Relevant bibliographies by topics / Atmospheric ozone Southern Hemisphere

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Academic literature on the topic 'Atmospheric ozone Southern Hemisphere'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Atmospheric ozone Southern Hemisphere"

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Garny, H., G. E. Bodeker, D. Smale, M. Dameris, and V. Grewe. "Drivers of hemispheric differences in return dates of mid-latitude stratospheric ozone to historical levels." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 15 (2013): 7279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7279-2013.

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Abstract. Chemistry-climate models (CCMs) project an earlier return of northern mid-latitude total column ozone to 1980 values compared to the southern mid-latitudes. The chemical and dynamical drivers of this hemispheric difference are investigated in this study. The hemispheric asymmetry in return dates is a robust result across different CCMs and is qualitatively independent of the method used to estimate return dates. However, the differences in dates of return to 1980 levels between the southern and northern mid-latitudes can vary between 0 and 30 yr across the range of CCM projections analyzed. Positive linear trends in ozone lead to an earlier return of ozone than expected from the return of Cly to 1980 levels. This forward shift is stronger in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere because (i) trends have a larger effect on return dates if the sensitivity of ozone to Cly is lower and (ii) the trends in the Northern Hemisphere are stronger than in the Southern Hemisphere. An attribution analysis performed with two CCMs shows that chemically-induced changes in ozone are the major driver of the earlier return of ozone to 1980 levels in northern mid-latitudes; therefore transport changes are of minor importance. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the spread in the simulated hemispheric difference in return dates across an ensemble of twelve models is only weakly related to the spread in the simulated hemispheric asymmetry of trends in the strength of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. The causes for chemically-induced asymmetric ozone trends relevant for the total column ozone return date differences are found to be (i) stronger increases in ozone production due to enhanced NOx concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere lowermost stratosphere and troposphere, (ii) stronger decreases in the destruction rates of ozone by the NOx cycle in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere linked to effects of dynamics and temperature on NOx concentrations, and (iii) an increasing efficiency of heterogeneous ozone destruction by Cly in the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes as a~result of decreasing lower stratospheric temperatures.
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Vigliarolo, P. K., C. S. Vera, and S. B. Diaz. "Southern hemisphere winter ozone fluctuations." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 127, no. 572 (2001): 559–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712757216.

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Aquila, V., L. D. Oman, R. Stolarski, A. R. Douglass, and P. A. Newman. "The Response of Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide to the Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo at Southern and Northern Midlatitudes." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 3 (2013): 894–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0143.1.

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Abstract Observations have shown that the mass of nitrogen dioxide decreased at both southern and northern midlatitudes in the year following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, indicating that the volcanic aerosol had enhanced nitrogen dioxide depletion via heterogeneous chemistry. In contrast, the observed ozone response showed a northern midlatitude decrease and a small southern midlatitude increase. Previous simulations that included an enhancement of heterogeneous chemistry by the volcanic aerosol but no other effect of this aerosol produce ozone decreases in both hemispheres, contrary to observations. The authors’ simulations show that the heating due to the volcanic aerosol enhanced both the tropical upwelling and Southern Hemisphere extratropical downwelling. This enhanced extratropical downwelling, combined with the time of the eruption relative to the phase of the Brewer–Dobson circulation, increased Southern Hemisphere ozone via advection, counteracting the ozone depletion due to heterogeneous chemistry on the Pinatubo aerosol.
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Erbertseder, T., V. Eyring, M. Bittner, M. Dameris, and V. Grewe. "Hemispheric ozone variability indices derived from satellite observations and comparison to a coupled chemistry-climate model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 12 (2006): 5105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5105-2006.

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Abstract. Total column ozone is used to trace the dynamics of the lower and middle stratosphere which is governed by planetary waves. In order to analyse the planetary wave activity a Harmonic Analysis is applied to global multi-year total ozone observations from the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer (TOMS). As diagnostic variables we introduce the hemispheric ozone variability indices one and two. They are defined as the hemispheric means of the amplitudes of the zonal waves number one and two, respectively, as traced by the total ozone field. The application of these indices as a simple diagnostic for the evaluation of coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs) is demonstrated by comparing results of the CCM ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM (hereafter: E39/C) against satellite observations. It is quantified to what extent a multi-year model simulation of E39/C (representing "2000" climate conditions) is able to reproduce the zonal and hemispheric planetary wave activity derived from TOMS data (1996–2004, Version 8). Compared to the reference observations the hemispheric ozone variability indices one and two of E39/C are too high in the Northern Hemisphere and too low in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, where the agreement is generally better, E39/C produces too strong a planetary wave one activity in winter and spring and too high an interannual variability. For the Southern Hemisphere we reveal that the indices from observations and model differ significantly during the ozone hole season. The indices are used to give reasons for the late formation of the Antarctic ozone hole, the insufficient vortex elongation and eventually the delayed final warming in E39/C. In general, the hemispheric ozone variability indices can be regarded as a simple and robust diagnostic to quantify model-observation differences concerning planetary wave activity. It allows a first-guess on how the dynamics is represented in a model simulation before applying costly and more specific diagnostics.
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Xia, Yan, Weixuan Xu, Yongyun Hu, and Fei Xie. "Southern-Hemisphere high-latitude stratospheric warming revisit." Climate Dynamics 54, no. 3-4 (2019): 1671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05083-7.

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AbstractPrevious studies showed significant stratospheric warming at the Southern-Hemisphere (SH) high latitudes in September and October over 1979–2006. The warming trend center was located over the Southern Ocean poleward of the Western Pacific in September, with a maximum trend of about 2.8 K/decade. The warming trends in October showed a dipole pattern, with the warming center over the Ross and Amundsen Sea, and the maximum warming trend is about 2.6 K/decade. In the present study, we revisit the problem of the SH stratospheric warming in the recent decade. It is found that the SH high-latitude stratosphere continued warming in September and October over 2007–2017, but with very different spatial patterns. Multiple linear regression demonstrates that ozone increases play an important role in the SH high-latitude stratospheric warming in September and November, while the changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation contributes little to the warming. This is different from the situation over 1979–2006 when the SH high-latitude stratospheric warming was mainly caused by the strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the eastward shift of the warming center. Simulations forced with observed ozone changes over 2007–2017 shows warming trends, suggesting that the observed warming trends over 2007–2017 are at least partly due to ozone recovery. The warming trends due to ozone recovery have important implications for stratospheric, tropospheric and surface climates on SH.
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Braesicke, P., J. Keeble, X. Yang, et al. "Circulation anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere and ozone changes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 21 (2013): 10677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10677-2013.

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Abstract. We report results from two pairs of chemistry-climate model simulations using the same climate model but different chemical perturbations. In each pair of experiments an ozone change was triggered by a simple change in the chemistry. One pair of model experiments looked at the impact of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and the other pair at the impact of short-lived halogenated species on composition and circulation. The model response is complex with both positive and negative changes in ozone concentration, depending on location. These changes result from coupling between composition, temperature and circulation. Even though the causes of the modelled ozone changes are different, the high latitude Southern Hemisphere response in the lower stratosphere is similar. In both pairs of experiments the high-latitude circulation changes, as evidenced by N2O differences, are suggesting a slightly longer-lasting/stronger stratospheric descent in runs with higher ozone destruction (a manifestation of a seasonal shift in the circulation). We contrast the idealised model behaviour with interannual variability in ozone and N2O as observed by the MIPAS instrument on ENVISAT, highlighting similarities of the modelled climate equilibrium changes to the year 2006–2007 in observations. We conclude that the climate system can respond quite sensitively in its seasonal evolution to small chemical perturbations, that circulation adjustments seen in the model can occur in reality, and that coupled chemistry-climate models allow a better assessment of future ozone and climate change than recent CMIP-type models with prescribed ozone fields.
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Grewe, V. "The origin of ozone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 6 (2006): 1495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1495-2006.

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Abstract. Highest atmospheric ozone production rates can be found at around 30 km in the tropical stratosphere, leading to ozone mixing ratios of about 10 ppmv. Those stratospheric air masses are then transported to extra-tropical latitudes via the Brewer-Dobson circulation. This is considered the main mechanism to generate mid- and high latitude ozone. By applying the climate-chemistry models E39/C and MAECHAM4/CHEM, this view is investigated in more detail. The origin of ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere is analysed, by incorporating a diagnostics ("marked ozone origin tracers") into the models, which allows to identify the origin of ozone. In most regions the simulated local ozone concentration is dominated by local ozone production, i.e. less than 50% of the ozone at higher latitudes of the stratosphere is produced in the tropics, which conflicts with the idea that the tropics are the global source for stratospheric ozone. Although episodic stratospheric intrusions occur basically everywhere, the main ozone stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange is connected to exchange processes at the sub-tropical jet-stream. The simulated tropospheric influx of ozone amounts to 420 Tg per year, and originates in the Northern Hemisphere from the extra-tropical stratosphere, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere a re-circulation of tropical tropospheric ozone contributes most to the influx of ozone into the troposphere. In the model E39/C, the upper troposphere of both hemispheres is clearly dominated by tropical tropospheric ozone (40%–50%) except for northern summer hemisphere, where the tropospheric contribution (from the tropics as well as from the Northern Hemisphere) does not exceed 20%.
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Bodeker, G. E., H. Garny, D. Smale, M. Dameris, and R. Deckert. "The 1985 Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude total column ozone anomaly." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 21 (2007): 5625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5625-2007.

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Abstract. One of the most significant events in the evolution of the ozone layer over southern mid-latitudes since the late 1970s was the large decrease observed in 1985. This event remains unexplained and a detailed investigation of the mechanisms responsible for the event has not previously been undertaken. In this study, the 1985 Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude total column ozone anomaly is analyzed in detail based on observed daily total column ozone fields, stratospheric dynamical fields, and calculated diagnostics of stratospheric mixing. The 1985 anomaly appears to result from a combination of (i) an anomaly in the meridional circulation resulting from the westerly phase of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), (ii) weaker transport of ozone from its tropical mid-stratosphere source across the sub-tropical barrier to mid-latitudes related to the particular phasing of the QBO with respect to the annual cycle, and (iii) a solar cycle induced reduction in ozone. Similar QBO and solar cycle influences prevailed in 1997 and 2006 when again total column ozone was found to be suppressed over southern mid-latitudes. The results based on observations are compared and contrasted with analyses of ozone and dynamical fields from the ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM coupled chemistry-climate model (hereafter referred to as E39C). Equatorial winds in the E39C model are nudged towards observed winds between 10° S and 10° N and the ability of this model to produce an ozone anomaly in 1985, similar to that observed, confirms the role of the QBO in effecting the anomaly.
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Karpechko, A. Yu, N. P. Gillett, B. Hassler, K. H. Rosenlof, and E. Rozanov. "Quantitative assessment of Southern Hemisphere ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 3 (2010): 1385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1385-2010.

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Abstract. Stratospheric ozone recovery in the Southern Hemisphere is expected to drive pronounced trends in atmospheric temperature and circulation from the stratosphere to the troposphere in the 21st century; therefore ozone changes need to be accounted for in future climate simulations. Many climate models do not have interactive ozone chemistry and rely on prescribed ozone fields, which may be obtained from coupled chemistry-climate model (CCM) simulations. However CCMs vary widely in their predictions of ozone evolution, complicating the selection of ozone boundary conditions for future climate simulations. In order to assess which models might be expected to better simulate future ozone evolution, and thus provide more realistic ozone boundary conditions, we assess the ability of twelve CCMs to simulate observed ozone climatology and trends and rank the models according to their errors averaged across the individual diagnostics chosen. According to our analysis no one model performs better than the others in all the diagnostics; however, combining errors in individual diagnostics into one metric of model performance allows us to objectively rank the models. The multi-model average shows better overall agreement with the observations than any individual model. Based on this analysis we conclude that the multi-model average ozone projection presents the best estimate of future ozone evolution and recommend it for use as a boundary condition in future climate simulations. Our results also demonstrate a sensitivity of the analysis to the choice of reference data set for vertical ozone distribution over the Antarctic, highlighting the constraints that large observational uncertainty imposes on such model verification.
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Ivanciu, Ioana, Katja Matthes, Sebastian Wahl, Jan Harlaß, and Arne Biastoch. "Effects of prescribed CMIP6 ozone on simulating the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation response to ozone depletion." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 8 (2021): 5777–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5777-2021.

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Abstract. The Antarctic ozone hole has led to substantial changes in the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, such as the strengthening and poleward shift of the midlatitude westerly jet. Ozone recovery during the twenty-first century is expected to continue to affect the jet's strength and position, leading to changes in the opposite direction compared to the twentieth century and competing with the effect of increasing greenhouse gases. Simulations of the Earth's past and future climate, such as those performed for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), require an accurate representation of these ozone effects. Climate models that use prescribed ozone fields lack the important feedbacks between ozone chemistry, radiative heating, dynamics, and transport. In addition, when the prescribed ozone field was not generated by the same model to which it is prescribed, the imposed ozone hole is inconsistent with the simulated dynamics. These limitations ultimately affect the climate response to ozone depletion. This study investigates the impact of prescribing the ozone field recommended for CMIP6 on the simulated effects of ozone depletion in the Southern Hemisphere. We employ a new state-of-the-art coupled climate model, Flexible Ocean Climate Infrastructure (FOCI), to compare simulations in which the CMIP6 ozone is prescribed with simulations in which the ozone chemistry is calculated interactively. At the same time, we compare the roles played by ozone depletion and by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in driving changes in the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation using a series of historical sensitivity simulations. FOCI captures the known effects of ozone depletion, simulating an austral spring and summer intensification of the midlatitude westerly winds and of the Brewer–Dobson circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. Ozone depletion is the primary driver of these historical circulation changes in FOCI. The austral spring cooling of the polar cap in the lower stratosphere in response to ozone depletion is weaker in the simulations that prescribe the CMIP6 ozone field. We attribute this weaker response to a prescribed ozone hole that is different to the model dynamics and is not collocated with the simulated polar vortex, altering the strength and position of the planetary wavenumber one. As a result, the dynamical contribution to the ozone-induced austral spring lower-stratospheric cooling is suppressed, leading to a weaker cooling trend. Consequently, the intensification of the polar night jet is also weaker in the simulations with prescribed CMIP6 ozone. In contrast, the differences in the tropospheric westerly jet response to ozone depletion fall within the internal variability present in the model. The persistence of the Southern Annular Mode is shorter in the prescribed ozone chemistry simulations. The results obtained with the FOCI model suggest that climate models that prescribe the CMIP6 ozone field still simulate a weaker Southern Hemisphere stratospheric response to ozone depletion compared to models that calculate the ozone chemistry interactively.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Atmospheric ozone Southern Hemisphere"

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Li, Jinlong. "The seasonal variations of ozone in the stratosphere and their hemispheric asymmetries." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25694.

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Purich, Ariaan. "Investigating the influence of stratospheric ozone trends on Southern Hemisphere hydrological climate change." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104826.

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Changes in stratospheric ozone have previously been linked to Southern Hemisphere (SH) circulation changes. This study examines output from coupled climate models participating in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3) for trends in precipitation and evaporation in the 20th and 21st centuries to assess whether stratospheric ozone influences the hydrological cycle and extreme precipitation in the SH extratropics, particularly during austral summer. Nineteen models are used, of which 10 incorporated ozone depletion (recovery) in the 20th (21st) century, whilst nine simply prescribed climatological ozone in both past and future climates. Trends in seasonal-mean precipitation are found to dominate overall changes in precipitation minus evaporation. For the 20th century, models with ozone depletion show a significant increase (decrease) in summer precipitation in high latitudes (mid-latitudes) compared to models without ozone depletion. In contrast, for the 21st century, models without ozone recovery show significantly larger changes in summer precipitation in these regions compared to models with ozone recovery. No significant differences, however, are found in the two sets of models during austral winter when stratospheric ozone is inactive. These results suggest that Antarctic ozone depletion and recovery significantly modulates hydrological climate change in the SH extratropics, in agreement with findings of previous studies. It is further found that stratospheric ozone primarily affects the frequency of light precipitation events (1–10 mm day^−1 ), indicating that an increase in mean precipitation over the Southern Ocean corresponds to an increase in the number of light precipitation days rather than extreme events. Implications of this finding to the SH surface climate and Southern Ocean circulation changes are discussed.<br>Les changements de concentration d'ozone stratosphérique ont été déjà reliés aux changements de la circulation dans l'hémisphère sud (HS). Ce travail examine les tendances dans la précipitation et l'évaporation pendant les 20ième et 21ième siècles, dans des simulations produites par des modèles climatique couplés qui participent au Climate Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3). Le but est de déterminer si l'ozone stratosphérique influence le cycle hydrologique et la précipitation extrême aux latitudes extra-tropicales de l'HS, pendant l'été austral en particulier. Dix-neuf modèles sont utilisés, où 10 d'entre eux incorporent l'épuisement (le rétablissement) d'ozone au 20ième (21ième) siècle et les neuf autres prescrivent simplement l'ozone climatologique (du 20ième siècle) pendant le passé et le futur. Les tendances des moyennes saisonnières de précipitation dominent les changements de l'évaporation moins la précipitation, alors c'est cette variable qui est examinée plus en détail. Pour le 20ième siècle, il y a une augmentation (diminution) de précipitation significative en été aux latitudes subarctique (latitudes moyennes) dans les modèles avec l'épuisement d'ozone comparé à ceux avec l'ozone climatologique. En contraste, pour le 21ième siècle, les changements de précipitation sont considérablement plus grands dans les modèles sans le rétablissement d'ozone que dans les modèles avec le rétablissement d`ozone. Pour l'hiver austral, quand l'ozone est inactif, il n'y a pas de différences entre les deux groupes de modèles. Ces résultats suggèrent que la diminution et rétablissement d'ozone dans l'Antarctique a des implications considérables pour le changement de climat hydrologique dans l'HS hors tropique, une conclusion atteinte dans d'autres travaux. En plus, on trouve que l'ozone stratosphérique affecte principalement la fréquence des évènements de précipitation légère (1–10 mm jour^-1), ce qui indique qu'une augmentation de la précipitation moyenne correspond à une augmentation du nombre de jours de précipitation légère, plutôt que d'évènements extrêmes. Les implications de ces conclusions pour le climat à la surface ainsi que pour les changements de circulation dans l'océan de l'HS sont discutés.
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Oram, David Edward. "Trends of long-lived anthropogenic halocarbons in the Southern Hemisphere and model calculations of global emissions." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323346.

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Duncan, Bryan N. "The effects of urban ozone control strategies on northern hemispheric, midlatitude tropospheric ozone." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25875.

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Flores, Marcos Froilán Andrade. "Stratospheric ozone trends as determined by regime analysis the southern hemisphere /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2007.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.<br>Thesis research directed by: Meteorology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Reeves, Claire E. "A theoretical study of the nonmethane hydrocarbons on tropospheric ozone production in the Northern Hemisphere." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235639.

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Russell, Andrew. "Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation impacts on eastern Antarctic Peninsular precipitation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419512.

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Al-Ajmi, Dhari Nasser. "Wave activity in a stratospheric 'sudden warming' in the southern hemisphere." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12178.

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Grenfell, John Lee. "Southern hemisphere studies with a photochemical 3-dimensional model of the atmosphere." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388367.

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Connolly, Charlotte J. "Causes of Southern Hemisphere climate variability in the early 20th century." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1587217042363834.

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Books on the topic "Atmospheric ozone Southern Hemisphere"

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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Dynamics, Transport, and Photochemistry in the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere (1989 San Francisco, Calif.). Dynamics, transport, and photochemistry in the middle atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.

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Linacre, Edward. Climates and weather explained: An introduction from a southern perspective. Routledge, 1996.

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Linacre, Edward. Climates and Weather Explained. Taylor & Francis Inc, 2003.

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Linacre, Edward. Climates and weather explained. Routledge, 1997.

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Tibaldi, Stefano, and Franco Molteni. Atmospheric Blocking in Observation and Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.611.

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The atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres is usually dominated by westerly winds and by planetary-scale and shorter-scale synoptic waves, moving mostly from west to east. A remarkable and frequent exception to this “usual” behavior is atmospheric blocking. Blocking occurs when the usual zonal flow is hindered by the establishment of a large-amplitude, quasi-stationary, high-pressure meridional circulation structure which “blocks” the flow of the westerlies and the progression of the atmospheric waves and disturbances embedded in them. Such blocking structures can have lifetimes varying from a few days to several weeks in the most extreme cases. Their presence can strongly affect the weather of large portions of the mid-latitudes, leading to the establishment of anomalous meteorological conditions. These can take the form of strong precipitation episodes or persistent anticyclonic regimes, leading in turn to floods, extreme cold spells, heat waves, or short-lived droughts. Even air quality can be strongly influenced by the establishment of atmospheric blocking, with episodes of high concentrations of low-level ozone in summer and of particulate matter and other air pollutants in winter, particularly in highly populated urban areas.Atmospheric blocking has the tendency to occur more often in winter and in certain longitudinal quadrants, notably the Euro-Atlantic and the Pacific sectors of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, blocking episodes are generally less frequent, and the longitudinal localization is less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere.Blocking has aroused the interest of atmospheric scientists since the middle of the last century, with the pioneering observational works of Berggren, Bolin, Rossby, and Rex, and has become the subject of innumerable observational and theoretical studies. The purpose of such studies was originally to find a commonly accepted structural and phenomenological definition of atmospheric blocking. The investigations went on to study blocking climatology in terms of the geographical distribution of its frequency of occurrence and the associated seasonal and inter-annual variability. Well into the second half of the 20th century, a large number of theoretical dynamic works on blocking formation and maintenance started appearing in the literature. Such theoretical studies explored a wide range of possible dynamic mechanisms, including large-amplitude planetary-scale wave dynamics, including Rossby wave breaking, multiple equilibria circulation regimes, large-scale forcing of anticyclones by synoptic-scale eddies, finite-amplitude non-linear instability theory, and influence of sea surface temperature anomalies, to name but a few. However, to date no unique theoretical model of atmospheric blocking has been formulated that can account for all of its observational characteristics.When numerical, global short- and medium-range weather predictions started being produced operationally, and with the establishment, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, it quickly became of relevance to assess the capability of numerical models to predict blocking with the correct space-time characteristics (e.g., location, time of onset, life span, and decay). Early studies showed that models had difficulties in correctly representing blocking as well as in connection with their large systematic (mean) errors.Despite enormous improvements in the ability of numerical models to represent atmospheric dynamics, blocking remains a challenge for global weather prediction and climate simulation models. Such modeling deficiencies have negative consequences not only for our ability to represent the observed climate but also for the possibility of producing high-quality seasonal-to-decadal predictions. For such predictions, representing the correct space-time statistics of blocking occurrence is, especially for certain geographical areas, extremely important.
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R, Hastie D., Ontario. Ministry of Environment and Energy., and Ontario Environmental Research Program, eds. Studies of oxidant formation in southern Ontario: Final report. Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1996.

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Studies of oxidant formation in southern Ontario: Final report. Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1996.

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Tomas, Robert A. Subseasonal variability in the Southern Hemisphere as simulated by a two-level atmospheric general circulation model. 1987.

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Yang, Kun. Observed Regional Climate Change in Tibet over the Last Decades. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.587.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is subjected to strong interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. The Plateau exerts huge thermal forcing on the mid-troposphere over the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer. This region also contains the headwaters of major rivers in Asia and provides a large portion of the water resources used for economic activities in adjacent regions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the TP has undergone evident climate changes, with overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and decrease in wind speed. Surface warming, which depends on elevation and its horizontal pattern (warming in most of the TP but cooling in the westernmost TP), was consistent with glacial changes. Accompanying the warming was air moistening, with a sudden increase in precipitable water in 1998. Both triggered more deep clouds, which resulted in solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from the 1970s and started to recover in 2002, as a result of atmospheric circulation adjustment caused by the differential surface warming between Asian high latitudes and low latitudes.The climate changes over the TP have changed energy and water cycles and has thus reshaped the local environment. Thermal forcing over the TP has weakened. The warming and decrease in wind speed lowered the Bowen ratio and has led to less surface sensible heating. Atmospheric radiative cooling has been enhanced, mainly through outgoing longwave emission from the warming planetary system and slightly enhanced solar radiation reflection. The trend in both energy terms has contributed to the weakening of thermal forcing over the Plateau. The water cycle has been significantly altered by the climate changes. The monsoon-impacted region (i.e., the southern and eastern regions of the TP) has received less precipitation, more evaporation, less soil moisture and less runoff, which has resulted in the general shrinkage of lakes and pools in this region, although glacier melt has increased. The region dominated by westerlies (i.e., central, northern and western regions of the TP) received more precipitation, more evaporation, more soil moisture and more runoff, which together with more glacier melt resulted in the general expansion of lakes in this region. The overall wetting in the TP is due to both the warmer and moister conditions at the surface, which increased convective available potential energy and may eventually depend on decadal variability of atmospheric circulations such as Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and an intensified Siberian High. The drying process in the southern region is perhaps related to the expansion of Hadley circulation. All these processes have not been well understood.
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Behera, Swadhin, and Toshio Yamagata. Climate Dynamics of ENSO Modoki Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.612.

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The El Niño Modoki/La Niña Modoki (ENSO Modoki) is a newly acknowledged face of ocean-atmosphere coupled variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The oceanic and atmospheric conditions associated with the El Niño Modoki are different from that of canonical El Niño, which is extensively studied for its dynamics and worldwide impacts. A typical El Niño event is marked by a warm anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Because of the associated changes in the surface winds and the weakening of coastal upwelling, the coasts of South America suffer from widespread fish mortality during the event. Quite opposite of this characteristic change in the ocean condition, cold SST anomalies prevail in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the El Niño Modoki events, but with the warm anomalies intensified in the central Pacific. The boreal winter condition of 2004 is a typical example of such an event, when a tripole pattern is noticed in the SST anomalies; warm central Pacific flanked by cold eastern and western regions. The SST anomalies are coupled to a double cell in anomalous Walker circulation with rising motion in the central parts and sinking motion on both sides of the basin. This is again a different feature compared to the well-known single-cell anomalous Walker circulation during El Niños. La Niña Modoki is the opposite phase of the El Niño Modoki, when a cold central Pacific is flanked by warm anomalies on both sides.The Modoki events are seen to peak in both boreal summer and winter and hence are not seasonally phase-locked to a single seasonal cycle like El Niño/La Niña events. Because of this distinction in the seasonality, the teleconnection arising from these events will vary between the seasons as teleconnection path will vary depending on the prevailing seasonal mean conditions in the atmosphere. Moreover, the Modoki El Niño/La Niña impacts over regions such as the western coast of the United States, the Far East including Japan, Australia, and southern Africa, etc., are opposite to those of the canonical El Niño/La Niña. For example, the western coasts of the United States suffer from severe droughts during El Niño Modoki, whereas those regions are quite wet during El Niño. The influences of Modoki events are also seen in tropical cyclogenesis, stratosphere warming of the Southern Hemisphere, ocean primary productivity, river discharges, sea level variations, etc. A remarkable feature associated with Modoki events is the decadal flattening of the equatorial thermocline and weakening of zonal thermal gradient. The associated ocean-atmosphere conditions have caused frequent and persistent developments of Modoki events in recent decades.
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Book chapters on the topic "Atmospheric ozone Southern Hemisphere"

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McKenzie, R. L., and P. V. Johnston. "Southern Hemisphere Nitrogen Dioxide." In Atmospheric Ozone. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5313-0_33.

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Tung, K. K., and H. Yang. "Ozone Transport in the Southern Hemisphere." In Dynamics, Transport and Photochemistry in the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0693-8_15.

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Grose, W. L., R. S. Eckman, R. E. Turner, and W. T. Blackshear. "Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Potential Effects on the Global Ozone Budget." In Dynamics, Transport and Photochemistry in the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0693-8_18.

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Crutzen, P. J., and C. Brühl. "The Potential Role of HOx and ClOx Interactions in the Ozone Hole Photochemistry." In Dynamics, Transport and Photochemistry in the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0693-8_14.

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Kodera, K., and K. Yamazaki. "A Possible Influence of Sea Surface Temperature Variation on the Recent Development of Ozone Hole." In Dynamics, Transport and Photochemistry in the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0693-8_10.

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Kanzawa, Hiroshi, and Sadao Kawaguchi. "Large Stratospheric Sudden Warming in Antarctic Late Winter and Shallow Ozone Hole in 1988: Observation by Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition." In Dynamics, Transport and Photochemistry in the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0693-8_9.

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Geller, Marvin A., Mao Fao Wu, and Eric Nash. "Satellite Data Analysis of Ozone Differences in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres." In Middle Atmosphere. Birkhäuser Basel, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5825-0_9.

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Gil, Manuel, Concepción Parrondo, Margarita Yela, and Benito de la Morena. "Ozone and NO2 monitoring in Southern Spain: The 1994/95 winter record low." In Atmospheric Ozone Dynamics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60797-4_8.

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Zerefos, Christos S. "The Recent Variability of Atmospheric Ozone in the Middle Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation." In Atmospheric Ozone as a Climate Gas. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79869-6_28.

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Fraser, P. J., P. Hyson, R. A. Rasmussen, A. J. Crawford, and M. A. K. Khalil. "Methane, Carbon Monoxide and Methylchloroform in the Southern Hemisphere." In Scientific Application of Baseline Observations of Atmospheric Composition (SABOAC). Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3909-7_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Atmospheric ozone Southern Hemisphere"

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Kashkin, Valentin B., T. V. Rubleva, and A. V. Dergunov. "Dynamics of the ozone layer in the southern hemisphere based on satellite data." In XXIII International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2293210.

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Kashkin, V. B., and T. V. Rubleva. "Ozone anomaly of 2011 in the northern hemisphere." In XXII International Symposium Atmospheric and Ocean Optics. Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2250889.

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Kabanov, Dmitry M., Sergey K. Gulev, Brent N. Holben, Vladimir F. Radionov, Sergey M. Sakerin, and Alexander Smirnov. "Latitudinal distribution of the aerosol optical depth over oceans in southern hemisphere." In 20th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2074564.

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Kashkin, Valentin B., Tatyana V. Rubleva, and Aleksey A. Romanov. "Modulation of the meridional ozone transfer by the Southern oscillation, ENSO, in the time of filling Antarctic ozone hole." In 26th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2575634.

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Kashkin, Valentine B., Alexander V. Dergunov, Tatyana V. Rubleva, and Roman V. Odintsov. "Variation of the ozonosphere in the southern hemisphere in spring 2014 and 2015 based on satellite data." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2541104.

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Zolotov, Sergey Y., Ivan I. Ippolitov, and Sergey V. Loginov. "Climate changes in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet stream during the second half of the XX century - the beginning of XXI century." In XXI International Symposium Atmospheric and Ocean Optics. Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2205758.

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Ribeiro, Eric Oliveira, Marcelo Andrioni, Renato Parkinson Martins, Guisela Grossmann Matheson, Jose´ Henrique Alves, and Luis Manoel Paiva Nunes. "Climatologically Modeled Wave Field Analyses in the Western South Atlantic." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79457.

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Wave height, period and direction are basic parameters for designing off-shore structures. Besides this direct application, knowledge of the regional characteristics of a wave field can also help in the selection of optimal regions for wave power energy plant design and installation. A wave climatology based on data generated by a WAVEWATCH III model simulation (NOAA WW3) for the Brazilian coast was analyzed and validated against statistical values derived from opportunity vessel measurements. The hindcast covered the period from January 1997 to December 2005 in a region between 5°N – 40°S and 10°W – 65°W. The grid used was uniform with a 0.25° spacial resolution. The boundary conditions were obtained from NOAA WW3 operational model and the atmospheric forcing from NOAA GFS model. The model results were calibrated with field data and detailed information about the simulation can be obtained in Alves et al. (2008) and Alves et al. (in press). Monthly averages of significant height, period and wavelength were calculated using 3 hour time resolution fields. Since a simple mean direction has small physical representativeness, the predominant direction (moda) and associated persistency were obtained from the data. The results were then compared with values from the U.S. Navy Marine Climate Atlas of the World. This Atlas has four points located within the selected model grid region. These points showed good agreement with wave period, height and direction persistency based on the WW3 simulation results. The wave climatology showed that the predominant wave direction from April to July was from S and SE in southern Brazil, associated with swells related to cold fronts. The S and SE swells were also responsible for the largest mean wave height (2.1 m) observed in the climatology. Another result that was validated with the literature was the E and NE predominant wave direction during the austral summer. This phenomenon is associated with winds originated from the South Atlantic High Pressure Center, which is a semi permanent high pressure center near Trindade Island. The wave climate in northern Brazil showed a predominant direction from the N during January to March, associated with the northern hemisphere winter storms. During the remaining months of the year, the predominant wave direction is E and NE associated with trade winds. The model results are still in a processing phase to produce extreme values, which will be more useful for coastal and off-shore structure design.
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Reports on the topic "Atmospheric ozone Southern Hemisphere"

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Nydal, R., and K. Loevseth. Carbon-14 Measurements in Atmospheric CO2 from Northern and Southern Hemisphere Sites, 1962-1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/461185.

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