Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Atmosphère – Observations par sodar'
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Aligné, Thomas. "Assimilation variationnelle des observations de sondeurs infrarouges hyperspectraux : correction de biais et la détection nuageuse." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30038.
Full textPangaud, Thomas. "Assimilation des radiances des sondeurs infrarouges hyperspectraux en condition nuageuse : application à des cyclogénèses extratropicales." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/772/.
Full textThe main goal of this PhD work is to propose an approach to deal with high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders in cloudy conditions. Untill now, these observations were rejected by the data assimilation system due to the complex nature of clouds and to their non-linear processes evolving into spatiotemporal scales lower than those of the model. The emergence of variational techniques as well as improvements achieved in terms of cloud modelisation and radiative transfer revived the interests of the scientific community for the assimilation of cloudy radiances. Indeed most measurements from high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders, and in particular, in atmospheric sensitive regions, are contaminated by clouds. The approach proposed here to deal with cloudy radiances is based on the combined information from the cloud detection algorithm developped by the ECMWF and the CO2-Slicing cloud characterization algorithm. To be efficient, this scheme thus needs a good correspondance in terms of cloud detection between these two algorithms. The fist part of this study demonstrates that these two algorithms are able to detect clouds efficiently. The good correspondance in performances obtained from both algorithms justify their conjoint use to assimilate cloudy radiances. The assimilation scheme developped in this PhD work enables to increase the total amount of assimilated observations by more than 10% for AIRS and by more than 12% for IASI, additional observations are mainly located at mid to high latitudes. In addition, taking into account the cloud effect into the observation operator leads to model equivalents more consistent with true observations. Experiments performed with the AIRS sounder exhibit a positive but not significant impact on forecasts for the temperature, the humidity and the wind. The impact is significantly positive for the geopotential. Preliminary experiments performed with the IASI sounder exhibit a rather mitigated impact. Taking into account cloudy radiances from high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders improves the predictability of intense event for both study cases treated in this work (a mediterrean storm occuring on the 26th of september 2006 and an atlantic storm on the 24th of january 2009). The operational assimilation of this kind of data will certainly enable, among others, a better risk management et thus a more efficient hazard prevention
Boucher, Eulalie. "Designing Deep-Learning models for surface and atmospheric retrievals from the IASI infrared sounder." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS145.
Full textObserving the Earth is vital to comprehend and monitor the complex behaviour of our planet. Satellites, equipped with a number of sophisticated sensors, serve as a key platform for this, offering an opportunity to observe the Earth globally and continuously. Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been used in the remote sensing community for several decades to deal with the vast amount of data generated daily by Earth observation systems. The revolution brought about by novel Deep Learning (DL) techniques has however opened up new possibilities for the exploitation of satellite observations. This research aims to show that image-processing techniques such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), provided that they are well mastered, have the potential to improve the estimation of the Earth's atmospheric and surface parameters. By looking at the observations at the image scale rather than at the pixel scale, spatial dependencies can be taken into account. Such techniques will be used for the retrieval of surface and atmospheric temperatures, as well as cloud detection and classification from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations. IASI, onboard the polar orbiting satellites Metop, is a hyperspectral sounder gathering data across a broad range of infrared wavelengths that are suitable to identify atmospheric constituents for a range of atmospheric vertical levels, as well as surface parameters. In addition to improving the quality of the retrievals, such Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods are capable of dealing with images that contain missing data, better estimating extreme events (often overlooked by traditional ML techniques) and estimating retrieval uncertainties. This thesis shows why AI methods should be the preferred approach for the exploitation of observations coming from new satellite missions such as IASI-NG or MTG-S IRS
Escadafal, Richard. "Caracterisation de la surface des sols arides par observations de terrain et par teledetection." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066175.
Full textArtru, Juliette. "Observations au sol ou par satellite et modélisation des signaux ionosphériques post-sismiques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GLOB0006.
Full textSylvestre, Mélody. "Modélisation numérique de la dynamique atmosphérique de Saturne contrainte par les données Cassini-Huygens." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066446/document.
Full textSaturn's atmosphere undergoes important seasonal variations of insolation, due to its obliquity, its eccentricity and the shadow of its rings. In the stratosphere (from 20 hPa to 10-4 hPa), radiative and photochemical timescales are in the same order as Saturn's revolution period (29.5 ans). Hence, significative seasonal and meridional variations of temperature and photochemical by-products (especially C2H6, C2H2, and C3H8) are expected. Because of its duration (2004-2017), the Cassini mission is an unprecedented opportunity to monitor the seasonal evolution of Saturn's atmosphere. During my PhD, I analysed Cassini/CIRS limb observations as they probe the meridional and vertical structure of Saturn's stratosphere. Hence, I measured seasonal variations of temperature and abundances of C2H6, C2H2, and C3H8. I also contributed to the development of a radiative-convective model and a GCM (Global Climate Model) of Saturn's atmosphere. The predictions of these models are compared with the temperatures measured from CIRS observations, in order to study the radiative and dynamical processes which contribute to the seasonal evolution. Numerical simulations performed with the GCM also allowed me to study atmospheric waves propagation and the effects of rings shadowing in Saturn's atmosphere. Besides, comparison between C2H6, C2H2, and C3H8 distributions and photochemical models (Moses and Greathouse 2005, Hue et al., 2015) give insights on meridional transport
Marcq, Emmanuel. "Prélude à la mission Venus Express : étude de l'atmosphère par spectro-imagerie infrarouge." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00126105.
Full textLe début de la mission spatiale Venus Express, première mission spatiale dédiée à cette planète depuis la découverte de l'émission infrarouge nocturne, et notamment les données attendues du spectro-imageur VIRTIS ont donc motivé un travail préparatoire qui a fait l'objet de cette thèse. Grâce à l'acquisition de spectres obtenus avec le spectro-imageur SpeX à l'Infrared Telescope Facility d'Hawaii, nous avons disposé de données analogues à celles attendues de la part de l'instrument VIRTIS-H sur le plan de la résolution spectrale (R ~ 2000). Ces observations furent menées au cours de trois campagnes
lors des périodes de quadrature favorables à l'observation de Vénus, en février 2003, août 2004 et novembre 2005. Par la suite, grâce au modèle numérique de transfert radiatif développé par Bruno Bézard et simulant les spectres de l'émission nocturne de Vénus, nous avons développé des algorithmes permettant d'associer rapidement à un spectre donné divers paramètres atmosphériques compatibles avec les observations (abondances et gradients verticaux d'espèces minoritaires à une altitude donnée, rapport isotopique de la vapeur d'eau, opacité nuageuse inférieure).
Nous présentons ensuite les résultats obtenus, parmi lesquels la confirmation de l'enrichissement déjà soupçonné en monoxyde de carbone aux moyennes et hautes latitudes. Des variations anti-corrélées du sulfure de carbonyle ont également été détectées. Une variabilité associée des gradients verticaux de ces deux espèces a pu aussi être mesurée. Ces résultats ont en outre reçu une interprétation dynamique qualitative, basée sur la circulation verticale générale de l'atmosphère. De nouvelles contraintes plus précises concernant l'abondance globale en vapeur d'eau et son rapport isotopique ont également pu être dérivées.
Enfin, la dernière partie de ce mémoire porte sur l'analyse par des méthodes semblables des premières données issues de l'instrument VIRTIS, montrant ainsi l'applicabilité de nos méthodes et confirmant certains des résultats obtenus précédemment, ainsi que sur les perspectives futures, conciliant études spectroscopiques des composés mineurs et interprétation dynamique de leurs variations grâce aux modèles de circulation générale.
Bertrand, Tanguy. "Préparation et analyses des observations de l'atmosphère et des glaces de Pluton par la mission NASA New Horizons à l'aide de modèles numériques de climat." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066243/document.
Full textOn July 14, 2015, the New Horizons spacecraft flew by Pluto and revealed an active frozen world.These observations call upon modelling efforts to complete their analysis and understand the mechanisms at play on Pluto. For this purpose, we have developed two numerical models of Pluto’s climate: a 2D model dedicated to the study of Pluto’s surface and a 3D model of Pluto’s atmosphere. We analyse the annual and paleoclimatic volatile cycles. Our simulations reproduce the distribution of the volatile observed on Pluto’s surface and their abundance in the atmosphere. We show that the solar insolation on Pluto and the nature of its atmosphere favour the condensation of nitrogen in the Sputnik Planitia basin, as observed. We simulate the glacial activity of the Sputnik Planitia ice cap on a timescale of millions of years, as well as the formation of methane glaciers at the equator. Our results are in agreement with the observations. We then focus on Pluto’s atmosphere in 2015 with the full 3D model where we performed a comprehensive characterization of the atmosphere: wind regimes, cloud formation, temperatures etc. ...We demonstrate the sensitivity of the general circulation to the distribution of the nitrogen ice on the surface and show that Pluto’s atmosphere currently undergoes retrograde rotation, induced by the condensation-sublimation of nitrogen in Sputnik Planitia. We also show that several phenomena originate at the cold boundary layer observed deep in Sputnik Planitia. Finally, by reproducing the processes that lead to the formation of organic haze, we simulate haze transport in the atmosphere and explain the greater extension of the haze observed at the north pole
Vionnet, Vincent. "Études du transport de la neige par le vent en conditions alpines : observations et simulations à l'aide d'un modèle couplé atmosphère/manteau neigeux." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781279.
Full textCaldas, Anthony. "Étude des biais observationnels induits par le caractère tridimensionnel des atmosphères d’exoplanètes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0439/document.
Full textTransmission spectroscopy provides us with information on the atmospheric properties at the limb, which is often intuitively assumed to be a narrow annulus aound ther planet. Consequently, the few recent studies on the effect of atmospheric horizontal heterogeneities on transmission spectra have used approaches sensitive to variations along the limb only. Here we demonstrate that the region probed in transmission – the limb – actually extends significantly toward the day and night sides of the planet. Consequently we show that thestrong day-night thermal and compositional gradients expected on synchronous exoplanets create sufficient heterogeneities across the limb to result in important systematic effects on the spectrum and bias its interpretation. To quantify these effects, we developed a 3D radiative transfer model able to generate transmission spectra of atmospheres based on 3D atmospheric structures, whether they come from a Global Climate Model or more parametrized models. We first apply this tool to a simulation of the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b toproduce synethic JWST observations and show that producing a spectrum using only atmospheric columns at the terminator results in errors greater than expected noise. This demonstrates the necessity of a real 3D approach to model data for such precise observatories.Second, we investigate how day-night temperature gradients cause a systematic bias in retrieval analysis performed with 1D forward models. For that purpose we synthesize a large set of forward spectra for prototypical HD209458 b and GJ 1214 b type planets varying the temperatures of the day and night sides as well as the width of the transition region. We then perform typical retrievalanalyses and compare the retrieved parameters to the ground truth of the input model. This study reveals systematic biases on the retrieved temperature (found to be higher than the terminator temperature) and absorber abundances. This is due to the fact that the hotter dayside is more extended vertically and screens the nightside—a result of the nonlinear properties of atmospheric transmission.These biases will be difficult to detect as the 1D profiles used in the retrieval procedure are found to provide an excellent match to theobserved spectra based on standard fitting criteria (chi2, posterior distributions). This fact needs to be kept in mind when interpretingcurrent and future data
Benchérif, Hassan. "Observations de l'activité dynamique dans la moyenne atmosphère, par sondage LIDAR, au-dessus du site tropical de l'ile de la Réunion -20. 8 sud 55. 5 est-." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066472.
Full textViatte, Camille. "Observations de la composition atmosphérique par mesures infrarouges en occultation solaire depuis la station d’izana (Tenerife) et la nouvelle plateforme Oasis à Créteil." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1127/document.
Full textIn the frame of atmospheric composition change related to human activities, homogeneous and continuous atmospheric measurements have to be performed. This is why a new observatory (called OASIS for Observation of the Atmosphere by Solar occultation Infrared Spectroscopy) has been installed on the roof of the University of Paris-Est in order to analyze concentrations and variations of key atmospheric trace species, such as ozone and carbon monoxide. Development of experimental methodology and adaptation of inversion code (PROFFIT) allow to retrieved total and partial columns of these gases. Results are compared to different data from ground-based (SAOZ for O3), satellites (IASI, GOME-2, OMI, for O3, and IASI and MOPITT for CO) and from atmospheric model calculations (REPROBUS for O3 and MOCAGE for CO). Very good correlations were found, showing that a middle resolution instrument, such as OASIS is able to monitor atmospheric trace gases with a good accuracy. Then, thanks to a measurements campaign (April-May 2009), realized at Izaña (Tenerife, clear atmospheric conditions) observatory which is equipped with high resolution spectrometer, we provide valuable information about the performance of various total column ozone measuring instruments from ground (Brewer) and space (IASI, OMI, GOME-2). All temporal O3 and CO variabilities (seasonal, day-to-day, diurnal and extreme events) observed at both sites, such as respective high and middle resolution instruments capabilities were discussed in details
Avenas, Arthur. "Tropical cyclone dynamics revealed by satellite ocean surface wind speeds observations : the key contribution of the near-core surface wind structure." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0397.
Full textDespite advances in predicting the tropical cyclones (TCs) trajectory and outer-core wind speeds, the numerical representation of the strongest winds associated with the most intense events is still an open issue, essentially because of the small radial extent of the TC core and the difficulty in understanding and resolving turbulent air-sea exchanges. Observational limitations have for a long time hindered accurate measurements of the ocean surface near the core region in extreme wind conditions, while geostationary satellites help characterizing the cloud patterns but lack direct information on the air-sea interface. Recently, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has emerged as a promising satellite technology capable of producing high-resolution two dimensional measurements of the ocean surface wind speeds, thanks to new acquisition modes and algorithmic developments. Given these new observational opportunities, we investigate the contribution of near-core structural features, exclusively discernible through high-resolution instruments, to the TC dynamics. Using a simple theoretical framework and examining its consistency with SAR measurements, we demonstrate that the near-core surface winds modulate the evolution of the TC wind structure. The developed framework allows to illustrate how future measurements of ocean-atmosphere boundary layer characteristics could benefit the short- and long-term monitoring of TCs
Steinmetz, François. "Étude de la correction de la diffusion atmosphérique et du rayonnement solaire réfléchi par la surface agitée de la mer pour l'observation de la couleur de l'océan depuis l'espace." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10010/document.
Full textThe main challenge for observing the”ocean colour” from space is to make the atmospheric correction which consists in extracting the marine signal from the measured dominated by the atmospheric scattering. In this context, we have studied specific problems that arise due to the quality of the sensor radiometry or to the viewing conditions. In the case of POLDER-3, we have used the in situ BOUSSOLE data to detect some problems, one of which can be attributed to a defect in the input (level1) data. We have made empirical corrections for these defects, resulting in an improvement of the accuracy of the marine reflectance products by a factor 1.5 to 2. Moreover, the same atmospheric correction algorithm was applied to the MERIS data to emphasize some of its features. The existing atmospheric correction algorithms are also limited by the sunglint, failing to retrieve marine parameters in the bright pattern of the sun reflected by the wavy sea surface. For many sensors (MERIS,MODIS...), this makes almost half of the observations at subtropical latitudes unusable, reducing the global coverage accordingly. We are presenting an original algorithm, called POLYMER, designed to make atmospheric correction over the whole sun glint pattern. The increase of spatial coverage is spectacular, while the accuracy on the retrieved marine parameters remains acceptable.This study shows that itis possible to retrieve the ocean colour in the sun glint contaminated areas and opens new opportunities for future applications
Bezaud, Marion. "Oscillations induites par le vent et la marée autour de l'archipel de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0090.
Full textSaint-Pierre-and-Miquelon (SPM) is a French archipelago off the east coast of Canada. This poorly known region has been the subject of recent observations. They revealed unexpected oscillations on currents and temperatures over periods ranging from a few hours to a few days. The objective of this thesis is to study the main physical processes that cause these oscillations in winter and summer.In the first part, we studied oscillations with periods of ~2-4 days measured by two current meters during the winter 2014, that could temporarily dominate tidal currents. A 2D numerical model has been implemented at the regional scale to study this process. The simulation results show the role of storms in forcing these oscillations through waves trapped by topography.These waves propagate on the shelf at a regional scale towards the equator. They excite local waves that propagate anticyclonically around the archipelago in approximately one period.In the second part, diurnal oscillations of temperatures and currents were revealed by observations during the summers of 2015-2017. A 3D numerical tidally forced model was implemented locally with summer stratification conditions. The model shows that these oscillations result from an amplification of diurnal tidal currents. They are the signature of a wave trapped by the topography that propagate anticyclonically around SPM in two days, which corresponds to two wavelengths. The model also shows that the generation area of these waves is located northwest of SPM
Gaultier, Lucile. "Couplage des observations spatiales dynamiques et biologiques pour la restitution des circulations océaniques : une approche conjointe par assimilation de données altimétriques et de traceurs." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067698.
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