Relevant bibliographies by topics / Atmospheric physics Water vapor

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Academic literature on the topic 'Atmospheric physics Water vapor'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Atmospheric physics Water vapor"

1

Vaquero-Martínez, Javier, and Manuel Antón. "Review on the Role of GNSS Meteorology in Monitoring Water Vapor for Atmospheric Physics." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122287.

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After 30 years since the beginning of the Global Positioning System (GPS), or, more generally, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology, this technique has proven to be a reliable method for retrieving atmospheric water vapor; it is low-cost, weather independent, with high temporal resolution and is highly accurate and precise. GNSS ground-based networks are becoming denser, and the first stations installed have now quite long time-series that allow the study of the temporal features of water vapor and its relevant role inside the climate system. In this review, the different GNSS methodologies to retrieve atmospheric water vapor content re-examined, such as tomography, conversion of GNSS tropospheric delay to water vapor estimates, analyses of errors, and combinations of GNSS with other sources to enhance water vapor information. Moreover, the use of these data in different kinds of studies is discussed. For instance, the GNSS technique is commonly used as a reference tool for validating other water vapor products (e.g., radiosounding, radiometers onboard satellite platforms or ground-based instruments). Additionally, GNSS retrievals are largely used in order to determine the high spatio-temporal variability and long-term trends of atmospheric water vapor or in models with the goal of determining its notable influence on the climate system (e.g., assimilation in numerical prediction, as input to radiative transfer models, study of circulation patterns, etc.).
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Bragg, S. L., and J. D. Kelley. "Atmospheric water vapor absorption at 13 μm." Applied Optics 26, no. 3 (February 1, 1987): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000506.

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3

Cormier, John G., Joseph T. Hodges, and James R. Drummond. "Infrared water vapor continuum absorption at atmospheric temperatures." Journal of Chemical Physics 122, no. 11 (March 15, 2005): 114309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1862623.

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4

Phokate, S. "Atmospheric water vapor: Distribution and Empirical estimation in the atmosphere of Thailand." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 901 (September 2017): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/901/1/012051.

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Gettelman, A., and Q. Fu. "Observed and Simulated Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor Feedback." Journal of Climate 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2008): 3282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2142.1.

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Abstract Satellite measurements from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) in the upper troposphere over 4.5 yr are used to assess the covariation of upper-tropospheric humidity and temperature with surface temperatures, which can be used to constrain the upper-tropospheric moistening due to the water vapor feedback. Results are compared to simulations from a general circulation model, the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), to see if the model can reproduce the variations. Results indicate that the upper troposphere maintains nearly constant relative humidity for observed perturbations to ocean surface temperatures over the observed period, with increases in temperature ∼1.5 times the changes at the surface, and corresponding increases in water vapor (specific humidity) of 10%–25% °C−1. Increases in water vapor are largest at pressures below 400 hPa, but they have a double peak structure. Simulations reproduce these changes quantitatively and qualitatively. Agreement is best when the model is sorted for satellite sampling thresholds. This indicates that the model reproduces the moistening associated with the observed upper-tropospheric water vapor feedback. The results are not qualitatively sensitive to model resolution or model physics.
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Querel, Richard R., and David A. Naylor. "Lunar absorption spectrophotometer for measuring atmospheric water vapor." Applied Optics 50, no. 4 (January 26, 2011): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.50.000447.

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7

Kämpfer, N., B. Deuber, D. Feist, D. Gerber, C. Mätzler, L. Martin, J. Morland, and V. Vasic. "Microwave remote sensing of water vapor in the atmosphere." Geographica Helvetica 58, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-58-81-2003.

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Abstract. Water vapor in the atmosphere plays a crucial role in climate and in atmospheric processes. Due to its long chemical lifetime it can be used as a tracer for investigations of dynamical processes in the middle atmosphere. Microwave radiometry is one of the few remote sensing methods which is capable of inferring Information on the water vapor content of the troposphere to the mesosphere, however with a different altitude resolution. Different microwave radiometers that can be operated from the ground and from an airborne platform have been built at the Institute of Applied Physics, University of Berne. The paper presents the method of microwave remote sensing and gives an overview of recently achieved results with regard to water vapor distribution as a function of altitude and Iatitude. First results of an imaging radiometer for the two dimensional distribution of liquid water is presented.
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Wu, You, Feng Zhang, Kun Wu, Min Min, Wenwen Li, and Renqiang Liu. "Best Water Vapor Information Layer of Himawari-8-Based Water Vapor Bands over East Asia." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082394.

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The best water vapor information layer (BWIL), based on Himawari-8 water vapor bands over a typical region of East Asia, is investigated with the U.S. standard atmospheric profile and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis-interim (ERA-interim) dataset. The sensitivity tests reveal that the height of the BWIL is connected heavily to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, and to the satellite zenith angle. According to the temporal and spatial distribution analysis of BWIL, there are two basic features of BWIL. First, it lifts from January to July gradually and descends from July to October in the whole region. Second, it is higher over sea than land. These characteristics may stem from the transport of water vapor by monsoon and the concentration of water vapor in different areas. With multiple water vapor absorption IR bands, Himawari-8 can present water vapor information at multiple pressure layers. The water vapor content of ERA-interim in July 2016 is assessed as an example. By comparing the brightness temperatures from satellite observation and simulation under clear sky conditions, the ERA-interim reanalysis dataset may underestimate the amount of water vapor at pressure layers higher than 280 hPa and overestimate the water vapor quantity at pressure layers from 394 to 328 hPa, yet perform well at 320~260 hPa during this month.
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Zhang, Tao, Martin P. Hoerling, Judith Perlwitz, De-Zheng Sun, and Donald Murray. "Physics of U.S. Surface Temperature Response to ENSO." Journal of Climate 24, no. 18 (September 15, 2011): 4874–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3944.1.

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Abstract To elucidate physical processes responsible for the response of U.S. surface temperatures to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the surface energy balance is diagnosed from observations, with emphasis on the role of clouds, water vapor, and land surface properties associated with snow cover and soil moisture. Results for the winter season (December–February) indicate that U.S. surface temperature conditions associated with ENSO are determined principally by anomalies in the surface radiative heating—the sum of absorbed solar radiation and downward longwave radiation. Each component of the surface radiative heating is linked with specific characteristics of the atmospheric hydrologic response to ENSO and also to feedbacks by the land surface response. During El Niño, surface warming over the northern United States is physically consistent with three primary processes: 1) increased downward solar radiation due to reduced cloud optical thickness, 2) reduced reflected solar radiation due to an albedo decline resulting from snow cover loss, and 3) increased downward longwave radiation linked to an increase in precipitable water. In contrast, surface cooling over the southern United States during El Niño is mainly the result of a reduction in incoming solar radiation resulting from increased cloud optical thickness. During La Niña, surface warming over the central United States results mainly from snow cover losses, whereas warming over the southern United States results mainly from a reduction in cloud optical thickness that yields increased incoming solar radiation and also from an increase in precipitable water that enhances the downward longwave radiation. For both phases of ENSO the surface radiation budget is closely linked to large-scale horizontal and vertical motions in the free atmosphere through two main processes: 1) the convergence of the atmospheric water vapor transport that largely determines cloud optical thickness and thereby affects incoming shortwave radiation and 2) the changes in tropospheric column temperature resulting from the characteristic atmospheric teleconnections that largely determine column precipitable water and thereby affect downward longwave radiation.
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De Freitas, Rose Ane Pereira, Ronald Buss Souza, Rafael Reis, and Douglas Lindemann. "Relação entre o Vapor D’Água Atmosférico e a Temperatura da Superfície do Mar Sobre a Região da Confluência Brasil-Malvinas, com Base em Dados Coletados In Situ (Relationship between Atmospheric Water Vapor Content and the Sea Surface Temperature in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence considering Data Collected In Situ)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 5 (June 28, 2019): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.5.p1687-1702.

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A atmosfera consiste em um dos menores reservatórios de água do planeta, contribuindo com 0,001% da massa total da água presente, porém, sendo de fundamental importância para os processos físicos na atmosfera. A partir de dados obtidos através de 130 perfis de radiossondas realizados durante dez cruzeiros oceanográficos nos meses de outubro e novembro, entre 2004 e 2015, analisa-se a influência dos gradientes de temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) e a passagem de sistemas atmosféricos transientes na variabilidade espaço-temporal da concentração de vapor d’água da camada limite atmosférica marinha (CLAM), sobre a região da Confluência Brasil Malvinas (CBM), enfatizando-se a Operação Antártica 31 (OP31). Os dados de vapor d’água são obtidos calculando-se umidade específica em superfície e água precipitável dentro da camada limite atmosférica. Os resultados mostram que os gradientes térmicos entre as águas quentes da Corrente do Brasil (CB) e as águas frias da Corrente das Malvinas (CM) produzem diferenças significativas no conteúdo de vapor d'água da CLAM nos dois lados da frente oceanográfica. Na superfície, o valor médio da umidade específica sobre o lado quente (frio) foi 8,4 ± 1,67 mm (7,08 ± 1,51 mm). A CLAM foi localmente modulada pela TSM, sendo cerca de 2g/kg mais úmida sobre a região quente da frente oceanográfica em relação à região fria. Em todas as observações realizadas, o vapor d’água integrado na CLAM foi diretamente influenciada pela passagem de sistemas atmosféricos transiente. A B S T R A C TThe atmosphere is the smallest contributor of the planet's water tanks, providing only 0.001% of the water total mass, however, it is of fundamental importance for playing a key role in the atmosphere's physical processes. The data were obtained from 130 radiosondes profiles taken during ten oceanographic cruises carried out during the months of October and November between 2004 and 2015, analyzed the influence of the sea surface temperature (SST) gradients and the passage of transient atmospheric systems at the spatial-temporal variability of the water vapor concentration within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), over Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC), emphasizing the Antarctic Operation 31 (AO31). Water vapor data are obtained by calculating surface specific moisture and precipitable water within the atmospheric boundary layer. The results show that the thermal gradients between the warm waters of Brazil Current and the cold waters of the Malvinas Current were able to produce significant differences in the water vapor content of the MABL on both sides of the oceanographic front. On the surface, the average of the specific humidity over the warm (cold) side was 8.4 ± 1.67 mm (7.08 ± 1.51 mm). The MABL was locally modulated by the SST, being about 2 g/kg wetter over the warm part of the front with respect to the cold one. In all the observations made, the water vapor integrated in the MABL was directly influenced by the passage of transient atmospheric systems.Key words: Southwest Atlantic; Oceanographic front; Transient atmospheric system
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Atmospheric physics Water vapor"

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Park, ShinJu. "Water vapor estimation using near-surface radar refractivity during IHOP_2002." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81424.

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A ground-based radar refractivity mapping technique is used to measure water vapor near the surface during the International H2O Project in May and June, 2002 (IHOP_2002). Radar-measured refractivity is compared with refractivity estimated from surface station observations during this field experiment. Bias in radar and station refractivity is found to occur often when humidity is high. Possible reasons for this difference between radar and station observations are discussed. Most of the biases were associated either with inaccurate humidity observations by stations or with the small height difference of the two measurements. With confirming this last observation further during these wet ground conditions, radar refractivity shows much better agreement with radiosonde sounding refractivity just above the surface than with station refractivity.
In addition, columnar water vapor is computed using the mixing ratios retrieved from radar and station refractivity and using the observed height of the convective boundary layer from a FM-CW radar. Surface moisture fluxes are computed as a residual of the columnar water vapor and compared with observations from flux-towers, which compute this using the eddy-covariance technique. Although the results show that the radar-based measurements may have some skill over longer time periods, the technique completely fails to reproduce observations over scales smaller than 1 hour.
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Koby, Timothy Robert. "Development of a Trajectory Model for the Analysis of Stratospheric Water Vapor." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493564.

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To study stratospheric water vapor, a new trajectory model was created. The model is built from first principles specific to stratospheric motion and can run on any gridded dataset, making it more versatile than current solutions. The design of a new model was motivated by measurements of elevated stratospheric water vapor, which in situ isotopic measurements have determined to be tropospheric in origin. A moist stratosphere has substantial feedbacks in the climate system including radiative, chemical, and biological effects. Additionally, elevated stratospheric water vapor is theorized as an important coupling in the historical transition to the Eocene, 56 million years ago, as well as emergence from the Eocene 40 million years ago. This transition mirrors modern climate change, both in surface temperature and carbon dioxide increase. However, the historical transition became much more extreme and settled to a state of warm temperatures from the equator to the poles with little variation in between. The lack of latitudinal gradient in temperature is associated with a moist stratosphere, which provides additional motivation for thoroughly understanding the effects of adding water vapor to the stratosphere in a climatological context. The time evolution of water vapor enhancements from convective injection is analyzed by initializing trajectories over satellite-measured water vapor enhancements. The model runs show water vapor concentrations that remain elevated over the background concentrations for several days and often over a week, which is of the timescale that warrants concern over increased halogen catalyzed ozone loss and the subsequent risk to public health. By analyzing stratospheric winds during the summer months over North America using normalized angular momentum, a pattern of frequent stratospheric anticyclonic activity over North America emerges as a unique feature of the region. This provides a mechanism for the modeled persistent elevated water vapor and validates observations. In a climate like today's with increasing surface radiative forcing, the magnitude and frequency of convective injection may increase, with dramatic consequences on the climate system and human health.
Physics
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Vann, Lelia Belle. "Ultra narrow band fiber optic Bragg grating filters for atmospheric water vapor measurements." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280456.

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Optical fibers have revolutionized telecommunications. Much of the success of optical fiber lies in its near-ideal properties: low transmission loss, high optical damage threshold, and low optical nonlinearity. The photosensitivity of an optical fiber was accidentally discovered by Hill, et al. in 1978. However, the technological advances made in the field of photosensitive optical fibers are relatively recent. This fascinating technology of photosensitive fiber is based on the principle of a simple in-line all-fiber optical filter. It has been shown that the transmission spectrum of a fiber Bragg grating can be tailored by incorporating multiple phase-shift regions during the fabrication process. Phase shifts open up ultra narrowband transmission windows inside the stop band of the Bragg grating. As a specific application, this research is focused on applying this technology in future space-based water vapor DIfferential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) systems to improve the performance of space-based LIDAR systems by rejecting the reflected solar background. The primary goal of this research effort was to demonstrate the feasibility of using ultra narrow band fiber optic Bragg grating filters for atmospheric water vapor measurements. Fiber Bragg gratings were fabricated such that two transmission filter peaks occurred and were tunable, one peak at a 946 nm water vapor absorption line and another peak at a region of no absorption. Both transmission peaks were in the middle of a 2.66-nm stop band. Experimental demonstration of both pressure and temperature tuning was achieved and characterization of the performance of several custom-made optical fiber Bragg grating filters was made. To our knowledge these are the first optical fiber gratings made in this frequency range and for this application. The bandwidth and efficiency of these filters were measured and then these measurements were compared with theoretical calculations using a piecewise matrix form of the coupled-mode equation. Finally, an ultra narrow band water vapor DIAL filter was characterized having two pass bands less than 8 pm and peak transmissions greater than 80 percent. Such fiber optic filters are now ready for integrating into space-based water vapor LIDAR systems. More broadly, these filters have the characteristics that will revolutionized satellite remote-sensing.
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Wassenberg, Chris Alan 1959. "Development of a multi-frequency microwave radiometer for the measurement of atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277271.

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The development of a system capable of continuously monitoring atmospheric brightness temperatures at H₂O and O₂ absorption/emission windows is discussed. Designed for remote (unattended) operation, the system employs radiometric technology and operates at microwave frequencies, thereby achieving essentially all-weather operation. The design, construction and calibration of the radiometer system are described. In addition, some of the physics and mathematics on which the theory of atmospheric radiative transfer is based is presented. Examples of measurements made during the system's first operational performance study is presented along with preliminary calibration calculations. Future work required to refine the measurement and calibration techniques is discussed.
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Wang, Sheng-Hung. "Large-scale moisture flux analysis for the United States." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1073015878.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 154 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Jeffery C. Rogers, Dept. of Atmospheric Science. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-153).
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Sargent, Maryann Racine. "The Response of Stratospheric Water Vapor to a Changing Climate: Insights from In Situ Water Vapor Measurements." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10623.

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Stratospheric water vapor plays an important role in the Earth system, both through its role in stratospheric ozone destruction and as a greenhouse gas contributing to radiative forcing of the climate. Highly accurate water vapor measurements are critical to understanding how stratospheric water vapor concentrations will respond to a changing climate. However, the past disagreement among water vapor instruments on the order of 1 – 2 ppmv hinders understanding of the mechanisms which control stratospheric humidity, and the reliable detection of water vapor trends. In response to these issues, we present a new dual axis water vapor instrument that combines the heritage Harvard Lyman-\(\alpha\) hygrometer with the newly developed Harvard Herriott Hygrometer (HHH). The Lyman-\(\alpha\) instrument utilizes ultraviolet photo-fragment fluorescence detection, and its accuracy has been demonstrated though rigorous laboratory calibrations and in situ diagnostic procedures. HHH employs a tunable diode near-IR laser to measure water vapor via direct absorption in a Herriott cell; it demonstrated in-flight precision of 0.1 ppmv (1-sec) with accuracy of 5%±0.5 ppmv. We describe these two measurement techniques in detail along with our methodology for calibration and details of the measurement uncertainties. We also examine the recent flight comparison of the two instruments with several other in situ hygrometers during the 2011 MACPEX campaign, in which five independent instruments agreed to within 0.7 ppmv, a significant improvement over past comparisons. Water vapor measurements in combination with simultaneous in situ measurements of \(O_3\), CO, \(CO_2\), HDO, and HCl are also used to investigate transport in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). Data from the winter 2006 CR-AVE campaign and the summer 2007 TC4 campaign are analyzed in a one-dimensional mixing model to explore the seasonal importance of transport within the TTL via slow upward ascent, convective injection, and isentropic transport from the midlatitude stratosphere. The model shows transport from midlatitudes to be significant in summer and winter, affecting ozone concentrations and therefore the radiative balance of the TTL. It also shows significant convective influence up to 420 K potential temperature in both seasons, which appreciably increases the amount of water vapor above the tropopause.
Engineering and Applied Sciences
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7

Pan, Xiong. "Theoretical Studies of Atmospheric Water Complexes." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1163.

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Intermolecular complexes between H₂O and atmospheric species HO, HO₂, H₂O₂, O₃, NO and NO₂ have been studied by ab initio molecular orbital methods. The studies have been performed to the MP2 theory level by using 4-31G, 6-31G, D95, 6-31G**, D95**, 6-311G**, 6-311+G**, 6-311++G**, 6-311+G(2d,lp) and 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis sets. The geometries were fully optimized. The vibrational frequencies were calculated. The Basis Set Superposition Error (BSSE) were estimated. Finally, the binding energies of the complexes were predicted with other thermochemical properties. The binding energies of H₂O•HO, H₂O•HO₂, H₂O•H₂O₂, H₂O•O₃, H₂O•NO and H₂O•NO₂ are estimated to be 5.7±0.6, 8.9±1.0, 7.3±1.3, 1.8±0.2, 1.17 (no BSSE correction) and 2.98 (no BSSE correction) Kcal/Mol, respectively. The Kcq for dimerization to yield H₂O•HO, H₂O•HF, H₂O•HO₂, H₂O•H₂O and H₂O•H₂O₂ are estimated to be 0.11, 2.8, 3.3, 0.067 and 0.11 atm¯¹, respectively. The H₂O•HO, H₂O•HF, H₂O•HO₂, H₂O•H₂O and H₂O•H₂O₂ are quite strongly bonded complexes, while H₂O•O₃, H₂O•NO and H₂O•NO₂ are only weakly bonded complexes. The Kcq changes with temperature are discussed, and their importance in atmospheric chemistry are addressed.
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Wiedner, Martina Corinna. "Atmospheric water vapour and astronomical millimetre interferometry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://www.mma.nrao.edu/workinggroups/cal%5Fimaging/183GHz.html.

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9

Hancock, Jay Brian 1976. "Passive microwave and hyperspectral infrared retrievals of atmospheric water vapor profiles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8573.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-234).
Two clear-air relative humidity profile estimators were designed and implemented using neural networks. The microwave estimator is the first to utilize 54-, 118-, and 183-GHz channels for simultaneously retrieving a relative humidity profile. It utilizes 2 separate instruments simultaneously. The first instrument is a medium-resolution dual-band radiometer with one set of 8 double-sideband 118-GHz channels and a second set of 8 single-sideband 54-GHz channels. The other instrument is a high-resolution double-sideband radiometer with a set of 3 183-GHz channels, and additional channels at 89, 220, and 150 GHz. The infrared estimator is among the first to utilize a hyperspectral infrared aircraft instrument for relative humidity profile retrievals. The infrared instrument is a 9000-channel interferometer operative over the wavelength range of 3.8-16.2 microns. Both estimators utilized neural networks of comparable topology and training methods. The training data was generated from the SATIGR set of 1761 RAOBs using a different implementation of the discrete radiative transfer equation for each estimator. The test data were from two clear-air ER-2 aircraft flights during the tropical CAMEX-3 mission near Andros Island. The retrievals were robust in the face of unknown instrument bias and noise, which introduced a difference between the training data and the flight data. A noise-averaging technique achieved robustness in exchange for a degradation in sensitivity of the retrieval algorithms. Robustness was demonstrated by the retrieval agreement between the microwave and infrared instruments. The theoretical average rms error in relative humidity for the various techniques on the training set was 12% for the microwave estimator, 11% for the infrared, and 10% for a linear regression of the two. In application to two flights, the rms error was 9.4% for the microwave, 7.7% for the infrared, and 7.7% for the combination, based on comparisons with nearby radiosondes.
by Jay Brian Hancock.
S.M.
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10

Beucler, Tom(Tom George). "Interaction between water vapor, radiation and convection in the tropics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121758.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 227-251).
The spatiotemporal variability of water vapor near the Equator remains poorly understood because convective organization simultaneously spans the cloud scale (~ 10km) and the planetary scale (~ 10, 000km). Spatiotemporal variability of tropical water vapor may result from internal instabilities of the atmosphere, arising from the interaction between water vapor, radiation and convection. The present work leverages the instability of radiative-convective equilibrium, the most fundamental state of the tropical atmosphere, to connect convective organization in cloud-permitting models with the observed variability of water vapor through common physical mechanisms. First, we propose a simple theory that explains when instability of radiative-convective equilibrium may occur: If the total atmospheric cooling decreases with column water vapor, then radiative-convective equilibrium may be unstable to the growth of moist and dry perturbations.
Secondly, we combine a linear response framework with the weak temperature gradient approximation to analyze the interaction between convection, radiation and water vapor at each level of the atmosphere. We find that convection may interact with radiation to trigger the growth of mid-tropospheric water vapor anomalies by transporting water vapor to the upper troposphere, where it can prevent lower-tropospheric water vapor from radiatively cooling to space. Thirdly, we turn to the spatial organization of water vapor anomalies and relate the evolution of the size of moist and dry regions to diabatic fluxes in twenty cloud-permitting simulations on large domains. Longwave radiation from ice clouds aggregates convection at larger scales, shortwave radiation aggregates convection at smaller scales, and surface enthalpy fluxes smooth out water vapor anomalies through their enthalpy disequilibrium component.
Finally, we relate the transient zonal variability of precipitable water to convective-aggregation mechanisms in realistic models and observations of the atmosphere. Radiative fluxes generate transient water vapor structures of planetary scales, while surface enthalpy fluxes and horizontal energy transport act to smooth out these structures, suggesting parallels between observations and idealized simulations of aggregated convection.
by Tom Beucler.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
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Books on the topic "Atmospheric physics Water vapor"

1

Bai︠a︡nov, I. M. Cloud formation. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Pollack, Gerald H. The fourth phase of water: Beyond solid, liquid, and vapor. Seattle, WA: Ebner & Sons, 2013.

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3

Keefer, Dennis. High temperature measurement of water vapor absorption. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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Vigneau, Jean-Pierre. L' eau atmosphérique et continentale. Paris: SEDES, 1996.

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Oltmans, Samuel J. Water vapor profiles for Washington, DC; Boulder, CO; Palestine, TX; Laramie, WY; and Fairbanks, AK; during the period 1974 to 1985. Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Air Resources Laboratory, 1986.

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Oltmans, Samuel J. Water vapor profiles for Washington, DC; Boulder, CO; Palestine, TX; Laramie, WY; and Fairbanks, AK; during the period 1974 to 1985. Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Air Resources Laboratory, 1986.

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Oltmans, Samuel J. Water vapor profiles for Washington, DC; Boulder, CO; Palestine, TX; Laramie, WY; and Fairbanks, AK; during the period 1974 to 1985. Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Air Resources Laboratory, 1986.

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Peixoto, José Pinto. Dinâmica do ciclo hidrológico: As fontes do vapor de água da atmosfera = Dynamics of the hidrological cycle : the sources of water vapor for the atmospheres. Lisboa: Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Geofísico do Infante D. Luís, 1994.

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Dvorak, Vernon F. Tropical cyclone motion forecasting using satellite water vapor imagery. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1994.

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Weldon, Roger. Water vapor imagery: Interpretation and applications to weather analysis and forecasting. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Atmospheric physics Water vapor"

1

Kiemle, Christoph, Andreas Schäfler, and Christiane Voigt. "Detection and Analysis of Water Vapor Transport." In Atmospheric Physics, 169–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30183-4_11.

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Wirth, Martin. "Measuring Water Vapor with Differential Absorption Lidar." In Atmospheric Physics, 465–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30183-4_28.

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Salamalikis, V., A. A. Argiriou, and E. Dotsika. "Stable Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Water Vapor in Greece." In Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics, 271–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29172-2_39.

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Smit, H. G. J., S. Gilge, and D. Kley. "The Meridional Distribution of Ozone and Water Vapor Over the Atlantic Ocean between 30 °s and 52 °N in September/October 1988." In Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, 630–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0567-2_95.

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Katsaros, K. B. "Turbulent flux of water vapor in relation to the wave field and atmospheric stratification." In Physical Processes in Lakes and Oceans, 37–46. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce054p0037.

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Vasyliv, B. D., V. Ya Podhurska, and O. P. Ostash. "Effect of Water Vapor Amount in Hydrogenous Atmospheres on Reducing Ability of the YSZ–NiO Fuel Cell Anode Material." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 623–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56422-7_47.

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Gordley, L. L., J. M. Russell, and E. E. Remsberg. "Global Lower Mesospheric Water Vapor Revealed by LIMS Observations." In Atmospheric Ozone, 139–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5313-0_28.

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Rossow, William B. "Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor." In Radiation and Water in the Climate System, 175–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03289-3_8.

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Ždímal, V., and David Brus. "Homogeneous Nucleation Rate in Supersaturated Water Vapor." In Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 134–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_27.

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Bernard, René. "Microwave Atmospheric Sounding (Water Vapor and Liquid Water)." In Microwave Remote Sensing for Oceanographic and Marine Weather-Forecast Models, 191–216. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0509-2_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Atmospheric physics Water vapor"

1

Aref'ev, Vladimir N., N. Y. Kamenogradsky, F. V. Kashin, V. P. Ustinov, V. K. Semyonov, V. P. Sinyakov, and L. I. Sorokina. "Water vapor in the continental atmosphere." In Eighth Joint International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gelii A. Zherebtsov, Gennadii G. Matvienko, Viktor A. Banakh, and Vladimir V. Koshelev. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.458473.

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Penner, I. E., M. Yu Arshinov, Yu S. Balin, B. D. Belan, B. A. Voronin, and G. P. Kokhanenko. "Comparison of the water vapor and aerosol profiles." In 20th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2075511.

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Rodimova, Olga B. "Continuum water vapor absorption in the 4000–8000cm-1region." In XXI International Symposium Atmospheric and Ocean Optics. Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2205332.

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Goldin, Victor, Tatyana E. Klimeshina, and Olga Rodimova. "Water vapor cluster formation within the framework of chemical kinetics." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540902.

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Lavrentiev, Nikolai, Yulia Voronina, Aleksei Privezentzev, and Alexander Fazliev. "Collection of published plots on water vapor absorption cross sections." In XXIV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2504586.

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Lavrentieva, Nina N., Anna S. Dudaryonok, and Oleg S. Osipov. "Water vapor line broadening induced by hydrogen and helium pressure." In XXII International Symposium Atmospheric and Ocean Optics. Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2249314.

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Simonova, Anna Andreevna, and Igor Vasil'evich Ptashnik. "Water vapor self-continuum model in the rotational absorption band." In 26th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2574937.

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Khutorov, Vladislaw, Olga Khutorova, Alexander Blizorukov, and Vitaly Dementiev. "Variability of atmospheric integral water vapor content as dependent on synoptic processes." In XXIV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2504385.

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Kokhanenko, Grigorii P., Yurii S. Balin, Marina G. Klemasheva, Sergei V. Nasonov, Mikhail M. Novoselov, Ioganes E. Penner, and Svetlana V. Samoilova. "Vertical distribution of aerosol layers and water vapor in the troposphere." In 26th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2574570.

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Petrova, T. M., A. M. Solodov, A. A. Solodov, V. M. Deichuli, and V. I. Starikov. "He-broadening and shift coefficients of water vapor lines in infrared spectral region." In XXI International Symposium Atmospheric and Ocean Optics. Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2205562.

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Reports on the topic "Atmospheric physics Water vapor"

1

Felde, Gerald W., Gail P. Anderson, James A. Gardner, Stephen M. Alder-Golden, and Michael W. Matthew. Water Vapor Retrieval Using the FLAASH Atmospheric Correction Algorithm. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423120.

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Boyle, J. S. Comparison of Atmospheric Water Vapor in Observational and Model Data Sets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792757.

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Jensen, M., and D. Troyan. Continuous Water Vapor Profiles for the Fixed Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/948517.

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Allman, Ronald E., and Robert J. Foltynowicz. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of atmospheric water vapor from 0.4 to 2.7 THz. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/876363.

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Goldsmith, J. E. M., F. H. Blair, and S. E. Bisson. Implementation of Raman lidar for profiling of atmospheric water vapor and aerosols at the SGP CART site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/72714.

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