To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Atlas (vertebre cervicale).
Journal articles on the topic 'Atlas (vertebre cervicale)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Atlas (vertebre cervicale).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Peric, Radmila, Bojana Krstonosic, and Ivana Starcevic. "Morphometric study of the posterior arch of atlas vertebra in the Serbian population." Medical review 71, no. 7-8 (2018): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1808250p.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Groove for the vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve, is located on the superior surface of the posterior arch of the first cervical vertebra (the atlas). Presence of bony variations may transform the groove into incomplete/complete canal, causing compression of its structures and consequently symptoms of vertebro-basilar insufficiency. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence and extent of morphological variations of the posterior arch of the atlas vertebra. Material and Methods. The investigation was conducted on 41 atlas vertebrae, part of the Osteological Collection of the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad and the Faculty of Medicine in Nis. According to the shape of the posterior arch, the atlas vertebrae were classified into three classes. The measurements of maximum width and height diameters of the incomplete/complete canal for the vertebral artery were performed. All the measurements were done using open source software for image analysis, Image J. Results. The results of the study showed that in our sample of atlases the most common class was class I (78.05%), and class III the least frequent (7.32%). There was no statistically significant difference in the observed measurements of the atlas anatomical variations between the right and left side. Conclusion. Morphometric analysis of the superior surface of the posterior arch of the atlas vertebra has shown the existence of variations and their importance has been discussed.
2
Sultana, Qudusia, Ramakrishna Avadhani, Varalakshmi KL, and Shariff MH. "VARIATIONS OF FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM IN ATLAS VERTEBRAE : A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY WITH ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 02 (June 2015): 080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709822.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction: The second part of the vertebral artery along with vertebral venous plexus and sympathetic plexus traverses through vicinity of foramen transversarium of atlas. Derangement of these structures in their course may be seen due to deformities, narrowing and presence of osteophytes in foramen transversarium. Methods: Two hundred foramen transversarium of 100 atlas vertebrae were grossly studied for their variations. Results: Out of hundred atlas vertebrae examined, we found that all the vertebrae had foramina transversaria. Absence of costal element was noticed in five atlas vertebrae. 2 of the vertebrae showed incomplete unilateral foramen transversarium, 3 vertebrae showed bilateral incomplete foramen, In 1 vertebra along with normal foramen transversarium, complete retroarticular foramen was observed on the left side and incomplete retroarticular foramen observed on the right side of the posterior arch.4 vertebrae showed incomplete retroarticular foramen. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of neck injuries and related syndromes necessitates the study of bony variations of the atlas vertebra and its transverse foramina. Due to the incomplete formation of the foramen transversarium the second part of vertebral artery is prone to be damaged easily during posterior cervical injuries and Surgeries. The bony bridges embracing the vertebral artery may be responsible for vertigo and cerebrovascular accidents hence the knowledge of such variations is important for Physicians, Otirhinolaryngologists, neurologists ,Orthopaedicians and Radiologists.
3
P, Neelima, and Ravi Sunder R. "OCCIPITALISATION OF ATLAS VERTEBRA AND ITS CLINICAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE- AN ANALYSIS." Journal of Ayurvedic Herbal and Integrative Medicine 1, no. 1 (October 23, 2021): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/j-ahim.v1.i1.2021.15.
Full textAbstract:
Vertebral column is made of 33 vertebrae named as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. Axial skeleton comprises of skull and vertebral column. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit from the central nervous system which control the entire body. Malformations or fusion of vertebrae could be one of the etiologies of nerve compression syndromes. Vital structures emerge out through intervertebral foramina extending from cervical to coccygeal vertebrae. Occipitalisation of atlas, the first cervical vertebra is one of the emergencies leading to wide spectrum of presentations like chronic neck pain or foramen magnum syndrome or unconscious state due to compression of medulla oblongata. During routine examination of skull bones while teaching, one skull was found to exhibit assimilation of atlas. Photographs were captured and compared with normal skull. Thorough examination revealed incomplete occipitalisation of atlas. The anterior arch was completely fused but the posterior arch was bifid showing a split. The styloid process on right side seemed to be long and very close leading to compression of structures of styloid apparatus in addition. On observation, it was found to be a male skull. Fusion of vertebrae may be a congenital anomaly due to maldevelopment of somites in forming vertebrae. Skeletal element of caudal 4th occipital somite forms the occipital bone and when it is fused with the proximal 1st cervical somite leads to occipitalisation of atlas. Acquired conditions like atlantoaxial subluxation, chiari malformations or cervical vertebral fusion or foramen magnum abnormalities have been associated with assimilation of atlas. The present study reports occipitalisation of atlas which is incomplete with a bifid posterior arch. Prevalence of such anomalies may form the differential diagnosis of chronic headache or myelopathies.
4
Saminathan, Suganya. "Morphometric Analysis of Vertebral Artery Groove in Human Atlas Vertebra in South Indian Population." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 8238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.194.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Recent trends like pedicle screws and other instrumentation of cervical vertebra are on the rise. However, proximity of vertebral artery coursing in vertebral artery groove (VAG) on the superior surface of the posterior arch of atlas poses a unique challenge to surgeons performing these procedures. Such vascular injuries though rare, are not uncommon and may pose immediate to delayed complications. Radiological studies of atlas vertebra & VAG are being extensively done with CT and MR Angiography, but morphometric studies of VAG in atlas vertebra in South Indian population is lacking. Aims: To understand the morphology and dimensions of the vertebral artery groove and its variations if any, in dry atlas vertebra of South Indian population. Settings and Design: Descriptive observational study Methods and Material: 50 dried adult human atlas vertebra of unknown age & sex from the Anatomy Department, PSGIMS & R, Coimbatorewere studied. Intact cervical vertebrae without any degenerative or traumatic disorders were included. The morphometry of VAG and its distance from midline were evaluated through six linear measurements.The parameters were inner and outer lengths of the groove, width & thickness of the groove and the distance of its medial most and lateral most edges from the midline on both sides. Statistical analysis used: SPSS software Results: There is no statistically significant difference between mean values on right and left side for inner length, outer length, width and thickness of vertebral artery groove. The mean inner and outer distance of the vertebral artery groove from the midline on the right is higher than the left. Conclusions: The present study provides morphometric data of VAG & recommends a safe zone of 11.82 mm from midline for instrumentation in posterior spinal surgeries to minimize vertebral artery injuries. KEY WORDS: Atlas, Morphometry, Screw Fixation, Vascular Injury, Vertebral Artery.
5
Zehtabvar, Omid, Ali Reza Vajhi, Amir Rostami, Ali Reza Vosoogh Afkhami, Somaye Davudypoor, Marzie Gholikhani, and Seyed Hossein Modarres. "Morphometric and Normal 2D CT Anatomic Study of the Vertebral Column of the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis)." Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijvm.17.1.1005235.
Full textAbstract:
Background: European pond turtle is one of the two species of freshwater turtles in Iran. Regarding clinical examinations and diagnostic imaging techniques, it is necessary to have complete anatomical information on this turtle. Objectives: This study provided complete morphometric and normal two-dimensional computerized tomographic scanning information of the vertebrae of European pond turtles. Methods: Ten European pond turtles were used in this study. Computerized tomography (CT) scans were taken from each anesthetized turtle. Then, morphometric parameters were measured in the CT scans of the vertebral column. Results: Atlas was the shortest of the cervical vertebrae, and the eighth cervical vertebra was shorter than the previous vertebrae. The articular surface of the caudal articular processes of the eighth cervical vertebra was bent, and these surfaces were almost vertical. Transverse process width had remained constant in the cervical vertebrae. The transverse process was not observed in the dorsal vertebrae. The first dorsal vertebra had a different shape than others. Conclusion: The particular shape of the last two cervical vertebrae, especially the arched shape of the eight vertebrae. The seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae have the largest transverse distance between caudal articular processes that seem necessary for cervical motion. The limited space of the caudal cervical vertebrae inside the shell chamber can be the reason for the reduction in the length of these vertebrae. The absence of a spinous process in the seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae of the neck may be related to their specific position in the neck retraction.
6
Men’shchikova, I. A. "Osteometry of the human spine at the age of maturity in the Ural region." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-622.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. To reveal the patterns of the changes of osteometric characteristics of the adults living in the Ural region.
Methods. 56 cadavers of human beings at the age of maturity were analyzed (28 women aged 21 to 55 years, and 28 men aged 22 to 60 years) being the residents of the Ural region. The scheme recommended by the Symposium on Age Periodization at the Institute of Age Physiology in 1969, was used for distribution by age groups. Osteometry and statistical method were used.
Results. In the cervical spine, the greatest sagittal size was determined in the spinal process of the VII cervical vertebra (30.9±1.79 mm), in the thoracic spine — in the VII thoracic vertebra (41.5±2.4 mm), and in lumbar spine — in the III lumbar vertebra (36.4±0.95 mm). The frontal size of vertebral bodies increased from overlying vertebrae to underlying ones, however, the decrease in the frontal size of vertebral bodies was noted from the I thoracic to the VI thoracic vertebra, and starting from the VII thoracic vertebra its further increase was observed. The sagittal size of vertebral body increased only from the II cervical vertebra to the III lumbar one. The sagittal size of the bodies of the III–V vertebrae was within the range of 32–34 mm. The sizes of vertebral arch pedicle allow conducting the transpedicular fixation at the level of all vertebrae, but it should be taken into account that in V and VI thoracic vertebrae frontal size of arch pedicle is the least as compared to other levels. The frontal sizes of spinal canal were more than sagittal ones at the levels of all vertebrae, with the exception of atlas and the V thoracic vertebra.
Conclusion. The results can serve as the basis for performing any surgical interventions on the spine and as the norm for evaluation of its pathological changes.
7
Hanakita, Junya, Hidenori Miyake, Shinji Nagayasu, Shyogo Nishi, and Takanori Suzuki. "Angiographic Examination and Surgical Treatment of Bow Hunter's Stroke." Neurosurgery 23, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198808000-00018.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Anatomically, the vertebral artery courses through six foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae, passing through the groove on the surface of the arch of the atlas and then penetrating the dura mater. Because of this anatomical course, the vertebral arteries are often affected by head motion. Stenotic change of the vertebral artery can occur at the atlantoaxial level in head rotation. Such a special type of stroke was named “bow hunter's stroke” by Sorensen. We report three cases of bow hunter's stroke and discuss the angiographic examinations. As surgical treatment, we performed partial transversectomy of the atlas vertebra, with favorable results. The usefulness of this surgical procedure is discussed.
8
Gopal, Krishna, Anurag, and Jolly Agarwal. "Tubercles of transverse process of atlas with its developmental correlations." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20170162.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Atlas is the first cervical vertebra. The transverse process of atlas homologous with the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of a typical cervical vertebra. There is a controversy about the development of the tip of the transverse process of atlas vertebra.Methods: The 300 human dry atlas vertebra or 600 transverse processes were selected from the anthropology museum of department of anatomy, SRMS medical college Bareilly and SGRRIM &HS Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India. The age and sex of the vertebrae were not taken into consideration. The tip of the Transverse process of atlas vertebrae was examined for its variants like having anterior and posterior tubercles like the typical cervical vertebrae.Results: The anterior and posterior tubercles of the transverse process and the status of foramen transversarium were observed in 300 atlas vertebrae. In 1.33% of specimen the tips of the transverse process having bilateral anterior and posterior tubercles. In 0.83% of specimen transverse process having anterior and posterior tubercles on the left side and in 1% on the right side. The total percentages of transverse processes with anterior and posterior tubercles were found in 3.17% of specimens.Conclusions: In present observation the tip of the transverse process of atlas presenting the feature of a typical cervical vertebra (with Anterior and posterior tubercles) observed in 3.17% of specimen. This study may be helpful for the embryologist, neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons.
9
Lalit, Monika, Sanjay Piplani, Anterpreet K. Arora, Jagdey S. Kullar, and Tripta Sharma. "INCIDENCE OF ATLAS BRIDGES AND TUNNELS – THEIR PHYLOGENY, ONTOGENY AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. 26 Incidencia de los puentes y túneles del atlas – Su filogenia, ontogenia e implicancias clínicas." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v6.n1.14095.
Full textAbstract:
En la vértebra atlas, los puentes posteriores, los puentes laterales y los túneles postero-laterales son las protrusiones óseas que pueden causar presión externa en la arteria vertebral cuando pasa del foramen transverso de la vértebra cervical al foramen magnum del cráneo. Ejemplares que muestran dichas protrusiones fueron clasificadas según tengan puentes del atlas completos o incompletos que pueden predisponer a la insuficiencia vertebrobasilar y al síndrome cervicogénico especialmente durante los movimientos de cuello. El objetivo del estudio es saber la incidencia, ontogenia y filogenia de los puentes del atlas junto con las implicaciones clínicas. Este canal de la arteria vertebral del atlas y la morfología de los puentes fueron estudiados en un total de 60 (120 lados) vértebras atlas humanas completas y secas obtenidas de la colección de esqueletos del Departamento de Anatomía del Government Medical College de Amritsar en Punjab. La incidencia de la impresión de la arteria vertebral (44), la impresión profunda de la arteria vertebral (42) era 71,66%, el puente parcial fue 13,33% y el puente lateral parcial fue 3,33% en el lado derecho y 5% en lado izquierdo. También se observaron doce anillos completos y un túnel 1.66% postero-lateral. La ocurrencia de estos puentes óseos abrazando la arteria vertebral es de suma importancia clínica, pueden causar efecto de comprensión en la arteria vertebral durante la rotación extrema de la cabeza y movimientos de cuello manifestándose en mareos, desmayos, diplopía temporal, vértigo y desórdenes neurológicos. El conocimiento de esta variación es importante para médicos, otorrinolaringólogos, neurólogos y ortopedistas que en la práctica diaria están en contacto con estas enfermedades de la columna vertebral y sus consecuencias. In atlas vertebrae, the posterior bridges, lateral bridges and postero-lateral tunnels are the bony outgrowths which may cause external pressure on the vertebral artery when it passes from foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebra to foramen magnum of the skull. Specimens exhibiting such outgrowths were classified as having incomplete or complete atlas bridges that may predispose to vertebro-basilar insufficiency and cervicogenic syndrome especially in neck movements. The objective of the study is to know the incidence, ontogeny and phylogeny of atlas bridges along with its clinical implications. The groove of the vertebral artery of the atlas and the morphology of the bridges were studied in a total of 60 (120 sides) complete and dry human atlas vertebrae obtained from the skeletal collection of Department of Anatomy,GovernmentMedicalCollege,Amritsar,Punjab. The incidence of impression of vertebral artery (44), deep impression of vertebral artery (42) was 71.66%, Partial ponticuli were 13.33% and Partial lateral ponticuli were 3.33% on right side and 5% on left side. Twelve complete rings and one 1.66% postero-latetal tunnel was also observed. Occurrence of these bony bridges embracing the vertebral artery is of great clinical importance, may cause compression effect on the vertebral artery during extreme rotation of head and neck movements presenting with dizziness, fainting, transient diplopia, vertigo and neurological disturbances. The knowledge of this variation is important for physicians, otolaryngologists, neurologists and orthopaedicians who in every day practice are in contact with the diseases of spine and their consequences.
10
Al-Hashimi, Dr Hadeel Ali Hussein, and Dr Zina Zuhair Al-Azawi. "Association of the Morphology of the Atlas Vertebra with the Morphology of the Mandible." Mustansiria Dental Journal 5, no. 3 (January 25, 2018): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v5i3.536.
Full textAbstract:
Anatomy and growth of the cervical vertebrae attracted attention, since a number of authors proposed developmental association between different variables indicative of cervical vertebral anatomy and dentofacial build. This study aims to verify the morphology of the atlas vertebra and its relationship with the morphology of the mandible. A total of (41) true lateral radiographs (22 females and 19 males) for subjects with an age range of 18-26 years old were selected and subjected to cephalometric analysis.The results show that all the measurements are higher in males than in females except that for the gonial angle and there are a statistically significant differences in mean values of atlas ventral height, ramus length, ramus width and body length among the three groups of atlas a-p length (short, average, long) which increased as the atlas a-p length increased. While among the three groups of atlas dorsal height (low, average, high), there are statistically significant differences in the mean values of gonial angle which decreased as the atlas dorsal arch height increased. It is concluded that there is an association between atlas morphology and mandibular growth.
11
Al-Hashimi, Dr Hadeel Ali Hussein, and Dr Zina Zuhair Al-Azawi. "Association of the Morphology of the Atlas Vertebra with the Morphology of the Mandible." Mustansiria Dental Journal 5, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v5i2.527.
Full textAbstract:
Anatomy and growth of the cervical vertebrae attracted attention, since a number of authors proposed developmental association between different variables indicative of cervical vertebral anatomy and dentofacial build. This study aims to verify the morphology of the atlas vertebra and its relationship with the morphology of the mandible. A total of (41) true lateral radiographs (22 females and 19 males) for subjects with an age range of 18-26 years old were selected and subjected to cephalometric analysis.The results show that all the measurements are higher in males than in females except that for the gonial angle and there are a statistically significant differences in mean values of atlas ventral height, ramus length, ramus width and body length among the three groups of atlas a-p length (short, average, long) which increased as the atlas a-p length increased. While among the three groups of atlas dorsal height (low, average, high), there are statistically significant differences in the mean values of gonial angle which decreased as the atlas dorsal arch height increased. It is concluded that there is an association between atlas morphology and mandibular growth.
12
Munawar, Saira, Farhana Jafri, Ahmad Farzad Qureshi, Darab Fatima, and Aliya Zahid. "Posterior and lateral ponticles of atlas: An osteological study at Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore." Journal of Fatima Jinnah Medical University 14, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37018/nqov7890.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Among the cervical vertebrae, atlas is known to have many variations, posterior ponticle being the commonest. It may completely or incompletely covers the groove of vertebral artery leading to ischemia of posterior circulation. Therefore, vertebral artery is at greater risk of injury during neurological and spinal surgeries. Prevalence of posterior ponticles varies widely among different populations, for instance in Turkish population it was 10.8%, in American 22.1%, Kenyan 14.7%, Brazilian and Indian 16.7%. The prevalence of lateral ponticle in Kenyan population was reported to be 3.9% and in Indians it was 2%. However, the data regarding the prevalence of these ponticles is largely lacking in Pakistan. Therefore, this research was designed to determine the prevalence of posterior and lateral ponticle in atlas vertebrae of Pakistani population.
Materials and methods: A total of 47 human atlas vertebrae of unknown age and gender from bone bank of Department of Anatomy Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore were studied for the presence of complete and incomplete posterior and lateral ponticles. The bones studied were completely intact and did not have any pathology.
Results: Total incidence of ponticles was 38 % in this study, of which 36% were posterior ponticles and 2% were lateral ponticles. Bilateral incomplete posterior ponticles/were found in 8 (17%) atlas vertebrae whereas bilateral complete posterior ponticles/foramen arcuale were found in only 1 (2%) atlas vertebrae. Unilateral incomplete posterior ponticle was identified on right side in 5 (11%) and left side in 2 (4%) atlas vertebrae. Unilateral complete posterior ponticle was found in only 1 (2%) atlas on the left side whereas no such finding was identified on right side in any vertebra. Unilateral complete lateral ponticle was found in only 1 (2%) atlas on the right side but not on left side. No bilateral complete lateral ponticle and incomplete unilateral or bilateral lateral ponticles were identified in this study.
Conclusion: Presence of posterior and lateral ponticles pose a risk of vertebrobasilar vascular insufficiency and may cause variety of symptoms. Vertebral artery may be at risk during neurosurgical procedures when having a foramen arculae and may give a false impression of much wider posterior arch of atlas. Knowing the prevalence of this can help neurosurgeons, general surgeons, radiologists, and chiropractors in management of the patients.
13
Predko-Maliszewska, Anna, Agnieszka Predko-Engel, and Maciej Goliński. "The Evaluation of Skeletal Age Based on Computer-Supported Methods in Comparison to the Atlas Method." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2013-0043.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article describes methods used in estimating skeletal age based both on the evaluation of skeletal maturation of the palm and the wrist (Greulich and Pyle’s atlas method) and the Cervical Vertebral Maturation method (CVM). The method of evaluating the skeletal age based on the measurement of cervical vertebrae with equations introduced by A. Machorowska-Pieniążek is also mentioned. The article shows results obtained by computer analysis of the age of cervical vertebrae compared to the results gained from the implemented equations provided by A. Machorowska-Pieniążek and the results obtained from the atlas method.
14
Guenkel, Sebastian, Sladjana Schlaepfer, Sonja Gordic, Guido A. Wanner, Hans-Peter Simmen, and Clément M. L. Werner. "Incidence and Variants of Posterior Arch Defects of the Atlas Vertebra." Radiology Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/957280.
Full textAbstract:
In order to describe the incidence and existing variants of congenital anomalies of the atlas vertebrae in a Caucasian population, we examined 1069 CT scans of the upper cervical spine. We found 41 cases with altered atlas vertebrae, representing 3.8% of all analyzed patients. With 83% of all found anomalies, the predominant type is characterized by a small dorsal cleft (3.2% of all patients). Rare varieties feature unilateral or bilateral dorsal arch defects, combined anterior and posterior clefts (0.2% of all patients) or total erratic atlas vertebra malformation (0.1% of all patients). Atlas arch defects are found nearly 4% at the time. Most anomalies affect the posterior arch, whereas the anterior arch or both are rarely affected. Totally irregular C1 vertebrae are extremely infrequent.
15
Hina, Mohtasham, Maria Tasleem, Ammara Rasheed, and Raafea Tafweez. "Morphometric study of vertebral artery groove in dry human cervical vertebra in Pakistani population." Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37939/jrmc.v25i3.1754.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Vertebral artery passes through vertebral artery groove present on the posterior arch of atlas; free movement of which is required during rotation of the neck. This artery can be compressed if the vertebral groove is converted into arcuate foramina due to the projection of bony ponticuli over the grove. This compression can cause vertebra-basilar insufficiency, headache, or neck-shoulder pain of unknown origin. Objective: This study aims to provide data regarding vertebral artery groove and its morphology to help surgeons and clinicians in the local Pakistani population as no data is available in this population. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty adult dry human atlas vertebrae were taken from the Anatomy museum of King Edward medical university. Quantitative and qualitative data were taken for analysis. Quantitative data include the distance of medial and lateral edges of vertebral artery groove from the midline of the posterior arch, the distance of the medial edge of foramen transversarium from the midline, the thickness of vertebral artery groove and its dimensions at medial and lateral entrance points. Qualitative data includes the type of bridging over the vertebral artery groove. Data were analyzed and the mean was taken.Results: Mean distance of the medial edge of vertebral artery groove from midline was found to be 13.32 ± 3.25 and 13.72 ± 2.82 mm on right and left sides respectively while the mean distance of the lateral edge of vertebral artery groove from midline was 22.31 ± 3.47 on the right side and 22.29 ± 2.98 on the left side. The mean of total thickness found was 3.84 ± 0.66 mm on right and 3.57 ± 1.14 mm on left. Morphology showed that 3.33% of the Pakistani population has complete arcuate foramina, 40% partial bridging, and 56.67% absent bridging. Conclusion: Findings of this study can be helpful for neurosurgeons during procedures requiring exposure of the posterior arch of the atlas so that damage to a vertebral artery can be prevented.
16
Ghosh, Buddhadeb, Akhtaruzzaman, and Md Naushad Alam Dilkash. "Arcuate Foramen: An Anatomical Variation in the Atlas Vertebrae." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 2 (June 5, 2022): 8342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.113.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Arcuate foramen is a variation in the posterior arch of atlas vertebrae. It is commonly called as Kimmerle’s anomaly, also known as Ponticulus Posticus. It is the product of the complete or incomplete ossification of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane over the vertebral artery groove resulting in the formation of arcuate foramen containing the vertebral artery and the posterior branch of the first cervical spinal nerve. Aims: The aim of the present study was to identify the percentage of incidence of arcuate foramen in the atlas and its clinical important. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Katihar Medical College, Katihar, India with 32 adult dried atlas vertebrae. Results: We found four (12.5%) atlas with arcuate foramen. One atlas having complete arcuate foramen and three having partial complete arcuate foramen. Conclusion: Awareness of this type of variation is very important for neurosurgeons and radiologist during their clinical practice. The presence of the arcuate foramen would also complicate screw placement during surgery. Clinical prescreening for signs of vertebrobasilar insufficiency is important for chiropractic and manual therapies. KEYWORDS: Atlas, Variation, Arcuate foramen, Vertebral artery, Atlantooccipital membrane.
17
Salokha, A. F., and O. Ya Borys. "Torticollis in a 7-year-old child: an alarming sign not to be turned away." Paediatric Surgery. Ukraine, no. 1(70) (March 29, 2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/ps.2021.70.94.
Full textAbstract:
Acquired torticollis is not a separate disease rather a warning sign of an underlying disorder. The etiology of torticollis in children is quite wide. Hematogenous osteomyelitis of the first cervical vertebra (the atlas) is an extremely rare and potentially dangerous pathology. The aim is to acquaint physicians of different specialties with an extremely rare condition – acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of the atlas. Case Report. A case of osteomyelitis of the first cervical vertebra in a 7-year-old boy is presented. An important sign of the disease is torticollis. Conclusions. Hematogenous osteomyelitis of the atlas is an extremely rare and potentially dangerous pathology. Regardless of its incidence, it must be considered when examining a child with acquired wryneck. All the ENT specialists must possess the knowledge of this disease, as they are most likely the first doctors to see such a child. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: torticollis, osteomyelitis of the atlas, C1 osteomyelitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, children.
18
Antón, Mauricio, Gema Siliceo, Juan Francisco Pastor, Jorge Morales, and Manuel J. Salesa. "The early evolution of the sabre-toothed felid killing bite: the significance of the cervical morphology of Machairodus aphanistus (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188, no. 1 (October 6, 2019): 319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz086.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The study of cervical anatomy in the Miocene machairodontine felid Machairodus aphanistus reveals the early stages of evolution of the sabre-toothed adaptations in the homotherin lineage. The cervical vertebrae of M. aphanistus show a surprising mosaic of features, combining a more primitive atlas than its derived relative Homotherium, with a set of elongated, caudal cervical vertebrae that display well-developed transverse processes with complex and strong muscle insertion areas. In spite of its primitive morphology, the atlas of M. aphanistus does show a slight caudal projection of the atlas wings, indicating an emphasis on vertical motions of the cranial portion of the neck and skull. The rest of the cervical vertebrae of M. aphanistus show clear adaptations for strength, flexibility and precise control of neck motions compatible with the canine shear-bite model and comparable to those of Homotherium. Such a powerful and flexible neck could provide additional stability to partly compensate for the risk of canine breakage created by the less specialized adaptations of the skull and cranial cervical vertebrae for the machairodontine bite.
19
Covantev, Serghei, Rasul Uzdenov, Kseniya Zabudskaya, and Olga Belic. "Posterior midline cleft of the atlas – a crucial anatomical variation in vertebral fractures." Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine 3, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53986/ibjm.2021.0045.
Full textAbstract:
The anatomy of the first vertebra, namely atlas, has significant clinical implications. Atlas is situated between the occipital bone and the second cervical vertebra (axis) and is one of the main points of head movement. Most congenital anomalies of the vertebra are diagnosed incidentally during imaging investigations and can be associated with cervical spine anomalies. The neurological symptoms may include weakness in the four limbs, acute neurologic deficits such as transient quadriparesis, paraparesis, Lhermitte's sign, chronic neck pain, and headache. This anomaly is also commonly seen in gonadal dysgenesis, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Arnold-Chiari malformations, and Turner and Down syndrome. Unlike other variations, which arise due to disturbances of ossification posterior midline clefts of the atlas, are different since they are a developmental failure of chondrogenesis. We therefore present an anatomical case and analysis of the literature about posterior arch clefts of atlas.
20
Alekhin, E. E., V. A. Lukyanchikov, I. S. Lvov, and S. Yu Roshchin. "Epidemiology and semiotics of the Kimmerle anomaly. Literature review." Vestnik nevrologii, psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery), no. 12 (December 20, 2022): 982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-01-2212-07.
Full textAbstract:
Кimmerle anomaly is a variant of the first cervical vertebra, which is an additional bone arch extending from the posterolateral part of the lateral mass of the atlas, above the groove of the vertebral artery to the posterior arch, as well as ossification of a part of the atlanto-occipital ligament. The calcified ligaments form a partial or complete bony arch, which is variously called " foramen arcuale», "ponticulus posticus» or «Kimmerle anomaly». The analysis of domestic and foreign literature sources showed that at present the incidence and clinical manifestations in patients with Kimmerle anomaly have not been sufficiently studied and require further study.
21
SHAHIN, KARIMA A., and R. T. BERG. "GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-038.
Full textAbstract:
Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls, serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight, were used to determine the influence of 'double muscling' and maturity type on bone growth patterns and distribution. Relative to total side bone (TSB), breed types tended to have similar growth coefficients for all bones or bone groups except the vertebral column where HE tended to have a higher growth coefficient than either SY or DM. As TSB increased the proportion of bone in scapula, costae, vertebrae lumbales and os coxae increased (b > 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of bone in humerus, radius et ulna, tibia, carpus and atlas decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05) and the proportion of bones in vertebrae cervicales with atlas, vertebrae thoracicae, sternum and femur remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05). The appendicular skeleton followed an increasing disto-proximal growth gradient, whereas the vertebrae followed an increasing cranio-caudal gradient. Compared with the more normal breed types, adjusted to the same TSB, DM had proportionately less bone weight in the proximal hindlimb and total long bones, but they had proportionately more bone weight in costae and sternum. The hypodevelopment of bones in the muscular hypertrophied animals followed a disto-proximal gradient which was most pronounced in the proximal pelvic limb. Key words: Cattle, bone growth, bone distribution, double muscling
22
Sarto, Cibely G., Maria Cristina F. N. S. Hage, Luciana D. Guimarães, Robson F. Giglio, Andréa P. B. Borges, and Luiz C. Vulcano. "The role of B-mode ultrasonography in the musculoskeletal anatomical evaluation of the cervical region of the dog spine." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 1 (January 2014): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014000100015.
Full textAbstract:
This study characterized the normal musculoskeletal anatomy of the cervical segment of the spine of dogs by means of B-mode ultrasonography. The objective was to establish the role of B-mode ultrasonography for the anatomical evaluation of the cervical spine segment in dogs, by comparing the ultrasonographic findings with images by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The ultrasound examination, in transverse and median sagittal sections, allowed to identify a part of the epaxial cervical musculature, the bone surface of the cervical vertebrae and parts of the spinal cord through restricted areas with natural acoustic windows, such as between the atlanto-occipital joint, axis and atlas, and axis and the third cervical vertebra. The images, on transverse and sagittal planes, by low-field magnetic resonance imaging, were superior for the anatomical identification of the structures, due to higher contrast between the different tissues in this modality. Computed tomography showed superiority for bone detailing when compared with ultrasonography. As for magnetic resonance imaging, in addition to the muscles and cervical vertebrae, it is possible to identify the cerebrospinal fluid and differentiate between the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs. Although not the scope of this study, with knowledge of the ultrasonographic anatomy of this region, it is believed that some lesions can be identified, yet in a limited manner, when compared with the information obtained mainly with magnetic resonance imaging. The ultrasound examination presented lower morphology diagnostic value compared with the other modalities.
23
Condie, B. G., and M. R. Capecchi. "Mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of Hoxd-3 (Hox-4.1) exhibit anterior transformations of the first and second cervical vertebrae, the atlas and the axis." Development 119, no. 3 (November 1, 1993): 579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.119.3.579.
Full textAbstract:
Gene targeting in embryo-derived stem (ES) cells was used to generate mice with a disruption in the homeobox-containing gene Hoxd-3 (Hox-4.1). Mice homozygous for this mutation show a radically remodeled craniocervical joint. The anterior arch of the atlas is transformed to an extension of the basioccipital bone of the skull. The lateral masses of the atlas also assume a morphology more closely resembling the exoccipitals and, to a variable extent, fuse with the exoccipitals. Formation of the second cervical vertebra, the axis, is also affected. The dens and the superior facets are deleted, and the axis shows ‘atlas-like’ characteristics. An unexpected observation is that different parts of the same vertebra are differentially affected by the loss of Hoxd-3 function. Some parts are deleted, others are homeotically transformed to more anterior structures. These observations suggest that one role of Hox genes may be to differentially control the proliferation rates of the mesenchymal condensations that give rise to the vertebral cartilages. Within the mouse Hox complex, paralogous genes not only encode very similar proteins but also often exhibit very similar expression patterns. Therefore, it has been postulated that paralogous Hox genes would perform similar roles. Surprisingly, however, no tissues or structures are affected in common by mutations in the two paralogous genes, Hoxa-3 and Hoxd-3.
24
Piplani, Sanjay, and JS Kullar. "Occipitalization of Atlas: A Case Report with its Ontogenic Basis and Review of Literature." AMEI's Current Trends in Diagnosis & Treatment 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10055-0007.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Introduction Anatomy of the cervical vertebrae allows free flexion, extension, and rotation, which take place almost entirely in the first two cervical vertebrae. Variation in the articulation of upper cervical spine-like congenital fusion of the atlas to the base of the occiput, i.e., occipitalization of the atlas, is one of the common skeletal abnormalities. Such variations will produce irregular motion and at times a definite instability of the joint involved. Conclusion Considering the nature and functional importance of the joints in relation to these bones, the resulting disability is one of the rare occurrences and deserves special attention. Such patients exhibit neurological signs and symptoms usually no sooner than the second decade. Thus, anatomy, variations, and anomalies of the craniocervical junction are of high clinical importance to many specialties like anatomists, neurosurgeons, radiologists, and manipulative therapists, as they markedly influence mobility and stability of the cervical region. How to cite this article Lalit M, Piplani S, Mahajan A, Kullar JS. Occipitalization of Atlas: A Case Report with its Ontogenic Basis and Review of Literature. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):34-37.
25
Hadley, Mark N., Curtis A. Dickman, Carol M. Browner, and Volker K. H. Sonntag. "Acute Traumatic Atlas Fractures: Management and Long Term Outcome." Neurosurgery 23, no. 1 (June 1, 1988): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198807000-00007.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Fractures of the 1st cervical vertebra (C1) represent 7% of all acute cervical spine fractures. Isolated atlas fractures are most commonly bilateral or multiple fractures through the ring of C1. Frequently (44% of cases), the atlas will be fractured in combination with the axis. Treatment of isolated C1 fractures should be governed by the rules of Spence. The treatment of combination C1-C2 fractures is dictated by the type and severity of the C2 fracture. Experience with 57 cases of acute atlas fractures is reviewed. Nonoperative external immobilization was used in 53 patients (with 1 failure), and early surgical wiring and fusion were performed in 4 patients. The long term outcome from an atlas fracture is good (median follow-up, 40 months).
26
Turk, Gamze, Ismail M. Kabakus, and Erhan Akpinar. "Fracture of the Atlas through a Synchondrosis of Anterior Arch." Case Reports in Radiology 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/934135.
Full textAbstract:
Cervical fractures are rare in paediatric population. In younger children, cervical fractures usually occur above the level of C4; whereas in older population, fractures or dislocations more commonly involve the lower cervical spine. Greater elasticity of intervertebral ligaments and also the spinal vertebrae explains why cervical fractures in paediatric ages are rare. The injury usually results from a symmetric or asymmetric axial loading. In paediatric cases, most fractures occur through the synchondroses which are the weakest links of the atlas. The prognosis depends on the severity of the spinal cord injury. In this case, we presented an anterior fracture in synchondrosis of atlas after falling on head treated with cervical collar. There was no neurologic deficit for the following 2 years.
27
Kadam, Rahul, Vishal Bauva, Krutarth Shah, and Sunil Yadav. "Atlanto-axial subluxation with cervical myelopathy operated with occipital C2 fusion: A case report." Journal of Medical Research and Innovation 1, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/jmri.3.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Atlantoaxial subluxation with cervical myelopathy is a rare condition that can occur mainly by trauma followed by Rheumatoid arthritis, Grisel syndrome, Down’s syndrome and various other metabolic disorders. It is characterized by excessive movement of atlas (C1) over axis (C2) either by bony or ligamentous abnormality. Due to its laxity the spinal cord may get damaged and cause neurologic symptoms. Reduction and fixation is needed for such instability.
Case Report: This 55-year-old gentleman was apparently all right 4 years back when he gradually developed difficulty in walking and imbalance. Bilateral Babinski sign was positive, All deep tendon reflexes were brisk; muscle tone was increased with clasp-knife spasticity present in all four limbs. Ankle and patellar clonus was present bilaterally. His X-ray cervical spine showed C1-C2 subluxation in flexion and extension views. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of Cranio-vertebral junction. Mild subluxation of atlantoaxial joint (3.1 mm) with posterior displacement of dens causing narrowing of bony cervical spinal canal with reduced distance between posterior aspect of dens of C2 and anterior aspect of posterior arch of C1 vertebrae was noticed. Atlas was also slightly displaced anteriorly in relation to baso-occiput. We managed this patient with occipital cervical fusion after reduction from a posterior approach using screws and rods construct and fusion with bone graft from iliac crest. Post operatively the patient was able to walk without any support and tone of the muscles in lower limb decreased, no tingling or numbness are present, no signs of local infection or inflammation.
Conclusion: We suggest to operate atlanto-axial subluxation and cervical myelopathy with occipital C2 fusion.
28
Fang, Tsun-Hung, Meng-Ta Chiang, Ming-Chun Hsieh, Ling-Yu Kung, and Kuo-Chou Chiu. "Effects of unilateral posterior missing-teeth on the temporomandibular joint and the alignment of cervical atlas." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0242717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242717.
Full textAbstract:
Cervical atlas alignment changes are associated with craniofacial development. Disturbance of craniofacial development may be associated with temporal mandibular joint function. Therefore, we examined the possibility of a correlation between unilateral missing teeth and morphologic changes of the spine and posture. We collected eighty-nine patients (38 men and 51 women) with unilateral posterior missing teeth and twenty patients without previous orthodontic treatment or missing posterior teeth by tracing and analyzing their panoramic and cephalometric film. We measured the angulations of articular eminence, cranio-cervical angle, and the percentage of the occlusal plane passing through the first and second cervical vertebrae with other morphologic geometric data. The angle of articular eminence inclination was higher in the non-missing teeth group than the missing teeth group (46.66° and 42.28°, respectively). The cranio-cervical angle was smaller in the missing posterior teeth group than the non-missing posterior teeth group (99.81° and 103.27°, respectively). The missing teeth group also showed fewer occlusal planes passing through the intersection of the first and second cervical vertebrae compared to the non-missing teeth group (28.9% and 65%, respectively). Individuals with unilateral missing teeth had lower articular eminence inclination, smaller cranio-cervical angle, and a lower percentage of the occlusal plane passing through the intersection of the first and second cervical vertebrae.
29
Alashkham, Abduelmenem, and Roger Soames. "BILATERAL FORAMINA ON THE POSTERIOR ARCH OF THE ATLAS. Foramina bilateral en el arco posterior del atlas." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 6, no. 2 (March 28, 2016): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v6.n2.14130.
Full textAbstract:
Durante la disección de la región cervical de diez cadáveres (5 varones y 5 mujeres, con edad media de 81,66 años) de una población de Escocia, se observaron dos especímenes con canales bilaterales de las arterias vertebrales y otro ejemplar con un canal vertebral unilateral en el arco posterior del atlas (C1). En estas muestras, se observó que la tercera parte de las arterias vertebrales pasan a través del foramen accesorio ubicado en el arco posterior del atlas. Anomalías del atlas y la arteria vertebral no son comúnmente reportadas en la literatura; sin embargo, son importantes debido a su importancia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento clínico. Forámenes bilate-rales en el arco posterior de C1 no se han informado anteriormente en una población escocesa. Para los neurocirujanos y radiólogos la presencia de este rasgo no métrico es importante a la hora de realizar operaciones o en la interpretación de esta zona de la anatomía. During dissection of the cervical region of ten cadavers (5 males, 5 females: mean age 81.66 years) from a Scottish population, two specimens were observed to have bilateral vertebral artery canals and a further specimen had a unilateral vertebral canal on the posterior arch of the atlas (C1): in these specimens the third part of the vertebral artery passed through the accessory foramen. Anomalies of the atlas and vertebral artery are not commonly reported in the literature; however they are important due to their significance in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Bilateral foramina in the posterior arch of C1 have not been previously reported in a Scottish population. The presence of this non-metric trait is important for neurosurgeons and radiologists who may be operating on or interpreting this area of anatomy.
30
Kundu, Gopen Kumar, ABM Mukib, Krishna Mohon Poddar, Laila Arjeuman, and Shaheen Akhter. "Os Odontoideum (OO): A Rare Cause of Cervical Myelopathy- Reports of two cases." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 44, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v44i2.51138.
Full textAbstract:
Os odontoideum (OO) is a rare condition defined radiographically as an oval or round-shaped ossicle of variable size with smooth circumferential cortical margins representing the odontoid process that has no continuity with the body of second cervical vertebra (C2). Since the upper cervical spinal region is complex from anatomical point of view and has many vital structures passing in close relation to each other it is important to review this topic. If a person suffers from hyper mobile dens due to insuffiency of its ligamentous complex, it may cause translation of the atlas on the axis and may compress the cervical cord or vertebral arteries. However, patients with this condition may be asymptomatic or may be symptomatic of a variety of neurological deficits and vascular dysfunctions. There are cases where patients suffering from Os odontoideum became quadriplegic after a minor trauma. The treatment of both the asymptomatic and symptomatic characteristics of this condition has undergone changes over the past few decades. In our paper we present two cases who presented as spastic quadriplegia, then was diagnosed as Os odontoideum (OO) and treated.
Bangladesh J Child Health 2020; VOL 44 (2) :118-121
31
Olude, Matthew Ayokunle, Oluwaseun Ahmed Mustapha, Temitope Kehinde Ogunbunmi, and James Olukayode Olopade. "The Vertebral Column, Ribs, and Sternum of the African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianusWaterhouse)." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/973537.
Full textAbstract:
Examined bones were obtained from eight adult African giant rats,Cricetomys gambianusWaterhouse. Animals used had an average body mass of730.00±41.91 gm and body length of67.20±0.05 cm. The vertebral formula was found to be C7, T13, L6, S4, Ca31–36. The lowest and highest points of the cervicothoracic curvature were at C5and T2, respectively. The spinous process of the axis was the largest in the cervical group while others were sharp and pointed. The greatest diameter of the vertebral canal was at the atlas (0.8 cm) and the lowest at the caudal sacral bones (2 mm). The diameter of the vertebral foramen was the largest at C1and the smallest at the S4; the foramina were negligibly indistinct caudal to the sacral vertebrae. There were 13 pairs of ribs. The first seven pairs were sternal, and six pairs were asternal of which the last 2-3 pairs were floating ribs. The sternum was composed of deltoid-shaped manubrium sterni, four sternebrae, and a slender processus xiphoideus. No sex-related differences were observed. The vertebral column is adapted for strong muscular attachment and actions helping the rodent suited for speed, agility, dexterity, and strength which might enable it to overpower prey and escape predation.
32
Kim, J., M. Chae, and K. Eom. "Imaging findings for Atlanto-occipital assimilation with multiple cervical vertebral anomalies in a Beagle dog: A 2 year follow-up." Veterinární Medicína 65, No. 4 (April 24, 2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/84/2019-vetmed.
Full textAbstract:
A 3-year-old male Beagle dog was presented for a physical examination, which revealed a mild stiff neck that was affecting movement. The imaging modalities led to our diagnosis of an asymmetric fusion of the occipital condyle and atlas wing consistent with Atlanto-occipital assimilation (AOA). An incomplete ossification of the atlas and axis, dysplastic dens, and a blocked vertebra were also noted. During a two-year follow-up, the dog showed no other clinical signs or disease progression. To our knowledge, this is the first imaging description of AOA in veterinary medicine. We recommend a careful CT (computed tomography) and an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) evaluation in cases of neck pain and cervical myelopathy, and inclusion of AOA among the differential diagnoses, with the awareness that its clinical signs resemble those of other canine diseases.
33
Merrill, Sarah, Maziyar A. Kalani, Naresh P. Patel, Mark K. Lyons, and Matthew T. Neal. "Acute Spinal Cord Contusion in a Patient with Multiple Upper Cervical Fractures, Parkinson’s Disease, and Torticollis: Surgical Management." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2020 (September 11, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8897071.
Full textAbstract:
Case Report. Spine surgery in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves increased risk. We describe a case of cervical myelopathy in a patient with PD, multiple fractures involving the atlas and axis vertebrae, and spasmodic torticollis. The patient was successfully treated with an upper cervical decompression and occipital-cervical (OC) fusion surgery. Strategies for torticollis reduction and successful surgical outcome are discussed. Risks and benefits must be carefully weighed when considering occipital cervical fusion in PD patients. Conclusion. Intraoperative manual reduction of laterocollis is possible after general endotracheal anesthesia, and continuous neuromonitoring is established. Use of optimizing strategies such as perioperative botulinum injections and intraoperative O-arm navigation should be considered.
34
Fonteque, Joandes Henrique, Anderson Fernando De Souza, Thiago Rinaldi Muller, Ronaldo Paiva Moreno Gonçalves, Milena Carol Sbrussi Granella, Rubens Peres Mendes, and Jackson Schade. "Congenital Cervical Vertebral Malformation in Lambs." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (March 21, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86287.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The occurrence of congenital defects in the sheep is estimated to be between 0.2% and 2%. For congenital anatomical alterations, diagnostic imaging allows objective understanding and evaluation, and is a great aid in the formulation of clinical decisions. Most of these anomalies are diagnosed by radiography; but computed tomography (CT) can provide important additional information. In the current literature there are no descriptions of the use of radiography andCT for a more detailed evaluation of the anatomical structures in cases of congenital cervical malformations in lambs. The objective of this study is to report the clinical, radiographic and tomographic findings in two cases of congenital cervical vertebral malformation in lambs.Cases: Two lambs with cervical morphological alterations since birth were attended. A 4-month-old mixed-breed lamb, weighing 11 kg, with lateroventrocaudal deviation of the neck was observed to the right side, not yielding to the attempt of repositioning. The owner reported that these changes were identified since birth, leading to difficulties in suckling colostrum, necessitating artificial feeding. With the growth of the animal, worsening of the cervical deviation resulted in the impossibility of grazing. The radiographs of the cervical spine identified marked scoliosis, and the axis presented small dimensions and morphological changes with a slight loss of atlantoaxial articular relationship. Spondylopathies were detectedalong the cervical spine. Other lamb of the Lacaune breed, weighing 4.2 kg, was presented shortly after birth with changes in the shape and posture of the neck, difficult locomotion and in sternal decubitus. The owner reported that the lamb came from a twin eutocic birth, with the other lamb being apparently normal. The animal was unable to ingest the colostrum, in which the sheep was milked and colostrum was offered through a bottle. Lateroventrocaudal deviation of the neck to the left side did not yield to the repositioning attempt, the mandible also presented left lateral deviation. The radiographs of the cervical spine showed morphological changes in atlas, and it was not possible to delimit its wings; itwas also observed that the dorsal blade was parallel to the spinal process of the axis. The presence of a hypoattenuating linear left lateral image of the dorsal arch and a right ventro-lateral aspect of the atlas body was identified with slightly irregular and sclerotic margins, suggesting fracture lines. The body of the axis presented a conformational alteration withirregular contours and a large free fragment in the cranial aspect, suggestive of being the odontoid process, with rotation and deviation to the left in relation to the atlas. The right lateral cranial articular process of the third cervical vertebra (C3) presented a conformational change and important lateral rotation of the axis. Mild stenosis of the medullary canal was observed in the segment adjacent to C3. The euthanasia was recommended.Discussion: Congenital cervical malformations in sheep are rare in the literature and may lead to serious decrease in the quality of life of the animals. Computed tomography was superior to radiography in morphological evaluation in cases of congenital cervical malformations in sheep. However, both diagnostic methods were important to establish the best clinical behavior. The etiology of most congenital malformations is unknown, simply because of the complexity of the mechanismsthat lead to the formation of an abnormality. The isolated episodes of this anomaly, in the herd without previous alterations, suggest a non-infectious cause, probably similar among the cases, but not established. The information presented can be used to validate clinical reasoning in future cases similar to those described, where imaging features are not available.Keywords: anomalies, fetus, radiography, computed tomography.
35
Iov, Tatiana, Diana Bulgaru-Iliescu, Simona Damian, A. Knieling, Mădălina Maria Diac, D. Tabian, and Sofia David. "Medico-Legal Implications of C1 Vertebral Fractures. Case Report." Romanian Neurosurgery 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/romneu-2018-0051.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction: The upper C1-C2 column is the subject of several erroneous diagnostics. The most common mechanisms of injuries include fall from high-impact skulls, car accidents, etc. Vertebra C1 can also be injured by mild trauma. The Japanese show that atlas fractures occur in about 2-13% of the cervical spine fractures and about 1.3% of the total spinal cord injuries. It is underlined that CT examination is the most useful diagnostic method. The Czechs show that the atlas lesions appear in 1-2% of the cervical spine lesions. Americans reported fracture of the atlas in 7% of the cervical spine fractures. Even if CT has shown its value, lateral radiography is recommended in C1-C2 fractures. When victims are children or people injured in high-speed car crashes, the reported mechanisms were the fall from a high level and the impact on the tip of the flexed skull. The Italians mention that the C1-C2 area is the most exposed diagnostic area with errors. Material and methods: given the difficulty of establishing a diagnosis of C1 type fractures, we present in this paper such a case. We highlight the value of a CT scan. The victim is a 26-year-old woman with a trauma from the wall. The main issue in this case is that the diagnosis made by the radiologist seems to be wrong, the electronic and imprinted copies are of inferior quality. A second opinion revealed a very fine fracture that seemed to come from an older date than the date when the victim claimed she was assaulted. The better the lesions, the more misleading the interpretations. Any imaginary imaging lesion, especially if it is obvious in electronic reconstructions, must be brought to the attention of the physician if they are taken into account by "image". The axial CT sections may omit some lesions under certain conditions, for example at the upper and lower poles of a spherical, ovoid or cubic structure, such as the atlas lateral mass. Conclusions: the diagnostic solution in this case is the reconstruction of the axial sections in several planes. The crack can be highlighted, in the case of a reconstructed image, only after stacking the axial images. The mechanism could be through sudden compression, during a sudden head movement, uninitiated and uncontrolled by the neck muscles, when a movement occurs over the degree of elasticity of the occiput-atlas joint, the occipital condyles compressing abruptly, unilaterally one of the atlas masses. In such clinical cases, we experience pain, muscle contraction and torticollis, on a normal neurological background.
36
Wan, Zongmiao, Timur B. Minasov, Ekaterina R. Yakupova, Akop O. Ginoyan, and Radmir A. Saubanov. "Transpharyngeal closed reduction displacement of the first cervical vertebra in children." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care 12, no. 1 (April 12, 2022): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/psaic576.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Currently, the treatment of children with atlantoaxial rotational block has no standard protocol. The proposed conservative methods are difficult and require long-term hospitalization, whereas surgical treatment is associated with a risk of complications.
AIM: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the transpharyngeal closed reduction method for first cervical vertebral displacement in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study presents the analysis results of clinical cases of 46 children with atlantoaxial rotational fixation with types III subluxations by Fielding and Hawkins the CI transpharyngeal closed reduction method. The average age of the patients was 4.5 2.6 years. The time of admission of patients after the disease onset varied from 1 to 30 days. The reduction technique consisted of the following elements: 1. A bracket is installed for traction behind the skull along the axis; 2. The surgeon pulls the bracket along the axis, while using the index finger of the other hand in the oropharynx fixes the anterior arch of the atlas, creating a fulcrum; 3. Rotational displacement of the atlas is eliminated by rotational movements with simultaneous traction along the axis; and 4. The anatomical position of the atlas and axis is controlled by an X-ray image intensifier.
RESULTS: Only in one case of recurrent dislocation was noted after 4 days. The efficiency of primary reduction was 97.8%. Pain syndrome on the visual analog scale was reduced by 62.3%. Neurological deficit recurrence was not noted. The average bed-day was 2.5 1.3 days.
CONCLUSION: Transpharyngeal closed reduction method for first cervical vertebral displacement in children of the younger age group is effective for atlantoaxial rotational fixation treatment in early admitted patients, which determines the prospects for its wider application in the practice of specialized hospitals.
37
Fernandes, Rodrigo Mota Pacheco, Lucas Alves Sarmento Pires, Jorge Henrique Martins Manaia, Rafael Cisne de Paula, and Marcio Antonio Babinski. "AGENESIS OF THE POSTERIOR ARCH OF THE ATLAS: AN INCIDENTAL FINDING IN A POLYTRAUMATIZED PATIENT." Coluna/Columna 18, no. 1 (March 2019): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-185120191801187278.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The first cervical vertebra is subject to numerous anatomical variations. One of these is posterior arch agenesis, which is classified into five distinct morphological types. Together, all types of posterior arch agenesis comprise only 4% of atlas variations. Furthermore, complete agenesis of the posterior arch associated with the presence of the posterior tubercle is rare. This work reports a case of posterior arch agenesis with the presence of the posterior tubercle in a 33 year-old male victim of a motor vehicle collision. Despite being asymptomatic, this anatomical variation can present with headaches and neck pain. It is mostly found as an incidental finding in imaging studies performed by the emergency team and, as a result, it is often misdiagnosed as a C1 fracture. Knowledge of the variations relating to the first cervical vertebra is therefore essential to avoid delays in diagnosis and treatment of polytraumatized patients. Level of evidence V; Case report.
38
Teo, E. C., and H. W. Ng. "First cervical vertebra (atlas) fracture mechanism studies using finite element method." Journal of Biomechanics 34, no. 1 (January 2001): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00169-x.
Full text
39
Satoh, Shuji, Nobutaka Yamamoto, Yoshinobu Kitagawa, Tsutomu Umemori, Takashi Sasaki, and Takaaki Iida. "Cervical cord compression by the anomalous vertebral artery presenting with neuralgic pain." Journal of Neurosurgery 79, no. 2 (August 1993): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1993.79.2.0283.
Full textAbstract:
✓ The authors report the case of a 59-year-old woman with progressive neck and arm pain that initially appeared in the neck and later extended to the shoulder and upper extremity. This pain was caused by compression of the cervical cord between the atlas and axis by the vertebral artery, and disappeared promptly following microvascular decompression.
40
Rana, PVS, Mohit P. Shetti, and Lekhjung Thapa. "Cervical Myelopathy due to Congenital Atlanto-axial Dislocation." Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2005): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njn.v2i1.19998.
Full textAbstract:
Five cases of atlanto-axial dislocation (AAD) are reported with emphasis on their clinical presentation and literature is reviewed. The first patient had gross AAD and presented as progressive myelopathy. The second patient had AAD with occipitalization of atlas, Chiari malformation and syringomyelia where headache was the only presenting symptom. The third patient with AAD, had occipitalization of atlas and fusion of cervical second and third (C2- C3) vertebrae. She presented with peculiar sensation over forehead. Detection of pathologically brisk tendon reflexes in the lower limbs and extensor plantar response led to further investigation and diagnosis of the condition. The fourth patient had AAD and advanced spondylotic changes. His symptoms manifested after injury and then progressed gradually leading to quadriplegia. The fifth case presented with nuchal and occipital neuralgia, paresthesia in hands and brisk reflexes. X-ray cervical spine showed unfused, separate but fully developed odontoid process and AAD. All these patients represented congenital AAD. Nepal Journal of Neuroscience, Volume 2, Number 1, 2005, Page 71-76
41
Mańkowska-Pliszka, Hanna, Urszula Wieczorek, Jarosław Wysock, and Jacek Tomczyk. "Multiple anomalies in the atlanto-occipital joint (articulation atlanto-occipitalis)." Anthropological Review 76, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2013-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Contemporary populations exhibit numerous skeletal anatomical variations and the atlanto-occipital joint (articulation atlanto-occipitalis) is often the location of such variations. A female skeleton dated at 4000 BC and excavated at Meroe in the Sudan provides an example of numerous variations in the basilar skull and cervical vertebrae. These variations consist of the presence of a bilateral atlanto-occipital joint with a third trochanter, a unilateral arcuate atlas foramen and huge axial nutrient foramina.
42
Liao, Chun-Chih, Hsien-Wei Ting, and Furen Xiao. "Atlas-Free Cervical Spinal Cord Segmentation on Midsagittal T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8691505.
Full textAbstract:
An automatic atlas-free method for segmenting the cervical spinal cord on midsagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) is presented. Pertinent anatomical knowledge is transformed into constraints employed at different stages of the algorithm. After picking up the midsagittal image, the spinal cord is detected using expectation maximization and dynamic programming (DP). Using DP, the anterior and posterior edges of the spinal canal and the vertebral column are detected. The vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disks are then segmented using region growing. Then, the anterior and posterior edges of the spinal cord are detected using median filtering followed by DP. We applied this method to 79 noncontrast MRI studies over a 3-month period. The spinal cords were detected in all cases, and the vertebral bodies were successfully labeled in 67 (85%) of them. Our algorithm had very good performance. Compared to manual segmentation results, the Jaccard indices ranged from 0.937 to 1, with a mean of 0.980 ± 0.014. The Hausdorff distances between the automatically detected and manually delineated anterior and posterior spinal cord edges were both 1.0 ± 0.5 mm. Used alone or in combination, our method lays a foundation for computer-aided diagnosis of spinal diseases, particularly cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
43
Vetrila, S. T., S. V. Kolesov, and N. S. Gavryushenko. "Residual stability of the craniovertebral segment in its various injuries." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 9, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto97085.
Full textAbstract:
Residual stability of craniovertebral segment in the most common injuries (odontoid process fractures, ring fractures of C2, Atlas fractures, etc.) was sudied in experiment. The study was performed in 7 cadaveral craniovertebral blocks. The range of movement before and after injuires modelling, the estimation of force that caused the vertebrae displacement using special loading test device were detected. It was shown that in any injury without vertebrae dislocation craniovertebral segment possessed the residual stability. The minor stability was noted in odontoid prosess fractures of II and III types and butchersfractures, the major stability was in the intervertebral disc injuries of C2-C3 and occipital condyle fractures. On the base of experimental and clinical data the conclusion was done that fixation of cervical spine using head support with frontal fixative or halo apparatus were indicated for cranivertebral segement injuries without vertebrae dislocation. In dislocation of vertebrae it was necessary to reduce the dislocation and open surgical intervention for stabilization.
44
Hawthorne, JC, WE Blevins, LJ Wallace, N. Glickman, and DJ Waters. "Cervical vertebral fractures in 56 dogs: a retrospective study." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, no. 2 (March 1, 1999): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-2-135.
Full textAbstract:
The clinicopathological features of cervical fractures in 56 dogs were reviewed. "Hit by car" (HBC) was the most common inciting cause, and the axis and atlas were the vertebrae most frequently affected. Surgical treatment was associated with high (36%) perioperative mortality. However, all dogs that survived the perioperative period achieved functional recovery. Functional recovery was achieved in 25 (89%) of 28 nonsurgically treated dogs with adequate follow-up. Overall, severity of neurological deficits (nonambulatory status) and prolonged interval (five days or longer) from trauma to referral were associated with poorer outcome. Nonsurgical treatment is a viable therapeutic approach for many dogs with cervical fractures. Early neck immobilization and prompt referral are recommended, because delay in referral decreases the likelihood of functional recovery.
45
Herrerín, Jesús, Enrique Dorado, Francesco M. Galassi, Elena Varotto, and Rosa Dinarès Solà. "Klippel-Feil Syndrome: morphological findings in a 19th-century musealized skull from Viana del Bollo (Orense, Spain)." Anthropological Review 85, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.85.2.03.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to show the cranial alterations that Klippel-Feil syndrome produced in a case older than 200 years. Few paleopathological case studies diagnosed as Klippel-Feil Syndrome are focused on cranial abnormalities. A skull numbered 778, belonging to the Federico Olóriz Aguilera collection (Spain, 19th century AD), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, belonging to a young man born in a town in the North of Spain, was investigated. This cranium was visually inspected, hence macroscopically and paleoradiologically studied, using the images obtained through conventional radiology and CT scan imaging. In addition to the vertebral fusion between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2), atlanto-occipital fusion, basilar impression, obliteration of the sagittal suture, enlarged parietal foramina and significant craniofacial asymmetry affecting maxillary bones, sphenoid, orbits, nasal bones and both palatines were observed. Morphological findings make it possible to diagnose a Klippel-Feil syndrome, possibly type-II, although the lack of the rest of the spinal column renders it impossible to verify other spinal anomalies. As a limitation, only the cranium and two cervical vertebrae were preserved, hence the possible involvement of the rest of the skeleton cannot be verified.
46
Meddeb, Mehdi, Hassen Makhlouf, Sofiene Bouali, Khalil Habboubi, and Mondher Mestiri. "Cervical Myelopathy Caused by a Split Atlas Anomaly: A Case Report." Case Reports in Orthopedic Research 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000516770.
Full textAbstract:
An 18-year-old male presented with a 6-month history of paresthesia of both arms and legs after a minor neck trauma. CT scan revealed a partial aplasia of the anterior and posterior arches of the C1 vertebra resulting in a split atlas. MRI showed an intramedullary high-signal area. We performed a posterior decompressive laminectomy and occipitocervical fusion. The bony defect into the posterior arch was replaced by a connective tissue cord, resulting in a compression of the dural sheath. The symptoms recovered completely 1 month after surgery. Knowledge of this rare malformation is crucial to the correct management of these cases.
47
Vetrile, S. T., and S. V. Kolesov. "Anomalies of development and dysplasia of the upper cervical spine (clinic, diagnosis and treatment)." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 4, no. 1 (January 15, 1997): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto105861.
Full textAbstract:
As you know, the craniovertebral region - the place where the spine passes into the skull - includes the two upper cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis) and the basal part of the occipital bone. Between these bone formations, two joints (head joints) are formed. The lower joint of the head (atlantoaxial) provides rotational movements, while the upper joint (atlantooccipital) provides mainly flexion-extension [5]. Both joints are characterized by significant anatomical variations, congenital anatomical disorders are not uncommon, as well as injuries and osteoarticular diseases [3, 10].
48
Takeuchi, Mikinobu, Norimitsu Wakao, Mitsuhiro Kamiya, Aichi Niwa, Koji Osuka, and Masakazu Takayasu. "Upper cervical cord compression due to a C-1 posterior arch in a patient with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and a kyphotic cervical spine in the protruded-head position." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 19, no. 4 (October 2013): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.7.spine13229.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper the authors report the case of a patient with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) below the axial vertebra (C-2) at the kyphotic cervical spine, with an atlas vertebra (C-1) posterior arch that compressed the spinal cord with the head in a pathognomonic position, similar to a protruded position. This condition appears to be very rare. The morphological findings between the kyphotic cervical spine and OPLL, the upper occipitocervical junction, and the protruded-head position are discussed. A 40-year-old man presented with severe pain radiating to both legs when he yawned, sneezed, or extended his jaw (a protruded-head position). A kyphotic cervical spine with OPLL below C-2 was observed using CT and radiography, yet sagittal T2-weighted MRI failed to identify abnormal findings in a neutral or extension position, except for a slight cervical canal stenosis. However, in a pathognomonic protruded-head position, sagittal T2-weighted MRI showed a C-1 posterior arch that severely compressed the spinal cord at the upper cervical level. Therefore, the authors believe that the severe pain radiating to both legs was caused by a spinal canal stenosis due to a C-1 posterior arch impingement. The C-1 posterior arch was resected, and after the surgery, the patient indicated that the intolerable pain had disappeared. In conclusion, in patients with OPLL and a kyphotic cervical spine, the authors propose that the pathognomonic protruded position is valuable for estimating disrupted compensatory mechanisms at the upper cervical junction.
49
Marx, Miguel P., Octávio Mateus, Michael J. Polcyn, Anne S. Schulp, A. Olímpio Gonçalves, and Louis L. Jacobs. "The cranial anatomy and relationships of Cardiocorax mukulu (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from Bentiaba, Angola." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): e0255773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255773.
Full textAbstract:
We report a new specimen of the plesiosaur Cardiocorax mukulu that includes the most complete plesiosaur skull from sub-Saharan Africa. The well-preserved three-dimensional nature of the skull offers rare insight into the cranial anatomy of elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. The new specimen of Cardiocorax mukulu was recovered from Bentiaba, Namibe Province in Angola, approximately three meters above the holotype. The new specimen also includes an atlas-axis complex, seventeen postaxial cervical vertebrae, partial ribs, a femur, and limb elements. It is identified as Cardiocorax mukulu based on an apomorphy shared with the holotype where the cervical neural spine is approximately as long anteroposteriorly as the centrum and exhibits a sinusoidal anterior margin. The new specimen is nearly identical to the holotype and previously referred material in all other aspects. Cardiocorax mukulu is returned in an early-branching or intermediate position in Elasmosauridae in four out of the six of our phylogenetic analyses. Cardiocorax mukulu lacks the elongated cervical vertebrae that is characteristic of the extremely long-necked elasmosaurines, and the broad skull with and a high number of maxillary teeth (28–40) which is characteristic of Aristonectinae. Currently, the most parsimonious explanation concerning elasmosaurid evolutionary relationships, is that Cardiocorax mukulu represents an older lineage of elasmosaurids in the Maastrichtian.
50
Jacobs, Leonie, Dianna V. Bourassa, Caitlin E. Harris, and R. Jeff Buhr. "Euthanasia: Manual Versus Mechanical Cervical Dislocation for Broilers." Animals 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9020047.
Full textAbstract:
The aim was to assess the onset of brain stem death for two euthanasia methods—manual cervical dislocation (CD) versus the Koechner Euthanizing Device (KED). Over three days broilers of 36 (n = 60), 42 (n = 80), or 43 days old (n = 60) were euthanized. On days 2 and 3, a treatment was added in which the bird’s head was extended at a ~90˚ angle after application of the KED (KED+). On those days, gap size was recorded between the skull and atlas vertebra by 1-cm increments. The onset of brain death was assessed by recording the nictitating membrane reflex, gasping reflex and musculoskeletal movements (sec). Additionally, skin damage and blood loss were recorded (y/n). On all days, CD resulted in quicker loss of reflexes and movements compared to KED or KED+. Reflexes returned in 0–15% of CD birds, 50–55% of KED birds, and 40–60% of KED+ birds, possibly regaining consciousness. Skin damage occurred in 0% of CD birds, 68–95% of KED birds, and 85– 95% of KED+ birds. On day 2 (p = 0.065) and 3 (p = 0.008), KED birds had or tended to have a narrower skull-to-atlas gap compared to CD and KED+ birds. Based on our results, CD would be the recommended method for broilers.