaches and players to recognize knowledge that shapes coaching and training. The sample of youth players will be recruited from Sweden’s most popular and injury-prone sport: football. Each of the four studies will conduct its own data production and analyses, and a collective analysis will produce integrated evidence. Concrete recommendations for best sporting practice will be developed, which will serve sporting federations, sport education institutions, coaches, sport support staff and players.
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Lam, Kenneth C., Ashley N. Marshall, Cailee E. Welch Bacon, and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod. "Cost and Treatment Characteristics for Sport-Related Knee Injuries Managed by Athletic Trainers: A Report from the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network." Journal of Athletic Training, November 24, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0061.20.
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ABSTRACT Context: Knee injuries are common during sport participation. However, little is known about the overall management and estimated direct cost of care associated with these injuries when under the care of athletic trainers. Objective: To describe treatment characteristics and direct costs of care for athletic training services provided for patients with knee injuries. Design: Descriptive. Setting: Ninety-five athletic training facilities across 24 states. Participants: One hundred and seventeen athletic trainers (female=56.4%, age=29.4±8.7 years, years certified=4.7±6.0, years employed at site=1.6±4.1). Interventions: Complete patient cases were identified using ICD-10 diagnostic codes between 2009–2020. Main Outcome Measures: Summary statistics were calculated for patient demographics, treatment characteristics, and direct costs of care. Treatment characteristics included type of athletic training service, duration, amount (eg, number of visits), and direct cost of care. Results: Four hundred forty-one patient cases were included in this study. The most common injuries reported were cruciate ligament sprain (18.1%, n=80), medial collateral ligament sprain (15.4%, n=68), and knee pain (14.1%, n=62). Injuries occurred most frequently during football (35.4%, n=156), basketball (14.7%, n=65) and soccer (12.7%, n=56). A total of 8,484 athletic training services were recorded over 4,254 visits, with therapeutic exercise (29.8%, n=2,530), hot/cold pack (25.8%, n=2,189), and therapeutic activities (11.2%, n=954) being the most frequently reported services. The median duration of care was 23 days and number of visits was 8. The median total cost of care was $564 per injury and $73 per visit. Conclusions: Knee injuries have demonstrated greater time-loss when compared to other lower extremity injuries. Thus, it is unsurprising that knee injuries are associated with higher duration of care and higher cost of care as compared to other lower extremity injuries such as ankle sprains. Future efforts should seek to understand the effectiveness of common treatment strategies and aim to identify treatments that can reduce costs and improve patient outcomes.
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Farhan, Ahmed Fadhil, Maria J. Stephany, and Shamil K. Mahammed. "Prevention of Soccer-Related Ankle Injuries in Youth Amateur Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Movement, Health & Exercise 6, no. 1 (January 26, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/mohe.v6i1.83.
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Background: In lower levels of play, the lateral ankle sprain is the most common time loss injury, especially amongst male youth soccer players.Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an injury prevention program on the incidence of ankle injuries in male youth amateur players.Study Design: Randomized controlled trial study.Methods: Fifty boys (mean ±SD: age 13.3±0.4 yr; body mass index of 20.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2; stature: 1.6 ± 0.1 m) from two sport schools, with 4.4 ± 0.5 years playing experience, participated. Players were randomly assigned to either an experimental (EXP, n = 25) or a control (CON, n = 25) group. A physical exercise program designed exclusively for youth male soccer players was combined with education of athletes and coaches to increase awareness of injury risk. Over 1 year all injuries were documented monthly by physiotherapist. Complete monthly injury reports were available for 50 players.Results: Nine ankle injuries occurred in the EXP group and 20 injuries occurred in the CON group, corresponding to incidence rates of 0.96 and 2.16, respectively, per 1000 player hours, which equates to 55% fewer injuries in the EXP group.Conclusions: The incidence of ankle injuries among youth male soccer players can be reduced by implementation of a multifaceted, soccer-specific physical exercise program. Coaches and players need better education regarding injury prevention strategies and should include such interventions as part of their regular training.
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Lemes, Italo Ribeiro, Rafael Zambelli Pinto, Vitor N. Lage, Bárbara A. B. Roch, Evert Verhagen, Caroline Bolling, Cecilia Ferreira Aquino, Sérgio T. Fonseca, and Thales R. Souza. "Do exercise-based prevention programmes reduce non-contact musculoskeletal injuries in football (soccer)? A systematic review and meta-analysis with 13 355 athletes and more than 1 million exposure hours." British Journal of Sports Medicine, May 17, 2021, bjsports—2020–103683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103683.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of exercise-based programmes in the prevention of non-contact musculoskeletal injuries among football players in comparison to a control group.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Data sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PEDro and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from the earliest record to January 2021.Eligibility criteriaStudies were eligible if they (1) included football players aged 13 years or older, (2) used exercise-based programmes as intervention, (3) presented the number of non-contact musculoskeletal injuries (ie, defined as any acute sudden onset musculoskeletal injury that occurred without physical contact) and exposure hours for each group, and (4) had a control group (eg, usual training, minimal intervention, education). All types of exercise-based prevention programmes were eligible for inclusion. Risk of bias for each included study and overall quality of evidence for the meta-analysis were assessed.ResultsTen original randomised controlled trials with 13 355 football players and 1 062 711 hours of exposure were selected. Pooled injury risk ratio showed very low-quality evidence that exercise-based prevention programmes reduced the risk of non-contact musculoskeletal injuries by 23% (0.77 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.97)) compared with a control group.ConclusionExercise-based prevention programmes may reduce the risk of non-contact musculoskeletal injuries by 23% among football players. Future high-quality trials are still needed to clarify the role of exercise-based programmes in preventing non-contact musculoskeletal injuries among football players.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020173017.
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Fox, Christopher M., Jonathan G. Wu, Lucia Chen, and Dena L. Florczyk. "Injury Patterns in Collegiate Club Quidditch." Sports Medicine - Open 7, no. 1 (June 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00336-4.
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Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to assess injury patterns in collegiate club quidditch athletes at a single university over three seasons. Injury data were gathered from athletic trainers that provided sideline medical coverage during competitions, the on-site athletic training center where athletes had daily access for evaluation and treatment for acute and chronic injuries, and a sports medicine physician at the on-campus student health center. Athlete exposures were estimated using available previous rosters, practice, and game schedules for the 2014–2017 quidditch seasons. Injuries were evaluated regarding the sex of the athlete, mechanism, body part injuries, and injury type. This is a retrospective descriptive epidemiology study. Results The overall injury incidence rate (IR) for collegiate club quidditch injuries was 4.55 per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs). Male athletes had an IR = 5.22 (95% CI 3.77, 7.23). Females had an IR = 3.77 (95% CI 2.49, 5.72). The most common mechanism of injury in males was collision with another athlete (36%; IR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.09, 3.24). The most common injuries were lower extremity injuries (foot, ankle, lower leg, knee, thigh, hip/groin) at 57%. The most common injury type in males was sprains at 39% (IR = 2.03; 95% CI 1.20, 3.42). The overall incidence rate for all quidditch athletes for concussions was 1.18 per 1000 AEs. Conclusions Quidditch is an increasingly popular mixed-gender collegiate club sport. This study helps identify areas for improvement in education, injury prevention, and care of athletes at the local and national levels. Concussion rates in quidditch are comparable to other contact sports and should encourage discussion to make rule changes to improve the safety of the sport.