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Academic literature on the topic 'Atlas (vertebre cervicale)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Atlas (vertebre cervicale)"

1

Peric, Radmila, Bojana Krstonosic, and Ivana Starcevic. "Morphometric study of the posterior arch of atlas vertebra in the Serbian population." Medical review 71, no. 7-8 (2018): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1808250p.

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Introduction. Groove for the vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve, is located on the superior surface of the posterior arch of the first cervical vertebra (the atlas). Presence of bony variations may transform the groove into incomplete/complete canal, causing compression of its structures and consequently symptoms of vertebro-basilar insufficiency. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence and extent of morphological variations of the posterior arch of the atlas vertebra. Material and Methods. The investigation was conducted on 41 atlas vertebrae, part of the Osteological Collection of the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad and the Faculty of Medicine in Nis. According to the shape of the posterior arch, the atlas vertebrae were classified into three classes. The measurements of maximum width and height diameters of the incomplete/complete canal for the vertebral artery were performed. All the measurements were done using open source software for image analysis, Image J. Results. The results of the study showed that in our sample of atlases the most common class was class I (78.05%), and class III the least frequent (7.32%). There was no statistically significant difference in the observed measurements of the atlas anatomical variations between the right and left side. Conclusion. Morphometric analysis of the superior surface of the posterior arch of the atlas vertebra has shown the existence of variations and their importance has been discussed.

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Sultana, Qudusia, Ramakrishna Avadhani, Varalakshmi KL, and Shariff MH. "VARIATIONS OF FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM IN ATLAS VERTEBRAE : A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY WITH ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 02 (June 2015): 080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709822.

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Abstract Introduction: The second part of the vertebral artery along with vertebral venous plexus and sympathetic plexus traverses through vicinity of foramen transversarium of atlas. Derangement of these structures in their course may be seen due to deformities, narrowing and presence of osteophytes in foramen transversarium. Methods: Two hundred foramen transversarium of 100 atlas vertebrae were grossly studied for their variations. Results: Out of hundred atlas vertebrae examined, we found that all the vertebrae had foramina transversaria. Absence of costal element was noticed in five atlas vertebrae. 2 of the vertebrae showed incomplete unilateral foramen transversarium, 3 vertebrae showed bilateral incomplete foramen, In 1 vertebra along with normal foramen transversarium, complete retroarticular foramen was observed on the left side and incomplete retroarticular foramen observed on the right side of the posterior arch.4 vertebrae showed incomplete retroarticular foramen. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of neck injuries and related syndromes necessitates the study of bony variations of the atlas vertebra and its transverse foramina. Due to the incomplete formation of the foramen transversarium the second part of vertebral artery is prone to be damaged easily during posterior cervical injuries and Surgeries. The bony bridges embracing the vertebral artery may be responsible for vertigo and cerebrovascular accidents hence the knowledge of such variations is important for Physicians, Otirhinolaryngologists, neurologists ,Orthopaedicians and Radiologists.

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P, Neelima, and Ravi Sunder R. "OCCIPITALISATION OF ATLAS VERTEBRA AND ITS CLINICAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE- AN ANALYSIS." Journal of Ayurvedic Herbal and Integrative Medicine 1, no. 1 (October 23, 2021): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/j-ahim.v1.i1.2021.15.

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Vertebral column is made of 33 vertebrae named as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. Axial skeleton comprises of skull and vertebral column. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit from the central nervous system which control the entire body. Malformations or fusion of vertebrae could be one of the etiologies of nerve compression syndromes. Vital structures emerge out through intervertebral foramina extending from cervical to coccygeal vertebrae. Occipitalisation of atlas, the first cervical vertebra is one of the emergencies leading to wide spectrum of presentations like chronic neck pain or foramen magnum syndrome or unconscious state due to compression of medulla oblongata. During routine examination of skull bones while teaching, one skull was found to exhibit assimilation of atlas. Photographs were captured and compared with normal skull. Thorough examination revealed incomplete occipitalisation of atlas. The anterior arch was completely fused but the posterior arch was bifid showing a split. The styloid process on right side seemed to be long and very close leading to compression of structures of styloid apparatus in addition. On observation, it was found to be a male skull. Fusion of vertebrae may be a congenital anomaly due to maldevelopment of somites in forming vertebrae. Skeletal element of caudal 4th occipital somite forms the occipital bone and when it is fused with the proximal 1st cervical somite leads to occipitalisation of atlas. Acquired conditions like atlantoaxial subluxation, chiari malformations or cervical vertebral fusion or foramen magnum abnormalities have been associated with assimilation of atlas. The present study reports occipitalisation of atlas which is incomplete with a bifid posterior arch. Prevalence of such anomalies may form the differential diagnosis of chronic headache or myelopathies.

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Saminathan, Suganya. "Morphometric Analysis of Vertebral Artery Groove in Human Atlas Vertebra in South Indian Population." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 8238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.194.

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Introduction: Recent trends like pedicle screws and other instrumentation of cervical vertebra are on the rise. However, proximity of vertebral artery coursing in vertebral artery groove (VAG) on the superior surface of the posterior arch of atlas poses a unique challenge to surgeons performing these procedures. Such vascular injuries though rare, are not uncommon and may pose immediate to delayed complications. Radiological studies of atlas vertebra & VAG are being extensively done with CT and MR Angiography, but morphometric studies of VAG in atlas vertebra in South Indian population is lacking. Aims: To understand the morphology and dimensions of the vertebral artery groove and its variations if any, in dry atlas vertebra of South Indian population. Settings and Design: Descriptive observational study Methods and Material: 50 dried adult human atlas vertebra of unknown age & sex from the Anatomy Department, PSGIMS & R, Coimbatorewere studied. Intact cervical vertebrae without any degenerative or traumatic disorders were included. The morphometry of VAG and its distance from midline were evaluated through six linear measurements.The parameters were inner and outer lengths of the groove, width & thickness of the groove and the distance of its medial most and lateral most edges from the midline on both sides. Statistical analysis used: SPSS software Results: There is no statistically significant difference between mean values on right and left side for inner length, outer length, width and thickness of vertebral artery groove. The mean inner and outer distance of the vertebral artery groove from the midline on the right is higher than the left. Conclusions: The present study provides morphometric data of VAG & recommends a safe zone of 11.82 mm from midline for instrumentation in posterior spinal surgeries to minimize vertebral artery injuries. KEY WORDS: Atlas, Morphometry, Screw Fixation, Vascular Injury, Vertebral Artery.

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5

Zehtabvar, Omid, Ali Reza Vajhi, Amir Rostami, Ali Reza Vosoogh Afkhami, Somaye Davudypoor, Marzie Gholikhani, and Seyed Hossein Modarres. "Morphometric and Normal 2D CT Anatomic Study of the Vertebral Column of the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis)." Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijvm.17.1.1005235.

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Background: European pond turtle is one of the two species of freshwater turtles in Iran. Regarding clinical examinations and diagnostic imaging techniques, it is necessary to have complete anatomical information on this turtle. Objectives: This study provided complete morphometric and normal two-dimensional computerized tomographic scanning information of the vertebrae of European pond turtles. Methods: Ten European pond turtles were used in this study. Computerized tomography (CT) scans were taken from each anesthetized turtle. Then, morphometric parameters were measured in the CT scans of the vertebral column. Results: Atlas was the shortest of the cervical vertebrae, and the eighth cervical vertebra was shorter than the previous vertebrae. The articular surface of the caudal articular processes of the eighth cervical vertebra was bent, and these surfaces were almost vertical. Transverse process width had remained constant in the cervical vertebrae. The transverse process was not observed in the dorsal vertebrae. The first dorsal vertebra had a different shape than others. Conclusion: The particular shape of the last two cervical vertebrae, especially the arched shape of the eight vertebrae. The seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae have the largest transverse distance between caudal articular processes that seem necessary for cervical motion. The limited space of the caudal cervical vertebrae inside the shell chamber can be the reason for the reduction in the length of these vertebrae. The absence of a spinous process in the seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae of the neck may be related to their specific position in the neck retraction.

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Men’shchikova, I. A. "Osteometry of the human spine at the age of maturity in the Ural region." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-622.

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Aim. To reveal the patterns of the changes of osteometric characteristics of the adults living in the Ural region. Methods. 56 cadavers of human beings at the age of maturity were analyzed (28 women aged 21 to 55 years, and 28 men aged 22 to 60 years) being the residents of the Ural region. The scheme recommended by the Symposium on Age Periodization at the Institute of Age Physiology in 1969, was used for distribution by age groups. Osteometry and statistical method were used. Results. In the cervical spine, the greatest sagittal size was determined in the spinal process of the VII cervical vertebra (30.9±1.79 mm), in the thoracic spine — in the VII thoracic vertebra (41.5±2.4 mm), and in lumbar spine — in the III lumbar vertebra (36.4±0.95 mm). The frontal size of vertebral bodies increased from overlying vertebrae to underlying ones, however, the decrease in the frontal size of vertebral bodies was noted from the I thoracic to the VI thoracic vertebra, and starting from the VII thoracic vertebra its further increase was observed. The sagittal size of vertebral body increased only from the II cervical vertebra to the III lumbar one. The sagittal size of the bodies of the III–V vertebrae was within the range of 32–34 mm. The sizes of vertebral arch pedicle allow conducting the transpedicular fixation at the level of all vertebrae, but it should be taken into account that in V and VI thoracic vertebrae frontal size of arch pedicle is the least as compared to other levels. The frontal sizes of spinal canal were more than sagittal ones at the levels of all vertebrae, with the exception of atlas and the V thoracic vertebra. Conclusion. The results can serve as the basis for performing any surgical interventions on the spine and as the norm for evaluation of its pathological changes.

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Hanakita, Junya, Hidenori Miyake, Shinji Nagayasu, Shyogo Nishi, and Takanori Suzuki. "Angiographic Examination and Surgical Treatment of Bow Hunter's Stroke." Neurosurgery 23, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198808000-00018.

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ABSTRACT Anatomically, the vertebral artery courses through six foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae, passing through the groove on the surface of the arch of the atlas and then penetrating the dura mater. Because of this anatomical course, the vertebral arteries are often affected by head motion. Stenotic change of the vertebral artery can occur at the atlantoaxial level in head rotation. Such a special type of stroke was named “bow hunter's stroke” by Sorensen. We report three cases of bow hunter's stroke and discuss the angiographic examinations. As surgical treatment, we performed partial transversectomy of the atlas vertebra, with favorable results. The usefulness of this surgical procedure is discussed.

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8

Gopal, Krishna, Anurag, and Jolly Agarwal. "Tubercles of transverse process of atlas with its developmental correlations." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20170162.

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Background: Atlas is the first cervical vertebra. The transverse process of atlas homologous with the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of a typical cervical vertebra. There is a controversy about the development of the tip of the transverse process of atlas vertebra.Methods: The 300 human dry atlas vertebra or 600 transverse processes were selected from the anthropology museum of department of anatomy, SRMS medical college Bareilly and SGRRIM &HS Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. The age and sex of the vertebrae were not taken into consideration. The tip of the Transverse process of atlas vertebrae was examined for its variants like having anterior and posterior tubercles like the typical cervical vertebrae.Results: The anterior and posterior tubercles of the transverse process and the status of foramen transversarium were observed in 300 atlas vertebrae. In 1.33% of specimen the tips of the transverse process having bilateral anterior and posterior tubercles. In 0.83% of specimen transverse process having anterior and posterior tubercles on the left side and in 1% on the right side. The total percentages of transverse processes with anterior and posterior tubercles were found in 3.17% of specimens.Conclusions: In present observation the tip of the transverse process of atlas presenting the feature of a typical cervical vertebra (with Anterior and posterior tubercles) observed in 3.17% of specimen. This study may be helpful for the embryologist, neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons.

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Lalit, Monika, Sanjay Piplani, Anterpreet K. Arora, Jagdey S. Kullar, and Tripta Sharma. "INCIDENCE OF ATLAS BRIDGES AND TUNNELS – THEIR PHYLOGENY, ONTOGENY AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. 26 Incidencia de los puentes y túneles del atlas – Su filogenia, ontogenia e implicancias clínicas." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v6.n1.14095.

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En la vértebra atlas, los puentes posteriores, los puentes laterales y los túneles postero-laterales son las protrusiones óseas que pueden causar presión externa en la arteria vertebral cuando pasa del foramen transverso de la vértebra cervical al foramen magnum del cráneo. Ejemplares que muestran dichas protrusiones fueron clasificadas según tengan puentes del atlas completos o incompletos que pueden predisponer a la insuficiencia vertebrobasilar y al síndrome cervicogénico especialmente durante los movimientos de cuello. El objetivo del estudio es saber la incidencia, ontogenia y filogenia de los puentes del atlas junto con las implicaciones clínicas. Este canal de la arteria vertebral del atlas y la morfología de los puentes fueron estudiados en un total de 60 (120 lados) vértebras atlas humanas completas y secas obtenidas de la colección de esqueletos del Departamento de Anatomía del Government Medical College de Amritsar en Punjab. La incidencia de la impresión de la arteria vertebral (44), la impresión profunda de la arteria vertebral (42) era 71,66%, el puente parcial fue 13,33% y el puente lateral parcial fue 3,33% en el lado derecho y 5% en lado izquierdo. También se observaron doce anillos completos y un túnel 1.66% postero-lateral. La ocurrencia de estos puentes óseos abrazando la arteria vertebral es de suma importancia clínica, pueden causar efecto de comprensión en la arteria vertebral durante la rotación extrema de la cabeza y movimientos de cuello manifestándose en mareos, desmayos, diplopía temporal, vértigo y desórdenes neurológicos. El conocimiento de esta variación es importante para médicos, otorrinolaringólogos, neurólogos y ortopedistas que en la práctica diaria están en contacto con estas enfermedades de la columna vertebral y sus consecuencias. In atlas vertebrae, the posterior bridges, lateral bridges and postero-lateral tunnels are the bony outgrowths which may cause external pressure on the vertebral artery when it passes from foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebra to foramen magnum of the skull. Specimens exhibiting such outgrowths were classified as having incomplete or complete atlas bridges that may predispose to vertebro-basilar insufficiency and cervicogenic syndrome especially in neck movements. The objective of the study is to know the incidence, ontogeny and phylogeny of atlas bridges along with its clinical implications. The groove of the vertebral artery of the atlas and the morphology of the bridges were studied in a total of 60 (120 sides) complete and dry human atlas vertebrae obtained from the skeletal collection of Department of Anatomy,GovernmentMedicalCollege,Amritsar,Punjab. The incidence of impression of vertebral artery (44), deep impression of vertebral artery (42) was 71.66%, Partial ponticuli were 13.33% and Partial lateral ponticuli were 3.33% on right side and 5% on left side. Twelve complete rings and one 1.66% postero-latetal tunnel was also observed. Occurrence of these bony bridges embracing the vertebral artery is of great clinical importance, may cause compression effect on the vertebral artery during extreme rotation of head and neck movements presenting with dizziness, fainting, transient diplopia, vertigo and neurological disturbances. The knowledge of this variation is important for physicians, otolaryngologists, neurologists and orthopaedicians who in every day practice are in contact with the diseases of spine and their consequences.

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Al-Hashimi, Dr Hadeel Ali Hussein, and Dr Zina Zuhair Al-Azawi. "Association of the Morphology of the Atlas Vertebra with the Morphology of the Mandible." Mustansiria Dental Journal 5, no. 3 (January 25, 2018): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v5i3.536.

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Anatomy and growth of the cervical vertebrae attracted attention, since a number of authors proposed developmental association between different variables indicative of cervical vertebral anatomy and dentofacial build. This study aims to verify the morphology of the atlas vertebra and its relationship with the morphology of the mandible. A total of (41) true lateral radiographs (22 females and 19 males) for subjects with an age range of 18-26 years old were selected and subjected to cephalometric analysis.The results show that all the measurements are higher in males than in females except that for the gonial angle and there are a statistically significant differences in mean values of atlas ventral height, ramus length, ramus width and body length among the three groups of atlas a-p length (short, average, long) which increased as the atlas a-p length increased. While among the three groups of atlas dorsal height (low, average, high), there are statistically significant differences in the mean values of gonial angle which decreased as the atlas dorsal arch height increased. It is concluded that there is an association between atlas morphology and mandibular growth.

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Books on the topic "Atlas (vertebre cervicale)"

1

L, Harris Nancy, ed. Atlas of lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphoma. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1997.

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B, Frisch, ed. Biopsy of bone in internal medicine: An atlas and sourcebook. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

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Hughes, Sean. Color atlas of anterior cervical spine fusion. Oradell, N.J: Medical Economics Books, 1985.

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Rodts, Gerald, Mark McLaughlin, and Regis W. Haid. Atlas of Cervical Spine Surgery. Saunders, 2005.

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Carcangiu, Maria Luisa, Ronald A. DeLelli, and Juan Rosai. Atlas of Tumor Pathology: Tumors of the Thyroid Gland [Third Series - Fascicle 5]. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1992.

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N, Herkowitz Harry, and Cervical Spine Research Society. Editorial Committee., eds. The cervical spine surgery atlas. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.

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1930-, Sherk Henry H., ed. The Cervical spine: An atlas of surgical procedures. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1994.

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The Cervical Spine Research Society Editorial Committee and Harry N. Herkowitz. The cervical spine surgery atlas. 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Atlas (vertebre cervicale)"

1

Bab, Itai, Carmit Hajbi-Yonissi, Yankel Gabet, and Ralph Müller. "Cervical Vertebrae." In Micro-Tomographic Atlas of the Mouse Skeleton, 39–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-39258-5_3.

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McKinney, Alexander M. "Cervical Carotid and Vertebral Arterial Variants." In Atlas of Normal Imaging Variations of the Brain, Skull, and Craniocervical Vasculature, 971–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39790-0_33.

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Guo, Yuan, Xushu Zhang, Weiyi Chen, Xun Ma, Zhe Guan, and Kaiheng Liang. "A Finite Element Model of Upper Cervical Vertebrae (C0-C3) and Biomechanical Analysis of the Atlas." In IFMBE Proceedings, 476–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03882-2_126.

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Atkinson, Martin E. "The face and superficial neck." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0032.

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The surface anatomies of the face and neck and their supporting structures that can be palpated have been described in Chapter 20. It is now time to move to the structures that lie under the skin but which cannot be identified by touch starting with the neck and moving up on to the face and scalp. The cervical vertebral column comprises the seven cervical vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral discs. These have the same basic structure as the thoracic vertebrae described in Section 10.1.1. Examine the features of the cervical vertebra shown in Figure 23.1 and compare it with the thoracic vertebra shown in Figure 10.3. You will see that cervical vertebrae have a small body and a large vertebral foramen. They also have two distinguishing features, a bifid spinous process and a transverse foramen, piercing each transverse process; the vertebral vessels travel through these foramina. The first and second vertebrae are modified. The first vertebra, the atlas, has no body. Instead, it has two lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches. The lateral masses have concave superior facets which articulate with the occipital condyles where nodding movements of the head take place at the atlanto-occipital joints. The second cervical vertebra, the axis, has a strong odontoid process (or dens because of its supposed resemblance to a tooth) projecting upwards from its body. This process is, in fact, the body of the first vertebra which has fused with the body of the axis instead of being incorporated into the atlas. The front of the dens articulates with the back of the anterior arch of the atlas; rotary (shaking) movements of the head occur at this joint. The seventh cervical vertebra has a very long spinous process which is easily palpable. The primary curvature of the vertebral column is concave forwards and this persists in the thoracic and pelvic regions. In contrast, the cervical and lumbar parts of the vertebral column are convexly curved anteriorly. These anterior curvatures are secondary curvatures which appear in late fetal life. The cervical curvature becomes accentuated in early childhood as the child begins to support its own head and the lumbar curve develops as the child begins to sit up.

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Atkinson, Martin E. "The locomotor system." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0008.

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The locomotor system comprises the skeleton, composed principally of bone and cartilage, the joints between them, and the muscles which move bones at joints. The skeleton forms a supporting framework for the body and provides the levers to which the muscles are attached to produce movement of parts of the body in relation to each other or movement of the body as a whole in relation to its environment. The skeleton also plays a crucial role in the protection of internal organs. The skeleton is shown in outline in Figure 2.1A. The skull, vertebral column, and ribs together constitute the axial skeleton. This forms, as its name implies, the axis of the body. The skull houses and protects the brain and the eyes and ears; the anatomy of the skull is absolutely fundamental to the understanding of the structure of the head and is covered in detail in Section 4. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord which is enclosed in the spinal canal formed by a large central canal in each vertebra. The vertebral column is formed from 33 individual bones although some of these become fused together. The vertebral column and its component bones are shown from the side in Figure 2.1B. There are seven cervical vertebrae in the neck, twelve thoracic vertebrae in the posterior wall of the thorax, five lumbar vertebrae in the small of the back, five fused sacral vertebrae in the pelvis, and four coccygeal vertebrae—the vestigial remnants of a tail. Intervertebral discs separate individual vertebrae from each other and act as a cushion between the adjacent bones; the discs are absent from the fused sacral vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae are small and very mobile, allowing an extensive range of neck movements and hence changes in head position. The first two cervical vertebrae, the atlas and axis, have unusual shapes and specialized joints that allow nodding and shaking movements of the head on the neck. The thoracic vertebrae are relatively immobile. combination of thoracic vertebral column, ribs, and sternum form the thoracic cage that protects the thoracic organs, the heart, and lungs and is intimately involved in ventilation (breathing).

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Atkinson, Martin E. "Introduction and surface anatomy." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0029.

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The head and neck contain the structures that are the most significant to the practice of dental surgery. These regions are not as easy to study from dissection as other areas because an ‘onion skin’ approach has to be adopted. Layers are dissected from the most superficial subcutaneous structures to the deepest internal structures, the brain, and spinal cord; structures that appear at one level may not show up again until the dissection has advanced to much deeper layers. It is important to have a general understanding of the structures forming the head and neck to build up a coherent picture of their relationship to each other. The skull is the structural basis of the head. The skull comprises the cranium, formed from 27 bones joined together by fibrous joints known as sutures, and the separate mandible that articulates with the cranium at the temporomandibular joints (TMJ). The skull houses and protects the brain in the cranial cavity. It also protects other delicate structures vital for the reception of the special senses; the orbital cavities contain the eyes and dense bones in the cranial base house the internal ears. The entrance to the respiratory tract is the bony and cartilaginous nasal cavity; it can also be accessed together with the gastrointestinal tract through the oral cavity between the cranium and mandible. The major skeletal component of the neck is the cervical part of the vertebral column formed by seven vertebrae. The lower five cervical vertebrae conform to the general pattern of vertebrae outlined in Section 10.1.1, but the upper two cervical vertebrae are specialized; the atlas articulates with the underside of the skull for nodding movements and the second vertebra, the axis, articulates with the atlas for shaking movements of the head. The hyoid bone in the upper anterior neck and the laryngeal cartilages below it form the laryngeal skeleton. There are several important muscle groups in the head. The muscles of facial expression are small superficial muscles beneath the skin of the face; they alter facial expression in response to emotion, but also play a part in chewing, swallowing, and speech.

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"3 Cervical Vertebrae." In Rhoton’s Atlas of Head, Neck, and Brain, edited by Maria Peris-Celda, Francisco Martinez-Soriano, and Albert L. Rhoton. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0037-146628.

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Atkinson, Martin E. "The structure of the central nervous system." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0023.

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It is important to have a picture of the relationship of the brain and spinal cord to the bones of the skull and vertebral column that house and protect them and the protective layers of connective tissues known as the meninges that cover the CNS; these lie between the bones and brain and spinal cord. The brain is housed within the skull which will be described in much more detail in Section 4 . As you can appreciate by feeling your own skull, the top, front, sides, and back are smoothly curved. The surface of the brain is similarly curved and conforms to the shape of the bones. Note that, in reality, it is really the other way round—brain shape determines the shape of the bones of the skull vault forming the braincase. If the top of the braincase and the brain are removed to reveal the floor of the cranial cavity formed by the bones of the cranial base, it is anything but smooth. Viewed from the lateral aspect and going from anterior to posterior, it is like three descending steps. This structure is shown diagrammatically in Figure 15.1 and shows how different parts of the brain conform to these steps. The first step lies above the nasal and orbital cavities and is known as the anterior cranial fossa ; it houses the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. The second step is the middle cranial fossa and contains the temporal lobes of each cerebral hemisphere laterally and the midbrain and pons medially. The final step is the posterior cranial fossa where the rest of the brainstem and cerebellum lie. The floor of the posterior fossa is pierced by the foramen magnum through which the medulla oblongata and spinal cord become continuous. The spinal cord occupies the vertebral canal running in the vertebral column. As you can see in Figure 3.5 , in adults, the cord occupies the vertebral canal from the upper border of the first cervical vertebra, the atlas, down to the level of the disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.

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Logan, Bari M., and Patricia A. Reynolds. "Cervical vertebrae and neck." In McMinn's Color Atlas of Head and Neck Anatomy, 87–129. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-05614-4.50009-0.

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"26 Management of the Vertebral Artery during Excision of Extradural Tumors of the Cervical Spine." In Neurosurgical Operative Atlas: Spine and Peripheral Nerves, edited by Christopher E. Wolfla and Daniel K. Resnick. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0037-144732.

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Conference papers on the topic "Atlas (vertebre cervicale)"

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Guo, Yuan, Xushu Zhang, Weiyi Chen, Xun Ma, Zhe Guan, and Kaiheng Liang. "A finite element model of upper cervical vertebrae (C0–C3) and biomechanical analysis of the atlas." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2010.5639618.

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