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1
Chandrasekaran, Keerthivasan. "Energy to Mass for Atomic Elementary Particles." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 5 (2021): 141–42. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21502212957.
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Sattler, M. L., and M. A. O'Keefe. "Atomic structure analysis of small particles supported on amorphous material." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100125452.
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The direct observation of atomic features in small crystalline particles supported by a thicker substrate is useful when characterizing materials such as electrocatalysts. However, particle definition becomes difficult to establish for catalyst crystallites less than 5nm in diameter on a support 5 to 10 times thicker, since the background contrast obscures the HREM image of the particle. Previous image calculations of 2.4nm sized particles on 10nm amorphous support have demonstrated further the problems associated with image interpretation of these small particles. The present method incorporates the matching of simulated images at varying thicknesses with computer enhanced images of small particles on amorphous supports in order to characterize atomic details at the surfaces of these particles.Catalyst material consisting of crystalline Ti02 particles on an amorphous Si02 support was developed so that the average particle size measured 7.0nm.
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DUBIEL, M., H. HOFMEISTER, and S. THIEL. "FORMATION AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF NANOSCALE SILVER IN GLASS." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 01 (1996): 1083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96001935.
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Silver particles of sizes ranging from about 2 to 100 nm embedded in a glass matrix were formed by silver-sodium ion exchange in sodium silicate glasses. By high-resolution electron microscopy examination, lattice contractions depending on the particle size were found that are comparable to or larger than those reported for nonembedded silver particles. From these lattice contractions values of the interface stress acting on the particles at room temperature as an effective compressive stress are determined. By deformation of the glasses at elevated temperatures, an elongation of spherical particles results that allows us to determine the interface stress at the deformation temperature. The large discrepancy of the resulting values points to an essential role of the cooling procedure taking place after the particle formation.
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Ono, Kohei, Yuki Mizushima, Masaki Furuya, et al. "Direct Measurement of Adhesion Force of Individual Aerosol Particles by Atomic Force Microscopy." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050489.
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A new method, namely, force–distance curve mapping, was developed to directly measure the adhesion force of individual aerosol particles by atomic force microscopy. The proposed method collects adhesion force from multiple points on a single particle. It also takes into account the spatial distribution of the adhesion force affected by topography (e.g., the variation in the tip angle relative to the surface, as well as the force imposed upon contact), thereby enabling the direct and quantitative measurement of the adhesion force representing each particle. The topographic effect was first evaluated by measuring Polystyrene latex (PSL) standard particles, and the optimized method was then applied on atmospherically relevant model dust particles (quartz, ATD, and CJ-1) and inorganic particles (ammonium sulfate and artificial sea salt) to inter-compare the adhesion forces among different aerosol types. The method was further applied on the actual ambient aerosol particles collected on the western coast of Japan, when the region was under the influence of Asian dust plume. The ambient particles were classified into sea salt (SS), silicate dust, and Ca-rich dust particles based on individual particle analysis (micro-Raman or Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX)). Comparable adhesion forces were obtained from the model and ambient particles for both SS and silicate dust. Although dust particles tended to show smaller adhesion forces, the adhesion force of Ca-rich dust particles was larger than the majority of silicate dust particles and was comparable with the inorganic salt particles. These results highlight that the original chemical composition, as well as the aging process in the atmosphere, can create significant variation in the adhesion force among individual particles. This study demonstrates that force–distance curve mapping can be used as a new tool to quantitatively characterize the physical properties of aerosol particles on an individual basis.
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Zhou, Zhukun, Xing Guo, Helin Jia, Guangxian Li, Xue Fan, and Songlin Ding. "Ultra-Fast Heating Process of Cu-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Unraveled by Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Coatings 13, no. 6 (2023): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061078.
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This paper investigates the ultra-fast heating process of Cu-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles from an atomic-scale perspective, which is essential for laser manufacturing processes, such as laser cladding and selective laser melting. The behavior of high surface ratio nanoparticles during these processes is strongly influenced by their properties and the heating process, which is governed by atomic dynamics. Previous studies have mainly focused on the combination process in pure metallic nanoparticles under slow or isothermal heating, but this work demonstrates that the ultra-fast atomic dynamic process between bimetallic nanoparticles differs significantly. Specifically, in Cu-Pd nanoparticles, the combination process is primarily dependent on the surface atomic motion of the lower melting point particles rather than plastic deformation in the grain boundary between particles. Moreover, the ultra-fast heating process is size-dependent. For small nanoparticles, the atomic kinetics exhibit two different mechanisms depending on temperature: Low-temperature jointing is controlled by localized atomic rearrangement, while high-temperature coalition is governed by the atomic flow of surface atomic melting in the low-temperature melting particle. The combination mechanism is the same for large particles as it is for small particles at high temperatures. The findings of this study provide important insights into the behavior of bimetallic nanoparticles during ultra-fast heating and can inform the development of coat and lubricant.
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Mendez, Derek, Thomas Lane, Jongmin Sung, Daniel Ratner, Herschel Watkins, and Sebastian Doniach. "Correlated scattering: probing atomic structure of molecules and nanoparticles." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314084174.
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In 1977, Z. Kam theorized that correlations of scattering patterns, measured by exposing a solution of randomly oriented identical particles to x-ray radiation, could yield detailed information on the internal structure of the individual particles [1]. During a single exposure (whose duration should be short compared to the particle rotational diffusion time), physical correlations arise whenever multiple photons scatter from the same particle into different directions. By averaging correlations from many exposures, we have demonstrated that one can extract this correlated signal from a background of uncorrelated single-direction scattering events from different particles [2]. This additional information can be used to place constraints on model structures of the particles under investigation, providing a method of structure refinement to atomic resolution. We recently observed correlated scattering from solutions of ~10^9 silver nanoparticles exposed to synchrotron radiation at a microfocus beamline at SSRL [2]. By auto- and cross- correlating the Bragg rings 111 and 200, five correlation peaks were resolved corresponding to the structure and symmetry of silver's reciprocal lattice. To transition from nanoparticles to biomolecule studies, we have performed several experiments at x-ray free electron laser centers (SLAC and SPring-8), and are working to refine analysis techniques.
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Severijns, N. "Searches for new physics with free neutrons and radioactive atomic nuclei." Europhysics News 52, no. 4 (2021): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2021405.
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The Standard Model of Particle Physics is very successful but does not explain several experimental observations. Extensions of it, invoking new particles or phenomena, could overcome this. Experiments in different energy domains allow testing these extensions and searching for new particles. Here focus is on low-energy experiments with neutrons and radioactive nuclei.
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Stetsenko, V. Yu. "About elementary particles." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2023-4-127-130.
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It is shown that only stable particles can be elementary particles. The fundamental elementary particles are positive, negative and neutral particles of space. Photons and neutrinos are formed from them, which are elementary particles of electrons, positrons and protons. A neutral photon consists of a positive elementary particle of space, around which a negative elementary particle of space rotates. A neutrino consists of a negative elementary particle of space, around which a positive elementary particle of space rotates. An electron has a structure consisting of negative and neutral photons connected by negative elementary particles of space. The positron has a structure consisting of positive and neutral photons connected by negative elementary particles of space. A proton consists of a positively charged nucleus around which electrons rotate. The proton nucleus consists of positrons bound by neutrino particles. Atomic nuclei consist of positive and neutral protons connected by the exchange of electrons and neutrino particles. The carriers of electromagnetic interaction are positive and negative elementary particles of space. The carriers of the gravitational interaction are neutral elementary particles of space. Electromagnetic, gravitational and inertial forces are the forces of space. Space is an equilibrium system, just like the whole universe.
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Inamoto, Shin, and Yuji Otsuka. "Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for an atomic-scale quantitative analysis of Pd–Pt core-shell nanoparticles." Microscopy 69, no. 1 (2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz113.
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Abstract The properties of core-shell nanoparticles, which are used for many catalytic processes as an alternative to platinum, depend on the size of both the particle and the shell. It is thus necessary to develop a quantitative method to determine the shell thickness. Pd–Pt core-shell particles were analyzed using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Quantitative EDX line profiles acquired from the core-shell particle were compared to four core-shell models. The results indicate that the thickness of the Pt shell corresponds to two atomic layers. Meanwhile, high-angle annular dark-field STEM images from the same particle were analyzed and compared to simulated images. Again, this experiment demonstrates that the shell thickness was of two atomic layers. Our results indicate that, in small particles, it is possible to use EDX for a precise atomic-scale quantitative analysis.
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Tikhomirov, Viktor V. "Incoherent ultrarelativistic channeling particle scattering by electrons." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2021-3-49-61.
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The problem of high-energy charged particle motion in the field of atomic strings and planes of oriented crystals, widely applied to control large accelerator beams and generate intense gamma radiation, is addressed. Following the previously developed theory of channeled particles incoherent scattering by crystal atom nuclei, we consider here the same by crystal atom electrons. The theory developed takes into consideration all the effects of momentum transfer between fast particles and electrons of atoms in a crystal in the range from the nuclear radius up to the many inter-atomic distances. The theory also includes the temperature-dependent Debye – Waller factor, as well as both the atomic form factors and scattering function, evaluated with the detail consideration of atomic structure. All the modifications of electron scattering in crystals are reduced to the value of the effective minimum momentum transfer, which by an order of value exceeds that one, related with the Bethe – Bloch mean atomic energy. Substituting this quantity to the expression for the mean square of the scattering angle of a classically moving particle makes it possible to compare the scattering by electrons and nuclei, while its joint use with the Rutherford cross section allows for the correct simulations of the planar channeling of positively charged particles in the thickest crystals, supposed to be used for the beam extraction from high energy accelerators, measurement of electromagnetic characteristics of short-living particles and development of intense narrow-band X-ray and gamma radiation sources based on crystal undulators.
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Drabovich, K. N. "Trapped atomic particles in action." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 158, no. 7 (1989): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0158.198907e.0499.
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Burge, E. J., Bruce Berger, and Edmond L. Berger. "Atomic Nuclei and their Particles." Physics Today 43, no. 3 (1990): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2810493.
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Drabovich, Konstantin N. "Trapped atomic particles in action." Soviet Physics Uspekhi 32, no. 7 (1989): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/pu1989v032n07abeh002736.
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Abdullah, Iman Hmood, Inaam H. Kadhim, and Najlaa Mohammed. "Study the Expense of Long-Term and Relative to Alpha Particles and Protons among the Various Elements." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 54 (July 2015): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.54.104.
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In this research study theory to calculate the range of alpha particles and protons with atomic number (1,2) through the passage in the media watchdog of the elements (Lanthanum La and Samarium Sm and AlerdiomEr and Altantalm Ta and gold Au, Lead Pb and uranium U) with atomic numbers (57.62, 68,73,82,92) the results showed that the extent of alpha particles and protons in these circles depends on Quicken goals Atomic exponentially in addition, we find that the term proportional directly proportional to the charged particle energy as well as its dependence on the mass and charge density of the charged particle. The curves showed that the extent of alpha particles and protons increases with increasing energy, although theoretical calculations of the extent of all the shells passers in goals Atomic Energy held in extent (0.3-100MeV) for protons, while Alpha is the extent (1.6-100MeV). As for the term relative lost by each of the alpha particles and protons in goals (IAEA) (La, Sm, Er, Ta, Au, Pb, U). And compared the results obtained to the extent with the results of the program SRIM2003 Tests showed good agreement with the use of the equation, especially due to the difficulty in obtaining results of the process over. A computer program has been adopted in the Matlab programming language equations for calculating the range to get the desired results and that is described as graphs.
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Abdullah, Iman Hmood, Inaam H. Kadhim, and Najlaa Mohammed. "Study the Expense of Long-Term and Relative to Alpha Particles and Protons among the Various Elements." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 54 (July 3, 2015): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-r3qaq8.
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In this research study theory to calculate the range of alpha particles and protons with atomic number (1,2) through the passage in the media watchdog of the elements (Lanthanum La and Samarium Sm and AlerdiomEr and Altantalm Ta and gold Au, Lead Pb and uranium U) with atomic numbers (57.62, 68,73,82,92) the results showed that the extent of alpha particles and protons in these circles depends on Quicken goals Atomic exponentially in addition, we find that the term proportional directly proportional to the charged particle energy as well as its dependence on the mass and charge density of the charged particle. The curves showed that the extent of alpha particles and protons increases with increasing energy, although theoretical calculations of the extent of all the shells passers in goals Atomic Energy held in extent (0.3-100MeV) for protons, while Alpha is the extent (1.6-100MeV). As for the term relative lost by each of the alpha particles and protons in goals (IAEA) (La, Sm, Er, Ta, Au, Pb, U). And compared the results obtained to the extent with the results of the program SRIM2003 Tests showed good agreement with the use of the equation, especially due to the difficulty in obtaining results of the process over. A computer program has been adopted in the Matlab programming language equations for calculating the range to get the desired results and that is described as graphs.
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Small, J., and J. Michael. "Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) of Sub 500 Nm Particles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027963.
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In our initial studies of the phase identification analysis of individual particles by EBSD, we observed that the quality of the EBSD patterns obtained from particles less than 1 micrometer in size decreased with decreasing particle size, density, and atomic number. This effect is shown in FIG. 1 by comparison of an EBSD pattern from a 12 um Al2O3 particle (FIG. la) and a 200 nm Al2O3 particle FIG. lb. Both particles were mounted on 2 mm thick carbon substrates. The Kikuchi bands from the larger particle are clearly visible while the bands from the smaller particle are not. This decrease in image quality is believed to be the result of a combination of 2 factors related to the electron scattering associated with these very small particles. First, as particle size decreases below about 1 micrometer, an increasing number of electrons are transmitted through the bottom of the particles.
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Kuznetsov, Y. G., A. Low, H. Fan, and A. McPherson. "Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Isolated Virions of Murine Leukemia Virus." Journal of Virology 79, no. 3 (2005): 1970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.3.1970-1974.2005.
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ABSTRACT Virions of mouse leukemia virus spread on glass substrates were visualized by atomic force microscopy. The size distribution mode was 145 nm, significantly larger than that for human immunodeficiency virus particles. The distribution of particle sizes is broad, indicating that no two particles are likely identical in content or surface features. Virions possess knoblike protrusions, which may represent vestiges of budding from cell membranes. Particles which split open allowed imaging of intact cores with diameters of 65 nm. They also permitted estimation of viral shell thickness (35 to 40 nm) and showed the presence of a distinct trough between the shell and the core surface.
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Doornkamp, C., C. Laszlo, W. Wieldraaijer, and E. W. Kuipers. "Exploration of the deposition of submicrometer particles by spin-coating." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 2 (1995): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0411.
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The deposition of Cu, Zn, Pt, and Co precursor particles from solution onto a flat silicon wafer using a spin coater was studied. Homogeneously distributed monodisperse particles can be obtained. The dependence of particle size and number density on solution concentration and rotation frequency was investigated. Different solvents and support modifications were studied. The particles were analyzed using dark-field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy.
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Babenko P. Yu., Zinoviev A. N., Mikhailov V. S., Tensin D.S., and Shergin A. P. "The ion-solid interaction potential determination from the backscattered particles spectra." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 7 (2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.07.54039.19231.
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The values of the atomic particle-solid potential were obtained for the first time from experimental data on the energy spectra and angular dependences of backscattered particles. The proposed procedure for determining the potential has never been applied previously. It is shown that the obtained data do not depend on the potential approximation used. The ion-solid interaction potential differs markedly from the potential describing collisions in the gas phase. The screening constant increases by 10-15%. The increase in screening is due to an increase in the density of the electron gas in the region between the incident particle and scattering center. Keywords: interatomic interaction potential, energy spectra, scattering of atomic particles on the surface.
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ITOH, M., S. TOHNO, M. ADACHI, and K. KIMURA. "EXAFS STUDY ON THE NONCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF BINARY COMPONENT (BiCu, BiTe) NANOPHASE PARTICLES." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 01 (1996): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96000164.
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From the viewpoint of the size dependence of the melting point of small particles, the microstructure of nanophase particles is investigated with EXAFS. Two EXAFS spectrum from BiCu and BiTe nanophase particles indicated the specific line shape due to the disorder of atomic structure of the particles, which was not found for corresponding bulk materials. This fact means that a nanophase particle has not only soft surface due to size effect but also a liquid-like inner structure caused by a thermal fluctuation.
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Jamilah, Jamilah, Rody Putra Sartika, and Maria Ulfah. "Pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe stad terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi atom dan partikel penyusunnya." Jurnal Pendidikan Informatika dan Sains 10, no. 1 (2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31571/saintek.v10i1.2465.
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This study aimed to determine: 1) the differences in student learning outcomes taught used the STAD cooperative learning model used conventional learning models on atomic material and the constituent particles, 2) the magnitude of the influence of the STAD cooperative learning model on student learning outcomes on atomic and particle material constituent. The form of this research was true experimental design with posttest only control design. The sample selection technique was carried out by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was used a learning outcome test. The results of data analysis through the U-Mann Whitney test on the posttest value obtained a Sig value of 0.000 which indicates that there were differences in learning outcomes between students who were taught used the STAD type cooperative learning model and students taught used conventional methods on atomic material and the constituent particles. Learning used the STAD cooperative learning model on atomic material and its constituent particles at SMP Negeri 9 Pontianak class IX has an effect of 37.06% on student learning outcomes.
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Tanigaki, T., H. Suzuki, Y. Kimura, C. Kaito, and Y. Saito. "Atomic Observation of the Sublimation Process of the Pb (111) Surface." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 02n03 (2003): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005220.
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The dynamic behavior of the sublimation process using ultrafine Pb particles produced by the gas evaporation technique was examined at the level of atomic resolution using a transmission electron microscope equipped with a real-time video-recording system. The ultrafine Pb particles coated with a carbon layer with a thickness of the order of 5 nm were prepared in the electron microscope by heating particles on carbon film at 300°C. Sublimation of the Pb particle covered with the carbon layer took place above 470°C, which is slightly higher than the melting point of Pb. Sublimation occurred at the surface with a higher surface energy. The sublimation process of the (111) surface was clearly observed at an atomic level. It was found that two- or four-atomic-layer step flow was observed at the (111) surface. At the (111) surface between the stacking faults, two-layer and successive one-layer sublimation occurred.
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Iijima, Sumio. "Some HREM observations on silicon small particles." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 1010–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100107113.
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In recent years, small particles have attracted the attentions of by some researchers for their physical and chemical anomaly as well as technological application to ceramics and catalyst industries. For these studies, morphological investigations on small particles seem to be important. HREM methods are the most direct approach to obtain particle crystal structures at atomic level resolution. This talk reviews some of the works on small particle research that have been done as a part of the fine particle research project by Japanese Research development Corporation (fully government-supported project). Among the many TEM observations on small particles that have been done, some specific problems using Si particles are presented.Small particle production Small particles of Si were prepared by a gasevaporation method which utilizes the evaporation and condensation of Si vapors in an Ar gas at 300Torr. The Si vapors were obtained by heating Si rods by an arc discharge1.
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Deng, Chunxia, Junye Li, Wenqing Meng, and Weihong Zhao. "Effect of Particle Velocity on Microcutting Process of Fe–C Alloy by Molecular Dynamics." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (2022): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081339.
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In order to study the material removal mechanism of Fe–C alloy surfaces in the particle microcutting process, the molecular dynamics method was used to study the material deformation and removal rules during the particle microcutting process. By analyzing and discussing the particle cutting force, atomic energy, atomic displacement, lattice structure, and dislocation in the particle microcutting process under different cutting velocities, the material removal mechanism is revealed. The results show that the atomic binding energy of Fe–C alloy increases with an increase in particle cutting velocity. The cutting force of particles and atomic potential energy of the workpiece increase obviously. The accumulated strain energy and dislocation energy in the lattice increase, the lattice deformation becomes more severe, and the material is prone to plastic deformation. The atoms form atomic groups at the front of the particle and are then remove from the surface of Fe–C alloy in the form of chips.
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Chen, Heng. "Comparative Observation of the Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus 2 Using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 13, no. 5 (2007): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927607070808.
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Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a defective, nonpathogenic human parvovirus, which coinfects with a helper adenovirus or herpes virus. AAV's unique characteristics have made it an appealing vector system for gene delivery. AAV or recombinant AAV (rAAV) has been widely detected using negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) but little has been detected using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this article, we used AFM and TEM to observe the recombinant AAV-2 (rAAV-2) virus particles and applied statistical analysis to the AFM and TEM images. The results indicated that the rAAV-2 particle was a slightly elliptic particle close to round when it was detected by TEM (the mean length of major and minor axes of rAAV-2 particles was 24.77 ± 1.78 nm and 21.84 ± 1.57 nm, respectively), whereas when detected by AFM, the rAAV-2 particle was almost round. Even though the dimensions of the rAAV-2 particle exhibited a polymorphous distribution via off-line particle analysis of AFM, most of the rAAV-2 particles had a mean diameter of approximate 22.04 nm, which was similar to the results obtained by TEM. The results above suggested that AFM was important for accurately determining the average dimensions and distributions of virus particles.
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Hassani, Nasim, and Mehdi Neek-Amal. "The interaction between atomic-scale pores and particles." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 3 (2021): 035001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac2bc6.
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Abstract Using first-principles calculations for angstrom-sized pores (3–10 Å), we investigate pore-particle interaction. The translocation energy barrier (TEB) plays important role for the angstrom-scale pores created in 2D-materials such as graphene which is calculated for the translocation of rare gases (He, Ne, Ar, Xe), diatomic molecules (H2 and N2), CO2, and CH4. The critical incident angle (the premeance beyond that is zero) was found to be 40°, which is different from classical model’s prediction of 19–37°. The calculated TEB (Δ) and the surface diffusion energy barrier (Δ′) for the particles with small kinetic diameter (He, Ne and H2), show that the direct flow is the dominant permeation mechanism (Δ ≈ 0 and Δ′ > 30 meV). For the other particles with larger kinetic diameters (Ar, Kr, N2, CH4 and CO2), we found that both surface diffusion and direct flow mechanisms are possible, i.e. Δ and Δ′ ≠ 0. This work provides important insights into the gas permeation theory and into the design and development of gas separation and filtration devices.
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Shulga, Sergiy, Igor Kyryllin, and N.F. Shul'ga. "Scattering of high-energy positively charged particles in ultra-short oriented silicon crystal." Physical Review Accelerators and Beams 27 (February 12, 2024): 024002. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.27.024002.
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In this work, the process of scattering of high-energy positively charged particles in the field of atomic planes of an ultra-short silicon crystal was studied. In the parabolic potential approximation of atomic planes, analytical expressions are found for the dependence of the coordinates and velocities of particles in a crystal on time and initial conditions. The relationship between the particle incidence angle on the crystal and its deflection angle has also been determined. It is shown that, under certain conditions, a beam can be split by an ultra-short crystal into two beams diverging at an angle equal to twice the angle of planar channeling.
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Nattich-Rak, Małgorzata, Marta Sadowska, Maja Motyczyńska, and Zbigniew Adamczyk. "Mimicking Pseudo-Virion Interactions with Abiotic Surfaces: Deposition of Polymer Nanoparticles with Albumin Corona." Biomolecules 12, no. 11 (2022): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12111658.
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Adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) molecules on negatively charged polystyrene microparticles was studied using the dynamic light scattering, the electrophoretic and the solution depletion methods involving atomic force microscopy. Initially, the physicochemical characteristics of the albumin comprising the hydrodynamic diameter, the zeta potential and the isoelectric point were determined as a function of pH. Analogous characteristics of the polymer particles were acquired, including their size and zeta potential. The formation of albumin corona on the particles was investigated in situ by electrophoretic mobility measurements. The size, stability and electrokinetic properties of the particles with the corona were also determined. The particle diameter was equal to 125 nm, which coincides with the size of the SARS-CoV-2 virion. The isoelectric point of the particles appeared at a pH of 5. The deposition kinetics of the particles was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) under diffusion and by quartz microbalance (QCM) under flow conditions. It was shown that the deposition rate at a gold sensor abruptly vanished with pH following the decrease in the zeta potential of the particles. It is postulated that the acquired results can be used as useful reference systems mimicking virus adsorption on abiotic surfaces.
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Mavrocordatos, D., W. Pronk, and M. Boller. "Analysis of environmental particles by atomic force microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 12 (2004): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0690.
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Due to their large specific surface and their abundance, micro and nano particles play an important role in the transport of micropollutants in the environment. Natural particles are usually composed of a mixture of inorganic amorphous or crystalline material (mainly FeOOH, FexOy, MnxOy and clays) and organic material (humics and polysaccharides). They all tend to occur as very small particles (1-1,000 nm in diameter). Most natural amorphous particles are unstable and tend to transform with time towards more crystalline forms, either by aging or possibly, by dissolution and re-crystallization. Such transformations affect the fate of sorbed micropollutants and the scavenging properties are therefore changed. As these entities are sensitive to dehydration (aggregation, changes in the morphology), it is highly important to observe their morphology in their natural environment and understand their composition at the scale of the individual particles. Also for the understanding and optimization of water treatment technologies, the knowledge of the occurrence and behavior of nano-particles is of high importance. Some of the possible particle analysis methods are presented: aggregation processes, biomineralization, bacterial adhesion, biofilms in freshwaters, ferrihydrite as heavy metals remover from storm water. These examples demonstrate the capabilities and focus of the microscopes. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) allows to analyze the particles in their own environment, meaning in air or in the water. Thus, native aspects of particles can be observed. As well, forces of interactions between particles or between particles and other surfaces such as membranes will be highly valuable data. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and for higher lateral resolution, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) allow measurement of the morphology and composition. Especially, TEM coupled with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (TEM-EELS) is a powerful technique for elemental analysis. Finally, general guidelines for the effective use of microscopic techniques are provided.
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Andersson, Erika, and Stig Stenholm. "Quantum logic with channelled atomic particles." Journal of Modern Optics 48, no. 6 (2001): 965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340108230968.
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Flambaum, V. V., V. A. Dzuba, M. Pospelov, A. Derevianko, and B. Roberts. "Atomic Ionization by Dark Matter Particles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 635, no. 2 (2015): 022012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/635/2/022012.
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Volpyas, V. A., and A. B. Kozyrev. "Thermalization of atomic particles in gases." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 113, no. 1 (2011): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063776111060227.
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Wineland, D. J., J. J. Bollinger, Wayne M. Itano, and J. D. Prestage. "Angular momentum of trapped atomic particles." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 2, no. 11 (1985): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.2.001721.
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HARE, R. M. "Some Sub-Atomic Particles of Logic1." Mind XCVIII, no. 389 (1989): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/xcviii.389.23.
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TADAKI, T., A. KOREEDA, Y. NAKATA, and T. KINOSHITA. "STRUCTURE OF Cu-Au ALLOY NANOSCALE PARTICLES AND THE PHASE TRANSFORMATION." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 01 (1996): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96000152.
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Atomic structure of nanoscale particles of a Cu-Au alloy with a nominal composition Cu3Au and the phase transformation therein are studied by means of high-resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The particles 8.8 nm in diameter on average prepared by simultaneous vacuum deposition of the constituent elements exhibit as a whole an fcc structure of an alloy with a composition of 26.4 at.% Au. The alloy particles are ordered into the L12-type superlattice structure when heat-treated at 563 K for 1 h. The superlattice reflections disappear upon heating up to 773 K. In a particle about 10 nm in size an antiphase domain boundary is observed. It thus appears that the nanoscale particles of the alloy undergo the order-disorder transition, as in the bulk. However, the critical temperature Tc for the order-disorder transition of the nanoscale particles is found to be by about 90 K lower than that of the bulk. The minimum size of the alloy particles in which lattice fringes whose spacing corresponds to the interplanar spacing of the {100}-type superlattice planes are observed is about 4 nm. These facts suggest that a certain critical size and size effects are present for atomic ordering in the Cu-Au alloy particles.
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Wan, Yiyang, and Zhenhai Xia. "Self-Cleaning and Controlled Adhesion of Gecko Feet and Their Bioinspired Micromanipulators." MRS Advances 3, no. 29 (2018): 1641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.51.
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ABSTRACTBioinspired micromanipulators have been made based on gecko dynamic self-cleaning mechanism. Various particles such as spherical SiO2/polystyrene, and short fibrous glass can be captured, transmitted and dropped on glass substrate with precisely predesigned patterns, by using the micromanipulator with the help of atomic force microscope (AFM). It has been demonstrated that particle-pad interface and particle-substrate interface exhibit diverse adhesion behaviors under different z-piezo retracting speed. The particle-substrate adhesion increases faster than the particle-pad adhesion with increasing the detaching velocity, which makes it possible to manipulate the particles by adjusting the retreating speed only. Probability tests was performed to better choose suitable parameters for picking and dropping operations. This work provides a potential solution to manipulation of micro/nano particles for precise assembly.
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Sukarno, Sukarno. "Realitas adalah Berjejaring: Jejaring Allah, Manusia, dan Non-Manusia Melalui Perspektif ANT Latourian pada Sains dan Teologi." Aradha: Journal of Divinity, Peace and Conflict Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/aradha.2022.21.845.
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AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic and its impact through a phenomenological approach have revealed human and non-human networks. The ANT Latourian perspective associates human and non-human networks. The non-human network is revealed in the sub-atomic particle network in the EPR Effect according to science, and the non-human network is also revealed in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit network in the Trinitarian God according to theology. God and sub-atomic particles are non-human, but God is the Creator and sub-atomic particles are creation. God is distinguished from sub-atomic particles. The ANT Latourian perspective reveals the network ofGod, human and non-human. The network of God, human and non-human reveals that reality is a network.
 AbstrakPandemi Covid-19 dan dampaknya melalui pendekatan fenomenologis telah mengungkapkan jejaring manusia dan nonmanusia. Perspektif ANT Latourian mengasosiasikan jejaring manusia dan nonmanusia. Jejaring non-manusia terungkap pada jejaring partikel-partikel subatomik di dalam EPR Effect menurut sains, dan jejaring nonmanusia juga terungkap pada jejaring Bapa, Putra dan Roh Kudus di dalam Allah Trinitarian menurut teologi. Allah dan partikel subatomik merupakan nonmanusia, namun Allah adalah Pencipta dan partikel subatomik adalah ciptaan. Allah dibedakan dengan partikel subatomik. Perspektif ANT Latourian mengungkap jejaring Allah, manusia dan nonmanusia. Jejaring Allah, manusia dan nonmanusia mengungkapkanrealitas adalah berjejaring.
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Kyryllin, Igor V., Mykola F. Shul’ga, and Oleksandr P. Shchus. "Diffusion of High-Energy Negatively Charged Particles in the Field Atomic Strings of an Oriented Crystal." East European Journal of Physics, no. 4 (December 2, 2023): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2023-4-05.
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The work analyzes the dependence of the diffusion index of high-energy negatively charged particles on the energy of the transverse motion in oriented crystal. The crystal had an axial orientation relative to the direction of particle incidence. The analysis was carried out using the example of π− mesons with a momentum of 100 GeV/c that impinged on a silicon crystal, which corresponds to the conditions achievable on secondary beam of the the CERN SPS accelerator. The analysis showed that the dependence under consideration is not monotonic. It has a minimum in the energy region slightly exceeding the value of the potential energy of particles at the saddle point of the potential of crystal atomic strings. At higher values of the energy of transverse motion of particles E⊥, the diffusion index increases with increasing E⊥, since this increases the average absolute value of the velocity of particle motion in the plane orthogonal to the crystal axis, near which motion takes plase. The increase in the diffusion index at low values of E⊥ is associated with the manifestation of incoherent scattering of particles on thermal vibrations of crystal atoms. The analysis carried out in the work is of interest both for a deeper understanding of the process of high-energy negatively charged particle beams passage through oriented crystals, and for improving methods for charged particle beams steering with a help of straight and bent oriented crystals.
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Behnsen, Julia G., Kate Black, James E. Houghton, and Richard H. Worden. "A Review of Particle Size Analysis with X-ray CT." Materials 16, no. 3 (2023): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031259.
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Particle size and morphology analysis is a problem common to a wide range of applications, including additive manufacturing, geological and agricultural materials’ characterisation, food manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Here, we review the use of microfocus X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) for particle analysis. We give an overview of different sample preparation methods, image processing protocols, the morphology parameters that can be determined, and types of materials that are suitable for analysis of particle sizes using X-ray CT. The main conclusion is that size and shape parameters can be determined for particles larger than approximately 2 to 3 μm, given adequate resolution of the X-ray CT setup. Particles composed of high atomic number materials (Z > 40) require careful sample preparation to ensure X-ray transmission. Problems occur when particles with a broad range of sizes are closely packed together, or when particles are fused (sintered or cemented). The use of X-ray CT for particle size analysis promises to become increasingly widespread, offering measurements of size, shape, and porosity of large numbers of particles within one X-ray CT scan.
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OSHIMA, Y., and K. TAKAYANAGI. "VARIATION OF SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF TIN PARTICLES OBSERVED BY UHV HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 01 (1996): 1199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96002163.
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Phase transition of fine tin particles with diameters 4–10 nm are studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy under an ultrahigh-vacuum condition. For the particles with diameter above 5 nm, the transformation from solid to liquid is sharp. The melting temperature, Tm, can be explained by Pawlow’s relation, Tm=T0−S/d (T0=213°C: bulk melting point, d: diameter, S=910°C nm). However, the particles below 5 nm do not have the shape transformation like the large particles and are found to have a specific phase between the solid phase and the liquid phase. The critical particle size for this transformation, dc=5 nm, is believed to be related with surface morphology or surface melting; large solid particles have Wulff’s polyhedron. For smaller solid particles (d=5.5–6 nm), the (110) facets become slightly rounded. The solid particle below dc has almost spherical surface, having irregular atomic arrangement of surface layer.
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Carr, Christopher, and Jean-Christophe Komorowski. "Identifying the Mineralogy of Rock Temper in Ceramics Using X-Radiography." American Antiquity 60, no. 4 (1995): 723–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282055.
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Industrial and medical x-radiography can be used in a manner analogous to back-scattered electron microscopy to identify the approximate mineralogy of rock temper particles in ceramics, but without their destruction by thin-sectioning, and at low cost. Particle traits similar to those used in petrography to identify a mineral are visible in a magnified x-radiograph. The traits include particle x-radiographic gray level, which varies with a particle’s mean atomic number, specific gravity, and mineralogy; size; morphology; cleavage; and internal texture. Blind tests are made to evaluate the specificity and accuracy of the method. Its utility is shown through a study of the exchange of Ohio Middle Woodland ceramics.
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Shilpa, G. M. "Radiation: Fundamental of Atomic and Nuclear Physics." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 4, no. 27 (2023): 124–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8262451.
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The principal contrast between atomic physical science and nuclear physical science is that atomic physical science manages the core while nuclear physical science manages the whole particle. All the more explicitly, nuclear material science manages the iota/atom as a framework comprising of a core and electrons. Atomic material science manages the core as a framework comprising of nucleons (protons and neutrons). Atomic material science is worried about particles overall and how the electronic setup of electrons can change. At the point when a molecule loses electrons, it turns out to be decidedly charged (cations) and when it acquires electrons it turns out to be adversely charged (anions).
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Damm, Christopher J., Donald Lucas, Robert F. Sawyer, and Catherine P. Koshland. "Real-Time Measurement of Combustion Generated Particles with Photofragmentation-Fluorescence." Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 11 (2001): 1478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011953892.
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Excimer laser fragmentation-fluorescence spectroscopy (ELFFS) is a viable technique for real-time monitoring of carbonaceous particles in combustion exhausts. The exhaust from a single-cylinder two-stroke engine is diluted and diverted into the laser interrogation region, resulting in a particle concentration of approximately 1 × 107/cm3. Light from a 193 nm ArF laser photofragments the particles and then produces fluorescence from the atomic carbon fragments at 248 nm, CH fragments at 431 nm, and C2 fragments at 468 nm. The atomic carbon fluorescence signal is proportional to the number concentration of particles in the laser interrogation region. The 100-shot (1 s) detection limit for particles in the exhaust is 1 mg/m3, expressed as a mass concentration of particulate matter. Interferences from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are negligible. The relative fluorescence yield at 248 nm is four times greater from particles than from the gas phase hydrocarbons present in the exhaust. This high yield suggests that the gas phase hydrocarbon interference would not be problematic for measurements of diesel exhaust, where the ratio of particulate carbon to gas phase hydrocarbon is high.
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MANAI, GIUSEPPE, and FRANCESCO DELOGU. "TWO-STATE STRUCTURE OF NANOMETER-SIZED Cu PARTICLES." International Journal of Nanoscience 07, no. 02n03 (2008): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x08005274.
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Molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to investigate the static and dynamic properties of unsupported spherical Cu particles with size ranging between 1 and 10 nm. The potential energy, the structural arrangement, and the mobility of atomic species were studied for each nanometer-sized particle within the temperature range between 300 K and the melting point. Two distinct regions, namely an internal domain and a surface layer, can be identified within each nanoparticle on the basis of the radial profiles of such quantities. The atomic species belonging to the interior of the particle display a bulk-like behavior. By contrast, the surface layer is characterized by an excess potential energy associated with a disordered structure. At relatively low temperatures, the surface atoms possess structural and energetic features intermediate between the ones of a superheated bulk solid and of an undercooled bulk liquid. Pre-melting processes at the surface are also evident at temperatures close to the melting point. The nanometer-sized particles can be thus regarded as heterogeneous two-state systems consisting of roughly distinguishable bulk-like and surface regions.
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Hritz, Andrew D., Timothy M. Raymond, and Dabrina D. Dutcher. "A method for the direct measurement of surface tension of collected atmospherically relevant aerosol particles using atomic force microscopy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 15 (2016): 9761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9761-2016.
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Abstract. Accurate estimates of particle surface tension are required for models concerning atmospheric aerosol nucleation and activation. However, it is difficult to collect the volumes of atmospheric aerosol required by typical instruments that measure surface tension, such as goniometers or Wilhelmy plates. In this work, a method that measures, ex situ, the surface tension of collected liquid nanoparticles using atomic force microscopy is presented. A film of particles is collected via impaction and is probed using nanoneedle tips with the atomic force microscope. This micro-Wilhelmy method allows for direct measurements of the surface tension of small amounts of sample. This method was verified using liquids, whose surface tensions were known. Particles of ozone oxidized α-pinene, a well-characterized system, were then produced, collected, and analyzed using this method to demonstrate its applicability for liquid aerosol samples. It was determined that oxidized α-pinene particles formed in dry conditions have a surface tension similar to that of pure α-pinene, and oxidized α-pinene particles formed in more humid conditions have a surface tension that is significantly higher.
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Mustofa. "TELAAH KRITIS ILMU KEPEMIMPINAN PERSPEKTIF KONSEP PARTIKEL DASAR PENYUSUN ATOM UNTUK MEMBENTUK KARAKTER PEMIMPIN HARAPAN." Discovery : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan 5, no. 2 (2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/discovery.v5i2.996.
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Abstract: The education sector or school for the Indonesian nation is a strategic industry of civilization to form a generation with character in the future. Nowadays, it has very tough challenges in the form of a character crisis, human resources and a leadership crisis. The urgent problem that will be described in the discussion of this article is how leadership science at the atomic level is the perspective of learning the basic atomic particles, what is the importance of the results of the analysis of leadership science at the atomic level for the development of character education in schools and how efforts should be made to make the education sector or schools as factories for Indonesian human civilization in the future. The science of leadership at the atomic level that can be developed in the study of the basic particles that make up atoms requires, among others, that the leader has competence, integrity, wisdom and commitment. The results of the analysis of leadership science at the atomic level in the perspective of learning the basic particles of atomic constituents are very important to provide meaningful experience about the character of storage in the future. Efforts that must be made to make the education sector or schools as factories for Indonesian human trafficking in the future are to encourage awareness from all parties to work together in a real, honest and oriented manner towards enhancing the character and development of superior Indonesian human resources.
 Keywords: leadership, elementary particles of atoms, character.
 
 Abstrak: Sektor pendidikan atau sekolah bagi bangsa Indonesia adalah industri strategis peradaban untuk membentuk generasi berkarakter di masa depan saat ini memiliki tantangan yang sangat berat berupa krisis karakter, SDM dan krisis kepemimpinan. Masalah urgen yang akan diuraikan pada pembahasan artikel ini adalah bagaimana ilmu kepemimpinan pada level atomik perspektif pembelajaran patikel dasar penyusun atom, apa pentingnya hasil analisis tentang ilmu kepemimpinan pada level atomik bagi pengembangan pendidikan karakter di sekolah dan bagaimana usaha yang harus dilakukan untuk menjadikan sektor pendidikan atau sekolah sebagai pabrik-pabrik peradapan manusia Indonesia di masa yang akan datang. Ilmu kepemimpinan pada level atomik yang dapat dikembangkan dalam pembelajaran partikel dasar penyusun atom antara lain mensyaratkan agar pemimpin itu memiliki kompetensi, integritas, bijaksana dan komitmen. Hasil analisis tentang ilmu kepemimpinan pada level atomik perspektif pembelajaran patikel dasar penyusun atom sangat penting untuk memberi pengalamam bermakna tentang karakter pemimpan di masa yang akan datang. Usaha yang harus dilakukan untuk menjadikan sektor pendidikan atau sekolah sebagai pabrik-pabrik peradapan manusia Indonesia di masa yang akan datang adalah mendorong kesadaran dari semua pihak untuk bersama-sama bekerja secara nyata, jujur dan berorientasi pada peningkatan karakter dan pengembangan sumber daya manusia Indonesia yang unggul.
 Kata kunci: kepemimpinan, partikel dasar penyusun atom, karakter.
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Qu, Zhechao, Hesameddin Fatehi, and Florian M. Schmidt. "Potassium Release from Biomass Particles during Combustion—Real-Time In Situ TDLAS Detection and Numerical Simulation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 8887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198887.
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Potassium (K) is one of the main and most hazardous trace species released to the gas-phase during thermochemical conversion of biomass. Accurate experimental data and models of K release are needed to better understand the chemistry involved. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is used for simultaneous real-time in situ measurements of gas-phase atomic K, water (H2O) and gas temperature in the vicinity (boundary layer) of biomass particles during combustion in a laboratory single-particle reactor. Atomic K is detected in a wide dynamic range, including optically thick conditions, using direct absorption spectroscopy at the wavelength of 770 nm, while H2O and temperature are determined by calibration-free scanned wavelength modulation spectroscopy at 1398 nm. The high accuracy and repeatability of the setup allows to distinguish measurements with varying initial particle mass, laser beam height above the particle and fuel type. Four types of biomass with different ash composition are investigated: softwood, Salix, Miscanthus and wheat straw. For Salix and wheat straw, the K release behaviour is, for the first time, compared to a detailed numerical particle model taking into account the interaction between K/S/Cl composition in the particle ash. A good agreement is achieved between the measured and calculated time-resolved atomic K concentrations for the devolatilization phase of the biomass particles.
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Jin, Su-Eon, and Hyo-Eon Jin. "Multiscale Metal Oxide Particles to Enhance Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Activity against Escherichia coli and M13 Bacteriophage under Dual Ultraviolet Irradiation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020222.
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Antimicrobial activity of multiscale metal oxide (MO) particles against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and M13 bacteriophage (phage) was investigated under dual ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), and cupric oxide (CuO) were selected as photocatalytic antimicrobials in MO particles. Physicochemical properties including morphology, particle size/particle size distribution, atomic composition, crystallinity, and porosity were evaluated. Under UV-A and UV-C irradiation with differential UV-C intensities, the antimicrobial activity of MO particles was monitored in E. coli and phage. MO particles had nano-, micro- and nano- to microscale sizes with irregular shapes, composed of atoms as ratios of chemical formulae and presented crystallinity as pure materials. They had wide-range specific surface area levels of 0.40–46.34 m2/g. MO particles themselves showed antibacterial activity against E. coli, which was the highest among the ZnO particles. However, no viral inactivation by MO particles occurred in phage. Under dual UV irradiation, multiscale ZnO and CuO particles had superior antimicrobial activities against E. coli and phage, as mixtures of nano- and microparticles for enhanced photocatalytic antimicrobials. The results showed that the dual UV-multiscale MO particle hybrids exhibit enhanced antibiotic potentials. It can also be applied as a next-generation antibiotic tool in industrial and clinical fields.
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Zoratto, Samuele, Thomas Heuser, Gernot Friedbacher, et al. "Adeno-Associated Virus-like Particles’ Response to pH Changes as Revealed by nES-DMA." Viruses 15, no. 6 (2023): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15061361.
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Gas-phase electrophoresis on a nano-Electrospray Gas-phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analyzer (nES GEMMA) separates single-charged, native analytes according to the surface-dry particle size. A volatile electrolyte, often ammonium acetate, is a prerequisite for electrospraying. Over the years, nES GEMMA has demonstrated its unique capability to investigate (bio-)nanoparticle containing samples in respect to composition, analyte size, size distribution, and particle numbers. Virus-like particles (VLPs), being non-infectious vectors, are often employed for gene therapy applications. Focusing on adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) based VLPs, we investigated the response of these bionanoparticles to pH changes via nES GEMMA as ammonium acetate is known to exhibit these changes upon electrospraying. Indeed, slight yet significant differences in VLP diameters in relation to pH changes are found between empty and DNA-cargo-filled assemblies. Additionally, filled VLPs exhibit aggregation in dependence on the applied electrolyte’s pH, as corroborated by atomic force microscopy. In contrast, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy did not relate to changes in the overall particle size but in the substantial particle’s shape based on cargo conditions. Overall, we conclude that for VLP characterization, the pH of the applied electrolyte solution has to be closely monitored, as variations in pH might account for drastic changes in particles and VLP behavior. Likewise, extrapolation of VLP behavior from empty to filled particles has to be carried out with caution.
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Najjari, Bennaceur, Shaofeng Zhang, Xinwen Ma, and Alexander B. Voitkiv. "Probing Atomic ‘Quantum Grating’ by Collisions with Charged Particles." Atoms 10, no. 4 (2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms10040125.
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The wave function of an atom, which passed through a diffraction grating, is characterized by a regular space structure. Correspondingly, the interaction of another particle with this atom can be viewed as scattering on an ‘atomic quantum grating’ made of just a single atom. Probing this ‘grating’ by collisions with a charged projectile reveals few-body interference phenomena caused by the coherent contributions of its ‘slits’ to the transition amplitude (the superposition principle) and quantum entanglement of the particles involved. In particular, the spectra of electrons emitted from the atom in collisions with swift ions exhibit a pronounced interference pattern whose shape can be extremely sensitive to the collision velocity.