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Goodman, Ashley, Stephanie M. Mazerolle, and Christianne M. Eason. "Organizational Infrastructure in the Collegiate Athletic Training Setting, Part II: Benefits of and Barriers in the Athletics Model." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.24.
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Context: The athletics model, in which athletic training clinical programs are part of the athletics department, is the predominant model in the collegiate athletic training setting. Little is known about athletic trainers' (ATs') perceptions of this model, particularly as it relates to organizational hierarchy. Objective: To explore the perceived benefits of and barriers in the athletics model. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I and III. Patients or Other Participants: Eight full-time ATs (5 men, 3 women; age = 41 ± 13 years, time employed at the current institution = 14 ± 14 years, experience as a certified AT = 18 ± 13 years) working in the collegiate setting using the athletics model. Data Collection and Analysis: We conducted semistructured interviews via telephone or in person and used a general inductive approach to analyze the qualitative data. Multiple-analyst triangulation and peer review established trustworthiness. Results: Two benefits and 3 barriers emerged from the data. Role identity emerged as a benefit that occurred with role clarity, validation, and acceptance of the collegiate AT personality. Role congruence emerged as a benefit of the athletics model that occurred with 2 lower-order themes: relationship building and physician alignment and support. Role strain, staffing concerns, and work-life conflict emerged as barriers in the athletics model. Role strain occurred with 2 primary lower-order themes: role incongruity and role conflict. Conclusions: The athletics model is the most common infrastructure for employing ATs in collegiate athletics. Participants expressed positive experiences via character identity, support, trust relationships, and longevity. However, common barriers remain. To reduce role strain, misaligning values, and work-life conflict, ATs working in the athletics model are encouraged to evaluate their relationships with coaches and their supervisor and consider team physician alignment. Moreover, measures to increase quality athletic training staff from a care rather than a coverage standpoint should be considered.
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Chiu, Weisheng, Jung-Sup Bae, Kwang-Yong Lee, and Doyeon Won. "Priorities and preferences for collegiate athletic goals and processes in South Korea." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45, no. 3 (April 5, 2017): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6119.
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We assessed priorities and preferences regarding athletic goals and approval of processes for achieving those goals in South Korean collegiate athletics students. Using a convenience sampling method, we collected data from 730 college students (580 general students and 150 student-athletes) at 4 South Korean universities. We found significant differences between subgroups divided by gender and student status (general students and student-athletes). Female students were more concerned than male students were with the process of creating gender equality and the goal of a diverse organizational culture. Student-athletes were more likely than general students were to consider that athletic departments should focus more on performance goals (e.g., winning) and processes (e.g., attracting athletes) than on athlete well-being. Our findings provide useful information for South Korean athletic administrators to help develop goals and processes that meet the priorities of the key stakeholder group of students.
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Futterman, LG, and L. Lemberg. "Commotio cordis: sudden cardiac death in athletes." American Journal of Critical Care 8, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1999.8.4.270.
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Commotio cordis due to blunt trauma to the precordium is a rare cause of death in young athletes, occurring less frequently than all of the other athletics-related deaths. Several measures, such as the use of safety baseballs and the use of chest protectors, can help protect young athletes from commotio cordis. In general, sudden cardiac death in athletes is receiving increasing attention from the public as a result of recent deaths of high-profile athletes. Sudden cardiac death, however, is rare, with an estimated 1 out of 200,000 high school athletes at risk each year. However, the personal, physiological, and cardiovascular benefits of athletics far outweigh the risks. Therefore, the message to parents is to allow their children to participate in athletics because the benefits far outweigh the risks.
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Burke, Louise M., Linda M. Castell, Douglas J. Casa, Graeme L. Close, Ricardo J. S. Costa, Ben Desbrow, Shona L. Halson, et al. "International Association of Athletics Federations Consensus Statement 2019: Nutrition for Athletics." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0065.
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The International Association of Athletics Federations recognizes the importance of nutritional practices in optimizing an Athlete’s well-being and performance. Although Athletics encompasses a diverse range of track-and-field events with different performance determinants, there are common goals around nutritional support for adaptation to training, optimal performance for key events, and reducing the risk of injury and illness. Periodized guidelines can be provided for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food and fluids to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competition. Some Athletes are at risk of relative energy deficiency in sport arising from a mismatch between energy intake and exercise energy expenditure. Competition nutrition strategies may involve pre-event, within-event, and between-event eating to address requirements for carbohydrate and fluid replacement. Although a “food first” policy should underpin an Athlete’s nutrition plan, there may be occasions for the judicious use of medical supplements to address nutrient deficiencies or sports foods that help the athlete to meet nutritional goals when it is impractical to eat food. Evidence-based supplements include caffeine, bicarbonate, beta-alanine, nitrate, and creatine; however, their value is specific to the characteristics of the event. Special considerations are needed for travel, challenging environments (e.g., heat and altitude); special populations (e.g., females, young and masters athletes); and restricted dietary choice (e.g., vegetarian). Ideally, each Athlete should develop a personalized, periodized, and practical nutrition plan via collaboration with their coach and accredited sports nutrition experts, to optimize their performance.
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Rost, M., J. Jacobsson, Ö. Dahlström, M. Hammar, and T. Timpka. "AMENORRHEA IN ELITE ATHLETICS ATHLETES: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATIONS TO ATHLETICS INJURY." British Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 7 (March 11, 2014): 655.1–655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093494.254.
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Hughey, Matthew W., and Devon R. Goss. "A Level Playing Field? Media Constructions of Athletics, Genetics, and Race." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 661, no. 1 (August 10, 2015): 182–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215588067.
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The link between black athleticism and biological determinism has been wrought with debate. With the domination of black athletics over white challengers—such as boxer Jack Johnson or sprinter Jessie Owens—some began to assert that blacks possessed a biological predisposition toward athletic excellence and that Darwinian winnowing during chattel slavery’s harsh conditions magnified African American and West Indian athletic prowess. Despite biological and sociological evidence to the contrary, recent mainstream journalism has collectively advanced the proposition that black athletic success is the product of little more than genetic traits. In this article, we examine the events and ideologies employed to reify a media discourse of “black brawn vs. white brains.” We demonstrate how such a thesis is empirically untenable. Through an examination of English-language newspaper articles ( N = 292) published in the decade immediately following the completion of human genome mapping (2003–2014), we examine contemporary media discourse surrounding athletics, genetics, and race. We demonstrate how mainstream media narratives construct and reinforce racial essentialism and provide a unique space for racist discourse in an age dominated by “postracial” and “color-blind” dialogue.
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Rubin, Lisa M., and Ron A. Moses. "Athletic Subculture Within Student-Athlete Academic Centers." Sociology of Sport Journal 34, no. 4 (December 2017): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0138.
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Over 400,000 student-athletes participate in NCAA intercollegiate athletics programs. Due to their dual roles as student and athlete, they have a different college experience than the general student population. Specialized academic centers and resources for student-athletes are part of the reason they are separated and often isolated from the rest of campus. Teams have their own unique academic subculture that influences each student-athlete in his or her academic pursuits. The purpose of this study is to explore the athletic academic subculture among student-athletes at the Division I level and the role the athletic academic center and special resources play in cultivating a separate culture from the campus culture. Symbolic interactionism was the framework used as the lens to view the results of this study in the context of neoliberalism.
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Baugh, Christine M., Emily Kroshus, Bailey L. Lanser, Tory R. Lindley, and William P. Meehan. "Sports Medicine Staffing Across National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III Schools: Evidence for the Medical Model." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 6 (May 4, 2020): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0463-19.
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Context The ratio of clinicians to patients has been associated with health outcomes in many medical contexts but has not been explored in collegiate sports medicine. The relationship between administrative and financial oversight models and staffing is also unknown. Objective To (1) evaluate staffing patterns in National Collegiate Athletic Association sports medicine programs and (2) investigate whether staffing was associated with the division of competition, Power 5 conference status, administrative reporting structure (medical or athletic department), or financial structure (medical or athletic department). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Collegiate sports medicine programs. Patients or Other Participants Representatives of 325 universities. Main Outcome Measure(s) A telephone survey was conducted during June and July 2015. Participants were asked questions regarding the presence and full-time equivalence of the health care providers on their sports medicine staff. The number of athletes per athletic trainer was determined. Results Responding sports medicine programs had 0.5 to 20 full-time equivalent staff athletic trainers (median = 4). Staff athletic trainers at participating schools cared for 21 to 525 athletes per clinician (median = 100). Both administrative and financial oversight from a medical department versus the athletics department was associated with improved staffing across multiple metrics. Staffing levels were associated with the division of competition; athletic trainers at Division I schools cared for fewer athletes than athletic trainers at Division II or III schools, on average. The support of graduate assistant and certified intern athletic trainers varied across the sample as did the contributions of nonphysician, nonathletic trainer health care providers. Conclusions In many health care settings, clinician : patient ratios are associated with patient health outcomes. We found systematic variations in clinician : patient ratios across National Collegiate Athletic Association divisions of competition and across medical versus athletics organizational models, raising the possibility that athletes' health outcomes vary across these contexts. Future researchers should evaluate the relationships between clinician : patient ratios and athletes' access to care, care provision, health care costs, health outcomes, and clinician job satisfaction.
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Thomas, Cyril, Pascal Charroin, and Bastien Soule. "Les relations franco-kényanes dans les courses de fond : Un processus postcolonial singulier (1960–2019)." STADION 44, no. 1 (2020): 204–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-1-204.
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At the Mexico City Olympics, Kenya won eight medals in athletics. This performance enabled this State, whose independence dated back just four years, to display its identity to the eyes of the world. Kenyan athletics, mainly in middle- and long-distance events, continued to assert itself until it dominated the medal ranking in the 2015 World Championships. However, even if it is a vehicle for emancipation and identity-building, Kenyan athletics is also dependent on external influences. Therefore, even though France and Kenya never had colonial links, they have built interdependent relationships in athletics during the post-colonial era. The purpose of this study is to understand the particular postcolonial process around which these relationships were built, in the absence of colonial ties. We have chosen to conduct this study based on the investigation of minutes of the French Athletics Federation (FFA) committees and the journal L’Athlétisme, the official FFA review. We conducted semi-structured interviews with Kenyan and French athletics actors (athletes, managers, race organizers, and federal officials). These data reveal a continuing domination of Kenya, by France, in athletics. This relationship of domination marks a survival of the colonial order. However, Kenyan athletes’ domination, especially in marathons, contributes to the vulnerability of French performances. The singularity of the postcolonial process studied lies as much in the absence of colonial ties between France and Kenya as in the transformation of a relationship of domination specific to the colonial period.
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Edouard, Pascal, Laurent Navarro, Pedro Branco, Vincent Gremeaux, Toomas Timpka, and Astrid Junge. "Injury frequency and characteristics (location, type, cause and severity) differed significantly among athletics (‘track and field’) disciplines during 14 international championships (2007–2018): implications for medical service planning." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100717.
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ObjectiveTo analyse differences between athletic disciplines in the frequency and characteristics of injuries during international athletics championships.MethodsStudy design, injury definition and data collection procedures were similar during the 14 international championships (2007–2018). National medical teams and local organising committee physicians reported all newly incurred injuries daily on a standardised injury report form. Results were presented as number of injuries and number of injuries per 1000 registered athletes, separately for male and female athletes, and for each discipline.ResultsFrom a total of 8925 male and 7614 female registered athletes, 928 injuries were reported in male and 597 in female athletes. The discipline accounting for the highest proportion of injuries was sprints, for both men (24%) and women (26%). The number of injuries per 1000 registered athletes varied between disciplines for men and women: highest in combined events for male athletes (235 (95% CI 189 to 281)) and female athletes (212 (95% CI 166 to 257)), and lowest for male throwers (47 (95% CI 35 to 59)) and female throwers (32 (95% CI 21 to 43)) and for female race walkers (42 (95% CI 19 to 66)). Injury characteristics varied significantly between disciplines for location, type, cause and severity in male and female athletes. Thigh muscle injuries were the main diagnoses in the disciplines sprints, hurdles, jumps, combined events and race walking, lower leg muscle injuries in marathon running, lower leg skin injury in middle and long distance running, and trunk muscle and lower leg muscle injuries in throws.ConclusionsInjury characteristics differed substantially between disciplines during international athletics championships. Strategies for medical service provision (eg, staff, facilities) during athletics championships should be discipline specific and be prepared for targeting the main injuries in each discipline.
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Jacobsson, J., T. Timpka, J. Ekberg, J. Kowalski, S. Nilsson, and P. Renstrom. "The swedish athletics study: annual incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in elite athletics athletes." British Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 4 (March 27, 2011): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.123.
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Tereshchenko, V., B. Koropatov, and P. Nikolenko. "General characteristics of the construction stage of pre-competitive training." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(128) (December 28, 2020): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.8(128).40.
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In the article the analysis of construction of training is given in the annual loop of preparation of decathlon competitors, that allows to manage a sport from and provides continuous development of trained.
The problem of preparing athletes to competitions is one of the most important in sports training. It is of great practical importance.
The increase of the level of sports results is a consequence of a significant increase in the amount of training loads. Further growth of sports results is possible provided the quality of the training process is improved. Analysis of the performances of Ukrainian and foreign athletes at major competitions showed that the vast majority of athletes do not achieve their best results.
The competitive period is characterized by the fact that the athlete must maintain for a long time a high level of special physical and technical training, which was acquired in the preparatory period. This can be achieved by using competitive and similar special training exercises.
Participation in competitions makes high demands on the athlete's body, so in the competitive period, the athlete in their training sessions should include exercises of general and special nature.
The stage of direct pre-competition training (SDPT) is an important component of the athlete's training process in the competitive period. Success in competitions largely depends on the effectiveness of the training process at this stage.
It is shown that in the work on the organization and management of training of high-class athletes at the competitive stage, the success of the athlete's performance is largely due to correct scientifically sound predictions that can influence the organizational processes of athletics. The quality and accuracy of these decisions, the responsibility for their adoption increase even more at the stage of direct pre-competition preparation for the main start.
Having one goal -performing at the main start, the most highly qualified athletes prepare for this start without speeding up their training, trying to solve the main task.
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Jacobsson, J., T. Timpka, J. Ekberg, J. Kowalski, S. Nilsson, and P. Renstrom. "The swedish athletics study: various prevalence measures of musculoskeletal injury in elite athletics athletes." British Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 4 (March 27, 2011): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.7.
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Rapp, Geoffrey Christopher, and Christopher D. Ingersoll. "Sports Medicine Delivery Models: Legal Risks." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-83-19.
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Educational institutions sponsoring competitive athletics may use an athletics model, academic model, or medical model for delivery of sports medicine to student-athletes. Four types of legal risk are considered for these 3 models: litigation, contract, regulatory, and structural. The athletics model presents the greatest legal risk to institutions, whereas the medical model presents the least legal risk. Institutional administrators should consider these risks when selecting or maintaining a delivery model for sports medicine.
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Hosokawa, Yuri, William M. Adams, Douglas J. Casa, Jennifer K. Vanos, Earl R. Cooper, Andrew J. Grundstein, Ollie Jay, et al. "Roundtable on Preseason Heat Safety in Secondary School Athletics: Environmental Monitoring During Activities in the Heat." Journal of Athletic Training 56, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0067.20.
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Objective To develop best-practice recommendations using thermal indices to determine work-to-rest ratios and facilitate further implementation of environmental monitoring for heat safety in secondary school athletics in the United States. Data Sources A narrative review of the current literature on environmental monitoring for heat safety during athletics was conducted by content experts. A list of action-oriented recommendations was established from the narrative review and further refined using the Delphi method. Conclusions Assessment of wet bulb globe temperature at the site of activity and throughout the duration of the event is recommended to assist clinicians and administrators in making appropriate decisions regarding the duration and frequency of activity and rest periods. Activity-modification guidelines should be predetermined and approved by stakeholders and should outline specific actions to be followed, such as the work-to-rest ratio, frequency and timing of hydration breaks, and adjustment of total exercise duration, equipment, and clothing. Furthermore, integration of exertional heat illness injury data with environmental condition characteristics is critical for the development of evidence-based heat safety guidelines for secondary school athletics. Athletic trainers play an essential role in conducting prospective injury data collection, recording onsite wet bulb globe temperature levels, and implementing recommendations to protect the health and safety of athletes.
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Lemos, Júlia Ribeiro, and Fábio Luís Feitosa Fonseca. "Individualized preventive program in paralympic athletics athletes." Physical Therapy in Sport 18 (March 2016): e5-e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.11.016.
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Armstrong-Doherty, Alison. "The Structure of Funding in Canadian Interuniversity Athletics." Journal of Sport Management 9, no. 1 (January 1995): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.9.1.59.
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Increasing financial constraints have led athletic directors in Canadian universities to consider alternative sources of funding to supplement traditional university and student support. A profile of the current structure of athletic funding was developed to provide a better understanding of who is paying for interuniversity athletics and to address concerns about the possible implications of this support. Athletic directors at 34 Canadian universities reported the amounts of financial resources received from various sources during the previous fiscal year; the amount from each source was calculated as a percentage of the total athletic budget. The results indicate that the majority of funding for interuniversity athletics continues to be secured from university funds and/or student fees, although a decline in the former was noted. An increase in the percentage of funding from internal revenues generated by the athletic department was observed. However, funding from nonuniversity sources continues to be relatively minimal.
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Kroshus, Emily, Kenneth L. Cameron, J. Douglas Coatsworth, Christopher D'Lauro, Eungjae Kim, Katherine Lee, Johna K. Register-Mihalik, et al. "Improving concussion education: consensus from the NCAA-Department of Defense Mind Matters Research & Education Grand Challenge." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 22 (September 10, 2020): 1314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102185.
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Early disclosure of possible concussive symptoms has the potential to improve concussion-related clinical outcomes. The objective of the present consensus process was to provide useful and feasible recommendations for collegiate athletic departments and military service academy leaders about how to increase concussion symptom disclosure in their setting. Consensus was obtained using a modified Delphi process. Participants in the consensus process were grant awardees from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Department of Defense Mind Matters Research & Education Grand Challenge and a multidisciplinary group of stakeholders from collegiate athletics and military service academies. The process included a combination of in-person meetings and anonymous online voting on iteratively modified recommendations for approaches to improve concussion symptom disclosure. Recommendations were rated in terms of their utility and feasibility in collegiate athletic and military service academy settings with a priori thresholds for retaining, discarding and revising statements. A total of 17 recommendations met thresholds for utility and feasibility and are grouped for discussion in five domains: (1) content of concussion education for athletes and military service academy cadets, (2) dissemination and implementation of concussion education for athletes and military service academy cadets, (3) other stakeholder concussion education, (4) team and unit-level processes and (5) organisational processes. Collectively, these recommendations provide a path forward for athletics departments and military service academies in terms of the behavioural health supports and institutional processes that are needed to increase early and honest disclosure of concussion symptoms and ultimately to improve clinical care outcomes.
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Wham, George S., Ruth Saunders, and James Mensch. "Key Factors for Providing Appropriate Medical Care in Secondary School Athletics: Athletic Training Services and Budget." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.75.
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Abstract Context: Research suggests that appropriate medical care for interscholastic athletes is frequently lacking. However, few investigators have examined factors related to care. Objective: To examine medical care provided by interscholastic athletics programs and to identify factors associated with variations in provision of care. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Mailed and e-mailed survey. Patients or Other Participants: One hundred sixty-six South Carolina high schools. Intervention(s): The 132-item Appropriate Medical Care Assessment Tool (AMCAT) was developed and pilot tested. It included 119 items assessing medical care based on the Appropriate Medical Care for Secondary School-Age Athletes (AMCSSAA) Consensus Statement and Monograph (test-retest reliability: r = 0.89). Also included were items assessing potential influences on medical care. Presence, source, and number of athletic trainers; school size; distance to nearest medical center; public or private status; sports medicine supply budget; and varsity football regional championships served as explanatory variables, whereas the school setting, region of state, and rate of free or reduced lunch qualifiers served as control variables. Main Outcome Measure(s): The Appropriate Care Index (ACI) score from the AMCAT provided a quantitative measure of medical care and served as the response variable. The ACI score was determined based on a school's response to items relating to AMCSSAA guidelines. Results: Regression analysis revealed associations with ACI score for athletic training services and sports medicine supply budget (both P < .001) when controlling for the setting, region, and rate of free or reduced lunch qualifiers. These 2 variables accounted for 30% of the variance in ACI score (R2 = 0.302). Post hoc analysis showed differences between ACI score based on the source of the athletic trainer and the size of the sports medicine supply budget. Conclusions: The AMCAT offers an evaluation of medical care provided by interscholastic athletics programs. In South Carolina schools, athletic training services and the sports medicine supply budget were associated with higher levels of medical care. These results offer guidance for improving the medical care provided for interscholastic athletes.
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Lacy, Alicia M. Pike, Thomas G. Bowman, and Stephanie Mazerolle Singe. "Challenges Faced by Collegiate Athletic Trainers, Part I: Organizational Conflict and Clinical Decision Making." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-84-19.
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Context Organizational conflict, particularly between coaches and medical professionals, has been reported in collegiate athletics. Different values create room for conflict between coaches and athletic trainers (ATs); however, ATs' experiences when making medical decisions are not fully understood. Objective To investigate the presence of organizational conflict regarding medical decision making and determine if differences exist across athletic affiliations. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Collegiate athletics (National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA], National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics [NAIA], National Junior College Athletic Association [NJCAA]). Patients or Other Participants A total of 434 ATs responded (age = 27.7 ± 3.2 years, years certified = 5.2 ± 2.7), representing the NCAA Division I (DI; n = 199), Division II (DII; n = 67), Division III (DIII; n = 108); NAIA (n = 37); and NJCAA (n = 23) settings. Main Outcome Measure(s) The survey instrument contained quantitative measures and open-ended questions, with affiliation as our primary independent variable. Responses to Likert-scale questions (1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree) regarding organizational pressures within athletics served as the dependent variables. Kruskal-Wallis analysis-of-variance and Mann-Whitney U post hoc tests assessed differences in organizational conflict across affiliations. Open-ended questions were analyzed inductively. Results We obtained a 14.47% (434 of 3000) response rate. National Collegiate Athletic Association DI ATs disagreed less than NCAA DII and DIII and NJCAA ATs that they would worry about job security if turnover in the head coaching position occurred (P < .05). Regarding the influence of coaches on job performance, differences were found between NCAA DI and DIII and between DI and NJCAA ATs (P < .01). Visibility of the injury and situational factors influenced the level of perceived pressure. Conclusions Athletic trainers perceived pressure from coaches regarding medical decision making. Division I ATs placed greater emphasis on the role that coaches played in their job performance and job security. Athletic departments should consider transitioning to patient-centered models of care to better align values and reduce the external pressures placed on ATs.
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Goff, Brian. "Effects of University Athletics on the University: A Review and Extension of Empirical Assessment." Journal of Sport Management 14, no. 2 (April 2000): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.14.2.85.
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It is important for university decision makers to carefully scrutinize empirical data concerning the impacts of college athletics on the university as a whole in formulating strategies for athletic programs. This paper reviews and extends existing statistical work on the effects of college athletics using basic concepts from economics as guideposts. Current evidence indicates that success, and at times merely participation, in college athletics provides several benefits including direct financial gain and such indirect benefits as increased university exposure and, in turn, increased financial contributions and increased student applications and enrollment. Evidence concerning negative exposure from events such as NCAA sanctions is sparse but suggests opposite effects of smaller magnitude.
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Kroshus, Emily, Jessica Wagner, David Wyrick, Amy Athey, Lydia Bell, Holly J. Benjamin, Michael A. Grandner, et al. "Wake up call for collegiate athlete sleep: narrative review and consensus recommendations from the NCAA Interassociation Task Force on Sleep and Wellness." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 12 (May 16, 2019): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100590.
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Sleep is an important determinant of collegiate athlete health, well-being and performance. However, collegiate athlete social and physical environments are often not conducive to obtaining restorative sleep. Traditionally, sleep has not been a primary focus of collegiate athletic training and is neglected due to competing academic, athletic and social demands. Collegiate athletics departments are well positioned to facilitate better sleep culture for their athletes. Recognising the lack of evidence-based or consensus-based guidelines for sleep management and restorative sleep for collegiate athletes, the National Collegiate Athletic Association hosted a sleep summit in 2017. Members of the Interassociation Task Force on Sleep and Wellness reviewed current data related to collegiate athlete sleep and aimed to develop consensus recommendations on sleep management and restorative sleep using the Delphi method. In this paper, we provide a narrative review of four topics central to collegiate athlete sleep: (1) sleep patterns and disorders among collegiate athletes; (2) sleep and optimal functioning among athletes; (3) screening, tracking and assessment of athlete sleep; and (4) interventions to improve sleep. We also present five consensus recommendations for colleges to improve their athletes’ sleep.
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Macdonald, Ben, Stephen McAleer, Shane Kelly, Robin Chakraverty, Michael Johnston, and Noel Pollock. "Hamstring rehabilitation in elite track and field athletes: applying the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification in clinical practice." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 23 (July 12, 2019): 1464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098971.
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RationaleHamstring injuries are common in elite sports. Muscle injury classification systems aim to provide a framework for diagnosis. The British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification (BAMIC) describes an MRI classification system with clearly defined, anatomically focused classes based on the site of injury: (a) myofascial, (b) muscle–tendon junction or (c) intratendinous; and the extent of the injury, graded from 0 to 4. However, there are no clinical guidelines that link the specific diagnosis (as above) with a focused rehabilitation plan.ObjectiveWe present an overview of the general principles of, and rationale for, exercise-based hamstring injury rehabilitation in British Athletics. We describe how British Athletics clinicians use the BAMIC to help manage elite track and field athletes with hamstring injury. Within each class of injury, we discuss four topics: clinical presentation, healing physiology, how we prescribe and progress rehabilitation and how we make the shared decision to return to full training. We recommend a structured and targeted diagnostic and rehabilitation approach to improve outcomes after hamstring injury.
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Christesen, P. "Athletics and Social Order in Sparta in the Classical Period." Classical Antiquity 31, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 193–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2012.31.2.193.
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This article seeks to situate the athletic activities of Spartiates and their unmarried daughters during the Classical period in their broader societal context by using theoretical perspectives taken from sociology in general and the sociology of sport in particular to explore how those activities contributed to the maintenance of social order in Sparta. Social order is here taken to denote a system of interlocking societal institutions, practices, and norms that is relatively stable over time. Athletics was a powerful mechanism that helped to generate consensus and to socialize and coerce individuals. It thus induced compliance with behavioral norms on the part of both females and males and thereby contributed meaningfully to the maintenance of social order in Sparta. Athletics inculcated conformity to norms that called for females to be compliant, beautiful objects of male desire. Athletics had an equally profound effect on Spartan males because it inculcated compliance with norms that valorized subordination of the individual to the group, playing the part of the soldier, and meritocratic status competition. Athletics may well have also to some degree empowered both Spartan females and males, but its liberatory dimensions can easily be unduly amplified. There is an ever-present dialectic in athletics, between its ability to reinforce norms that underpin the prevailing social order and its ability to foster individual autonomy. In the case of Sparta, the balance in that dialectic always inclined very much toward the former.
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Way, William C., Ashley M. Coker-Cranney, and Jack C. Watson. "“So Many Mental Health Issues Go Unsaid”: Implications for Best Practice Guidelines From Student-Athletes’ Perspectives About Service Availability." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2019-0051.
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Using the framework of multidisciplinary best practice recommendations promoted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, this study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate Division I student-athletes’ perceived access to and satisfaction with mental health service availability. Participants were asked about their satisfaction with direct (e.g., counseling, psychiatry, assessment) and indirect (e.g., mental health outreach, educational workshops) service availability, both on campus and within athletics. Results from a researcher-generated survey indicated that participants were moderately satisfied with service availability in each of the four contexts. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that student-athletes’ satisfaction was predicted by different factors for each service type-location combination. Qualitative data contained requests for more athlete-centered mental health services as well as more preventative outreach in general. These data provide a foundation for understanding factors that influence student-athletes’ satisfaction with mental health service availability and offer practical implications for current best practice recommendations.
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Edouard, Pascal, Astrid Junge, Marine Sorg, Toomas Timpka, and Pedro Branco. "Illnesses during 11 international athletics championships between 2009 and 2017: incidence, characteristics and sex-specific and discipline-specific differences." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 18 (March 12, 2019): 1174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100131.
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BackgroundIllnesses impair athletes’ participation and performance. The epidemiology of illness in athletics is limited.ObjectiveTo describe the occurrence and characteristics of illnesses during international athletics championships (indoor and outdoor), and to analyse differences with regards to athletes’ sex and participation in explosive and endurance disciplines.MethodsDuring 11 international championships held between 2009 and 2017, physicians from both national medical teams and the local organising committees reported daily on all athlete illnesses using a standardised report form. Illness frequencies, incidence proportions (IPs) and rates (IRs), and relative risks (RR) with 95% CIs were calculated.ResultsDuring the 59 days of the 11 athletics championships, 546 illnesses were recorded in the 12 594 registered athletes equivalent to IP of 43.4 illnesses per 1000 registered athletes (95% CI 39.8 to 46.9) or IR of 1.2 per 1000 registered athlete days (95% CI 1.1 to 1.2). The most frequently reported illnesses were upper respiratory tract infections (18.7%), exercise-induced fatigue/hypotension/collapse (15.4%) and gastroenteritis (13.2%). No myocardial infarction was recorded. A total of 28.8% of illnesses were expected to lead to time loss from sport. The illness IP was similar in male and female athletes, with few differences in illness characteristics. During outdoor championships, the illness IP was higher in endurance than explosive disciplines (RR=1.87; 95% CI 1.58 to 2.23), with a considerably higher IP of exercise-induced illness in endurance disciplines, but a similar upper respiratory tract infection IP in both discipline groups.ConclusionsIllness prevention strategies during international athletics championships should be focused on the most frequent diagnoses in each discipline group.
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Tomczyk, Christopher P., Megan Mormile, Megan S. Wittenberg;, Jody L. Langdon, and Tamerah N. Hunt. "An Examination of Adolescent Athletes and Nonathletes on Baseline Neuropsychological Test Scores." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-84-17.
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Context: An estimated 15.3 million adolescent students are enrolled in US high schools, with approximately 7.8 million participating in athletics. Researchers have examined various demographics in high school athletes; however, athletic participation may play a larger role in test performance than previously thought. Currently, investigations of concussion assessment may rely on uninjured athletes as controls. However, due to the intense nature of athletics, this may not be an appropriate practice. Objective: To examine differences between athletes and nonathletes using a common computerized neuropsychological test. Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting: High schools from a school district in Columbus, Ohio. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 662 adolescent high school students (athletes: n = 383, female n = 18; nonathletes: n = 279, female n = 193). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants were administered a computerized neuropsychological test battery (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test [ImPACT]) during baseline concussion assessment. Differences between groups were established for output composite scores. Results: Differences were found between athletes and nonathletes in composite reaction time (F1,522 = 14.855, P < .001) and total symptom score (F1,427 = 33.770, P < .001). Nonathletes reported more symptoms, whereas athletes had faster reaction times. No differences were present in composite verbal memory, composite visual memory, composite visual motor speed, or composite impulse control (P > .05). Conclusions: Symptom reporting and reaction time differed between high school athletes and nonathletes. Participation in extracurricular activities may lead to cognitive differences in adolescents that can influence performance on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test battery. Researchers should account for these differences in baseline performance when making concussion diagnostic and management decisions.
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Steiner, Mark E., D. Bradford Quigley, Frank Wang, Christopher R. Balint, and Arthur L. Boland. "Team Physicians in College Athletics." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 10 (October 2005): 1545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546505275491.
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Background There has been little documentation of what constitutes the clinical work of intercollegiate team physicians. Team physicians could be recruited based on the needs of athletes. Hypothesis A multidisciplinary team of physicians is necessary to treat college athletes. Most physician evaluations are for musculoskeletal injuries treated nonoperatively. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods For a 2-year period, a database was created that recorded information on team physician encounters with intercollegiate athletes at a major university. Data on imaging studies, hospitalizations, and surgeries were also recorded. The diagnoses for physician encounters with all undergraduates through the university's health service were also recorded. Results More initial athlete evaluations were for musculoskeletal diagnoses (73%) than for general medical diagnoses (27%) (P<. 05). Four percent of musculoskeletal injuries required surgery. Most general medical evaluations were single visits for upper respiratory infections and dermatologic disorders, or multiple visits for concussions. Football accounted for 22% of all physician encounters, more than any other sport (P<. 05). Per capita, men and women sought care at an equal rate. In contrast, 10% of physician encounters with the general pool of undergraduates were for musculoskeletal diagnoses. Student athletes did not require a greater number of physician encounters than did the general undergraduate pool of students on a per capita basis. Conclusion Intercollegiate team physicians primarily treat musculoskeletal injuries that do not require surgery. General medical care is often single evaluations of common conditions and repeat evaluations for concussions.
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Stinson, Jeffrey, and Dennis Howard. "Athletic Giving and Academic Giving: Exploring the Value of SPLIT Donors." Journal of Sport Management 24, no. 6 (November 2010): 744–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.6.744.
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This study introduces and explores the value of SPLIT donors (donors making gifts to both academic and athletic programs at educational institutions). Detailed empirical records of donor giving to three NCAA Division I institutions establish that significant value of SPLIT donors to educational institutions. In the short term, SPLIT donors give higher total average gifts than donors making athletics-only gifts. In the long-term, SPLIT donors are retained at a higher rate than donors making academics-only gifts. The combination of gift size and retention rate maximizes the lifetime value of SPLIT donors to the institution. However, despite having higher lifetime value to the institution, there may be a disincentive for athletic programs to cultivate SPLIT donors. While the average total gifts of SPLIT donors are higher than the average gifts of their counterparts supporting only athletic programs, their average gift to athletics is lower.
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Rosa-Caldwell, Megan E., Christopher Todden, Aaron R. Caldwell, and Lauren E. Breithaupt. "Confidence in eating disorder knowledge does not predict actual knowledge in collegiate female athletes." PeerJ 6 (October 29, 2018): e5868. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5868.
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Background Eating disorders are serious psychological disorders with long term health impacts. Athletic populations, tend to have higher incidences of eating disorders compared to the general population. Yet there is little known about athletes’ eating disorder knowledge and how it relates to their confidence in their knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to evaluate collegiate female athletes’ eating disorder (ED) knowledge and confidence in their knowledge. 51 participants were recruited from a National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) university in the mid-west and asked to complete a 30-question exam assessing one’s knowledge of five different categories related to eating disorders. Confidence in the correctness of answers was assessed with a 5-point Likert-scale (1 = very unconfident, 5 = very confident). A one-way ANOVA was used to determine differences between scores on different categories and overall scores. A simple regression analysis was used to determine if confidence or age was predictive in knowledge scores. Results The average score of participants was 69.1%, SD = 10.8% with an average confidence of 3.69/5, SD = 0.33. Athletes scored lowest with regards to Identifying Signs and Symptoms of EDs compared to other sub-scores (p < 0.05). There was no relationship between knowledge and confidence scores. Discussion There is limited ED knowledge among collegiate female athletes. This may be problematic as many athletes appear confident in the correctness of their answers despite these low scores. Coaches should be aware of this lack of knowledge and work with clinical practitioners, such as dieticians, team physicians and athletic trainers to educate and monitor their athletes on eating disorders, specifically signs and symptoms.
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Mazerolle, Stephanie M., and Christianne M. Eason. "The Organizational Climate in Collegiate Athletics: An Athletic Trainer's Perspective." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.12.24.
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Context: An organizational climate is largely based on an employee's perceptions of the working conditions in which he or she engages regularly. A multifaceted concept, the organizational climate is often formed by perceptions of employee welfare, rewards, and support. Achieving work-life balance is also a part of the climate. Objective: To learn collegiate athletic trainers' perceptions of organizational climate and specifically how it may pertain to their work-life balance. Design: Phenomenologic study. Setting: Collegiate practice setting. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty athletic trainers working in the collegiate athletics setting took part in 1-on-1 phone interviews. The participants were 30.5 (interquartile range [IQR] = 7.75) years old and had been certified for 7 (IQR = 5) years and at their current position for 4 (IQR = 3) years. Data Collection and Analysis: Participants completed a phone interview that followed a semistructured framework. All transcribed interviews were analyzed using a phenomenologic approach. Researcher triangulation, expert review, and data saturation were used to establish credibility. Results: Athletic trainers working in the collegiate athletics setting who had positive perceptions of their work-life balance described their organizational climate as family friendly. Our participants' supervisors allowed for autonomy related to work scheduling, which provided opportunities for work-life balance. These athletic trainers believed that they worked in a climate that was collegial, which was helpful for work-life balance. In addition, the importance of placing family first was part of the climate. Conclusions: The perceptions of our participants revealed a climate of family friendliness, supervisor support, and collegiality among staff members, which facilitated the positive climate for work-life balance. The mindset embraced the importance of family and recognized that work did not always have to supersede personal priorities.
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Schneider, Robert C., and Penny D. Hite. "NCAA Athletic Department Employee Perceptions of Workplace Related Burnout, Commitment, and Emotional Intelligence." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 76, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0028.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine employees’ perceptions across National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Divisions I, II, and III athletic departments of the following general categories and their respective subcategories: (a) emotional intelligence consisting of appraisal of emotions, optimism, utilization of emotions, social skills, and emotional exhaustion; (b) commitment consisting of affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment; and (c) burnout outcomes consisting of exhaustion, and cynicism. The literature offers broad perspectives related to burnout, commitment, and emotional intelligence along with the respective subcategories (Cropanzano, Rupp, & Byrne 2003; Grichnik, Smeja, & Welpe 2010; Opengart 2005; Patzelt, & Shepherd 2011; Youssef, & Luthans 2007). An intercollegiate sport centered questionnaire was developed by the researchers, the content of which was grounded in seminal research studies related to emotional intelligence, commitment, and burnout outcomes. Feedback from five experts who held no less than 15 years of working experience in an NCAA athletic department helped support content validity. The questionnaire consisted of a demographic section followed by a 7 point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree, that included 49 total statements. Electronic mail was used to send the questionnaire to a random sample of 333 athletic department employees whose e-mail addresses were obtained from the publicly accessible National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics’ (NACDA) National Directory of College Athletics. Of the 333 surveys mailed, 82 were returned for a 24.6% response rate. Descriptive statistics was applied to the data to arrive at findings related to athletic department employees’ responses to the subcategories of the general categories related to burnout, commitment, and emotional intelligence. Athletic department employees were found to generally agree. Overall, responses by the athletic department employees indicated perceptions related to each of three categories of emotional exhaustion, commitment and burnout outcomes that are favorable to the well-being of the athletic department.
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Walsh, Katie M., Mary Ann Cooper, Ron Holle, Vladimir A. Rakov, William P. Roeder, and Michael Ryan. "National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Lightning Safety for Athletics and Recreation." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.25.
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Objective: To present recommendations for the education, prevention, and management of lightning injuries for those involved in athletics or recreation. Background: Lightning is the most common severe-storm activity encountered annually in the United States. The majority of lightning injuries can be prevented through an aggressive educational campaign, vacating outdoor activities before the lightning threat, and an understanding of the attributes of a safe place from the hazard. Recommendations: This position statement is focused on supplying information specific to lightning safety and prevention and treatment of lightning injury and providing lightning-safety recommendations for the certified athletic trainer and those who are involved in athletics and recreation.
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Bowman, Thomas G., Stephanie Mazerolle Singe, Alicia M. Pike Lacy, and Johna K. Register-Mihalik. "Challenges Faced by Collegiate Athletic Trainers, Part II: Treating Concussed Student-Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-85-19.
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Context Conflict between athletic trainers (ATs) and other stakeholders can occur because of competing interests over medical decisions regarding concussion. However, we are unaware of any studies specifically exploring these situations across various collegiate athletic affiliations. Objective To investigate the challenges faced by ATs when treating concussed student-athletes. Design Qualitative study. Setting Online questionnaire. Patients or Other Participants A total of 434 ATs (267 women, 166 men, 1 missing data; age = 27.73 ± 3.24 years, experience = 5.17 ± 2.67 years) completed the questionnaire (response rate = 14.47%). Our participants represented multiple employment settings within intercollegiate athletics. Data Collection and Analysis We sent an online questionnaire to 3000 ATs working in the collegiate and university setting across the United States. A survey expert verified face, content, and construct validity of the questionnaire in 2 rounds of review, and 3 ATs completed a content-validity tool before we finalized the survey. We analyzed the qualitative data using a general inductive approach and ensured trustworthiness through multiple-analyst triangulation and peer review. Results When we examined the responses from our participants regarding their work with student-athletes who had sustained concussions, we found 2 major themes, each with subthemes. First, educational efforts appeared to be only modestly effective because of a lack of honesty, noncompliant actions, and coach interference. Second, return to learn was challenging because of a lack of communication among stakeholders, athletes being anxious about needing accommodations, and difficulty convincing faculty to provide reasonable accommodations. Conclusions Based on our findings, we recommend continued efforts to improve the culture surrounding concussion in collegiate athletes. Athletic trainers should include key stakeholders such as coaches, student-athletes, parents, faculty, and other educational administrators in their educational efforts to improve the policies and culture surrounding concussion treatment.
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Mahony, Daniel F., Mary A. Hums, and Harold A. Riemer. "Distributive Justice in Intercollegiate Athletics: Perceptions of Athletic Directors and Athletic Board Chairs." Journal of Sport Management 16, no. 4 (October 2002): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.4.331.
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Hums and Chelladurai (1994b) found NCAA coaches and administrators believed distributing resources based on equality and need was more just than distributing them based on equity (i.e., contribution). However, Mahony and Pastore (1998) found actual distributions, particularly at the NCAA Division I level, appear to be based on equity over equality and need. The main purpose of the current study was to determine why the findings in these studies differed. The authors of the current study reexamined the principles from Hums and Chelladurai's (1994b) study, while making significant changes in the sample examined, asking new questions, and adding more distribution options. The results indicated that need based principles were considered to be the most fair, but there was less support for equality than in prior research. In addition, the current study found differences between Division I and Division III administrators with regards to some equality and equity based principles.
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Klein, Harvey G. "Blood Transfusion and Athletics." New England Journal of Medicine 312, no. 13 (March 28, 1985): 854–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198503283121311.
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Mahony, Daniel F., Janet S. Fink, and Donna L. Pastore. "Ethics in Intercollegiate Athletics." Professional Ethics, A Multidisciplinary Journal 7, no. 2 (1999): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/profethics1999729.
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Thompson, Amy, Debra Boardley, Faith Yingling, and Joan Rocks. "Collegiate Athletic Trainers' Knowledge and Perceptions of Disordered Eating Behaviors in Athletes." Psychological Reports 101, no. 3_suppl (December 2007): 1173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.4.1173-1178.
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To assess athletic trainers' perceptions and knowledge regarding disordered eating behaviors and to estimate their confidence in response to a test of knowledge, a cross-sectional mail survey was distributed to a national random sample of 500 athletic trainers from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. 408 collegiate certified athletic trainers responded (rate of 81.6%). A 30-item questionnaire assessed perceptions of disordered eating behaviors within 5 domains. Opinions regarding the prevalence of disordered eating, athletic injury and nutritional status, and their role in recognizing disordered eating were assessed. Most respondents reported perceiving disordered eating to be a significant problem. Also, athletic trainers needed knowledge in all domains of disordered eating.
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Hutchison, Marcey Keefer, Jeff Houck, Tyler Cuddeford, Robin Dorociak, and Jason Brumitt. "Prevalence of Patellar Tendinopathy and Patellar Tendon Abnormality in Male Collegiate Basketball Players: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-70-18.
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Context Patellar tendinopathy (PT) is a degenerative condition known to affect athletes who participate in sports such as basketball and volleyball. Patellar tendinopathy is a challenging condition to treat and may cause an athlete to prematurely retire from sport. The prevalence of PT in male collegiate basketball players is unknown. Objective To determine the prevalence of PT and patellar tendon abnormality (PTA) in a population of male collegiate basketball players. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions II and III, National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, and Northwest Athletic Conference male collegiate basketball teams were assessed in a university laboratory setting. Patients or Other Participants Ninety-five male collegiate basketball players (age = 20.0 ± 1.7 years). Main Outcome Measure(s) A diagnostic ultrasound image of an athlete's patellar tendon was obtained from each knee. Patellar tendinopathy was identified based on a player's symptoms (pain with palpation) and the presence of a hypoechoic region on an ultrasonographic image. Results A majority of participants, 53 of 95 (55.8%), did not present with pain during palpation or ultrasonographic evidence of PTA. Thirty-two basketball players (33.7%) displayed ultrasonographic evidence of PTA in at least 1 knee; 20 of those athletes (21.1%) had PT (pain and tendon abnormality). Nonstarters were 3.5 times more likely to present with PTA (odds ratio = 3.5, 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 9.6; P = .017) and 4 times more likely to present with PT (odds ratio = 4.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 14.8; P = .038) at the start of the season. Conclusions One in 3 male collegiate basketball players presented with either PT or PTA. Sports medicine professionals should evaluate basketball athletes for PT and PTA as part of a preseason screening protocol.
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LUCAS, T. N. "Modelling an Athletics Track." Teaching Mathematics and its Applications 10, no. 2 (1991): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/teamat/10.2.82.
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Doucette, Mitchell L., Maria T. Bulzacchelli, Tameka L. Gillum, and Jennifer M. Whitehill. "The Massachusetts School Sports Concussions Law: A Qualitative Study of Local Implementation Experiences." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 3 (2016): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516667946.
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Background:Reducing the incidence and negative consequences of concussion among youth athletes is a public health priority. In 2010, Massachusetts passed legislation aimed at addressing the issue of concussions in school athletics. We sought to understand local-level implementation decisions of the Massachusetts concussion law.Methods:A qualitative multiple-case study approach was utilized. Semi-structured interviews with school-employed actors associated with the law's implementation were used for analysis. Interview data were subjected to a conventional content analysis.Results:A total of 19 participants from 5 schools were interviewed. Schools were purposefully selected from communities varying in socioeconomic status and population. Participants included 5 athletic directors, 5 coaches, 4 athletic trainers, 4 school nurses, and 1 health and wellness coordinator. Eight themes emerged regarding specific ways schools have implemented the law. Six themes emerged regarding factors influencing implementation.Conclusions:All cases employ neurocognitive testing as a means to assess concussions, place decision-making authority in athletic trainers' hands, and use a 30-minute online video to disseminate concussion education. Employing athletic trainers could pose challenges to school districts with limited financial capacity, as financial assistance from the state is not provided under the law. The validity of neurocognitive testing and the effectiveness of online concussion training need further study. Cooperation from student athletes, their parents, and physicians is necessary for full implementation of the law.
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Kahanov, Leamor, Jeff Roberts, and Emily M. Wughalter. "Adherence to Drug-Dispensation and Drug-Administration Laws and Guidelines in Collegiate Athletic Training Rooms: A 5-Year Review." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.3.299.
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Abstract Context: To both ensure athletes' safety and avoid legal penalties, athletic trainers' (ATs') handling of medications in the athletic training room should conform with federal and state statutes. Objective: To revisit drug dispensation and administration in collegiate athletic training rooms 5 years after the initial study. Design: Survey study. Setting: College and university athletic training rooms. Patients or Other Participants: All 4627 certified ATs employed in National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, and III and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics institutions, as listed by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, were surveyed. Data Collection and Analysis: The survey was created for the 2001 study based on federal laws. We used analyses of variance to study compliance by division (I, II, or III) and sex and by sex and employment status (head or assistant AT). Results: A total of 2330 ATs (N = 4627, 50%) provided 1535 usable responses. For comparison with the 2001 data, only head ATs' responses were included (n = 670). In general, drug distribution compliance scores among head ATs were low (mean = 6.37 ± 0.15, range = 0–25 points). The ATs were less compliant when handling over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Only 55.5% of ATs stored medications in a locked cabinet, compared with 67.1% in 2001. A large number of ATs administered OTC drugs in any amount necessary (n = 689, 44%), and 3.6% (n = 55) allowed athletes access without any consultation, compared with 53.8% and 4.9%, respectively, in 2001. However, prescription medication practices improved since the first study. Also, we noted a main effect of employment status (F1,934 = 5.57, P < .05): head ATs were less compliant than assistant ATs. Conclusions: Compared with 5 years ago, ATs appear to be more compliant with federal statutes regarding prescription drug regulation. A thorough understanding of appropriate OTC medication administration practices still appears to be lacking.
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Wang, W., and Yang Tang Xun. "Difference in physical training between different athletics competitions." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 12(120) (December 25, 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2019.12(120)19.06.
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The article analyses differences in physical training between different athletics competitions. The content of the year-long training of athletes is disclosed. It is noted that the experience of the world sports practice confirms the need to orient the sports training system to achieve high results in the main competitions with strictly differentiated competitive activity, where different competitions are considered as preparatory, control and used as a means of preparation. It is determined that planning of annual preparation provides orientation on final results formed in the form of a goal - achievement of the specified sports result at Olympic Games (three-cycle model), as well as achievement of the specified sports results at the World Cups and during other competitions (four-cycle model). At the same time it is advisable to plan annual preparation on the basis of several independent structural components, all elements of which are united by a common task - achievement of the state of the highest readiness of the athlete, which would ensure successful performance in the main competitions.
Physical training between competitions provides for exercises, which in athletics are divided into three groups. One of them - general development exercises intended for comprehensive physical development primarily of beginners and poorly trained athletes. Besides general development exercises increase mobility of joints and improve ability of the athlete to coordinate the movements. These exercises are also used to correct defects in body structure and physical development. With regard to special exercises, it should be noted that any exercise involving one or more competition elements in the inter-competition period, meeting competitive requirements both in terms of external nature of performance and in terms of energy supply mechanisms (aerobic and anaerobic), can be considered as specially preparatory.
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Leone, James E., Kimberly A. Wise, Elizabeth M. Mullin, Kimberly A. Gray, Philip A. Szlosek, Matthew F. Griffin, and Cara A. Jordan. "Celiac Disease Symptoms in Athletes: Prevalence Indicators of Perceived Quality of Life." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 3 (April 9, 2020): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120905137.
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Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a common gastrointestinal pathology; however, prevalence and comorbidities are unknown in collegiate athletics. Hypotheses: (1) Athletes will have similar odds of CD as general population estimates (approximately 1 in 141) based on self-report and signs and symptoms, (2) athletes scoring higher on the Celiac Symptom Index (CSI) will have lower self-reported quality of life (QoL), (3) athletes scoring higher on the CSI will have higher depression scores, and (4) athletes scoring higher on the CSI will have higher perceived stress scores. Study Design: Epidemiological cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: The CSI, WHO Quality of Life-BREF, Beck Depression Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale were used to assess patients’ signs and symptoms of CD and psychosocial measures/QoL in male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association (all divisions) athletes (N = 141). Participants also self-reported a formal diagnosis of CD. Chi-square analyses determined CD prevalence. Odds ratios determined risk for either being diagnosed with CD or reporting more symptoms than the general population. Correlational analyses determined whether symptoms correlated with QoL and psychosocial measures. Results: Athletes were 3.85 times (95% CI, 0.42-34.89) more likely to report a CD diagnosis and were 18.36 times (95% CI, 2.40-140.48) more likely to report a high degree of CD symptoms than the general population. Athletes with more symptoms had worse physical, psychological, social, and environmental QoL indicators and higher depression and perceived stress scores. Conclusion: Athletes may be a higher risk population for experiencing CD and report greater signs/symptoms compared with general population estimates. Additionally, athletes with higher CD symptom scores also reported poorer QoL. Clinical Relevance: Allied health care professionals should be aware of the diversity of CD symptoms and be prepared to refer athletes when gastrointestinal symptoms persist to ensure proper care and unhampered performance.
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Chelladurai, Packianathan, and Harold A. Riemer. "A Classification of Facets of Athlete Satisfaction." Journal of Sport Management 11, no. 2 (April 1997): 133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.11.2.133.
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Although several authors have emphasized the need to treat the athlete as the prime beneficiary of intercollegiate athletics, there has been little effort to assess athlete reactions to their experiences. This paper stresses the uniqueness of athletic teams, develops a rationale for measuring athlete satisfaction, and emphasizes that athlete satisfaction can be used as a measure of organizational effectiveness. A classification of the various facets of satisfaction in athletics is presented. A facet is classified by the following criteria: whether it (a) is task- or social-related, (b) is an outcome or a process, and (c) affects the individual or the team. The extent to which the identified facets of satisfaction are exhaustive, exclusive, and internally homogeneous is discussed.
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David, Jessica L., Matthew D. Powless, Jacqueline E. Hyman, DeJon M. Purnell, Jesse A. Steinfeldt, and Shelbi Fisher. "College Student Athletes and Social Media: The Psychological Impacts of Twitter Use." International Journal of Sport Communication 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0044.
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Twitter, the popular social-media platform, is a staple in intercollegiate athletics. Although it is often regarded merely as a pastime, Twitter boasts advantages and disadvantages to college student athletes and their programs. This is primarily due to the nature of interactions and exchanges that take place between student athletes and the general public, be they fans, critics, or somewhere in between. Using a semistructured protocol, the researchers conducted a 75-min focus-group interview with 7 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I student athletes to examine the psychological impacts of Twitter use. A modified version of consensual qualitative research was used for data analysis. Results indicated that student athletes were heavily influenced and affected by Twitter use across various domains in their lives. Participants reflected on both advantages (e.g., avenue for advocacy and moral support and promoting team cohesion) and disadvantages (e.g., receipt of critical tweets and detrimental performance implications) of using the microblogging platform, thereby corroborating extant literature and providing a more balanced perspective of Twitter’s resulting impact. The researchers explicated practical implications including improved social-media training and the development of best practices to support student athletes in their responsible use of Twitter. Further research is necessary to better understand the differences in experiences of student athletes competing in revenue-generating sports compared with those competing in non-revenue-generating sports.
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Simon, Janet E., Erik A. Wikstrom, Dustin R. Grooms, Carrie L. Docherty, Thomas P. Dompier, and Zachary Y. Kerr. "Athletic Training Service Characteristics for Patients With Ankle Sprains Sustained During High School Athletics." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 6 (January 26, 2019): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-449-16.
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Context Limited information exists on the amount and type of care provided by athletic trainers (ATs) treating athletes who sustained ankle sprains in the high school setting. Objective To describe AT services provided for patients with ankle sprains injured in high school athletics. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Athletic training facility (ATF) visits and AT services collected from 147 high schools in 26 states. Patients or Other Participants High school student-athletes participating in 13 boys' and 14 girls' sports who sustained a diagnosed ankle sprain during the 2011−2012 through 2013−2014 academic years. The ATs documented 3213 ankle sprains. Main Outcome Measure(s) Number of ATF visits and individual AT services and mean ATF visits (per injury) and AT services (per injury) were calculated by sport and for time-loss injuries (participation-restriction time of at least 24 hours) and non–time-loss injuries (participation-restriction time <24 hours). Results During the 3-year period, 19 925 ATF visits were reported, with an average of 6 (interquartile range = 1−7) ATF visits per ankle sprain. Most ATF visits were for non–time-loss injuries (65.1%). Football accounted for the largest proportions of ankle sprains (27.3%) and ATF visits (35.0%). In total, 71 404 AT services were provided for ankle sprains. Therapeutic activities or exercise were the most common AT services (47.4%), followed by neuromuscular reeducation (16.6%), strapping (14.2%), and modalities (11.5%). An average of 22 (interquartile range = 4−28) AT services were reported per ankle sprain. The average number of AT services per injury was higher among patients with time-loss than non–time-loss injuries (35 versus 19; P < .001). Conclusions The ATs provided a variety of services to treat high school athletes who had sustained ankle sprains, including therapeutic exercises and neuromuscular reeducation, which were supported by research. However, ATs should consider using manual therapy (use supported by grade B evidence) and therapeutic exercise more (use supported by grade A evidence).
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Scarneo, Samantha E., Lindsay J. DiStefano, Rebecca L. Stearns, Johna K. Register-Mihalik, Craig R. Denegar, and Douglas J. Casa. "Emergency Action Planning in Secondary School Athletics: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Current Adoption of Best Practice Standards." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-82-18.
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Context Emergency action plans (EAPs) are policies that improve response times and ensure access to emergency equipment for the management of patients with acute injuries and medical conditions, yet the extent to which EAP standards are adopted and implemented is unknown. Objective To describe the extent of EAP adoption and implementation in secondary school (SS) athletics with athletic trainer (AT) services in the United States. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Web-based questionnaire. Patients or Other Participants A national sample of ATs (n = 9642) was invited to participate in a Web-based questionnaire. Main Outcome Measure(s) Twelve components of EAP minimum best practices were derived from the “National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) Position Statement: Emergency Planning in Athletics.” Emergency action plan components were analyzed using descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) around proportions. Contingency tables (2 × 2) were used to calculate odds ratios (with 95% CIs) to assess adoption of the components (dichotomized as yes or no), employment factors (eg, full time versus part time, employed by clinic/district), and access to emergency equipment. Results The response rate for the questionnaire was 13.2% (n = 1273). A majority of ATs (89.1%) reported having an EAP; however, only 9.9% described implementing all 12 components cited in the NATA position statement. Athletic trainers stated that they created the EAP in 62.8% (95% CI = 60.1%, 65.4%) of schools with an EAP. Athletic trainers employed full time were at greater odds of adopting 9 or more components of the EAP compared with ATs employed part time (odds ratio = 2.42 [95% CI = 1.66, 3.53]). A total of 85.7% of ATs noted access to an automated external defibrillator. Conclusions Although a majority of SSs had EAPs, the EAPs were often incomplete and lacked the necessary components for full compliance with the NATA position statement. These findings demonstrate the need for efforts to promote the adoption and implementation of comprehensive EAPs in SS athletics.
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Rizzone, Katherine H., Kathryn E. Ackerman, Karen G. Roos, Thomas P. Dompier, and Zachary Y. Kerr. "The Epidemiology of Stress Fractures in Collegiate Student-Athletes, 2004–2005 Through 2013–2014 Academic Years." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 966–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.8.01.
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Context: Stress fractures are injuries caused by cumulative, repetitive stress that leads to abnormal bone remodeling. Specific populations, including female athletes and endurance athletes, are at higher risk than the general athletic population. Whereas more than 460 000 individuals participate in collegiate athletics in the United States, no large study has been conducted to determine the incidence of stress fractures in collegiate athletes. Objective: To assess the incidence of stress fractures in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes and investigate rates and patterns overall and by sport. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions. Patients or Other Participants: National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes. Main Outcome Measure(s): Data were analyzed from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for the academic years 2004–2005 through 2013–2014. We calculated rates and rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of 671 stress fractures were reported over 11 778 145 athlete-exposures (AEs) for an overall injury rate of 5.70 per 100 000 AEs. The sports with the highest rates of stress fractures were women's cross-country (28.59/100 000 AEs), women's gymnastics (25.58/100 000 AEs), and women's outdoor track (22.26/100 000 AEs). Among sex-comparable sports (baseball/softball, basketball, cross-country, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, indoor track, and outdoor track), stress fracture rates were higher in women (9.13/100 000 AEs) than in men (4.44/100 000 AEs; RR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.71, 2.47). Overall, stress fracture rates for these NCAA athletes were higher in the preseason (7.30/100 000 AEs) than in the regular season (5.12/100 000 AEs; RR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.22, 1.67). The metatarsals (n = 254, 37.9%), tibia (n = 147, 21.9%), and lower back/lumbar spine/pelvis (n = 81, 12.1%) were the most common locations of injury. Overall, 21.5% (n = 144) of stress fractures were recurrent injuries, and 20.7% (n = 139) were season-ending injuries. Conclusions: Women experienced stress fractures at higher rates than men, more often in the preseason, and predominantly in the foot and lower leg. Researchers should continue to investigate biological and biomechanical risk factors for these injuries as well as prevention interventions.
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Lippi, G., G. Banfi, E. J. Favaloro, J. Rittweger, and N. Maffulli. "Updates on improvement of human athletic performance: focus on world records in athletics." British Medical Bulletin 87, no. 1 (August 1, 2008): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldn029.
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